History of Chemistry

According to the historian and sinologist Joseph Needham, Piyo Rattansi is "one of the most profound students of the English world of the scientific revolution". In this interview, Rattansi addresses several topics including historiography, history and philosophy of science, history of Kenya, history of 17th-century England, Isaac Newton, among other themes.

Editorial: https://revistas.pucsp.br/circumhc/article/view/43321/28799

Il Gruppo Energia per l'Italia: gli scienziati per la transizione Vittorio Marletto 7 Che aria respiriamo? Fabio Olmi METODOLOGIE DIDATTICHE PER L'UNIVERSITÀ 13 "Prospettive per il miglioramento della didattica universitaria dopo l'esperienza della pandemia": con.Scienze tenta un bilancio dell'esperienza della DAD

Before the emergence of microbiology in the 1860s, the relationship between health and water was understood to hinge mostly on its manifold mineral qualities; medical treatments often involved bathing in particular waters to take advantage of their curative powers. With the help of microscopes, those waters came to be seen as home to dangerous microbes and a cause, as much as a cure, of disease. But while biology placed water management on a new footing, ideas from chemistry about the diverse positive medical effects of mineral waters continued to justify the use of those heterogeneous sources for bathing in pools and spas. In this article, I trace this slow, incomplete transition from chemical to biological understandings of waters and health in Mexico City in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Contradictory hydrosocial processes took shape as scientists, businesspeople and politicians sought to deliver biologically pure, potable public water to individual bathrooms and to, at the same time, promote the healing properties of social bathing in chemically heterogeneous waters.

Das Buch „400 Jahre Chemie in Hamburg - Handwerk, Wissenschaft und Industrie“ thematisiert die Entwicklung der Chemie in Hamburg vom 17. bis zum 21. Jahrhundert.
Die Einleitung diskutiert Aspekte der Alchemie im Mittelalter (Tycho Brahe, Münzwesen, Phosphor-Entdeckung und Goldrubinglas). Das Handwerk ist verbunden mit vielen historischen chemischen Techniken, z.B. Färben oder Gerben. Hamburg - das "Brauhaus der Hanse" zeichnet die Entwicklung vom Mittelalter bis zur Industrialisierung. Ferner wird Hamburg als Zentrum der Zuckersiederei geschildert, fortgesetzt mit der modernen Zuckerforschung im 20. Jahrhundert.
Im Zeitalter der Reformation wurde 1613 das Akademische Gymnasium gegründet - Joachim Jungius (1587-1657), Rektor und Professor ab 1629, beschäftigte sich mit der Atomistik und begründete die Chemie als Naturwissenschaft. Ein Highlight in der 1919 gegründeten Universität war die Wirkungszeit von Otto Stern (1888-1969), seit 1923 Direktor des Instituts für Physikalische Chemie und Nobelpreis-Träger (1943).
Hamburg hat eine lange Tradition in Kolonialwaren, hier sollen nicht nur Kaffee, Tee, Kakao, Zucker, Palmöl, usw. erwähnt werden, sondern auch die Metallverarbeitung. Die Teerforschung (Farbenherstellung) und die New-York Hamburger Gummi-Waaren Compagnie beleuchten die Anfänge der Industrialisierung und Globalisierung. Außerdem ist Hamburg für Drogerieprodukte bekannt, z.B. Beiersdorf AG (Nivea, Tesa, Hansa-, Leukoplast), Unilever, Douglas).
Die Chemie hat über mehr als vier Jahrhunderte eine bedeutende Rolle in Hamburgs Geschichte gespielt, aber Licht und Schatten liegen eng beieinander, z.B. die erste Sprengstoff-Fabrik von Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896) in Geesthacht, die Skandale bei der Firma Stoltzenberg oder Tesch & Stabenow als Händler von Zyklon B. "Begann in Hamburg das Nuklearzeitalter?" – hier wird schließlich der Beitrag Paul Hartecks (1902-1985) zum Uranprojekt analysiert.

In this essay, we aim to provide an overview of the periodic table’s origins and history, and of the elements which conspired to make it chemistry’s most recognisable icon. We pay attention to Mendeleev’s role in the development of a system for organising the elements and chemical knowledge while facilitating the teaching of chemistry. We look at how the reception of the table in different chemical communities was dependent on the local scientific, cultural and political context, but argue that its eventual universal acceptance is due to its unique ability to accommodate possessed knowledge while enabling novel predictions. Furthermore, we argue that its capacity to unify apparently disconnected phenomena under a simple framework facilitates our understanding of periodicity, making the table an icon of aesthetic value, and an object of philosophical inquiry. Finally, we briefly explore the table’s iconicity throughout its representations in pop art and science fiction.

O romantismo, como movimento cultural, é considerado de um modo geral como contrário à ideia de ciência, ou a sua visão idealista parece ser oposta à chamada objetividade científica. Não terá sido sempre assim, pois podemos falar de uma ciência romântica. Esta ciência terá nascido no final do século XVIII com vários avanços científicos que decorreram em várias áreas, das quais se destaca a Química.
Na ciência romântica, o cientista procura desvendar os mistérios da natureza, com os instrumentos científicos como seus aliados. A ciência volta-se para o povo, deixa de estar confinada a uma elite, e inicia-se uma época de sedução, em que brilhantes cientistas discursam perante plateias sedentas de saber, como foi o caso das conferências sobre Química de Humphry Davy na Royal Society. A Química passou a estar ao alcance de muitos, através das conferências abertas e de livros de divulgação, como por exemplo “Conversations on Chemistry” de Jane Marcet publicado em 1805 e o seu crescimento como ciência obrigou a um investimento em novos espaços: os laboratórios de Química.
Nesta comunicação pretende-se abordar estes novos espaços de ciência e o modo como se foram moldando às práticas existentes, em que o cientista se tornou no herói que conseguia produzir o saber dominando os instrumentos, e também discutir como é que estes novos laboratórios ajudaram a moldar a prática científica.

Een halve eeuw Scheikunde in Groningen, 1945-1995
(Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren, 2008).

Al meer dan een halve eeuw vormen Amerikaanse topuniversiteiten een model waarnaar vanuit Nederland met zekere afgunst wordt gekeken. In de jaren zestig van de twintigste eeuw wilden de scheikundigen van de Groningse universiteit hun onderwijs en onderzoek op de (wereld)kaart zetten. De nieuwe hoogleraren richtten daarom de blik op Amerika, waar zij ervaring hadden opgedaan. Ton van Helvoort reconstrueert welke Amerikaanse idealen zij trachtten door te voeren. Daarbij analyseert hij nauwgezet waar dit strookte dan wel op gespannen voet stond met enerzijds de wettelijke en institutionele kaders van de Nederlandse universiteiten en anderzijds algemene ontwikkelingen zoals de expansie van het aantal studenten en de tijdgeest van de democratisering.
In de jaren tachtig bracht deze aanpak de Groningse scheikundigen ruimschoots erkenning en zij behoorden tot de top van de scheikunde in Nederland. Dit alles was het resultaat van een ‘chemie’ onder universitaire wetenschapsbeoefenaars die niet Amerikaans maar Gronings was.

La Première Guerre mondiale démontre combien les pays européens sont devenus, en l'espace de quelques années, tributaires de leurs approvisionnements en carburants et combustibles liquides. C'est pourquoi, en fonction de ses ressources propres et de ses politiques économiques, chacune des puissances majeures d'Europe tente, au cours des années 1920, de développer des filières agricoles ou industrielles capables de fournir des carburants susceptibles de se substituer à l'essence de pétrole. Pour l'Allemagne et le Royaume-Uni, les importantes ressources charbonnières, de houille voire de lignite, constituent le socle évident sur lequel reposent les recherches en vue de parvenir à une certaine indépendance. Mais il est impossible, pour la France, de suivre la voie dans laquelle s'engagent ces deux pays. Ils disposent de ressources en combustibles minéraux considérables quand la France reste contrainte d'importer une grande partie de ses besoins.

My chapter on Leary builds on the foundational chapters established by my dissertation, which traces the initial development of artificially-induced states of epiphanic consciousness from Humphry Davy’s nitrous oxide laboratory in 1799 to the psychedelic experiments of Aldous Huxley in the early twentieth century. My new project—which forms the second half of my book manuscript—opens with Huxley, who represents the inflection point between the first and second eras of psychedelic science. Drawing on Romanticism, Huxley reframes the major themes of religious mysticism and the “perennial philosophy” in terms of the secular science laboratory and synthetic chemistry. I will show that this psychedelicization of the perennial tradition influenced the research protocols of later psychedelic chemical scientists from Timothy Leary, John Lilly, Sasha Shulgin, and Terence McKenna in the twentieth century to present-day researchers. In sum, I argue that this progressive discourse has promoted a “secular mysticism” reconciling transcendent experiences with empirical science.

What is blood? Despite William Harvey's discovery of the circulation of blood, many questions about blood itself remained unanswered. This article asks how and why Dutch medical men in the early eighteenth century initiated studies to understand the properties of blood. Medical professors analysed blood in chemical laboratories, as they believed that blood chemistry promoted new understandings of human physiology and pathology. Others, however, grew to be deeply sceptical about chemistry and argued that there existed a discrepancy between blood in vitro and blood in vivo. They preferred quantitative measurements, hoping that these would provide useful knowledge for making diagnoses and treating wounds. This article analyses these competing approaches to blood research, arguing that the discussion went beyond the problem of methodology and was directly linked to the question of blood's essential yet disputed quality: was blood alive?

This article provides an overview of the origins and development of green
chemistry. Aiming to contribute to the understanding of green chemistry, basically from a
historical point of view, this overview argues that contextual influences and the user
friendliness of the term are drivers for the explosive growth of green chemistry. It is
observed that political support for its development has been significant, in which the
Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 was a formal political starting-point, but informally the
origins of green chemistry go back to before 1990. US EPA played an important role in all
this, but did not solely contribute to the growth of green chemistry.

Ton van Helvoort en Ernst Homburg
Een eeuw chemische technologie in Nederland
Delft: Stichting Hoogewerff-Fonds, 2021
Uitgever: [email protected]

In de afgelopen honderd jaar is de chemische technologie van groot belang geweest bij de economische ontwikkeling van de westerse geïndustrialiseerde wereld. Een eeuw chemische technologie in Nederland biedt een samenvattend overzicht van de ontwikkeling van het betreffende vakgebied tot nu toe, met een focus op de binnenlandse ontwikkelingen in internationale context. Maar inmiddels dienen zich nieuwe vraagstukken en mogelijkheden aan voor chemisch technologen. De noodzaak om de CO2-uitstoot die het gevolg is van het gebruik van fossiele brand- en grondstoffen tot een minimum te beperken, vormt een grote uitdaging. De nieuwe vraagstukken liggen met name op het terrein van de onafwendbare energie-transitie en het gebruik van alternatieve grondstoffen voor de chemische industrie. Dit boek gaat dan ook niet alleen over de afgelopen eeuw. In het slothoofdstuk beschrijven de auteurs de uitdagingen aan de chemie en chemische technologie in de komende jaren. Ze laten daarbij zien dat het vakgebied chemische technologie ook in de komende era zeer belangrijk zal zijn voor de welvaart en het welzijn van ons land.

This workshop takes place on 4 July 2016 at St Anne's College, University of Oxford. Speakers include Bruce Moran, Didier Kahn, Rafal Prinke, Hiro Hirai, Peter Forshaw, Jennifer Rampling, Natalie Kaoukji, Georgiana Hedesan, Joel Klein and Tillmann Taape. Participants are limited to 30, including speakers.

The quest to look for origins of things seems to be encoded in human nature. This endeavour might range from attempts trying to answer broad questions, such as where does life come from, to efforts aimed at resolving more narrow inquiries such as identifying first mechanical philosophers or uncovering founders of modern chemistry. Nevertheless, as Perrin (1988, p. 53) observes, along the way of our investigation, we sometimes get beguiled with "paradoxical interpretations." The Bible is no longer the sole explanation for origins of life, Newton "-once a paragon of scientific rationality -has been revealed as a closet magician; [...] Nor has the development of chemistry in the late eighteenth century escaped paradoxical restatement." What was then almost universally agreed as a revolutionary change between pre-Lavoisier and after-Lavoisier new science of chemistry, which was putting alchemy, Aristotelian elements, Lavoisier"s endeavour represented in the theory of combustion. As Hankins correctly observes this time, "the conceptual foundation of the Chemical Revolution was not just this theory but the whole theory of the gaseous or vaporous state." And in this a wide multitude of savants took part, not only M. et Mme.

I miracoli arrivano all'improvviso, come un fulmine a ciel sereno. La liquefazione del sangue di san Gennaro si ripete invece da secoli in occorrenze precise. «Nessuna legge naturale è in grado di spiegare un fenomeno che si verifichi soltanto in date liturgicamente significative» è stato detto. Eppure de Ceglia dimostra che nel Medioevo il sangue di san Gennaro era inteso come una sostanza semplicemente instabile e ricostruisce le vicende che hanno conferito alle sue liquefazioni l'euritmia che le rende cosí celebri. «I capricci non piacciono a nessuno. Davanti a comportamenti refrattari a ogni norma, all'inizio l'entusiasmo è incontenibile, poi i fedeli si stancano di un oggetto che, senza una chiara ragione, ora è in un modo ora in un altro, cosí lo abbandonano smorzandone gli slanci vitali. Ecco perché quel sangue non avrebbe potuto godere a lungo della libertà di gorgogliare come e quando desiderasse, trovandosi invece nella condizione di dover acquisire una forma: un modo di manifestarsi, cioè, cosí peculiare da renderlo unico nell'orbe cristiano».

La liquefazione periodica del sangue di san Gennaro non è ufficialmente riconosciuta come miracolosa dalla Chiesa cattolica, che piú cautamente ora parla di prodigio. Ma il fenomeno è stato per secoli chiamato miracolo in testi liturgici approvati dall'autorità ecclesiastica e in discorsi di vescovi, cardinali, papi e santi. L'Inquisizione ha inoltre sottoposto a formali processi coloro che lo hanno attribuito a cause naturali. La questione del riconoscimento ufficiale, se ha un senso per gli ultimi cinquant'anni, ne ha dunque tanto meno quanto piú ci si spinga indietro nel tempo. Perché quel mutare in determinate circostanze fu di fatto considerato un miracolo ed è questo ciò che interessa allo storico. Come si può però far storia naturale di qualcosa che per definizione supera l'ordine del creato? La ricostruzione che qui si abbozza non si interroga sul miracolo in sé, bensí sulla cultura che lo ha identificato come tale. Obiettivo di questo lavoro è infatti ripercorrere in chiave antropologica gli sforzi compiuti da uomini e donne del passato per concettualizzare un fenomeno complesso e sfuggevole. Il miracolo di san Gennaro assurge cosí a punto di osservazione privilegiato da cui ripercorrere non solo la storia di Napoli, ma anche e soprattutto l'evoluzione della mentalità di chi, persino in terre assai lontane, con quell'appuntamento periodico si è nel tempo confrontato. E consente di delineare una storia della meraviglia e della sua funzione conoscitiva. Un racconto di cuori che battono all'impazzata, di mani che pregano e di gole riarse dalle incessanti giaculatorie. Ma anche di occhi che scrutano alla ricerca di un senso. O semplicemente di un perché.

Steinkohle beschrieb  Thölde  im 17. Jahrhundert  als Brennstoff im  Salinenwesen. Aus ihr gewann Lampadius  Gas und  zündete  1811 die erste Gaslaterne  auf dem eur. Festland an.  Runge  stellte aus dem Teer erstmals die Teerfarbstoffe her.

This paper was written to investigate the order of discoveries made in chemistry leading up to the discovery of the periodic table. New experimental techniques, such as the pneumatic trough, voltaic pile, spectroscopy, and potassium analysis led to the discovery of many new elements and their properties which enabled the discovery of the periodic table. The discoveries led to the demise of the classical theory of the elements, to the end of the phlogiston theory and to the creation of the modern ideas of the elements and of the atomic theory. The paper shows the discoveries were made in a necessary and inevitable order with new experimental techniques leading to the discovery of new elements which eventually led to the discovery of the periodic table.

In  early  1946, the  United  Nations  Relief  and  Rehabilitation  Administration (UNRRA)  initiated  a  programme  to  build  six  penicillin  factories,  in Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, Belarus and Italy. The continuous availability of this, the first antibiotic, was deemed necessary to combat the plague of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) ravaging war-torn Europe. However, the UNRRA  initiative  coincided  with  rising  hostility  between  East  and West, and was  ultimately  obstructed  by  the  United  States. The  newly-established  World Health Organisation (WHO) failed to help, dragging the fledgling organisation into  its  first  major  crisis.  Eventually,  despite  all  the  obstacles,  the  Polish, Czechoslovakian  and  Yugoslavian  plants  were  opened  and  began  production, becoming  the  foundation  of a  new  industry  which  would  reshape  the  European pharmaceutical market over the next few decades. This article analyses how, via a prolonged battle, the UNRRA’s single largest medical aid programme veered from potential failure to a success.

O desenvolvimento de inovações tecnológicas e científicas, no século XIX, fomentou o surgimento de áreas especificamente voltadas para a agricultura. Como, por exemplo, as disciplinas de fisiologia vegetal e parasitologia entomológica, que forneceram conhecimentos sobre a vida vegetal e os males que lhes afligiam. Porém, o despontar da agricultura somente foi reivindicado com o reconhecimento da importância dos nutrientes do solo no desenvolvimento vegetal, que pode ser demonstrado com a aplicação da química agrícola em técnicas de restituição de solo.

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Три английских трактата об алхимии: Прайс Дж. Эксперименты с меркурием и серебром. Бойль Р. Отчет о деградации золота. Уолл М. О происхождении и давности символов в астрономии и химии / Пер. с англ., коммент. и предисл. Ю. Ф. Родиченкова; послесл. М. Ю. Родыгина. — СПб.: Издательство «Академия исследования культуры», 2020. — 164 с.: ил. — (Серия Librarium Aureum. Opus Minus). ISBN 978-5-6045100-0-1

Авторы этих трактатов известные английские ученые XVII–XVIII веков, члены Лондонского королевского общества: молодой доктор медицины и искусный химик Джеймс Прайс написал отчет о своих экспериментах по превращению ртути в золото; прославленный Роберт Бойль, один из основателей современной химии, повествует о деградации золота в неблагородный металл, то есть о трансмутации наоборот, а доктор Мартин Уолл, обращаясь к древним текстам и изображениям, рассказывает о происхождении астрологических и алхимических символов планет.

Оглавление:

Ю. Ф. Родиченков. Три эпизода истории алхимии  ............. 4

Дж. Прайс. Отчет о нескольких экспериментах с меркурием, серебром и золотом, проделанных в Гилфорде в мае 1781 года в лаборатории Джеймса Прайса, доктора медицины, члена Королевского общества, ему
предшествует сокращенный отчет Бойля о деградации
золота  .................................................................................. 13
Введение .............................................................................. 16
Краткое изложение отчета Бойля о деградации золота 25

Р. Бойль. Отчет о деградации золота ............................. 27
Исторический отчет о деградации золота ............. 29

Дж. Прайс. Эксперименты с меркурием и серебром... 56
Эксперимент I ............................................................. 56
Эксперимент II  ........................................................... 61
Эксперимент III........................................................... 63
Эксперимент IV........................................................... 63
Эксперимент V............................................................ 64
Эксперимент VI .......................................................... 68
Эксперимент VII ......................................................... 71

М. Уолл. О происхождении и давности символов в астрономии и химии ...77

М. Ю. Родыгин. Научное искусство алхимии...................... 150

Приложение. Британские аптекарские меры веса .............. 159

This is a postprint version of chapter 3 in E. Tobin and C. Ambrosio (eds.), Theory Choice in the History of Chemical Practices, SpringerBriefs in History of Chemistry, 2016. Robert Boyle's famous Sceptical Chymist (1661) is a dialogue on matter theory, between a Peripatetic Aristotelian (Themistius), a Chymist (Philoponus) and a Sceptic (Carneades), and moderated by a supposedly impartial individual (Eleutherius). At first glance, the book seems to offer an ideal case in which to study theory choice. Boyle introduces at least three types of competing theories of matter: the four-element theory of Aristotle, the three-principle theory of Paracelsus and the atomistic theory. In fact, the discussion actually focusses on one system only, the Paracelsian theory of the 'three principles' of Sulphur, Mercury and Salt, also referred to as the tria prima. The promise of theory choice between three competing systems hence thwarted, a more fruitful avenue of research is to analyse the book from the point of view of a mitigated type of theory choice, that between acceptance of the tria prima theory or its rejection and exploration of other theories.

of Col,owrs is rightly considered a la¡rdmark in the history of analytical chemistry. In that work, Boyle described a number of simple but elegant experiments which ultimately gave chemists a powerful tool for determining the composition of compounds. He found, for example, that the common acids turned the blue syrup of violets red, and that alkalis turned it green. Subsequent experiments with other vegetable juices, including privet berries (Ligustrwm tulgare), buckthorn berries, (Rhamnus cathørticø), cornflowers (Centauris cyønis), and turnsole (Crozoþhora. tinctoria), revealed similar colour changes when treated with acids and alkalis.l Although some of these reactions had been noticed earlier, Boyle was the first to recognize the signiûcance of these substances as chemical reagents, for he alone observed that al,l acids turned such blue vegetable juices red, and lhat øIl alkalis turned them green. Furthermore, he noticed that some substances caused no colour change; these Boyle classified as neutral, neither acid nor alkaline, and thus "effectively disposed of the theory that all substances were one or the other".2 Recent scholarship has shown that an extensive literature on the analysis of aqueous solutions existed prior to Boyle's work, notably in the writings of physicians on the medicinal virtues of spa waters. Professor Allen Debus, for example, pointed out that Edward Jorden (r569-t6gz), an English physician trained at Padua, observed that bases turned scarlet cloth blue, while acids turned it red again; the colour change of tincture of violets and of rose leaves in the presence of oil of vitriol was also noticed in the early seventeenth century.8 Curiously, these writings are not mentioned by Boyle, and as Debus suggests,

institución medular en la historia de la ciencia, celebra en estos años su centenario -se creó en 1907-y el de los distintos centros que fundó a partir de 1910 para desarrollar su programa de fomento de la ciencia y educación en España. Tales centros precisaron edificios, que son también parte esencial de la historia urbana de Madrid. La Residencia de Estudiantes, erigida por Antonio Flórez entre 1911 y 1915, es el más conocido, pero no el más significativo. Sin duda esa dignidad corresponde al Instituto Nacional de Física y Química, popularmente llamado Rockefeller en honor a quien lo financió, y ubicado cerca de ella, en la Colina de los Chopos, como apodó Juan Ramón Jiménez al terruño que fuera campus de la JAE y hoy lo es del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), entre la calle Serrano y el paseo de la Castellana.

In 1896, Henri Becquerel detected a penetrating radiation emitted by some uranium salts and met a phenomenon that nowadays we call "radioactivity". Becquerel's study of uranium radiation was not casual or blind. It was guided by his acceptance of Poincaré's conjecture concerning a possible relation between X rays and luminescence. What Becquerel expected to find was the emission of a penetrating electromagnetic radiation (something similar to ultraviolet rays) emitted by a special phenomenon of fluorescence or phosphorescence that violated Stokes' law. Guided by his preconceptions, Becquerel described experiments that seemed to support the view that uranium radiation had the usual properties of known electromagnetic waves: reflection, refraction and polarization. He also described an increase in the emission of radiation when uranium compounds were stimulated by sunlight. Those and several other aspects of Becquerel's experimental work must nowadays be interpreted as experimental mistakes. Becquerel's mistakes were gradually corrected by other researchers. As the study of radioactivity developed, Becquerel reinterpreted his own early work, hiding his mistakes or ascribing to himself their correction. The aim of this article is to discuss one particular episode of experimentation-Becquerel's study of the phenomenon we call radioactivity-and the methodological problems aroused by his mistakes.

While symbolic colour use has always played a salient role in science research and education, the use of colour in historic diagrams remains a lacuna within the history of science. Investigating the colour use in diagrams often means uncovering a whole cosmology otherwise not explicit in the diagram itself. The periodic table is a salient and iconic example of non-mimetic colour use in science. Famous is Andreas von Antropoff’s rectangular table of recurrent rainbow colours (1924); Alcindo Flores Cabral’s (1949) application of colour in his round snail form using the rgb scheme, Mazurs’ pine tree system (1967), speaking of warm and cold colours that he attributed to specific groups of elements – an attribution that we can relate back to humoralism and alchemy. From the first periodic tables in the 19th century on, individual researchers have used different colour regimes. While standardization may play an obvious role in chemistry and its diagrams, all the more impressive is the anarchistic use of colour in the respective diagrams up to today. This article focuses on periodical tables in chemical journals and text books and explores and compares the development of colour codes found in the few existing polychrome diagrams from the 1920s to the 1970s.

A pesar deI inten3s que ha despertado Alonso Barba y su obra (vease, por ejemplo, Bargal16 (1969) y Barnadas, (1986)), se conocen pocos datos de la biograffa de este gran metalurgista hispano. "Natural de la Villa de Lepe, en la Andalucfa", como el mismo dice, nace Albaro (con "b" fi-gura en la primera edici6n de su libro) Alonso Barba el ano 1569, hijo de Alvaro Alonso y de Teresa Barba*. Sigue la carrera sacerdotal, y hacia 1588 es enviado al Alto Peru (hoy Peru y Bo/ivia) donde pronto inicia el estudio de los minera-les, y sobre todo deI tratamiento de las menas de plata. En su libro puede seguirse su recorrido por los distintos distri-tos mineros, entre 1613 y 1637. Menciona en primer lugar los Upes, pero tambien estuvo en otras localidades con nombres de resonancia, como Porco y Oruro. No solamen te se dedicó a los estudios teóricos, sino que registró también varias minas, y obtuvo pingues ganancias de la recu-peración, por sus procedimientos, de materiales desechados como inutiles por otros mineros. Mientras esta en Yotola, su fama Ilega hasta Juan de Lizarazu, Presidente de la Real Audiencia de la Plata, que le induce a escribir un /ibro en el que refleje sus conocimientos y experiencias, tarea que Ilevara a cabo siendo Cura de la Parroquia de San Bernardo, en Potosí. Este libro, el Arte de los Metales, recibira la aprobación de los Oiputados de la Villa de Potosí en 1637 y sera impreso en Madrid en 1640. Algunos anos despues pasa a Chuquisaca, donde sera chantre de la catedral. Regresa a Espana en 1658, realizando aun distintos estudios para el aprovechamiento de minerales peninsulares, especialmente de las escorias romanas de Riotinto. Muere en Sevilla en 1662.

Im Jahre 1869 notiert der Journalist Julius Eckardt: " Man kann das russische Reich vom Peipus-See bis zum Ochozkischen Meerbusen, vom Tiflis bis an die eisigen Gefilde Achangels durchstreifen, in jeder Stadt von einiger Bedeutung wird man wenigstens einen deutschen Arzt und einen deutschen Apotheker finden, […] "

Regular Courses: Lectures and Seminars (4 semester courses):

1. History of Science and Technology (Ancient Civilizations and Classical Antiquity)
2. History of Science and Technology II (Middle Ages and Early Modern Times)
3. History of Science and Technology III (Baroque and Enlightenment, 17th and 18th Century)
4. History of Science and Technology IV (19th and 20th Centuries)

1. History of Physics and Chemistry I (Ancient Civilizations and Classical Antiquity)
2. History of Physics and Chemistry II (Middle Ages and Renaissance)
3. History of Physics and Chemistry III (Baroque, Enlightenment and 19th Century)
4. History of Physics and Chemistry IV (20th Century)

Special Courses: Lectures and Seminars (one semester):

- Highlights in History of Physics and Chemistry from Antiquity to 20th Century
- From the early stages of astronomy to modern astrophysics
- Cultural History of the Middle Ages - Science, Technology and Scientific Instruments
- Milestones: 100 Years Research in Hamburg Observatory in Bergedorf
- Cultural History of Classical Antiquity - City layout, theatre, libraries, technology
- European Enlightenment - Literature, Philosophy, Economy, Science and Technology
- Milestones of the History of Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy
- History of computer science and computers
- University Collections - Presentation in exhibitions and museums
- Colours in culture and science
- Docking - Hamburg, a Hanseatic City and its cultures 1848-1933
- From Alchemy to Lavoisier - The Development of Chemistry in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Time
- The Formation of Modern Chemistry - The development of chemical science in 18th and 19th century
- History of Science and Technology in Museums
- Innovation by transfer of knowledge in the Early Modern Era
- WW I - the scientific and technological aspects
- Relicts, traces and images - Material culture and images as sources
- Analysis and replication of historical physical experiments
- Analysis of alchemistic and metallurgic literature of Early Modern Time
- From the historical question to the publication - working techniques and methodology in the historical sciences using examples from the history of chemistry
- Textiles and textile techniques from prehistoric time to the
21st century
- Seminar on Practical Chemistry in Ancient Civilizations
- History of science in the teaching in higher education ("Gymnasium", high school)
- Technology complexes and complex techniques from the beginnings to the 21st century