History of Epidemiology Research Papers

John Ryle, clinicien anglais, développe dans les années 1940 une conception originale de la « pathologie sociale » dans laquelle l'épidémiologie sociale contemporaine a des racines. Cette pathologie sociale s'inscrit dans ce moment de... more

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-----ÖZET: Yirminci yüzyıl başından bu yana dünyada respiratuvar virüslerden kaynaklanan beş pandemi gerçekleşmiştir. Bunlardan ilk dördü grip (İnfluenza A) virüslerinden kaynaklanmışken halihazırda sürmekte olan COVID-19 pandemisi bir... more

-----ÖZET: Yirminci yüzyıl başından bu yana dünyada respiratuvar virüslerden kaynaklanan beş pandemi gerçekleşmiştir. Bunlardan ilk dördü grip (İnfluenza A) virüslerinden kaynaklanmışken halihazırda sürmekte olan COVID-19 pandemisi bir koronavirüs suşundan ileri gelmiştir. 1918 tarihli “İspanyol gribi” pandemisi dünya genelinde yaklaşık 500 milyon kişiyi kapsamış ve 40–100 milyon ölümle sonuçlanmış olup, bugün respiratuvar viral pandemiler için olabilecek “en kötü senaryo” kabul edilmektedir. Halihazırdaki COVID-19 pandemisi de Aralık 2019’dan bugüne (Nisan 2020), >1,2 milyon vaka ve >60 bin ölümle sürmektedir. Bu pandemide, virüsün türü (yeni ve pandemik bir SARSr-CoV suşu) ve konağın yaşı (>50–60 yaş) temelinde daha yüksek mortaliteli, yeni bir “koronavirüs hastalığı” gözlenmekte olup tıp (başta epidemiyoloji ve halk sağlığı) tarihinde yeni bir sayfa açılmıştır. Yanı sıra, 1918’de olduğu gibi yüz yıl sonra bugün de halen efektif bir anti(korona)viral tedavi bulunmamakta ve bu çaresizliğin klinik, sosyolojik, psikolojik ve makroekonomik sonuçları dünyada ve ilk resmi vakanın 11 Mart’ta kaydedildiği Türkiye’de şimdiden derinden hissedilmektedir. Ayrıca, yine 1918 pandemisinin mortalitenin giderek arttığı üç dalga halinde seyretmiş olduğu gibi, COVID-19 pandemisinde de gelecek haftalarda daha sarsıcı bir epizodun başlaması endişe edilen ihtimaller arasındadır. Bu yazıda katastrofik 1918 pandemisi esnasında yaşananlardan hareketle önümüzdeki COVID-19 sürecinde yaşanabilecek olanlara dair bir mukayese yapmak ve sonuçlar çıkarmak, önümüzdeki risklerin (başta virülansı ve dolayısıyla mortaliteyi artırabilecek bir viral mutasyon) ciddiyetini vurgulamak ve böylece T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı başta olmak üzere pek çok ulusal ve küresel sağlık otoritesi tarafından çeşitli medya kanalları aracılığıyla yinelenmekte olan sosyal izolasyon çağrısını desteklemek amaçlanmıştır.

-----ABSTRACT: Since the early 20th century, the world has seen five pandemics caused by respiratory viruses. While the first four of these were caused by flu (Influenza A) viruses, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is due to a coronavirus strain. Now considered a “worst-case scenario” for respiratory viral pandemics, the “Spanish flu” of 1918 afflicted about 500 million people and resulted in 40–100 million deaths worldwide. Since December 2019 to date (April 2020), the current COVID-19 has been confirmed in >1.2 million cases and >60 thousand deaths around the globe. A new “coronavirus disease,” with a higher mortality based on the type of the virus (a novel, pandemic SARSr-CoV strain) and host age (>50–60 years), has been identified during this global health crisis, opening a new period in the history of medicine, particularly epidemiology and public health. Furthermore, today, one hundred years after 1918, there is still no effective anti(corona)viral treatment, with its clinical, sociological, psychological, and macroeconomic impacts being already felt around the world and in Turkey, where the first official case was reported on 11 March. Also, there is the worrisome possibility that the COVID-19 pandemic may develop into an even more serious problem in the following weeks, similarly to the 1918 pandemic that occurred in three waves marked by increasingly higher mortality. In this study, we aimed to infer from the experience of the catastrophic 1918 pandemic for the rest of the ongoing COVID-19 calamity, highlight the imminent risks (most notably, viral mutation that could result in higher virulence and mortality), and thus support the calls for social isolation, repeated through various mass media by many global and national health authorities, particularly the Turkish Ministry of Health.

Pestilenze e carestie hanno accompagnato la Storia d’Italia del XVI e XVII secolo con episodi frequenti di morte e sofferenza. Gli storici genovesi: Agostino Giustiniani e Filippo Maria Casoni descrivono nei loro “Annali” anche questi... more

Pestilenze e carestie hanno accompagnato la Storia d’Italia del XVI e XVII secolo con episodi frequenti di morte e sofferenza.
Gli storici genovesi: Agostino Giustiniani e Filippo Maria Casoni descrivono nei loro “Annali” anche questi eventi e varie altre calamità che afflissero la Liguria e la Corsica fra il XII ed il XVII secolo.
Inoltre, Filippo M. Casoni riferisce che nell’anno1579 si manifestò in Corsica un “morbo stravagante, chiamato del galantino”, con sintomi simili all’attuale influenza.
Anche Silvestro Facio (o Fazio) medico del XVI secolo, originario della Spezia, riferisce di questo morbo nel libro “Paradossi della pestilenza” confrontandone i sintomi con quelli della peste che aveva afflitto Genova nel medesimo anno.
Il libro definito “famoso fra gli avversari del contagio, delle quarantene e d’ogni altro impedimento al libero commercio” presenta molte particolarità sull’evoluzione del pensiero filosofico-scientifico in tema di epidemie, fra XVI e XVII secolo.
Ho deciso pertanto di commentarlo assieme ad alcuni altri trattati relativi alle pestilenze dell’epoca, fra i quali un breve carteggio fra l’intellettuale sarzanese Agostino Mascardi e il poeta “marinista” Claudio Achillini, che avallando i sospetti di “pestilenza per umana opera indotta” costituisce uno dei primi esempi della così detta “teoria del complotto”.
La gravità di quelle epidemie, accompagnata da sostanziale mancanza di cure mediche, assegnò alla politica il ruolo di contrastarle con misure di prevenzione ed isolamento, e al “diritto in tempo di peste” il ruolo di sovrintendere al funzionamento dell’organizzazione sociale.
È in questo contesto politico che prese forma la decisione della Repubblica di Genova di costruire verso la metà del XVIII secolo il grande Lazzaretto del Varignano, destinato allo spurgo delle merci, la cui imponente architettura è ancora in evidenza sul lato occidentale del Golfo della Spezia.

Come conclusione di questa premessa, informo il cortese Lettore/trice che per esporre con chiarezza i temi affrontati ho deciso di ampliare gli angusti confini della “storia locale” al più vasto contesto epistemologico sulla conoscenza e prevenzione della peste nei secoli scorsi.
La particolare attenzione dedicata agli studi di Antonio Vallisneri sui microrganismi diffusori delle epidemie e sulla confutazione dello loro “generazione spontanea” è motivata dal fatto che Lui per primo, nel 1715, descrisse la “polla d’acqua dolce di Cadimare” e fu precursore degli studi idrogeologici del Golfo della Spezia.

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- by Fabio Rolla
- •
- 8
  History, Epistemology, Philosophy of Science, History of Medicine

Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison (2007) This work examines the reasons for the spread of rinderpest in Southern Bechuanaland and Hereroland between 1896 and 1897. A febrile and highly contagious disease affecting... more

Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison (2007)
This work examines the reasons for the spread of rinderpest in Southern Bechuanaland and Hereroland between 1896 and 1897. A febrile and highly contagious disease affecting livestock and wild ungulate populations, rinderpest exacted a heavy death toll on the populations it touched, killing upwards of 97 percent. Part of the larger African rinderpest panzootic of 1887-1897, the disease has been the focus of many historical inquiries assessing its economic, political, and social consequences. Absent from these accounts, however, is the disease itself. By glossing over the disease's beginnings, scholars have drawn an incomplete picture of this event. In their rush to examine its aftermath, many have portrayed rinderpest as a monolithic entity that moved on its own accord, swept over large territories, and destroyed everything in its path. This was not the case. As argued here, the spread of rinderpest was heavily moderated by human actions. Assisted by tenuous relationships among pastoral populations and governments as well as the built and natural environments, rinderpest was able to spread with relative ease. Humans assumed responsibility for the disease's spread by moving infected cattle into contact with susceptible populations and implementing policies that either protected wild ungulate populations or prompted pastoralists to flee or resist and thus further spread the disease. Humans were also indirectly responsible for the spread of rinderpest. As evidenced in the built environment, roads connecting watering points often attracted large numbers of infected and susceptible populations, thereby creating ideal conditions for transmission. The natural environment also influenced herders and their cattle. The change from rainy to dry seasons, for example, prompted cattle and wild ungulates to gather at a shrinking number of grazing areas, thus increasing the possibility for rinderpest transmission. Therefore, in their attempts to stop it, control it, move away from it, inoculate against it, cope with it, profit from it, or ignore it, populations in Hereroland and Southern Bechuanaland ensured rinderpest's spread.

Knjiga predstavlja studiju o razvoju sustava javnoga zdravstva u hrvatskim zemljama pod habsburškom vlašću tijekom druge polovice 18. stoljeća, odnosno tijekom vladavine Marije Terezije (1740.-1780.), Josipa II. (1780.-1790.) i Leopolda... more

Knjiga predstavlja studiju o razvoju sustava javnoga zdravstva u hrvatskim zemljama pod habsburškom vlašću tijekom druge polovice 18. stoljeća, odnosno tijekom vladavine Marije Terezije (1740.-1780.), Josipa II. (1780.-1790.) i Leopolda II. (1790.-1792.). Vladavina prosvijećenoga apsolutizma karakteristična za navedene vladare odlučujuće je utjecala na formiranje protomodernih društvenih struktura u Habsburškoj Monarhiji, tijekom kojega procesa država preuzima ključnu ulogu u organizaciji i oblikovanju sustava javnoga zdravstva te postavljanju kriterija za obavljanje medicinske prakse. U navedenom je razdoblju formirana mreža institucija posvećena brizi o zdravstvu, medicinska su znanja postala široko primijenjiva te je medicinska skrb postala dostupnija i kvalitetnija, ali je i pristup pacijentu postajao sve manje individualan, a sve više standardiziran. Povijesni procesi razvoja državne uloge u zdravstvenim pitanjima na području hrvatskih zemalja postavljeni su u kontekst širih europskih povijesnih procesa te su analizirani čimbenici uspjeha, ali i razlozi neuspjeha državnih regulativa, s namjerom da oni, upravo na primjeru javnoga zdravstva kao elementa državne uprave koji se odnosi na najširi krug stanovništva, ukažu na elemente suodnosa državnih institucija i pojedinačnih interesa važnih i za percepciju današnje uloge države, ali i pomognu razumijevanju intelektualnih transfera između sveučilišnih centara i prostora koji su društveno i politički tada smatrani „periferijom“. Analiza je rađena na temelju arhivske građe pohranjene u Hrvatskom, Austrijskom i Mađarskom državnom arhivu, kao i na temelju tadašnje zdravstvene zakonodavne regulative. Središte analize predstavlja Opći zdravstveni pravilnik iz 1770., prvi obuhvatniji normativni akt na polju javnoga zdravstva u Zemljama Krune Sv. Stjepana, koji se u knjizi donosi u prijevodu na hrvatski jezik. Pojedine teme obrađene u knjizi obuhvaćaju analizu idejnih temelja na kojima je počivao angažman državnih struktura u polju javnoga zdravstva, prikaz razvoja javnozdravstvenih institucija, postanak i organizaciju Sanitarnoga kordona, mogućnosti medicinske naobrazbe u Habsburškoj Monarhiji te razvoj visokoškolskoga sustava za medicinske praktičare, analizu zakonodavnih okvira razvoja pojedinih medicinskih struka, stanje i razvoj bolnica te analizu ideje „medicinske policije“ i napore državnih struktura na polju zdravstvenoga prosvjećivanja.

The present study argues against a traditional view that describes Aquinas’ epistemology as direct realism. This view arises from the fact that Aquinas denies any type of representation or indirect realism and a knower is able to grasp... more

Dans la première moitié du 20e siècle, l’épidémiologie se définissait en se distinguant de la médecine clinique. Discipline rattachée à la santé publique, son objet et son niveau d’analyse étaient la population et non l’individu ; les... more

Dans la première moitié du 20e siècle, l’épidémiologie se définissait en se distinguant de la médecine clinique. Discipline rattachée à la santé publique, son objet et son niveau d’analyse étaient la population et non l’individu ; les statistiques administratives et démographiques constituaient son principal matériau d’analyse. Au milieu du 20e siècle, on observe un tournant au sein de l’épidémiologie. Elle intègre et adapte progressivement de nouvelles méthodes issues la statistique inférentielle et développe des techniques d’enquête portant sur des populations bien délimitées pour l’analyse étiologique des maladies. À partir de 1960- 1970, l’identification de facteurs de risque individuels conduit au le développement d’une prévention individualisée des risques de maladie. L’individu semble être au centre de cette nouvelle épidémiologie. Peut-on pour autant considérer qu’il s’agit d’un basculement vers la clinique ? L’objectif de cette présentation est de mettre en évidence quelques aspects du rapprochement entre clinique et épidémiologie à partir de l’enquête d’épidémiologie cardiovasculaire de Framingham (Massachussetts), l’une des enquêtes étiologiques emblématiques de l’épidémiologie moderne. L’une des premières grandes enquêtes de cohorte qui débuta en 1947-1948 sur l’étiologie des maladies cardiovasculaires, elle eut une influence notable sur le développement et la vulgarisation de la notion de facteurs de risque de maladie. Nous montrerons que cette enquête, et l’épidémiologie cardiovasculaire américaine en général, se sont principalement développées à partir d’initiatives de cliniciens et pour répondre à des questions d’ordre clinique. Nous examinerons ensuite les liens historiques et méthodologiques que l’on peut établir entre les rapprochements de l’épidémiologie et de la clinique ainsi décrits et ce qu’on appelle aujourd’hui 'épidémiologie clinique'.

During the first half of the 20th century, the discipline of epidemiology was demarcated in terms of its differences with clinical medicine. As a public health discipline, its level of analysis was the population rather than the individual, and the vital statistics and demographical data were its main objects of analysis. During the fifties, however, a significant shift occurred. Some specific methods of etiological studies (cohort study and case-control study) on groups of individuals were further developed and a number of statistical tools derived from the new inferential statistics began to be used and adapted to the analysis of epidemiological data. Since the 1960-1970s, the identification of individual risk factors based on etiologic studies has led to the development of an individualized prevention of disease risk. Thus, the individual appears to be at the forefront of this new epidemiology and the preventive strategies. But should we consider that we are witnessing a clinical turn in epidemiology? The goal of this paper is to study aspects of the convergence between epidemiology and clinical medicine in analyzing one of the paradigmatic cohort studies of the nascent modern epidemiology, the Framingham Heart Study. Led since 1947-1948 in Framingham, this pioneering cohort study on cardiovascular disease shaped the development and diffusion of the notion of risk factor. I will argue that this study and more generally cardiovascular epidemiology as developed in the United States have their origins in both approaches and questions that pertain to clinical medicine. I will then assess whether, and if so, to what extent, a historical and methodological link can be established between the new connection between epidemiology and clinical medicine that emerges from risk factor epidemiology and what is now called “clinical epidemiology”.

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- by Elodie Giroux
- •
- History of Epidemiology

La presente tesis doctoral analiza el proceso de construcción de un sistema de sanidad pública en España en el siglo XIX, proponiendo el contexto gaditano de las Cortes inauguradas en 1810 como un periodo fundacional en la organización... more

La presente tesis doctoral analiza el proceso de construcción de un sistema de sanidad pública en España en el siglo XIX, proponiendo el contexto gaditano de las Cortes inauguradas en 1810 como un periodo fundacional en la organización sanitaria de nuestro país. En este sentido, este trabajo confronta el vacío en el campo de la sanidad de los primeros años del siglo decimonónico desde una triple perspectiva: desde un enfoque institucional y legislativo; desde el análisis del discurso público y mediático en torno a la enfermedad; y desde el punto de vista de la institucionalización del conocimiento y práctica médica. Un trabajo analítico que formalmente se estructura en cinco partes diferenciadas:
La primera parte aspira a establecer un contexto que nos permita profundizar sobre las circunstancias y singularidades del espacio gaditano como base espacial, intelectual e institucional de las transformaciones en el ámbito sanitario.
En el segundo capítulo presentamos un análisis de la organización institucional de la Sanidad Pública teniendo en cuenta los diferentes procesos, actores y circunstancias implicados en la creación de los órganos y medidas diseñadas para la gestión sanitaria como parte de la construcción de las bases del nuevo Estado liberal. Esta aproximación toma en consideración la complejidad y límites de la organización sanitaria en un país ocupado y preso de una epidemia, proponiendo una perspectiva de análisis que establezca un diálogo entre la institucionalización de la sanidad y la gestión de la enfermedad epidémica y, por otro lado, tenga en cuenta las disposiciones tomadas por la administración francesa.
El capítulo tercero se centra en los intentos de codificación sanitaria dentro de este proceso de institucionalización.

El cuarto capítulo parte del análisis de la construcción del discurso público en torno a la enfermedad como elemento clave en el proceso de cimentación de una respuesta y programa sanitario en una sociedad liberal. Elemento que es examinado desde una doble perspectiva, política y mediática. Por un lado, se estudia la modulación del discurso sanitario por parte de los parlamentarios en el espacio de las Cortes y los intereses, preocupaciones e instrumentos implicados en este proceso. Por el otro, se analiza la prensa como medio de creación discursiva en torno a la enfermedad utilizando El Conciso y El Redactor General como objeto principal de estudio.
El quinto y último capítulo traslada el problema de la salud pública al ámbito de la práctica y los procesos de profesionalización del cuerpo de médicos y cirujanos, estudiando las transformaciones institucionales, formativas y de reconocimiento socio-político que se produjeron en este ámbito como parte del proceso general de reforma sanitaria a principios del siglo XIX. Un examen que realizamos teniendo en cuenta la polarización del debate en distintos espacios de discusión, tanto fuera como dentro del espacio parlamentario, y la pluralidad de voces que lo orquestan, tanto políticas como médicas.
Frente a una mirada eminentemente catastrofista en cuanto a los logros obtenidos en el campo sanitario y científico persistente en la historiografía española, hemos apostado por abordar las propuestas reales de transformación que constituyen un sólido suelo y espejo de la configuración de la sanidad contemporánea española.
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This doctoral thesis analyzes the process of the construction of a public health system
in Spain in the 19th century, aiming to present the context of the Cortes de Cádiz
inaugurated in 1810 as a founding period in the healthcare organization of the country.
In this regard, this work addresses the existing gap in the field of public health in the
early years of the 19th century in a three pronged manner: from an institutional and
legislative perspective; as an analysis of discourse by the public and in the media
regarding disease; and from the point of view of the institutionalization of medical
knowledge and practice. An analytical work which is formally structured into five
distinct sections:
The first section seeks to establish a context that allows us to delve into the
circumstances and singularities of the Cadiz region as a spatial, intellectual and
institutional base for the transformations in the field of healthcare.
In the second chapter we present an analysis of the institutional organization of Public
Health, taking into consideration the different processes, actors and circumstances
involved in the creation of the bodies and methods designed for its management as part
of the construction of the foundations of the new liberal State. This approximation
takes into consideration the complexity and limits of the public health organization in
an occupied country and under the shadow of an epidemic. To do so, it proposes a
perspective of analysis that establishes a dialog between the institutionalization of
public health and epidemic disease management and, conversely, taking into account
the arrangements made by the French administration
The third chapter centers on the attempts at introducing a coding system to healthcare
within this institutionalization process.
The fourth chapter focuses on the analysis of the construction of the public discourse in
relation to disease as a key element in the foundation of the health program in a liberal
society. This element is examined from two perspectives: from a political point of view
and from the discourse generated on the media. On the one hand, it studies the
modulation of the health discourse by the parliamentarians within the Courts and the
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interests, concerns and instruments involved in this process. On the other hand, it
examines the press as a medium of discursive creation about disease using "El
Conciso" y "El Redactor General " as a principal study cases.
The fifth and final chapter discusses the problem of public health related to practice
and the professionalization processes within the body of physicians and surgeons
involved in the construction of a public health system. This analysis focuses on the
institutional, training and socio-political recognition changes produced in this field as
part of the general process of public health reform at the beginning of the 19th century.
An examination which we carried out taking into consideration the polarization of the
debate in separate discussion spaces, outside as well as inside the parliamentary sector,
along with the plurality of voices –of either politicians or physicians– orchestrating it.
Confronted with such a catastrophic view in relation to the successes accomplished in
the field of science and healthcare persistent in Spanish historiography, we have
chosen to focus on the real transformational proposals which constitute a solid
foundation and reflection of the contemporary Spanish health system configuration.

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- by Pepa Hernández and +1
  Galera Gómez
- •
- 8
  Cultural History, History of Science, History of Public Health, Public Health Policy

In both of the cases, smallpox and Covid-19 disease, regulations with pre-ventive and also protective character were applied by the state. The reason why these two diseases and pandemics have been chosen for comparison beside the fact... more

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- by Vavrinec Žeňuch
- •
- 17
  History, Health Sciences, Epidemiology, History of Medicine

UMI, ProQuest ® Dissertations & Theses. The world's most comprehensive collection of dissertations and theses. Learn more... ProQuest, Aquinas as representationalist: The ontology of the species intelligibilis. by D'Onofrio,... more

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- by Sandro R D'Onofrio
- •
- 6
  Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, Medieval History, Cognition

In the 1830s, plague, which had been all but forgotten by most Europeans, was on everyone’s lips again. Shortly after the Ottoman and Egyptian governments instituted their first permanent quarantines, the disease broke out in the Levant... more

Abstract. The 1950 Malaria Conference in Equatorial Africa, held in Kampala, Uganda, has been remembered primarily for its decision to control malaria '...by modern methods as soon as feasible, whatever the original degree of endemicity,... more

Abstract. The 1950 Malaria Conference in Equatorial Africa, held in Kampala, Uganda, has been remembered
primarily for its decision to control malaria '...by modern methods as soon as feasible, whatever the
original degree of endemicity, and without awaiting the outcome of further experiments.' This decision was
far from conclusive and, indeed, reflects only one side of the argument which brought two groups of malariologists
into direct opposition on the wisdom of malaria control in equatorial Africa, using modern methods
such as DDT. Through an examination of the unpublished verbatim transcript of the Kampala Conference,
we are able to document the 'furious debates' which took place at Kampala in 1950. We highlight,
in particular, the adamant concerns expressed by some of the delegates that intervention in areas of high
malaria transmission might lead to a loss of naturally acquired immunity which, in turn, could give rise to
a resurgence of malaria, should the control strategies fail to be sustained. As we show, this concern had
been expressed by a number of malariologists working in East Africa in the first half of the twentieth century,
but it was only with the advent of DDT, as a residual insecticide, that the implications of wide-spread
control, in the absence of any knowledge of the long-term consequences, became a serious possibility.
While the Kampala Conference gave the 'go ahead' to control malaria in Africa without awaiting the outcome
of 'further experiments', a number of participants insisted that a field trial should be set up to evaluate
the impact of malaria on areas of high transmission both before and after spraying: to this end, a field
trial in Pare-Taveta was carried out in 1954-59. In this paper we look at the Kampala Conference for its scientific
debates and the Pare-Taveta Scheme for its field applications. In the final part of the paper, we
address a number of questions raised at Kampala which have, once more, become contentious issues, following
the recent successful trials of ITBNs. We believe that an understanding of the historical foundations
of these issues should provide an important component of the new WHO campaign to Roll Back Malaria.
Key words: malaria, Kampala Conference, East Africa, Pare-Taveta Scheme, immunity, Global Malaria
Eradication Programme, D. Bagster Wilson, World Health Organization, malaria control, S.P. James.

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- by Maureen Malowany and +1
  mary dobson
- •
- 5
  Global Health, History of Public Health, Malaria, History of Epidemiology

This article will investigate, based on the idea of "atmosphere", the possibilities raised by the study of the containment of fear in the case of an epidemic in nineteenth-century Marseille. Following Derek P. McCormack, atmospheres will... more

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- by Quim Bonastra
- •
- 15
  History of Medicine, Affect Theory, Affect/Emotion, Affect Studies

This article analyses the emergence of European regimes of prevention by focussing on the history of knowledge-related practices as a distinctly modern form of social and political rationality in Western Europe. While the targets, means,... more

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- by Stefan Beck
- •
- 5
  Thalassemia, Preventive medicine, Cyprus, History of Epidemiology

The COVID-19 pandemic is revealing the many ways in which infectious disease control is a spatialized enterprise. Stay-at-home orders, travel bans and travel corridors, restrictions on visiting patients in hospitals, and many more... more

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- by Graham Mooney
- •
- 8
  History, History of Public Health, History Of London, Public Health

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- by Elodie Giroux
- •
- History of Epidemiology

In this article the author considers the activities of the Verkhneudinsk County Committee of Public Health aimed at fighting epidemic diseases in the Zabaikalskaya oblast.

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- by Vsevolod Bashkuev
- •
- 19
  History, History of Ideas, Social Sciences, Ethnography

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- by Gaëtan Thomas
- •
- 2
  History of Epidemiology, Vaccination

The integration of innovative interdisciplinary approaches to the Κ-12 Curriculum aims to deepen students' knowledge and help them develop transversal skills. Applying an interdisciplinary lens, with a focus on pandemics, can help shape... more

The integration of innovative interdisciplinary approaches to the Κ-12 Curriculum aims to deepen students' knowledge and help them develop transversal skills. Applying an interdisciplinary lens, with a focus on pandemics, can help shape attitudes by means of inculcating the values of responsible global citizenship, and a high sense of personal and social responsibility. In the midst of the current lock-down due to Covid-19, a teaching approach to pandemics is presented, as an interdisciplinary connection between history and mathematics, based on the methodology of modeling in mathematics and the humanities. The main research questions posed: a) can modeling, as analyzed in the scientific literature, be used to interpret pandemics, e.g. in the case of the 'plague of Athens' (430 B.C.), as analyzed in the primary sources? b) Can the mathematical tools of statistical analysis be used to understand prevention measures through the centuries? Taking a longue durée perspective on history, students were asked to work on additional cases of pandemics across time and space, mobilizing both their mathematical and historical knowledge: process numerical data from primary sources, study maps, combine and compare elements of the past and the present using mathematical epidemiological models and real numerical data to study and predict the spread of infectious diseases. This paper presents the assessment of the effectiveness of this approach, conducted by means of closed and open questionnaires, administered in two phases (pre-and post-teaching) to a sample of 40 students aged 16-17 years. The results highlight statistics as a key tool for understanding real-world situations, and record the strengthening of students' knowledge in history, the raising of their critical thinking skills, as well as their enhanced ability to tackle real-world problems and understand responsible decision-making processes. Finally, the paper suggests that such good practices can prepare students for the complexity of globalized knowledge.
Suggested citation: Papadopoulou, M., Argyri, P. & Smyrnaiou, Z. (2020). Modeling in Mathematics and History As Teaching and Learning Approaches To Pandemics. In R. Thripp & I. Sahin (Eds.), Proceedings of iHSES 2020--International Conference on Humanities, Social and Education Sciences (pp. 99-103). Monument, CO, USA: ISTES Organization. https://www.2020.ihses.net/fulltext/pdf/iHSES02.pdf
Video of the conference presentation on YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNIX54VcvZc&feature=youtu.be

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- by Maria Papadopoulou and +1
  Zacharoula Smyrnaiou
- •
- 12
  Education, Teacher Education, Science Education, Mathematics Education

Background. – Begun in 1947 and still ongoing, the epidemiological study of heart disease known as the Framingham study was one of the first prospective studies based on a large cohort and has rapidly been considered as the prototype and... more

Background. – Begun in 1947 and still ongoing, the epidemiological study of heart disease known as the Framingham study was one of the first prospective studies based on a large cohort and has rapidly been considered as the prototype and model for the cohort study. Nevertheless, an examination of its history reveals that the protocol does not at all correspond to today’s standards for this type of study. How, then, can we account for the remarkable reputation of this study?
Methods. – This paper consists in an epistemological and historical analysis of the Framingham study that provides some of the answers to this question. In my treatment of the study’s methodology, I focus on the issue of how the study population was constituted, and the manner in which the multiple factor analyses were conducted, two issues that are now central to cohort studies and more generally to analytic epidemiology.
Results. – I show how the study population of Framingham and its long-term follow-up have contributed significantly to the interpretation of the cohort as a sort of ‘‘population-laboratory’’. The data generated by this study, which have been very widely used by epidemiologists and other researchers, are unparalleled in terms of the amount of detailed clinical information available for such a long follow-up period. Furthermore, multivariate statistical modelling, which has become a standard statistical tool for clinical as well as epidemiological studies was introduced in the context of this study to improve the identification of significant factors in the simultaneous analysis of multiple correlations. Multivariate analysis has since proved crucial in shaping the epidemiological concept of ‘‘risk factor’’ and in analyzing multifactorial diseases. Indeed, I suggest that the modern idea of multifactorial diseases depends on the adaptation of this statistical method.
Conclusion. – Thus, the Framingham study played a leading role not only in remodelling epidemiology after SecondWorldWar, in particular because of its contribution to the establishment of the cohort study as a standard method of investigation in etiological research, but also in constituting the ‘‘risk factor approach’’ to disease.

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- by Elodie Giroux
- •
- History of Epidemiology

Most of the contemporary texts dealing with the war year 1866 contain mentions of the course and consequences of the cholera epidemic brought to Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia by the Prussian army of occupation. In the sources we examined,... more

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- by Vojtěch Kessler
- •
- 14
  History, Military History, Czech History, History of Medicine

At the beginning of the 20th century, and more particularly in the decades following the Second World War, the methodological formalization and the increasingly frequent use of case-control and prospective cohort study designs played a... more

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- by Elodie Giroux
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- History of Epidemiology

This paper will present debates undertaken by the Medico-Psychological Association (MPA) of the British Isles to explore the links between the development of asylum statistics and efforts to devise a standardised classification of the... more

The previous chapter concluded with two clear themes: (1) historical actors as well as historians, demographers, and anthropologists have wrestled with retrospective diagnosis of epidemic diseases, revealing in the process that disease... more

The previous chapter concluded with two clear themes: (1) historical actors as well as historians, demographers, and anthropologists have wrestled with retrospective diagnosis of epidemic diseases, revealing in the process that disease concepts had complex histories as much in the past as they do today; and (2) historical actors and modern scholars alike have found epidemics to be useful as a diagnostic lens on contemporary problems, whether as fault lines in the moral economy, as fssures in social order, or as failures in governance. While both of these key themes continue into the present, the scholarship on late imperial epidemiology from the 1980s to the present markedly difers from that of the previous century in terms of both conceptual and material methods. ('Material methods' refers to extant primary sources; 'conceptual methods' refers to how people interpret them.) From late nineteenth-century Western physicians to 1970s historians of Chinese demography, for example, the history of late imperial epidemiology was dominated conceptually by a naturalist-realist perspective. From the 1980s onwards, however, medical historians have increasingly explored late imperial Chinese epidemiology from the historical-conceptual side of the spectrum. As for material methods, historical records of epidemics created by Chinese administrators (from dynastic histories to local gazetteers and jottings), religious leaders (from tracts on doctrines to rituals and liturgy), and medical authorities (from treatises to case records) constituted the primary-source foundation for the former period. From the 1980s onwards, however, geneticists began to develop means to extract human and bacterial DNA (aDNA) from ancient remains, and so bring new evidence into the conversations about the global history of epidemics. The resulting new feld of paleomicrobiology since the 1990s has analysed ancient DNA (aDNA) in ways that confrmed, for example, the retrospective diagnoses of a range of infectious diseases from tuberculosis in ancient Egypt to plague in fourteenth-century Europe and infuenza in the US during the 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic. Furthermore, scientifc research on the history of non-human diseases and even viruses has developed additional evidence that medical historians may both historicise and integrate into new global histories of disease in non-human as well as human populations.

In history, epidemics tend to affect not only individual groups but societies as a whole. When highly contagious diseases, such as the plague, outbursted in early modern societies they naturally became a core theme of discussion also in... more

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Originally derived from the Medieval Latin word, fīliātiō (from fīlius, son), filiation literally means paternity, descent-fromfather, or line of descent. Concerning medicine, however, it refers to the connection of things resulting from... more

UMI, ProQuest ® Dissertations &amp;amp; Theses. The world&amp;#x27;s most comprehensive collection of dissertations and theses. Learn more... ProQuest, Aquinas as representationalist: The ontology of the species intelligibilis. by... more

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- by Sandro D'Onofrio
- •
- 6
  Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, Medieval History, Cognition

See link to open access online book review. Une version française de ce compte rendu est disponible également en ligne (voir 2e lien).

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The third cholera pandemic (1852-1860), the most severe one, left its imprint in Europe. In this chapter we present the cholera outbreaks in London and in Athens during 1854. The cultural heritage that was left behind the cholera... more

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- by Apostolia Galani and +1
  Nausicaa Kapsala
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- 6
  Geography, Cultural Heritage, Interdisciplinarity, History of Science

Profondément inscrite dans la longue durée, la question des épidémies a dès longtemps attiré l’attention des historiens (Delaurenti et Le Roux, 2020), qui ont tracé le cadre de son élaboration chronologique et archéozoologique depuis... more

Profondément inscrite dans la longue durée, la question des épidémies a dès longtemps attiré l’attention des historiens (Delaurenti et Le Roux, 2020), qui ont tracé le cadre de son élaboration chronologique et archéozoologique depuis l’Antiquité (Audoin-Rouzeau, 2003). En ce sens, l’époque moderne tient une place de choix, depuis le récit de survivance de la peste qui devient un genre littéraire codifié à la Renaissance (Hobart, 2020) après les ravages de la Peste Noire, jusque, dans le cas français, au dernier grand épisode de peste à Marseille en 1720-1721, qui suscita une grande frayeur (Chaunu, 1973 ; Saupin, 2021). Au centre de cette histoire entre les sociétés et les épidémies se place pendant la guerre de Trente Ans (1618-1648), important conflit européen aux répercussions mondiales (Wilson, 2009), un épisode de peste particulièrement violent : cet épisode touche tout le continent européen au fur et à mesure de la progression des armées dans les années 1620-1630. Si la littérature sur certains points techniques a été profuse, comme la question de l’introduction de la peste en 1629 dans le couloir rhodanien par des balles de chameau apportées par des commerçants en relation avec des troupes armées, il demeure un point aveugle dans cette riche historiographie : celui des mesures de gestion prises pour contrôler la crise épidémique, pour paraphraser et adopter un vocabulaire contemporain qui n’est pas anachronique. Ce sont ces mesures qui seront étudiées ici, à partir d’un cas concret, celui de la province de Bourgogne (Bon, 1912) entre 1628 et 1636, et notamment de la ville de Dijon, siège du parlement et deuxième cour souveraine de l’ancien royaume de France. Dans un territoire suffisamment vaste pour être étudié à une échelle pertinente (entre le local et le national), ce cas est documenté par les archives, en large part inédites, du parlement de Dijon et des États de Bourgogne à cette époque, sous la forme de délibérations, d’arrêts, de correspondances et de mémoires, selon les papiers conservés notamment aux Archives départementales de la Côte-d’Or. Dans cette perspective, cette communication entend poser trois problèmes. D’abord, la question de l’anticipation : quelles sont les mesures prises avant l’arrivée de la peste, notamment le transfert de certaines institutions de villes moyennes à de petites villes ? Ensuite, la question de la circulation de l’information : comment et par qui l’arrivée de la peste et des premiers cas sont-elles annoncées en ville et gérées dans la province ? Enfin, la question de la durée des mesures, dont certaines sont pluri-annuelles et répondent à un temps relativement long de crise. Ce cas concret sera comparé aux autres modalités de gestion, notamment en Champagne et dans le Lyonnais (Guiart, 1929), ainsi que dans le nord de la péninsule italienne. En effet, on dispose de points de comparaison étoffés, par exemple avec les villes de Bologne et de Modène, sujettes à une forte épidémie de peste dans les années 1628-1631 (Biagini, 2017). Au-delà de la lecture traditionnelle, par les contemporains du XVIIe siècle qui pensaient la peste comme un châtiment de la Providence, et sans préjuger du résultat complet, il se dégagera de cette communication un essai d’interprétation de l’impact de cette crise épidémique, à savoir la gestion par des organisations coutumières mais solides, face à des épidémies récurrentes

July 2019 – Presentation at the triennial Ghana Studies Association Conference, in Accra. Paper title: ‘Colonial tsetse control and post-independence onchocerciasis in Ghana’. Please contact me for paper/slides.

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- by David Robertson
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- 7
  Psychiatry, Epidemiology, History of Medicine, History of Psychiatry

History of Epidemiology

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