History of Epidemiology

Causes of Death of Parishioners ofthe Koromľa Parish During the Tenure of Presbyter Jozef Unghváry (1844 - 1845)

At a tíme of a shortage of doctors and limited medical knowledge, there was a high mortality rate. Right after the cholera epidémie, Presbyter Jozef Unghvári arrived at the parish of Koromľa, where he worked until his death. During his tenure, he maintained a registry of the deceased, in which he also recorded the causes of death ofhis parishioners. The aim of this páper is to analyse the causes listed by the Presbyter and offer an interpretation of them. Additionally, the nutnber ofdeaths will be analysed, with the deceased categorized by age, revealing their age structure and ídentifying the dominánt agegroup. The outeome of this contribution is an exploration ofthe mentality ofthe population during the periód of 1844-1845, providing an outline of the mentái and educational structure of the community at that time.

Keywords: Diseases. Mortality. Registry. Greek Catholic Church. Health čare.

In this paper I offer a reading of Aristotle's assertion that the soul is "the place of forms." I explore his account of knowledge as the reception of form in relation to his account of soul as itself a substantial form. It is interesting that Aristotle defines soul as form (De An. 2.1), giving it to us as an item of knowledge, before he explains the soul’s activity of knowing as grasping such a form (in De An. 3).

In this summary, I present the key concepts of classical realism, which will facilitate the passage from the modal interpretation of the De Broglie-Bohm model to the analogous interpretation of the ontological entity. Once the concepts of act and potency of the modal interpretation acquire ontological content, I can establish the link with the hermeneutic interpretation of theoretical physics.
I have used the act-potency structure as the foundation of the Thomistic system proposed by Gallus M. Manser in his book "Das Wesen Des Thomismus."

The article analyzes the Hungarian anti-epidemic measures as a response to the cholera epidemics in 1872/73. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and county authorities responded to the initial threat by issuing recommendations on how to deal with it. Instructions also appeared in manuals and the periodical press. Official documents were primarily devoted to describing the symptoms of cholera and clearly diagnosing the f irst cases in order to prevent the outbreak of the epidemic. The regulations often described ways to avoid the disease, how to treat the sick and primarily how to prevent further spreading. Some documents were devoted to the method of burial or handling of the remains of dead bodies. The article also aims to analyze the method of monitoring the epidemic at the county level. In the regions, each case was initially registered separately. The authenticity should have been confirmed by the county doctor. After the outbreak of cholera, the municipalities were to prepare and send weekly updated numbers of the infected, deceased, treated and recovered patients. Based on these statistics, anti-epidemiological measures were applied by shipping medications and supporting medical personnel.

V posledných desaťročiach sa epidémie infekčných chorôb stali významnou globálnou zdravotnou výzvou pre ľudstvo. Pokroky v očkovaní a postupujúca medikalizácia spoločnosti vzbudzovali po väčšiu časť 20. storočia nádej v priaznivú budúcnosť. Tento optimizmus a blahosklonná viera v neobmedzený vedecký pokrok začali erodovať v 80. rokoch minulého storočia. Najskôr ho narušilo objavenie sa novej nevyliečiteľnej choroby, syndrómu získanej imunodeficiencie, známej pod skratkou AIDS. V ďalších rokoch sa zoznam rozširoval o nové, dovtedy neznáme hrozby, ako ťažký akútny respiračný syndróm (SARS), vírusové choroby Ebola (EVD) a Zika, vtáčia chrípka, prasacia chrípka a COVID-19. 2 Namiesto triumfálneho pochodu k víťazstvu nad epidémiami a infekčnými chorobami vedci čelili nepredvídaným výzvam a komplikáciám. S narastajúcou globalizáciou a stále väčšou mobilitou ľudí sa tieto nové hrozby stali skutočnými problémami, ktoré už nebolo možné ignorovať. Namiesto sebavedomého kráčania v ústrety definitívnej porážke epidémií a infekčných chorôb vedci objavili množstvo nových ľudských patogénov. S rozmachom nových hrozieb, ktoré sa stali reálnymi problémami v kontexte globalizácie a narastajúcej mobility svetovej populácie to znamenalo začiatok éry nových infekcií. 3 Keď sa na začiatku roka 2020 začala do podoby projektu pretavovať myšlienka výskumu venovaného epidémiám v 19. a 20. storočí, nikto z nás netušil, že predmet historického bádania sa na niekoľko rokov stane súčasťou našej každodennej reality. Nie tak dávno sme všetci na vlastnej koži zažili a precítili neistotu, strach, paniku a celý rad ďalších emocionálnych i racionálnych reakcií 1 Monotematické číslo je výstupom projektu VEGA č. 1/0397/21 Epidémie a protiepidemiologické opatrenia na území Slovenska v dlhom 19. storočí a je doplnené o štúdie doručené redakcii Historického časopisu a editorom čísla po zverejnení Call for papers.

Psychiatric epidemiology has significantly influenced public health policies all around the world. This article discusses how Finnish epidemiologists reacted to local needs, which were born in specific circumstances and were controlled by science policy and funding opportunities. The development between the 1900s and 1990s is divided into three stages. The first Finnish studies in the field focused on the prevalence of mental illnesses in the country. The focus was to gain information for service planning, most of all to estimate the need for new hospitals and to set up the national social insurance system. After the Second World War, structural changes and social engineering fueled epidemiological interest. From the 1960s until the late 1980s, psychiatric epidemiology was interconnected with social psychiatry, which held a strong position in Finland. Since the 1990s, Finnish psychiatric epidemiology has been integrated with international epidemiology by using shared methodologies and through participation in transnational studies.

In the course of his career as medical professor in Rostock and Copenhagen, Georg Detharding (1671-1647) published many dissertations and academic programmes at the intersection of medicine and ethics. This article focuses in particular on his Problema medico-morale an expediat peste mori?, published 1709 in Rostock, and his Pestis variolosa in Grönlandia, published 1739 in Copenhagen. As his treatment of the threat of plague in Rostock and a smallpox epidemic in Greenland shows, highly contagious diseases were not only matters of medicine, they also needed the physician's expertise in matters of ethics. Only a good Ethicus, as Detharding says, can make a good Medicus.

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Polio was one of the most mysterious and problematic diseases that have plagued humanity for decades. This was due to the fact that the disease takes on a variety of forms, while the paralitic form, most commonly preserved in collective consciousness, develops only in 0.1% of infected individuals. For research on polio and the creation of vaccines against this viral disease hundreds of millions of dollars worldwide was spent. The peak of the incidence of poliomyelitis falls in the 1950s. Also in post-war Poland, the disease affected thousands of children. The number of patients suddenly increased in 1951 when it amounted to about 3,000. In subsequent years, this number was in the range 1-2 thousand, so as in 1958 reached a record - 6 thousand. Health care in the war-damaged country was not prepared for such a large influx of patients suffering from infectious disease. In many Polish cities, special departments and even hospitals were set up for the patients struggling with polio. One of such centers was the Provincial Infectious Hospital in Poznan. Since the early 1950s, due to the increasing number of cases of the disease, also an increase in the interest of Polish researchers and scientists in the disease of Heine-Medina appeares. At that time, numerous scientific papers on cerebrospinal fluid of patients, pathways of epidemics and treatments were developed. In patients with fully developed disease, heat therapy with physiotherapy was often used, in reference to the method used by nurse Elizabeth Kenny. Because of Soviet scientists, Polish doctors started to use bendazol therapy. It also came to elaboration of pioneering method of treatment. Karol Jonscher and Olech Szczepski, according to increasingly popular science of Pawłow in Poland, decided to give a rabies vaccine in particularly difficult and refractory cases. In 1956 they began work on the creation of the first polio vaccine based on Jonas Salk's method, which included attenuated forms of the polio virus. Mass vaccinations were started in 1958. Shortly thereafter, another great giant of vaccines, Hilary Koprowski, an eminent Polish virus survivor living in the United States joined the fight to control the Heine-Medina epidemic in Poland. The new, last chapter of the struggles of Poles with Heine-Medina disease began.

Cilj je rada predstaviti i analizirati nazive bolesti u monografiji Otok Josipa Lovretića. Monografija je objavljena od 1897. do 1899. u Zborniku za narodni život i običaje južnih Slavena JAZU i predstavlja dragocjen izvor podataka o svakodnevici slavonskoga sela u 19. stoljeću. Nazivi bolesti nalaze se u dva poglavlja – o tjelesnome ustroju i o lijekovima. Bolesti su podijeljene na vanjske i unutrašnje, dok se vanjske još dijele na ozlide, čireve i rane i bolesti kože. Popis bolesti u poglavlju o lijekovima nešto je opširniji te sadrži sasvim novu potkategoriju unutrašnjih bolesti – ženske bolesti. Ukupno je 74 pojma u prvom, a 91 naziv u drugom odjeljku. Nazivi bolesti posjeduju jezična obilježja slavonskog dijalekta (ikavski odraz jata, nepostojanje glasa h, umekšavanje glasa l). Etimon većine naziva je slavenskoga podrijetla, uz iznimku nekoliko u slavonskom dijalektu
očekivanih turcizama i jednog germanizma, ali i neočekivanog grecizma tižika. Taj se grecizam može smatrati jedinim utjecajem službene medicine onoga doba na nazive bolesti. Oni su u većoj mjeri slični onima u ljekaruši iz Slavonije, što vodi prema zaključku da je Otok, kao i ostala hrvatska sela, bio i dalje prepušten sam sebi u 19. stoljeću na planu
zdravstva. To potvrđuje navod da ključni trenutak u hrvatskom zdravstvu 19. stoljeća, novi zakon iz 1874., nije obuhvatio sela. Usporedba naziva kod Lovretića s onima u Đakovačkoj ljekaruši govore o tome da su postojali ukorijenjeni nazivi za bolesti. Među njima se ističu nazivi nastali složenosufiksalnom tvorbom, tipa glavobolja. Upravo je glavobolja jedini naziv spomenut u monografiji Otok koji i danas koriste medicinski stručnjaci.

This article will investigate, based on the idea of “atmosphere”, the possibilities raised by the study of the containment of fear in the case of an epidemic in nineteenth-century Marseille. Following Derek P. McCormack, atmospheres will be understood from different and, as will become clear, complementary perspectives. The first is atmosphere understood in its meteorological sense, that is the zone of gaseous material surrounding our bodies and which will be treated here as something that can play a role in the onset and dissemination of epidemics. The second is atmosphere in an affective sense, a set of “shared feelings and moods in a particular space or environment”. Drawing on the contributions of Gernot Böhme on the aesthetics of the reception and production of atmospheres, it will be argued that the atmospheres of security and tranquillity that emerged in Marseille in the presence of epidemic danger were low-intensity atmospheres with the capacity to last over time. Within the...

bedank ik M.J. van Lieburg voor zijn opmerkingen bij een eerdere versie van dit artikel. 1 George Sarton, 'The history of science versus the history of medicine' , Isis 23 (1935) 315-320. 2 Henry E. Sigerist, 'The history of medicine and the history of science' , Bulletin of (the Institute of) the history of medicine 4 (1936) 1-13. 3 Die mening was later ook Lindeboom toegedaan: zie G.A. Lindeboom, 'De betekenis van het onderwijs in de geschiedenis der geneeskunde' , Geneeskundige bladen uit kliniek en laboratorium 45 (1953) 345-365, aldaar 351-352. 4 N.N., 'Medical history without medicine' , Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences 35 (1980) 5-7. In Nederland had G.A. Lindeboom een soortgelijk geluid laten horen in 'De beoefening van de geschiedenis der geneeskunde-vandaag' ,

Reasoning with diagrams is considered to be a peculiar form of reasoning. Diagrams are often associated with imagistic representations conveyed by spatial arrangements of lines, points, figures, or letters that can be manipulated to obtain knowledge on a subject matter. Reasoning with diagrams is not just 'peculiar' because reasoners use spatially arranged characters to obtain knowledge-diagrams apparently have cognitive surplus: they enable a quasi-intuitive form of knowledge. The present paper analyses the issue of diagrams' cognitive value by enquiring into the tradition of symbolic cognition developed by Leibniz, Lambert, and Kant. The proposal resulting from this enquiry is to question the idea that the cognitive value of diagrams lies solely in allowing evidence for inferences. The imaginative dimension of diagrams connects reasoning to doxastic attitudes of meditation and enquiry.

This article evaluates a variety of recent attempts to conceptualize a history of innovations from the perspective of social history. Special emphasis is given to approaches arguing for a paradigm shift from innovation systems to innovation cultures, in particular by focussing on users as co-designers of technology. The concept of the co-construction of technology has been implemented especially in the thematic field of the integration and disintegration of Europe. The growing circulation of scientific knowledge and technical goods resulted in the "invention of Europeanness" in the long 20th century. This article contributes to the discussion by examining scientifically constructed user projections in the American and German automobile industries. 1 In der kontrovers geführten Debatte um die Genese der Wissensgesellschaft (in Deutschland) überzeugt u. E. besonders der Ansatz von Margit Szçllçsi-Janze,

Epidemiology of mental disorders emerged in the post-1945 era at the intersections of different areas of knowledge. Given its ambitions, the Stirling County Study provides an instructive case study. It is also a good example of how the epidemiology applied methodological skills from social sciences. This paper aims, first, to reconstruct one of the first episodes in the development of psychiatric epidemiology. Its second purpose is to provide a detailed description of interdisciplinarity at work, and to examine its effects. After explaining some of the major features of the Stirling County Study, I emphasize the links between some of the first results, particularly regarding young people as a population at risk, and the job market after the Great Depression.

Epidemic diseases are defined by excess. They are dramatic and they attract attention. Endemic diseases, on the other hand, are regarded as "normal" and tend to be neglected. Yet it is clear that this contrast can entail inaccurate impressions of risk, as well as disparities in the imperative to action. This paper looks at two examples, one from the early modern period and the other from the 19th century. The earliest attempts in England to define excess mortality, primarily from plague, came in the form of parish registration, which led, in London, to the publication of Bills of Mortality. The first to analyse the Bills in order to define risk was the London tradesman John Graunt. The causes of death recorded in the Bills were a reflection of popular opinion, but Graunt used the process of aggregation to reveal mistaken ideas about the most notorious diseases, some of which were endemic rather than epidemic. He also regarded "chronical" diseases as the best measure of the healthiness of a city. In the 19th century, the centrality of plague was replaced by that of cholera, which has attracted much attention from social historians. Yet the case for public health reform was founded not on the random and comparatively isolated epidemics of cholera, but on the constant mortality caused by what were called the continued fevers, notably typhus and typhoid. The Benthamite sanitarians adopted an increasingly simplified, localist approach, which

The Classic Text is an outline of the Stirling County Study as conceptualized by Alexander H Leighton. It was first presented at a conference held in 1949 organized by the Milbank Memorial Fund, an American philanthropic foundation. The meeting brought together 30–40 experts from across North America. Leighton succinctly explained his frame of reference for the epidemiology of mental disorders and the methodology of the community-based study he conducted in Nova Scotia. The introduction to the text explains contextual points, certain specificities of Leighton’s framework, and the discussions that surrounded it, largely dominated by a group of Harvard professors, including Erich Lindemann and John E Gordon.

Ovaj rad dio je šireg, desetogodišnjeg istraživanja narodne medicine na području Hrvatske. Tijekom istraživanja skupljani su podaci o različitim praksama, vjerovanjima i stavovima prema bolesti i zdravlju te ulozi koju su praktičari narodne medicine imali za okolinu u kojoj žive i rade. Podaci dobiveni terenskim istraživanjem uspoređeni su s relevantnom etnološkom i antropološkom literaturom te liječničkim prikazima tako da rad obuhvaća razdoblje od kraja 19. stoljeća do danas. U tekstu se pokušava utvrditi koje su funkcije imali praktičari narodne medicine i kako su se te funkcije mijenjale tijekom vremena, odnosno kako današnja upotreba narodne medicine ima drugačije gospodarske, ideološke i društvene pretpostavke ne samo za pojedince, već i za društvo u cjelini. Ključne riječi: narodna medicina, alternativna medicina, iscjelitelji Uvod P ostoje različiti pristupi medicinskim problemima. Povijest medicine do 20. stoljeća uglavnom su pisali liječnici. U svojim radovima oni se najčešće bave ulogom medicine u razvoju čovječanstva. Posljednjih desetljeća o toj temi počinju pisati i stručnjaci s drugih područja znanosti: antropolozi, sociolozi, filozofi i povjesničari koji medicini pristupaju više kulturološki, tretirajući različite medicinske sustave kao kulturne konstrukcije. 2 1 Članak je djelomice skraćeni rad objavljen u Sociologiji sela 165-166(3-4)/2004 2 Budući da svaka kultura ujedno stvara i teorijski sustav koji nam omogućuje razumijevanje bolesti, antropolozi se zalažu da se i za liječenja u nezapadnjačkim kulturama, koja su se najčešće proučavala u sklopu istraživanja vjerovanja i magije, koristi termin medicina.

Descartes holds that ideas have or contain objective reality of their objects, so that the idea of the sun is the sun itself existing in the intellect. In this paper, I examine this obscure thesis which grounds the disagreement about Descartes’
commitment to direct or indirect realism. I suggest that, importantly, both readings are correct to a certain extent. I argue that the view of objective reality Descartes develops bears the earmarks of both direct and indirect realist views but must be classified as a third alternative combining some central features of both. I elaborate first on the direct realist interpreta￾tions of Descartes’ objective reality and explain their most significant shortcomings. My interpretation of objective identity comes in the form of attributing to Descartes a view about identity and persistence of objects known as sortalism. I argue that Descartes’ objective identity turns out to be much like the Aristotelian view of formal identity, yet without the forms. By way of discussing the case of Theseus’ ship, I point out how Cartesian sortalism, contrary to other versions of sortalism, allows us to analyze the puzzle as a tension between two distinct yet independently legitimate criteria of identity. It is this sortalist insight that helps to render Descartes’ account of objective identity consistent. This point also grounds my argument that we need not consider direct and indirect realism as logical complements, contrary to the received wisdom.

The purpose of this article is to explore the religious responses within the Orange Free State republic to the environmental crises in the period c. 1896 to c. 1898. During this time the state was subjected to severe drought, flooding, and the outbreak of various diseases. The article examines the way in which these afflictions where interpreted by the Christian and wider community in terms of God’s wrath for unrepented sins. The persistence of synchronistic elements of folk religion was seen to have brought plagues like those found in Exodus which were visited upon the Pharaoh and his kingdom. This interruptive frame work led to calls for national repentance, but also a resistance to scientific and medical resolutions to the crises. It also reinforced racial divisions. Black Africans were perceived as the carriers of the disease so their movement was prohibited. The article goes on to show how the effect of this biblical frame of reference protected the concept of God as the ever-p...

ÖZET Avian influenza tip A virüs infeksiyonları Uluslararası Salgın Hastalıklar Ofisi (OIE) tarafından en tehlikeli insan ve hayvan hastalıkları grubunda sınıflandırılmaktadır. Son yüzyılda birçok infeksiyöz hastalık eradike veya kontrol edilmiş olmasına rağmen, özellikle H5N1 alt tipi başta olmak üzere avian influenza tip A virüs infeksiyonlarının 21. yüzyılın en önemli halk sağlığı problemlerinden biri olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Bu derlemede, yazılı kaynaklardaki son gelişmeler değerlendirilerek avian influenza tip A virüslerine ait bilgiler sunulmuştur.

Este libro se ubica en el área de historia y filosofía de las prácticas de medición científica, y se centra en el tema del progreso científico cognitivo. Se intentan responder dos preguntas: ¿Qué papel tuvieron las prácticas de medición científica en la llamada “Revolución Copernicana”? ¿Cuáles son algunas de las consecuencias de dicho papel sobre la teoría del conocimiento, la lógica y la normatividad histórica del desarrollo de la investigación científica? La “revolución copernicana” refiere al cambio de la astronomía griega antigua por la astronomía moderna iniciado en el siglo XVI. La historia estándar de este evento afirma que Copérnico (1473-1543) inició ese cambio y Newton (1643-1727) lo finalizó. En el presente estudio se sostiene, contrariamente, que le llevó tres siglos a la nueva astronomía moderna determinar métricamente sus principales parámetros astronómicos, ya que para ello fue necesario desarrollar y mejorar procedimientos de medición inéditos, inexistentes en la antigüedad. La epistemología implícita en el desarrollo y mejoramiento de tales prácticas de medición es compatible con las principales tesis filosóficas del pragmatismo clásico, por lo que se utilizan algunos de sus planteamientos para interpretar dicho desarrollo.

Introduction

Trachoma is a sight-threatening disease caused by ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, strains of which also cause infections involving other parts of the human body, including urethritis, epididymitis cervicitis, salpingitis, lymphogranuloma venereum, and pelvic inflammatory disease. It can be spread by sexual contact, vertical transmission, and contact with fomites (contaminated objects) as well as with disease vectors, most notably the housefly. While the sexually transmitted C. trachomatis infections are generally referred to as chlamydia, the infection of the eye is termed as trachoma. The most common sexually transmitted bacterium, C. trachomatis is also the most common infectious cause of sight loss as an outcome of poorly treated trachoma (CDC, 2014; Nunes & Gomes, 2014).

Analyses found that the ocular strains of C. trachomatis diverged from the genital strains about two to five million years ago (Taylor, 2009). Also known as “Egyptian ophthalmia”, ocular chlamydial infection has a millennia-long history in the Middle Eastern territories surrounding Türkiye. The earliest records of the disease in the region date back to the Ebers papyrus from Egypt circa 1550 BCE, with the presence of even earlier findings in the remains of Egyptian mummies and cities of ancient Mesopotamia (Taylor, 2008; Temel, 2015; Temel, 2019). The later records include the descriptions found in Hippocratic, Alexandrian, and Roman writings from classical antiquity. With the Nile Basin having been a traditional hotbed of trachoma, the disease became rampant on the other side of the Mediterranean Sea in modernity, particularly the 19th century, as a result of military movements in the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt and wars across Europe.

Until only about a century ago, trachoma remained a widespread malady, against which there was no adequate remedy. Unlike preventive medicine, therapeutic interventions, both medical and surgical, generally failed to achieve satisfactory outcomes, let alone cure the disease. This began to change only after the preliminary use of antibacterial drugs derived from sulfonamides in the late 1930s, and more so after the clinical introduction of antibiotics in the late 1940s and the correct identification of the trachoma pathogen as a bacterium (and not a virus) in the late 1960s (Tower, 1963; Moulder, 1966; Feibel, 2011; Barış, Temel, & Ertin, 2020).

The campaign against trachoma in the Republic of Türkiye until the 1970s

The Turkish War of Independence, fought against the occupying Allied Powers of World War I (WWI) between May 1919 and July 1923, resulted in the abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate in November 1922 and, finally, establishment of the Republic of Türkiye in October 1923. From the mid-1920s to the late 1930s, a series of political, legal, sociocultural, and economic reforms were implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who also led the War of Independence before becoming the first president of the new, unitary country. In line with the revolutionary spirit of the period, national-scale programs were initiated also in the field of healthcare, to address problems that had long been plaguing the Turkish people, such as epidemic diseases. […]

Desde sus inicios a principios del siglo XIX, la epidemiología se estableció como una disciplina científica fundamentada en métodos de intervención basados en el cálculo numérico de riesgos. A mediados del siglo pasado, sin embargo, la “vigilancia epidemiológica” surgió como un método de control epidémico diferente. Un método que se fundamentaba en la recopilación exhaustiva de información en “tiempo real” en contraste con prácticas epidemiológicas predictivas centradas en el análisis de datos estadísticos pasados. Este artículo ofrece un análisis genealógico para explicar este cambio. Muestra cómo estilos de razonamiento epidemiológico en general, y técnicas de monitoreo de enfermedades en particular, se modificaron al entrelazarse con una doctrina de seguridad nacional basada no en la cuantificación de riesgos sino en la “preparación para emergencias”. Al explorar esta transformación, el artículo busca mostrar un cambio paradigmático en la razón epidemiológica moderna que sugiere importantes consecuencias para pensar críticamente intervenciones contemporáneas de control pandémico.

The outbreak of cholera in Istanbul in the autumn of 1871 has long
been considered something of a historical non-event. Although responsible for several thousand deaths, in the historiography of the city it remains almost entirely obscured. Yet the 1871 outbreak briefly highlighted the social tensions in the burgeoning Istanbulite
public sphere, and threatened to fracture the formerly “unified” Istanbulite medical establishment along spatial, colonial, and racialized lines. This article examines the reportage of four newspapers which circulated in Istanbul during the outbreak, each of which claimed to speak for a generalized public, albeit through very different methods. Three of these newspapers—the English-language The Levant Herald, the French-language La Turquie, and the Ottoman Turkish Basiret—were dailies with circulations in the thousands. The fourth paper, the French-language Gazette Médicale d’Orient, was instead the press organ of the city’s emergent sanitary establishment. The responses of these papers to this sudden crisis revealed the underlying assumptions which animated Istanbulite social and medical discourse in the late Ottoman
Empire, and the tensions inherent in claims to speak for public opinion or to act on behalf of global public health.

La incidencia de la fiebre amarilla en Cádiz durante 1800. 3.-Las primeras medidas de contención. 4.-La gestión del desastre y extinción de la enfermedad. 5.-Conclusiones. RESUMEN: Este artículo tiene por objetivo estudiar la gestión sanitaria que hicieron las autoridades locales de Cádiz durante la epidemia de fiebre amarilla de 1800. Con este propósito, el trabajo analiza el desarrollo global de este brote y las consecuencias que tuvo sobre la población gaditana, estudia las primeras medidas adoptadas y examina las disposiciones tomadas para erradicar la epidemia. Las fuentes utilizadas en esta investigación proceden del Archivo Histórico Municipal de Cádiz, el Archivo Histórico Provincial de Cádiz, el Archivo de la Catedral de Cádiz y el Archivo Histórico Nacional, así como la amplia gama de literatura médica que surgió en torno a esta enfermedad. Del análisis realizado se concluye que la alta mortalidad se puede explicar por la confusión inicial, la tardanza en la toma de medidas efectivas y el caos social generado tras la huida de gran parte de la población.

The nineteenth century is often remembered as the age in which steamships and steam locomotives connected the globe with a speed and efficiency previously unseen. Although contemporaries frequently equated the use of these rapid-transportation technologies with the progress of civilization, their expansion also had some negative consequences. Among these was the more rapid and widespread diffusion of many diseases along transportation corridors as nonhuman stowaways on ships and trains. Most infamously, cholera extended its reach globally by appropriating and using modern transportation routes in ways that were unintended and disastrous for their human creators. This article goes beyond the technological optimism of the time, and its now widely accepted pitfalls, and expands the scope of Anatolian provincial modernization to incorporate a complex web of interactions between human and nonhuman agents in the context of technological use and nonuse. It argues for a complex cocreation of modern conditions between these agents, rather than seeing these conditions as solely produced by human actions or environmental limits. Among the different human agents, interaction greatly increased between Ottomans and European states and their citizens. As the Ottoman Empire became increasingly integrated into global transportation and economic networks, it also experienced the spread of cholera. In the Anatolian interior, cholera epidemics spread along the railroad. I examine the 1893 cholera epidemic in Eskişehir, an important junction town on the Ottoman Anatolian Railroad, which had just begun operation the previous year. The railroad was widely celebrated for its intended uses: tremendously increasing the speed and transportable volume of cargo and enabling travel for military and nonmilitary purposes. The cholera epidemic, however, was enabled by the unwitting use of the railroad lines as conveyors of sickness and death. Furthermore, human attempts to stop cholera's spread by interrupting train service

The missionaries established the Christian church in South Africa without access to any proper building structures. They discovered that the local people relied on the environment for their survival and sustainability, so the missionaries decided to do the same as a means to get the indigenous people to understand the importance of worship. However, it was not easy for the missionaries to adapt to the harsh African climate and conditions. The Africans had their own ways of withstanding these harsh conditions; taking shelter under trees and in caves was just part of their existence. So, to ensure that their work continued, the missionaries had no alternative but to do the same. Churches were therefore established under the trees. For some ethnic groups, these trees were significant, while for others, they carried no meaning at all. Nevertheless, the environment became part of the church structure, as trees, caves and water were used to establish the church. Although the mainline churches regarded water as an essential source of life, they viewed it differently from the African Initiated Churches. The main focus of this article, therefore, will be on the use of water as an environmental resource by both the African Independent Churches and the mission churches. In this regard, Taung became a particularly significant place. The article will focus on original material, as well as oral research from some areas where the practice of worshipping in caves and under trees is still observed.

U radu se prikazuju pravni akti Ugarskog namjesničkog vijeća dok je ono djelovalo u svojstvu Zemaljske vlade te gradskih vlasti kojima se uređivalo ljekarništvo tijekom prve polovine 19. stoljeća na području slavonskog Provincijala. U tom dijelu Carevine, jedan od važnijih gradova bio je Slobodni i kraljevski grad Osijek, koji je to područje regulirao kroz svoja samoupravna tijela, Gradsko poglavarstvo (magistrat) i gradski fizikat. Slijedom navedenoga, u radu se prvotno navode propisi kojima je centralna državna vlast zajedno s gradskom upravom pravno regulirala osnivanje i način rada ljekarni. Opisuje se proces imenovanja i opoziva ljekarnika, a poseban je naglasak stavljen na središnji dio rada u kojem se prikazuju odluke kojima se suzbijala nezakonita prodaja lijekova, otrova i drugih medicinskih pripravaka. Naposljetku, objašnjava se regulacija cijene lijekova i ljekarničkih pristojbi.

Poštovani gospodine uredniče, ovo pismo sastavljeno je s ciljem prezentacije načina rada u jednodnevnoj kirurgiji onima koji se nisu imali prilike susresti s izazovom rada u takvoj jedinici. Jednodnevna kirurgija najmlađa je organizacijska jedinica Klinike za kirurgiju Kliničkoga bolničkog centra Zagreb koja omogućuje brzo, efektivno i financijski učinkovito zbrinjavanje pacijenata pridonoseći na taj način boljem funkcioniranju cijele bolnice, a samim time i cjelokupnog zdravstvenog sustava.

U radu se prikazuje pregled povijesti zdravstvene skrbi i razvoja zdravstvenih ustanova na hrvatskom prostoru od prapovijesti do suvremenoga doba. Na temelju relevantne literature i periodika prikazuje se razvoj skrbi za bolesne i nemoćne na ovom prostoru od najranijega doba. Prikazani podatci u ovom radu prilog su istraživanju sustavne povijesti hrvatskoga zdravstvenoga sustava.This paper presents an overview of the history of healthcare and the development of health institutions in Croatia from prehistory till today. The developments in providing care for the sick and infirm in these lands are described based on relevant literature and periodicals. The presented data is a contribution to the research of the systematic history of the Croatian health system

U radu se prikazuje pregled povijesti zdravstvene skrbi i razvoja zdravstvenih ustanova na hrvatskom prostoru od prapovijesti do suvremenoga doba. Na temelju relevantne literature i periodika prikazuje se razvoj skrbi za bolesne i nemoćne na ovom prostoru od najranijega doba. Prikazani podatci u ovom radu prilog su istraživanju sustavne povijesti hrvatskoga zdravstvenoga sustava.

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından, 2020 yılının şubat ayında, SARS-CoV-2 olarak adlandırılan ve COVID-19 hastalığına neden olan virüs pandemi nedeni olarak ilan edilmiştir. Ani gelişen solunum sıkıntısıyla ortaya çıkan alt solunum sistemi tutulumu özellikle immun yetersizliği olan bireylerde mortal seyretmektedir. Halihazırda SARS-CoV-2'yi hedefleyen etkili spesifik bir ilaç tanımlanmış değildir. Esas olan; hastalık öncesinde immuniteyi artırmak, hastalık etkeniyle karşılaşıldığında ise kimyasal ilaçların beklenen/olası yan etkilerini belirli oranda azaltılarak hastanın tedaviye uyumunun artırılmasıdır.

El presente trabajo analiza las epidemias de fiebre amarilla que azotaron el sur de España durante el siglo xviii y las primeras décadas del siglo xix. Destaca la vinculación de la fiebre amarilla con el desarrollo del sistema comercial atlántico de la época, así como su influencia en las reformas sanitarias e higiénicas de los años siguientes. Los resultados muestran cómo las recomendaciones de los expertos, unidas a la experiencia de brotes anteriores, incentivaron estrategias para reducir la exposición al patógeno, entre las que destacó la huida de las poblaciones infectadas. La desigualdad en la capacidad para evitar el contagio tuvo como consecuencia una mayor letalidad de la enfermedad entre las clases socioeconómicas menos privilegiadas.

• Método: se describe la isla de Joló (Filipinas), sus habitantes, sus creencias, sus productos naturales, como perlas, ámbar, etc., sus pájaros, especialmente uno muy pequeño, que realiza su nido con la espuma y la babaza del mar, sobre las rocas y arrecifes. Este nido es utilizado por los habitantes de esta zona como alimento, preparado en sopa. Entre sus enfermedades destaca las "evacuaciones", debidas a la mala alimentación, las "miasmas", las altas temperaturas; este trabajo correspondiente a Joaquín Solano Pasos se acompaña de censura sin firma.

Bu çalışmada, yurdumuzda COVID-19 pandemi sürecinin hayvanlar, hayvan yakınları ve Veteriner Fakültesi'nde klinik eğitimi alan öğrenciler, klinik akademisyenler ve serbest veteriner hekimler üzerine olan etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Konu ile ilgili ulaşılabilen kaynaklar incelenerek yurdumuzdaki ve dünyadaki durum ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca, COVID-19 etkeninin özelliği ile hayvan türleri arasındaki farklılıklara ait bilgiler verilmiştir. Koronaviral enfeksiyonun yaygın bir şekilde görüldüğü köpekler ve özellikle kedilerde yapılacak yeni çalışmalar COVID-19'un hayvanlarda görülen etkileri, bulaşma biçimleri ve hastalık seyri ile ilgili bilgi sahibi olunmasına yardımcı olacaktır.

Los partes de enfermos del Hospital Noble de Málaga constituyen un pequeño grupo do-cumental que actualmente se encuentra en la sección beneficencia y sanidad del Archivo Municipal de la ciudad. El objeto de estudio principal de este artículo se vertebra en el análisis de esta tipología documental, así como en sacar a la luz la información que nos muestra sobre la atención sanitaria realizada a los vecinos de la ciudad y a la gente de la mar, que sin importar nacionalidad o circunstan-cias eran atendidos e ingresados en dicha institución sanitaria. El año 1874 será el último en el que el Hospital Noble aún ostente titularidad privada, de ahí la cohesión archivística de estas unidades do-cumentales producidas en contextos de necesidad y de urgencia. Las distintas fuentes documentales y bibliográficas empleadas contextualizarán el devenir de esta institución, creada en memoria del médi-co británico Josef William Noble, al igual que permitirán comprobar el avance científico-sanitario q...