Historic Landscapes

In the 1880s British and American planned industrial communities revealed a distinct shift in spatial practices as two discrete architecture and landscape architectural aesthetics were applied to community design: Beaux Arts, and Arts and Crafts. Two of the most extensive planned industrial communities during this decade received aesthetic attention: Pullman, Illinois near Chicago (1880), established by George Pullman, and Port Sunlight, near Liverpool (1888), established by William Lever. Both Pullman and Lever believed that by applying a distinctive aesthetic they could establish a cohesive visual ideology for social control. Lever and Pullman believed that by creating “beautiful” spaces, this would encourage and/or constrain worker attitudes and behaviors, what Henri Lefebvre calls “means of control” (1991, p 26). In addition, both Pullman and Port Sunlight became central to establishing and maintaining each company's brand identity. This paper explores the visual ideologies these two industrialists used to produce a distinctive sense of community while also revealing the inherent tensions and limitations of those aesthetics. Not only do Pullman and Port Sunlight reflect an important shift in spatial practices during the 1880s, their architects and landscape architects became influential leaders in the visual ideologies of the City Beautiful and Garden City planning movements.

Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, in Washington, DC, is an institute of Harvard University dedicated to supporting scholarship internationally in Byzantine, Pre-Columbian, and Garden and Landscape Studies through fellowships, meetings, exhibitions, and publications. Located in Georgetown and bequeathed by Robert Woods Bliss and Mildred Barnes Bliss, Dumbarton Oaks welcomes scholars to consult its books, images, and objects, and the public to visit its garden, museum, and historic house for lectures and concerts.

Danigala Circular Rock is a unique shaped rock situated near Aralaganwila in the Polonnaruwa district. Ariel views of the rock show a unique semi-circular shape of it. There have been news of UFO sightings and alien activities in this area which gives it the name “Alien Mountain”.

Features of Danigala Circular Rock
There is a peculiar form of vegetation surrounding the Danigala Circular Rock which makes it suspicious for alien activity. The rock also has a temple and many caves in the surrounding area. One such cave consists of a large reclining Buddha statue which is similar to the one found at Pidurangala. This Buddha image made of brick and stucco is said to be 38.9 feet in length but has been vandalized by treasure hunters.

Peculiarity of Danigala Circular Rock

The rounded track on top of Danigala does not seem to be man-made.
Locals believe of alien activity in this area due to the peculiar features of Danigala. Danigala is known in the names “Alien Mountain”, “Kandegama Rock” and “Star Gate of King Ravana”. It is believed to be one of the places where King Ravana landed his special aircraft, “Dandu Monara”.

Caves in the area

A total of 70 caves have been found in this area. These caves date as early as the 2nd century. The place is often accessed by wild elephants from the surrounding areas. Many inscriptions have been carved on the rock here and one such inscription mentions King Saddatissa and his son. The inscriptions also mention the many donors of the caves.

Ravana
Ravana is the mythical multi-headed demon-king of Lanka in Hindu mythology. With ten heads and twenty arms, Ravana could change into any form he wished. Representing the very essence of evil, he famously fought and ultimately lost a series of epic battles against the hero Rama, seventh avatar of Vishnu.

Family
Ravana was a terrible demon (raksasa) who was the king of all demons and of the fortress island of Lanka (modern-day Sri Lanka). His father was Visravas (son of Pulastya, one of the creator Prajapati) and mother Nikasa, also a demon and mother of the cannibal demons, the Pisitasanas. Ravana acquired his throne through foul means when he expelled his half-brother Kubera, god of wealth, from the island. Rava had many sons, notably Aksa, who had three heads, symbolic of the three stages of fever (heat, cold, and sweating), and Indrajit (aka Meghanada), who could make himself invisible.

Ravana had a formidable appearance with his ten heads (and so he is also known as Dasakantha and Panktigriva) and twenty arms. His body was covered in scars, won in endless battles with the gods. Three wounds, in particular, were from the discus of Vishnu, the thunderbolt of Indra, and the tusk of Airavata, the elephant of Indra. Through his devotion and penance to the great god Brahma, Ravana was made invincible and had the power to assume any form he wished from men to mountains to death itself. He was so powerful that he could cause earthquakes and storms. However, it was foretold that Ravana's end would come because of a woman, and so it would be.

El Caminito del Rey (The King's Little Path) is a walkway, pinned along the steep walls of a narrow gorge in El Chorro, near Ardales in the province of Málaga, Spain. The name derives from the original name of Camino del Rey (King's Pathway), abbreviated locally to el caminito.

El Chorro ("The Cascade") is a small village located in Málaga (Andalusia) in southern Spain, near the town of Álora. It is one of the most popular rock climbing attractions in Spain as it is located next to Desfiladero de los Gaitanes ("Gorge of the Gaitanes")

The gorge runs from the outlet of the "Embalse del Gaitanejo" to "El Chorro". There are two extremely narrow sections at each end of the gorge with a wider bowl in between. In addition to the re-furbished walkway, the old Málaga-Cordoba railway line runs through the gorge in a set of tunnels and bridges.

In Italy, the landscape is one of the fundamental principles of the Constitution, but its protection has been largely disregarded during all the second half of the twentieth century. Today we are witnessing a turnaround. After the establishment of the European Landscape Convention (2000), the landscape is the subject of great attention, with a growing critical success. This phenomenon, deeply interdisciplinary, has generated a multifaceted system of definitions, creating problems, contradictions, paradoxes, oxymorons and questions.
Recent methodological proposals have initiated processes of scientific analysis to understand the physical conformation of the historical landscapes. Cartography and urban iconography meet these needs, with innovative and significant info. In Campania, landscape painting has a large critical success in the history of art and catalogs related to its landscapes are numerous. These catalogs and archival sources were less investigated for landscape studies, even less for the other provinces of the region and its hinterland.
This contribution investigates the case of the iconographic success of the Caudine Forks and proposes an archive of the main cartographic, iconographic and descriptive sources for the study of landscapes in Campania.

Industrial heritage is rarely confined to a single location or site. More often it is a series of interrelated sites across a wide landscape that contain evidence of how the factors of production were organised, brought to a place where they were transformed into goods and services and from there distributed to their market, leaving waste and landscape change. The term ‘industrial landscape’ will be familiar to many as a way of referring to an area larger than an individual industrial place (such as a factory site) but less in spatial scale than a region.

It is useful to study the industrial landscape to understand the full historical scope of an industry or a locus of industries and, therefore, fully appreciate their heritage values. This brief discussion attempts to cover the methods for identifying industrial landscapes and touches on many concepts for which there is a great deal of literature but which cannot be fully discussed in a book such as this.

Basques were among the earliest Europeans to arrive in North America and sheep were one of the first livestock brought into the Northwest by the Pacific Fur Company at the founding of Fort Astoria in 1811 (Castelli 1970; Franchere 1854).  A large population of Basques emigrated from South America during the California gold rush, many settling into sheepherding to provide food for the influx of prospectors swarming the Sierra Nevadas (Douglass and Bilbao 2005; Castelli 1970).  By the end of the Civil War, California, Oregon, and New Mexico held more than 1/8 of the entire sheep population in the United States; with three Pacific states alone (including Washington) bursting with over three million head (Wentworth 1948).  Between 1890 and 1934, the drylands of the Columbia Plateau were inundated with sheep herders seeking public lands for winter and summer range.  The industriousness of Basque herders, in particular, was considered synonymous with the development of a successful sheep industry in the west
(Saitua 2017).  There are known Basque population centers in the state during this critical period of economic development, but nothing has been researched regarding how early sheepherders (especially those of Basque-descent) adapted their environment to accommodate operations in the Columbia Plateau.  Preliminary correlations have been drawn between known Basque-related landscape features across the west and a specific example from south-eastern Washington.  These features have no known archaeological analogue reported in the state to date.

Historical reconstruction of (peat) landscape on the Dutch-Belgian border between Antwerp and Roosendaal.

Between 1250 - 1750 peat was extracted and transported to Flanders, Antwerp and Breda. The denudated landscape was reclaimed in the 19th-20th century. With an inventory of cultural heritage incl. remains of the peat landscape.

Kasır, padişahlar için doğal değerler açısından zengin çevrelerde; kimi zaman şehir dışında, daha çok mesire yeri, hafta sonu ya da yakınında yer alan koruluklarda av amaçlı kullanılmak üzere inşa edilmiş küçük ölçekli ikame amaçlı kullanılan yapılardır. Kasırlar mutlaka gerisinde ya da içinde bulunduğu alanda yer alan bir koruluk ile ilişkilendirilmiş özgün rekreatif açık mekan kullanımlarına sahip yapılardır. Konumlandıkları alan genellikle doğal bir alan ya da hemen yakını olmaktadır. Ülke yaşam kültürünün ve tarihi kimliğinin izlerini taşıyan ve bugüne miras kalmış diğer birçok taşınmaz kültür varlığı gibi kasırlar da süreç içinde yoğun kentsel yapısal çevrelerde özgün niteliklerini hızla yitirmektedirler. Tarihi süreç içinde farklı kullanımlara hizmet etmiş olan kasır yapıları, konumlandırıldıkları alanlar, yakın çevre özellikleri, sahip oldukları koruluklar ve bahçeleri ile Türk açık mekan kültürü ve bahçe sanatının özgün örnekleri arasında yer almaktadırlar. Beykoz Kasrı; özgün dönemsel mimari özellikleri, farklı kotlarda çözümlenmiş bahçe düzenlemeleri ile Türk bahçe sanatının ilginç örneklerinden biri olarak bugüne özgün niteliği çok zarar görmeden ulaşabilen nadir kasır yapılarından biridir. Beykoz ‘Mecidiye Kasrı’, İstanbul'un Beykoz İlçesi’nde İstanbul Boğazı’nı görecek biçimde konumlandırılmış bir kasır yapısı olup farklı seviyelerde tasarlanmış geniş bahçelere sahip bir yapıdır. Kasır, ultan Abdülmecid’e hediye edilmek üzere Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa tarafından; Nigoğos ve Sarkis Balyan’ın tasarımları doğrultusunda inşa edilmiştir. Kasrın yapımına 1855 yılında başlanmış ve on bir yıl sonra 1866 yılında tamamlanarak o sırada tahta geçen Sultan Abdülaziz’e armağan edilmiştir. Beykoz Kasrı 70 dönümlük geniş bir arazi içinde manzaraya hakim bir tepe üzerinde yer almaktadır. Yüksek bir su basman üzerine inşa edilen yapı 2 katlı kagir bir yapıdır. 1997 yılında TBMM Milli Saraylar’a devredilen Beykoz Kasrı’nda, 2005 yılında kapsamlı bir restorasyon çalışması başlatılmış ve bu çalışmalar 2011 yılında tamamlanabilmiştir. 2017 yılında ise müze olarak açılışı yapılmıştır. Bu bildiride; Osmanlı kültürünün önemli mekan biçimlenmelerinden biri olarak genel anlamda kasırlar; özelde ise diğer kasır yapılarına göre daha farklı ve yalın mimari özelliklere sahip olması yanında Osmanlı kimliği ve çevresel özellikleri ile özgün niteliğe sahip olan Beykoz Kasrı irdelenmiştir. Kasır yapılarının en önemli özelliklerinden biri doğal değerler açısından zengin çevrelerde yapılandırılmaları ve av koruluklarına sahip olmalarıdır. Bu kapsamda öncelikle yapı kültürü olarak kasırlar tanıtılmış, daha sonra çok tanınmayan bir kültür varlığı olarak Beykoz Kasrı, plan şeması, cephe düzeni, bahçeleri, yapısal ve bitkisel özellikleri ile tanıtılarak yakın çevre peyzaj özellikleri ve tasarım ilkeleri yapı ile birlikte bütüncül olarak analiz edilmiştir. Daha sonra, arazi etüt ve analiz ve literatür çalışmaları kapsamında elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda Beykoz Kasrı için öneri peyzaj projesi hazırlanmıştır. Bu bildiri ile restorasyon ve rahabilitasyon çalışmalarını bütünleyici nitelikte bir yaklaşım olarak Beykoz Kasrı ve yakın çevresinin kültürel kimliğine vurgu yapılarak özgün niteliğinin korunması ve sürdürülebilirliğine ilişkin bilinç geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Yanı sıra kültürel ve rekreatif anlamda bir kasır yapısı olarak çevresel özelliklerini büyük ölçüde koruyabilmiş olan Beykoz Kasrı’nın bu niteliği vurgulanarak gerek ulusal kimliğin bir bileşeni gerekse Osmanlı kültürünün bir yansıması olarak bu tür tarihi ve kültürel değerlerin güncel tasarım çalışmalarında kullanım ve değerlendirilme olanakları tartışılmıştır.

‘Kasır’ buildings (pavilions) are small-sized residences that are built in naturally beautiful and rich environments, in the country for the use of sultans especially for hunting in its nearby forest areas during the weekends. Pavilions necessarily possess a woodland in or behind the buildings providing unique green open spaces for such recreational uses. Areas where pavilions are located are usually natural groves or woodlands or very close to such an area. Pavilions like many other cultural values conveying the national culture and historical identity are rapidly losing their unique qualities in the process of rapid urbanization. The Pavilions that have served different uses throughout history are the original examples of Turkish open space culture and garden art with their near environs, environmental values and garden designs. Beykoz Pavilion; an interesting example of Turkish garden art with its unique architectural features and garden design approaches arranged in different elevations; is one of the rare pavilion structures reached today
without much damage. Beykoz which is also named as ‘Mecidiye Pavilion’ is a two storey building located in Beykoz district of Istanbul in an important point facing the Bosphorus and possesses wide gardens designed uniquely in different levels. Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Pasha in accordance with Nigogos and Sarkis Balyan’s designs presents the pavilion to Sultan Abdulmecid. The construction of the pavilion started in 1855 and was completed in 1866 after eleven years during the reign of Sultan Abdulaziz. Beykoz Pavilion is located on a hill facing a wide bosphorous viewing an area of 70 acres. The structure was built as a 2 storey building in cut stone masonry. An extensive restoration work has been started in Beykoz Pavilion and transferred to the TBMM National Palaces in 1997, and these works were completed in 2011. It was opened as a museum in 2017.
In this declaration; Pavillion which are specifre to Ottoman culture were introduced with their architectural and environmental qualities in general. Then Beykoz Pavilion, which has different and plain architectural features in comparison to the other pavilion buildings possessing a unique characteristic with its Ottoman cultural identity and environmental qualities, are searched. One of the most important qualities of pavilion structures is that they are located in the environments that are rich in natural sources and habitats including hunting forests/groves and water sources. In this context, firstly pavilions are introduced as a building type that is unique for Ottoman culture, and then Beykoz Pavilion was introduced as an unknown cultural values with its plan scheme, facade organisation, garden layout, structural and botanical features on one hand and its landscape qualities and design principles on the other hand as a whole. Finally, a landscape project proposal for Beykoz Pavilion according to the findings of land survey, analysis and literature studies was presented. This declaration is aiming to raise awareness for the preservation and sustainability of Beykoz Pavilion in its own identity by emphasizing its cultural value and near environs as a complementary approach of its restoration and rehabilitation works. In addition, the quality of preserving the environmental features of Beykoz Pavilion’s to a great extent as a cultural and recreational sense is emphasized. And finally, the possibilities of using the design principles of ‘kasır’ architecture, its natural formation and garden design in contemporary design approaches for national identity and as a reflection of Ottoman culture was discussed.

The Western Front: the creation of meaning and value in a war landscape
The First World War Centenary (2014-18) has stimulated increased interest in the landscape of the Western Front in France and Belgium which continues to maintain a special level of significance for the nations who fought there. As a place of staggering mortality and suffering the area speaks powerfully to present audiences and maintains an ability to address contemporary concerns. This paper examines how these special meanings have been created and emphasises the rich multi-faceted nature of the Front where values are expressed in myriad ways: materially and perceptually, tangibly and intangibly. The Western Front is a dynamic palimpsest of commemorative, heritage, economic and touristic values which determine and dictate its nature like few other historic battle sites. It is as much a landscape of the mind as of the senses and herein lies its true significance.

Large, concentrated settlements known as ‘agro-towns’ abound across Southern Italy and other parts of the Mediterranean. The prevalence and persistence of these settlements are very curious but not yet well understood. Initially, scholars interpreted their development as stemming from Southern Italy's economic and social ‘backwardness’ and inequality. This view has now been challenged by scholarship which emphasises that the pre-industrial Mezzogiorno supported not only a dynamic economy but also a diverse array of institutional structures. By recourse to a comparative study within Apulia, this paper suggests that both interpretations are equally correct. ‘Agro-towns’ in Southern Italy were linked to the inequitable distribution of land, perpetuated over the long term, but the institutional origins of this inequality were both diverse and dynamic.

Y a-t-il un modèle «agro-urbain» dans le Sud de l'Italie? Racines et développement d'une structure agro-urbaine: une étude comparative dans les Pouilles
En Italie du Sud, comme dans d'autres régions méditerranéennes, les grandes colonies de peuplement concentré appelées «agrovilles» sont nombreuses. La prévalence de ces localités surprend autant que leur persistance qui reste encore mystérieuse. Initialement, les chercheurs interprétaient le développement de cette forme d'habitat groupé comme issu du «retard» économique et social de cette région méridionale et d'inégalités spécifiques. Mais ce point de vue a été maintenant contesté par de récents travaux scientifiques qui soulignent que le Mezzogiorno préindustriel a connu non seulement une économie dynamique, mais aussi un large éventail de structures institutionnelles. La présente étude comparative, menée dans les Pouilles, suggère que ces deux interprétations sont de fait également correctes: les «agrovilles» du sud de l'Italie étaient liées à une distribution inégalitaire du foncier, situation perpétuée sur le long terme, mais les origines institutionnelles de cette inégalité étaient à la fois diversifiées et dynamiques.

Gibt es ein Agrarstadt-Modell für das südliche Italien? Eine vergleichende Fallstudie für Apulien fragt nach den unterschiedlichen Wurzeln und Entwicklungssträngen der agrarstädtischen Struktur
Süditalien und andere Regionen im Mittelmeerraum wimmeln von großen, konzentrierten Siedlungen, die als Agrarstädte bezeichnet werden. Die Verbreitung und Langlebigkeit dieser Siedlungen sind äußerst seltam, aber noch kaum wirklich verstanden. Während man ihre Entwicklung ursprünlich als Folge der wirtschaftlichen und sozialen „Rückständigkeit“ und Ungleichheit Süditaliens gedeutet hat, wird diese Auffassung inzwischen durch Forschungen angezweifelt, die darauf abheben, dass das vorindustrielle Mezzogiorno nicht nur eine dynamische Wirtschaft, sondern auch ein vielschichtiges Spektrum institutioneller Strukturen besaß. Unter Bezugnahme auf eine vergleichende Studie innerhalb Apuliens legt dieser Beitrag nahe, dass beide Auffassungen gleichermaßen richtig sind. Agrarstädte in Süditalien waren mit der ungerechten Landverteilung, die langfristig aufrechterhalten wurde, eng verknüpft, aber die institutionellen Ursprünge dieser Ungleichheit waren sowohl vielschichtig als auch dynamisch.

This article offers a basic model and background methodological approaches to the establishment and development of Ottoman Archaeology in rural Greece, by presenting two surveyed ciftlik-estates in the region of Tanagra and their associated material culture (housing and surface ceramics). The site of Guinosati (6,5 kilometres southeast of Tanagra) and a group of four linked long-houses (here referred to as Bardzi) on the acropolis hill of the ancient Tariagra city-site comprise our present case-study of Ottoman villages dated between the 15th and 18th centuries.

[ES] Los pastizales de altura de la Cordillera Cantábrica han sido un importante recurso para las comunidades que han ocupado estos territorios a lo largo de los siglos. En este artículo presentamos los resultados iniciales de un proyecto de investigación que tiene como objetivo comprender los procesos históricos de formación de los paisajes culturales del Noroeste peninsular. Para ello, se presta especial atención a los procesos de antropización de las zonas de montaña, interpretadas en el marco de un sistema de aprovechamiento complementario entre la ganadería y la agricultura. Los datos para época prehistórica ya permiten documentar la utilización de estos espacios, aprovechamiento que se intensificará a partir de la Edad Media. La atención a diversos tipos de fuentes (arqueológicas, documentales, etnográficas y paleoambientales) para este período nos permite calibrar la fuerte presión a la que fueron sometidos los espacios de pasto en relación con los intereses de distintos grupos sociales que competían por su control de cara al desarrollo de distintos modelos de aprovechamiento económico.

[EN] The upland pastures in the Cantabrian Mountains have been a significant resource for the communities which inhabited this territory during the last centuries. In this paper, the preliminary results of our on-going research project are presented. Our research tries to understand the historical formation processes of the cultural landscapes in the North-West of Iberia. A special attention is paid to the anthropization processes in the mountains, which is discussed in relation to the complementary exploitation system including agricultural and pastoralism practices. The archaeological data allow us to consider the exploitation of the uplands since the Later Prehistory, which will be intensified since the Middle Ages. Taking into consideration of several types of data for the medieval period —such as archaeological remains, written sources, ethnographic information or palaeoenvironmental record— we can assess the important pressure that different social groups performed for controlling the upland pastures. All of them tried to manage the grazing areas management for developing their own economic exploitation model in relation to pastoralism.

This presentation highlights one of the pioneers of photojournalism, George N. Barnard, who documented the war as Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman’s staff photographer in 1864-1865 in the Atlanta campaign and March to the Sea.  It is through his eyes that we see both Atlanta – the area we’re in right now – and the war in 1864.

This historical and archaeological research assesses the construction methods and geographical placement of the Hammock Landing Battery (8LI334) in Liberty County, Florida. Landscape data and terrain analysis demonstrates the location of the battery conferred a tactical advantage to the Confederate military. Constructed during the summer of 1863, the Hammock Landing Battery mounted six heavy guns served by three powder magazines and was one component in the line of defense to prevent Federal blockading vessels from reaching the important industrial complex of Columbus, Georgia. Archaeological investigations allowed a comparison of its construction techniques with period engineering manuals. Although many of the dimensions of the excavated structural features differ from the archetype presented in contemporaneous manuals, they exhibit similar characteristics. Artifacts recovered from the site also shed light on the labor exerted during construction of the earthworks, as well as the types of ordnance stores available to Confederate troops in northern Florida.

The concept of Indian Cultural Landscape, ICL, refers to a complex cultural mosaic and network of spatiality of time, temporality of space, sacrality of nature and overall the encompassing manifestation of transcendence of man who since time immemorial is trying to make a strong bridge between conscious mind and super-conscious divine. This way the interplay has been part of constant and continuous evolutionary drama between earthly Man and cosmic Nature, turning into various built-structures and traditions that maintained continuity-maintenance-transformation and changes, of course always keeping the essence of the past that processed and get transferred from one generation to another. Concept of cultural landscape has root in geographical thought and commonly accepted as one of the best strategies to understand and project the vividness and commonality of landscape and culture that envisioned National Identity. This essay is an attempt on the line of critical appraisal of history of Indian Cultural Landscape, and its selected manifestive representations, e.g. cosmic rhythm and mandala, , the 'motherly' Ganga River and sacred sites, 37 Cultural properties under Unesco WHS, and intangible heritage-all those that are the repository of National Identity.

A research study was initiated by the CPDT in connection with the European Landscape
Convention on the Walloon heritage landscapes. Relying on the concept of artialisation
developed by Alain Roger, this study tried to determine which Walloon landscapes are likely to
become collective referents through their repeated representation and dissemination by the
different media such as painting, art photography or travel guides.

The Touring Club Italiano was founded in 1894. Throughout the 20th century it played a major role in promote and protect Italy’s cultural, historical and environmental heritages, rightly viewed as irreplaceable assets to be preserved for future generations. It would be
no exaggeration to claim that from the turn of the century onwards, the Touring had a significant part to play in the construction of Italian national identity that had begun in the wake of the Risorgimento but had not yet coalesced under political unification, while encouraging the moral, intellectual and social development in the middle class. By using
tools closely connected with travel (guidebooks, maps, road signs), and by working closely with public bodies responsible for tourism promotion, the Touring created an aesthetic and structural lens through which Italy continues to be observed and discovered by its inhabitants.

Two earthquakes, nearly three centuries apart, provide the basis for an interpretation of events following the two tremors. After the 1693 earthquake, local inhabitants rebuilt their towns in a version of Baroque architecture that is unique to the region. After the 1990 quake, their descendents mounted a campaign to restore the crumbling landscapes, and then years later to unite in opposition against an oil company that threatened the newly restored sites. Michel Serres' theory of the parasite informs a reading of the earthquakes and the events that followed them as agents that disrupt the flow of relations among humans and the environment to produce hybridized landscapes and political alliances. In this way the Sicilian Baroque is both a style of architecture and a mode of social and political mobilization. Keywords: architecture, Baroque, earthquake, politics, Sicily.

The issue concerning the origin of the attachment of urban tenements to rural properties shown in Domesday Book and in other sources, which has generated controversy for more than a century, is examined in a new way.  The spatial attributes of these connections in sample areas of five shires in Wessex and the west Midlands are examined to develop a historical model which is explanatory of these connections in both temporal and functional terms.  It is concluded that these were developed as an integral part of the process of the setting up of burghal and other royal sites by the king, in partnership with the tenants-in-chief of the time, in the mid and late Saxon period.

In the context of Croatian national legislation the instrument of landscape plan does not have institutional foothold. The necessity of introducing landscape plans in the spatial planning system is emphasized by the European Landscape Convention. Landscape plan is recognized as a document that purpose is to provide long-term preservation and development of certain landscape by harmonizing different interests and thus is particularly important in the case of rural landscapes. Landscape plan should have an important role in improvement of those protection and management models that, due to its conservation orientation, which prevents sustainable development, are inappropriate for rural areas (Croatian case).
This paper will present the plan for revitalisation of UNESCO’s cultural landscape Stari Grad Plain on the island of Hvar that is known as being specifically problematic area where inconsistency of protection and development interests additionally affects the agricultural abandonment.
Methodology encompasses: collecting the data through field observation and discussion with stakeholders and experts, database digitalisation (pedology, relief, land use, hydrology, natural and cultural heritage, etc.), landscape typology, assessment of cultural, ecological and visual qualities, and assessment of attractiveness for new/old activities. Synthesis of the above steps resulted in creating several scenarios of revitalization plans substantiated with simulations of new land use principles.
The contribution of this work is in innovative methodological framework for the revitalization of rural landscapes applicable within the protected and other rural areas. Also, the large GIS database is established which allows subsequent adding and modification of data as well as the modelling and harmonizing the final proposals.

Squares serve as an integral civic space in cities where historic events and socializing activities take place.Theyare an attraction for locals and tourists alike. However, some historic squares go through physical transformations to meet the demands of urban growth. This paper compares the place meaning that locals and tourists ascribetoDataranPahlawan, a historic urban square in Melaka that was redeveloped. Based on the results that reveal the shift in meanings among these different visitors, this paper recommends that efforts need to be taken to instil conservation awareness on the values of historic squares to cities to accommodate the needs of locals and tourists.

ÖZET Kasır, padişahlar için doğal açıdan zengin bir çevrede; kimi zaman şehir dışında, daha çok mesire yeri, hafta sonu ya da yakınında yer alan koruluklarda av amaçlı kullanılmak üzere inşa edilmiş küçük ölçekli ikamet birimleridir. Kasırlar mutlaka gerisinde ya da içinde bulunduğu alanda yer alan bir koruluk ile ilişkilendirilmiş özgün rekreatif açık alan kullanımlarına sahip yapılardır. Konumlandıkları alan genellikle doğal değerler açısından zengin bir çevre ya da hemen yakını olmaktadır. Ülke yaşam kültürünün ve tarihi kimliğinin izlerini taşıyan ve bugüne miras kalmış diğer birçok taşınmaz kültür varlığı gibi kasırlar da, süreç içinde yoğun kentsel yapılanma içinde özgün niteliklerini hızla yitirmektedirler. Tarihi süreç içinde farklı kullanımlara hizmet etmiş olan kasır yapıları, konumlandırıldıkları alanlar, yakın çevre özellikleri, sahip oldukları koruluklar ve bahçeleri ile Türk açık mekan kültürü ve bahçe sanatının özgün örnekleri arasında yer almaktadırlar. Beykoz Kasrı; özgün dönemsel mimari özellikleri, farklı kotlarda çözümlenmiş bahçe düzenlemeleri ile Türk bahçe sanatının ilginç örneklerinden biri olarak bugüne özgün kimliği çok zarar görmeden ulaşabilen nadir kasır yapılarından biridir. Beykoz 'Mecidiye Kasrı', İstanbul'un Beykoz İlçesi'nde İstanbul Boğazı'nı görecek biçimde konumlandırılmış bir kasır yapısı olup farklı seviyelerde tasarlanmış geniş bahçelere sahiptir. Kasır, Sultan Abdülmecid'e hediye edilmek üzere Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa tarafından; Nigoğos ve Sarkis Balyan'ın tasarımları doğrultusunda yaptırılmıştır. Kasrın yapımına 1855 yılında başlanmış ve on bir yıl sonra 1866 yılında tamamlanmış ve o sırada tahta geçen Sultan Abdülaziz'e armağan edilmiştir Beykoz Kasrı 70 dönümlük geniş bir arazi içinde manzaraya hakim bir tepe üzerinde yer almaktadır. Yüksek bir su basman üzerine inşa edilen yapı 2 katlı ve kagirdir. 1997 yılında TBMM Milli Saraylar'a devredilen Beykoz Kasrı'nda, 2005 yılında kapsamlı bir restorasyon çalışması başlatılmış ve bu çalışmalar 2011 yılında tamamlanmıştır. 2017 yılında ise kasırın müze olarak açılışı yapılmıştır. Makale kapsamında; Beykoz Kasrı'nın tarihi süreç içindeki gelişimi, plan ve cephe özellikleri, bitkisel peyzaj tasarımı değerlendirilerek elde edilen bu bulgular doğrultusunda, Beykoz Kasrı peyzaj tasarımı öneri projesi geliştirilmiştir. Bu makale ile restorasyon ve rahabilitasyon çalışmalarını bütünleyici nitelikte bir yaklaşım olarak Beykoz Kasrı ve bahçeleri tasarımı ile sadece Osmanlı döneminde görülen bu yapı grubu ile kültürel kimliğine vurgu yapılarak özgün kimliğinin korunması ve sürdürülebilirliğine ilişkin bilinç geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Kültürel ve rekreatif anlamda bir kasır yapısı olarak çevresel özelliklerini büyük ölçüde koruyabilmiş olan Beykoz Kasrı'nın bu niteliği vurgulanmış ve ulusal kimliğin bir bileşeni ve Osmanlı kültürünün bir yansıması olarak bu tür tarihi ve kültürel değerlerin güncel tasarım çalışmalarında kullanım ve değerlendirilme olanakları tartışılmıştır. ABSTRACT Pavilion can be described as small-scale residential units, built for being used while hunting in coppice forest as a recreation area within a naturally enriched environment, sometimes located in out of the town. The pavilions are structures with authentic recreative open areas, correlated with a coppice forest behind it or in which it is located in all conscience. The area where it is

L'Italia possiede un bene ineguagliabile che è rappresentato dall'enorme patrimonio culturale stratificatosi per più di trenta secoli e in maniera capillare nell'ordito armonico delle nostre antiche città, dei nostri musei, delle chiese, dei siti archeologici, dei palazzi dei nostri centri storici immersi nel paesaggio. Il filosofo e archeologo francese Quatremère de Quincy, già alla fine del Settecento, aveva elaborato il concetto di paesaggio, di contesto storico-culturale di cui l'Italia, tutta, era l'esempio più evidente e fulgido. L'archeologo, nelle sue lettere (II e IV) a Francisco de Miranda, nel 1796 scriveva: Quale artista non ha provato in Italia quella virtù armonica tra tutti gli oggetti delle arti e il cielo che li illumina; e il paese che serve loro quasi da sfondo […]. Il vero museo di Roma, quello di cui parlo, si compone, è vero, di statue, di colossi, di templi, di obelischi, di colonne trionfali, di terme, di circhi, di anfiteatri, di archi di trionfo, di tombe, di stucchi, di affreschi, di bassorilievi, d'iscrizioni, di frammenti d'ornamenti, di materiali da costruzione, di mobili, d'utensili, etc. etc. ma nondimeno è composto dai luoghi, dai siti, dalle montagne, dalle strade, dalle vie antiche, dalle rispettive posizioni della città in rovina, dai rapporti geografici, dalle relazioni fra tutti gli oggetti, dai ricordi, dalle tradizioni locali, dagli usi ancora esistenti, dai paragoni e dai confronti che non si possono fare se non nel paese stesso 1 .

The Cave of Theopetra, just 5 km away from Meteora it ranks among the most important archeological prehistoric sites of Greece! Over the past decades, it has revealed many prehistoric findings from many different periods of our prehistory. Stone tools, burials, animal remains, the oldest known man-made structure, are only a few of them! This unique cave with its great location, its superb access to fresh clean water and its vantage point, it served as a magnet for early inhabitants who could recognize from miles away from such key advantages. Early prehistoric settlers used it continuously for more than 130.000 years.

Its uniqueness from an archeological perspective is that it contains, within a single site, the records of two greatly significant cultural transitions: The replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans, and the later transition from hunter-gathering to farming after the end of the last Ice Age. The cave consists of an immense 500 square meter rectangular chamber at the foot of a limestone hill, which rises to the northeast above the village of Theopetra, with a very big entrance 17m wide by three meters high.

It lies at the foot of the Chasia mountain range, which forms the natural boundary between Thessaly and Macedonia prefectures, while the Lithaios River, a tributary of the Pineios River, flows in front of the cave. The small Lithaios River flowing literally on the doorsteps of the cave meant that cave dwellers had always easy access to fresh, clean water without the need to cover daily long distances.

Continues human presence in Theopetra Cave
Excavations, which have been systematically carried out, have unearthed light geological deposits dating to the Pleistocene and Holocene periods as well as anthropogenic deposits, indicating that the cave had been continuously inhabited during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, the Mesolithic and the Neolithic periods.

Oldest human footprints in Europe
Excavations brought to light three human footprints which have been dated to approximately 135,000 years ago. The find consists of four human footprints in a row, from four individuals believed to have been children aged 2 to 7. Those children must have walked on the remained ashes of a fire that later in time it became petrified and thus allowing footprints to be preserved till the present day.

The stratigraphic sequence of Theopetra cave extends through three cold periods: during the Middle era circa 25,000 BC, during the Upper Palaeolithic, and during the final Upper Palaeolithic period (end of the Pleistocene era).

The excavations and study of the finds at Theopetra have been conducted since 1987 by the scientific research group of the department of Paleoanthropology-Speleology, as we have already mentioned earlier under the direction of Dr. Ekaterini (Nina) Kyparissi-Apostolika.

Objects discovered in the cave include stone tools of the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods, as well as Neolithic pottery, bone and shell objects, skeletons from 15000, 9000 and 8000 BC, and traces of plants and seeds that reveal dietary habits.

ImageBack in 2010 it was announced that according to an optical dating test known as Optically Stimulated Luminescence, that performed to date a recently excavated stonewall and applied on quartz grains nested within the stones, it surprisingly revealed the oldest known man-made structure.

According to an old legend, the population of that time would have hid in the rootsystem of a giant tree, out of fear for a deadly threat from outside.
Referring to the Greek sagas, they may have meant giants, or cyclopes in particular.

Participants in archaeology projects often mention archaeology's intensely real, deeply affecting, magical characteristics. Such overtly emotional dimensions are not commonly discussed or evaluated, due largely to their 'unscientific' and intrinsically qualitative nature. Expanding on what Michael Shanks termed 'the archaeological imagination' in his book of the same name published in 2012, this paper argues that the development of a subjective, emotionally and imaginatively meaningful relationship with the past, as experienced through an individual's own mental landscape, may provide a new insight as to why archaeology can be such a positive and uniquely beneficial tool within processes of recovery and well-being. This paper explores how the archaeological imagination manifests itself in individuals; it discusses how an archaeological 'habit of mind' can be developed, and how encountering the 'magic of the past' can catalyze emotional and intellectual processes that could contribute towards mental health recovery and well-being. The archaeological imagination is a fundamental component of what I would like to introduce as 'radical archaeology': archaeological practices in which social, emotional, and historical outcomes are weighted equally. If we are to implement the archaeological imagination into UK archaeological practice, then radical archaeology needs to win recognition as a new direction for traditional practice.

Note: This is the original English-language version of an article published in Chinese in 2009.  That Chinese article is among the papers included herein.

Abstract: This article attempts to analyze the 19th-century "Formosan landscapes" sketched by Charles Wm. Le Gendre (U.S. consul for Amoy) in his consular reports and illustsrated manuscript entitled Notes of travel in Formosa.  Although Le Gendre provided detailed descriptions of Taiwan's territorial space, agricultural production, and commercial potential in his writings, this was only one aspect of his larger perspective.  By focusing on Le Gendre's portrayals of northern, central and extreme southern Taiwan, I attempt to understand the entirety of Le Gendre's "Formosan landscapes."  This perspective includes detailed analyses of Le Gendre's textual landscapes, as well as his maps, topgraphical sketches, geological sections, and photographic prints.  From this broader analysis, we are able to better apprehend Le Gendre's multiple (and sometimes contradictory) perspectives of a single landscape, and to fully understand the techniques and discourses he employed to render his "faithful representations of such places."

SUMMARY This paper considers recent research on London's food supply from its hinterlands by examining the Hoo Peninsula, in the wider context of agriculture and resources from the Kentish seaboard and ports. Considering other supplies besides grain, it opens up the lives of farmers, fishermen, shippers, traders and merchants, and their connections with London and its citizens. In order to extend our knowledge of Hoo as part of a highly commercialised zone influenced by the London market, this article draws on a variety of documents, including a number of charters newly available in a fully source-critical edition.