Heritage of Water

Village Tank Cascade Systems (VTCSs) were built in ancient Sri Lanka as self-reliant and climate-resilient agro-ecological systems. This study examined crop choices and profitability of farming under alternative rainfall regimes in a well-functioning tank village system in Mahakanumulla VTCS in Anuradhapura district. A Linear Programming (LP) model was developed to represent farming activities in the tank village for the 2018-19 Maha and 2019 Yala seasons using data gathered from secondary sources and a key informant survey. The baseline equilibrium was calibrated treating farmers as profit maximisers cultivating four types of land (uplands and lowlands in Maha and Yala seasons), two types of labour (hired and family), and twelve-monthly water constraints. The model was simulated under alternative rainfall regimes and technological interventions. The optimal crop mixes, farm profits, and shadow prices of resources associated with the baseline scenarios were compared with those of counterfactual scenarios. The results of the analysis indicated that the success of an intervention is determined by the rainfall regime. The analysis further showed that the introduction of a short-aged rice variety helps more in mitigating drought in a Maha season and the introduction of a traditional rice variety helps more in drought during Yala season. The positive effects of desiltation is quite large when a traditional rice variety is introduced in a Maha drought. Provision of seasonal weather forecasts, which will enable farmers to choose appropriate technological interventions, is recommended.

Do the people in the European Union share a cultural identity? One important aspect of cultural identity is shared histories or common memories. Such histories can be presented by heritage. Heritage is those traces of the past a society chooses to preserve. Heritage is therefore also a way of defining oneself. To this day, the European Union has not yet compiled its own list of heritage. This paper analyses the World Heritage Sites of EU member states: sites that are considered to be of universal value. When taken together, what image of European history do these sites represent?

Water has served and sustained societies throughout the history of humankind. People have actively shaped its course, form, and function for human settlement and the development of civilizations. Around water, they have created socioeconomic structures, policies, and cultures; a rich world of narratives, laws, and practices; and an extensive tangible network of infrastructure, buildings, and urban form. Today, the complex and diverse systems of the past are necessarily the framework for preservation and reuse as well as for new systems. Through twentyone chapters in five thematic sections, this book links the practices of the past to a present in which heritage and water are largely two separate disciplinary and professional fields. It describes an alternative emerging present in which policymaking and design work together to recognize and build on traditional knowledge and skills while imagining how such efforts will help us develop sustainable futures for cities, landscapes, and bodies of water.

Water has served and sustained societies throughout the history of humankind. People have actively shaped its course, form, and function for human settlement and the development of civilizations. Around water, they have created socioeconomic structures, policies, and cultures; a rich world of narratives, laws, and practices; and an extensive tangible network of infrastructure, buildings, and urban form. Today, the complex and diverse systems of the past are necessarily the framework for preservation and reuse as well as for new systems. Through twenty-one chapters in five thematic sections, this book links the practices of the past to a present in which heritage and water are largely two separate disciplinary and professional fields. It describes an alternative emerging present in which policymaking and design work together to recognize and build on traditional knowledge and skills while imagining how such efforts will help us develop sustainable futures for cities, landscapes, and ...

This third issue of 2017 of Water History highlights the many approaches that water histories can take. The first essay in fact focuses on this; Paula Schönach provides a thematic overview of river histories of the past two decades. She argues that work on European and North American rivers during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has evolved in terms of its methodology, particularly in interdisciplinary breadth and comparative approaches. Her thematic analysis shows the complexity of temporal, spatial, and power-related dimensions on rivers. The next two papers provide interesting examples of these dimensions. Marianne Dudley focuses on recreational conflict and rights of use of British rivers. She argues that even though rivers have historically been spaces of recreation, legal definitions of rights of use have not kept up with the growth of recreational river use. The papers explores this gap for anglers and canoeists in the twentieth century and how small-scale organized groups reconceptualized river spaces. Jennifer Schiff takes us to governance issues of one of the most famous rivers studied for such a topic: the Rhine river. As a transboundary river, the Rhine pushed riparian stakeholders to balance their own interests against those of their neighbours. The paper shows how riparian actors created governance frameworks. In contrast to claims that are often made, Schiff argues that in the Rhine basin an environmental crisis was not the key factor leading to shared riverine governance. Rather, it was longer-term historical collaboration that allows effective crisis coordination.

This contribution aims to share and discuss different forms of intervention in public spaces relating art to the transformation of contemporary cities. The analysis of several emergent forms of creation allows discovering, through the artistic field, various ways of expression and socio-economical dynamics shaping and modifying the contemporary urban landscape. The paper introduces a study related to the creative spatial practices which detonate processes of empowerment of communities by means of recovering the memory and the dominance of the place. Through the case of the International Urban Art Exhibition, an ephemeral and open air festival based on the outskirts of Barcelona this paper shows different practices of re-appropriation that encourage creative participation of several social agents by collaborative and site-specific projects in some public spaces (public washing places) with different communities.

This introduction to the thematic issue connects the contributors’ arguments to the broader context of existing literature and to current epistemological predicaments. The notion of waterfront has endured for over 100 years within planning documents and policy discourses, shaping urban strategies and citizens’ preferences across the world. This thematic issue examines the current state of narratives and discourses on waterfronts. Waterfronts are investigated to consider the conceptual work evoked to frame urban problems and build narratives that shape planning and policy action. It is asserted that narratives about waterfronts differ: while some define goals for city development relying on specific strands of expert knowledge to justify often questionable decisions, others capture the experiences and representations of waterfronts, including their subjective and autobiographical dimensions.

Water has served and sustained societies throughout the history of humankind. People have actively shaped its course, form, and function for human settlement and the development of civilizations. Around water, they have created socioeconomic structures, policies, and cultures; a rich world of narratives, laws, and practices; and an extensive tangible network of infrastructure, buildings, and urban form. Today, the complex and diverse systems of the past are necessarily the framework for preservation and reuse as well as for new systems. Through twenty-one chapters in five thematic sections, this book links the practices of the past to a present in which heritage and water are largely two separate disciplinary and professional fields. It describes an alternative emerging present in which policymaking and design work together to recognize and build on traditional knowledge and skills while imagining how such efforts will help us develop sustainable futures for cities, landscapes, and ...

The tank-based irrigated agricultural system in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka is one of the oldest historically evolved agricultural systems in the world. The main component of the system consists of a connected series of man-made tanks constructed in shallow valleys to store, convey and utilize water for paddy cultivation. Up to 10,000 tanks originating from the heydays of ancient kingdoms are still integrated in the current agricultural landscape. During the last two millennia, this indigenous system has undergone many changes in technological, management and socio-cultural norms. This research aimed to analyze the current management practices and existing indigenous aspects of the Dry Zone irrigated agricultural system from the viewpoint of farmers who are the main stakeholders of the system. Altogether, 49 semi-structured interviews were conducted in seven villages in the Anuradhapura district and a detailed survey was conducted in the village of Manewa with a mixed research approac...

The tank-based irrigated agricultural system in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka is one of the oldest historically evolved agricultural systems in the world. The main component of the system consists of a connected series of man-made tanks constructed in shallow valleys to store, convey and utilize water for paddy cultivation. Up to 10,000 tanks originating from the heydays of ancient kingdoms are still integrated in the current agricultural landscape. During the last two millennia, this indigenous system has undergone many changes in technological, management and socio-cultural norms. This research aimed to analyze the current management practices and existing indigenous aspects of the Dry Zone irrigated agricultural system from the viewpoint of farmers who are the main stakeholders of the system. Altogether, 49 semi-structured interviews were conducted in seven villages in the Anuradhapura district and a detailed survey was conducted in the village of Manewa with a mixed research approac...

Do the people in the European Union share a cultural identity? One important aspect of cultural identity is shared histories or common memories. Such histories can be presented by heritage. Heritage is those traces of the past a society chooses to preserve. Heritage is therefore also a way of defining oneself. To this day, the European Union has not yet compiled its own list of heritage. This paper analyses the World Heritage Sites of EU member states: sites that are considered to be of universal value. When taken together, what image of European history do these sites represent?

Water has served and sustained societies throughout the history of humankind. People have actively shaped its course, form, and function for human settlement and the development of civilizations. Around water, they have created socioeconomic structures, policies, and cultures; a rich world of narratives, laws, and practices; and an extensive tangible network of infrastructure, buildings, and urban form. Today, the complex and diverse systems of the past are necessarily the framework for preservation and reuse as well as for new systems. Through twenty-one chapters in five thematic sections, this book links the practices of the past to a present in which heritage and water are largely two separate disciplinary and professional fields. It describes an alternative emerging present in which policymaking and design work together to recognize and build on traditional knowledge and skills while imagining how such efforts will help us develop sustainable futures for cities, landscapes, and ...

In 2002, the city of Ahmedabad (India) was profoundly shaken by severe interreligious riots. Subsequent years saw deep transformations in the image of the city and the consolidation of the right-wing Hindu nationalist party in the local and supra-local political arena. This article investigates some of the spatial manifestations of an urban transformation involving the valorization of historical heritage. The article focuses in particular on the large-scale Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project, which began in 2005 and remains ongoing, and on the inclusion of the historical center of Ahmedabad in the World Heritage List in 2017. The two developments have profoundly reshaped the image of the city and its river. The article offers an analysis of the city's transformations and of the related rhetoric promoted by the local governing coalition. It highlights the city's role in shaping a vision of a global, sustainable and historic metropolis.

Water has served and sustained societies throughout the history of humankind. People have actively shaped its course, form, and function for human settlement and the development of civilizations. Around water, they have created socioeconomic structures, policies, and cultures; a rich world of narratives, laws, and practices; and an extensive tangible network of infrastructure, buildings, and urban form. Today, the complex and diverse systems of the past are necessarily the framework for preservation and reuse as well as for new systems. Through twenty-one chapters in five thematic sections, this book links the practices of the past to a present in which heritage and water are largely two separate disciplinary and professional fields. It describes an alternative emerging present in which policymaking and design work together to recognize and build on traditional knowledge and skills while imagining how such efforts will help us develop sustainable futures for cities, landscapes, and ...

Water has served and sustained societies throughout the history of humankind. People have actively shaped its course, form, and function for human settlement and the development of civilizations. Around water, they have created socioeconomic structures, policies, and cultures; a rich world of narratives, laws, and practices; and an extensive tangible network of infrastructure, buildings, and urban form. Today, the complex and diverse systems of the past are necessarily the framework for preservation and reuse as well as for new systems. Through twenty-one chapters in five thematic sections, this book links the practices of the past to a present in which heritage and water are largely two separate disciplinary and professional fields. It describes an alternative emerging present in which policymaking and design work together to recognize and build on traditional knowledge and skills while imagining how such efforts will help us develop sustainable futures for cities, landscapes, and ...

Water has served and sustained societies throughout the history of humankind. People have actively shaped its course, form, and function for human settlement and the development of civilizations. Around water, they have created socioeconomic structures, policies, and cultures; a rich world of narratives, laws, and practices; and an extensive tangible network of infrastructure, buildings, and urban form. Today, the complex and diverse systems of the past are necessarily the framework for preservation and reuse as well as for new systems. Through twenty-one chapters in five thematic sections, this book links the practices of the past to a present in which heritage and water are largely two separate disciplinary and professional fields. It describes an alternative emerging present in which policymaking and design work together to recognize and build on traditional knowledge and skills while imagining how such efforts will help us develop sustainable futures for cities, landscapes, and ...

This contribution aims to share and discuss different forms of intervention in public spaces relating art to the transformation of contemporary cities. The analysis of several emergent forms of creation allows discovering, through the artistic field, variousways of expression and socio-economical dynamicsshaping andmodifying the contemporary urban landscape.The paperintroduces a study related to the creative spatial practiceswhich detonate processes of empowerment of communities by means ofrecovering thememory and the dominance ofthe place.Through the case ofthe International Urban Art Exhibition, an ephemeral and open air festival based on the outskirts of Barcelona this paper shows different practices of re-appropriation that encourage creative participation of several social agents by collaborative and site-specific projects in some public spaces (publicwashing places) with different communities.

Water has served and sustained societies throughout the history of humankind. People have actively shaped its course, form, and function for human settlement and the development of civilizations. Around water, they have created socioeconomic structures, policies, and cultures; a rich world of narratives, laws, and practices; and an extensive tangible network of infrastructure, buildings, and urban form. Today, the complex and diverse systems of the past are necessarily the framework for preservation and reuse as well as for new systems. Through twenty-one chapters in five thematic sections, this book links the practices of the past to a present in which heritage and water are largely two separate disciplinary and professional fields. It describes an alternative emerging present in which policymaking and design work together to recognize and build on traditional knowledge and skills while imagining how such efforts will help us develop sustainable futures for cities, landscapes, and ...

Though Sri Lanka is a water rich country where many water resources development projects have been implemented, the country still very often faces many issues due to water scarcity. By improving the management of existing water resources development projects such issues could be addressed. The irrigation area coming under the Nachchaduwa Reservoir Scheme in the Malwathu Oya Basin has encountered severe water scarcities in the recent past. This paper presents a system dynamics based simulation model that will help in making decisions for managing the Nachchaduwa Reservoir for fulfilling the water requirements of its irrigation area. The model was developed using system dynamics concepts and the software used was Vensim Professional. The advantage of system dynamics modelling is its ability to model many different sectors such as water quantity, population, agriculture and economy using one single model making it possible to look at all sectors using the same model. The model developed for the Nachchaduwa Reservoir System comprised of the above sectors and was used to investigate several optional operation patterns of the system. Four different operational patterns were considered based on crop types and cropping areas. Initially, the developed model was tested for its applicability and thereafter it was used to determine the most suitable cropping pattern. The results indicate that the patterns consisting of 100% paddy during the Maha Season and 50% paddy and 50% maize during the Yala Season as the most suitable cropping patterns for the two seasons. The model also showed that the temporary increase in the population by the pilgrims and tourists visiting the area during festive seasons affects the amount of water available for crops.

Water has served and sustained societies throughout the history of humankind. People have actively shaped its course, form, and function for human settlement and the development of civilizations. Around water, they have created socioeconomic structures, policies, and cultures; a rich world of narratives, laws, and practices; and an extensive tangible network of infrastructure, buildings, and urban form. Today, the complex and diverse systems of the past are necessarily the framework for preservation and reuse as well as for new systems. Through twenty-one chapters in five thematic sections, this book links the practices of the past to a present in which heritage and water are largely two separate disciplinary and professional fields. It describes an alternative emerging present in which policymaking and design work together to recognize and build on traditional knowledge and skills while imagining how such efforts will help us develop sustainable futures for cities, landscapes, and ...

Water has served and sustained societies throughout the history of humankind. People have actively shaped its course, form, and function for human settlement and the development of civilizations. Around water, they have created socioeconomic structures, policies, and cultures; a rich world of narratives, laws, and practices; and an extensive tangible network of infrastructure, buildings, and urban form. Today, the complex and diverse systems of the past are necessarily the framework for preservation and reuse as well as for new systems. Through twenty-one chapters in five thematic sections, this book links the practices of the past to a present in which heritage and water are largely two separate disciplinary and professional fields. It describes an alternative emerging present in which policymaking and design work together to recognize and build on traditional knowledge and skills while imagining how such efforts will help us develop sustainable futures for cities, landscapes, and ...

This contribution aims to share and discuss different forms of intervention in public spaces relating art to the transformation of contemporary cities. The analysis of several emergent forms of creation allows discovering, through the artistic field, variousways of expression and socio-economical dynamicsshaping andmodifying the contemporary urban landscape.The paperintroduces a study related to the creative spatial practiceswhich detonate processes of empowerment of communities by means ofrecovering thememory and the dominance ofthe place.Through the case ofthe International Urban Art Exhibition, an ephemeral and open air festival based on the outskirts of Barcelona this paper shows different practices of re-appropriation that encourage creative participation of several social agents by collaborative and site-specific projects in some public spaces (publicwashing places) with different communities.

Water has served and sustained societies throughout the history of humankind. People have actively shaped its course, form, and function for human settlement and the development of civilizations. Around water, they have created socioeconomic structures, policies, and cultures; a rich world of narratives, laws, and practices; and an extensive tangible network of infrastructure, buildings, and urban form. Today, the complex and diverse systems of the past are necessarily the framework for preservation and reuse as well as for new systems. Through twenty-one chapters in five thematic sections, this book links the practices of the past to a present in which heritage and water are largely two separate disciplinary and professional fields. It describes an alternative emerging present in which policymaking and design work together to recognize and build on traditional knowledge and skills while imagining how such efforts will help us develop sustainable futures for cities, landscapes, and bodies of water.

Resumen Durante el siglo XVIII el paludismo, enfermedad endémica de la cuenca mediterránea, adquirió una incuestionable dimensión social como consecuencia, entre otras cosas, de la desaparición del terrible azote de la peste. Vinculadas a la expansión del cultivo del arroz y a la proliferación de áreas encharcadas, las fiebres tercianas aparecían con regularidad tan pronto llegaban los calores estivales. El presente trabajo analiza sus efectos sobre los habitantes de las tierras meridionales valencianas, así como los mecanismos puestos en marcha por los responsables políticos y médicos para remediar los daños causados.

These working papers are interim components of a UK Department for International Development (DFID) funded natural resources research program R7064, currently operational in Sri Lanka and Southern India. The project is of 3 years duration from 1999-2002 and aims to investigate the potential for integrated aquaculture options within small-scale farmer managed irrigation systems to bring benefits to marginal groups within diverse, risk-prone semi-arid and water-stressed regions of the world. Benefits are expected to be increased opportunities for livelihood diversification and more efficient and sustainable use of dwindling per capita water supplies.

Many recent writings on indigenous knowledge and practices in Sri Lanka appear to be largely descriptive than analytical, and incline to stress the virtues of ancient wisdom with a slant towards romanticizing the past. Any attempts towards looking at these traditional practices from a scientific view point are hard to come-by. Some indeed believe that, indigenous knowledge systems cannot and need not be assessed from a scientific perspective. However, probing into the scientific bases of such practices is necessary to ensure their continued application as well as their very survival. The paper attempts to report the results of a study undertaken recently in the north western part of the Anuradhapura District with sites in close proximity to Maha Willachchiya, Tanthirimale and Medawachchiya. It encompassed an examination of a few village tank clusters, their cascade systems and associated environmental characteristis. In particular, the attention was focused on a few traditionl water...

In the dry zone of Sri Lanka, human-made reservoirs have served for the collection, storage and distribution of rainfall and runoff and provide irrigation water for the cultivation of paddy for 2000 years. This paper introduces the layout and function of four traditional village tank cascade systems in the hinterland of Anuradhapura, located in the North Central Province in Sri Lanka. In contrast to large-scale tanks, these systems are managed and maintained by local villagers. Sedimentological data from two tanks provide information about processes leading to the formation of these deposits and their post-sedimentary, partly human-induced alterations. The presented data support the hypothesis, that the decentral managed tanks were not affected by severe erosion after the abandonment of the ancient capital Anuradhapura in the 11th century CE, a period that was characterized by socio-economic instability and increased climatic fluctuations. Presented results underline the significance of small-scale tank cascades systems to buffer the effects of climatic fluctuations and point to their potential as a cornerstone in coping with future climate change in the dry zone of Sri Lanka.

In Lebanon, the organization of the water legislation dates back to as far as antiquity. While customs and habits used to govern water in the past, codified laws and their associated legal infrastructure are present nowadays, and cohabitate with persisting unofficial law. Mesopotamian, Roman, Ottoman, and French water laws were superimposed on Muslim customs and practices and traditional Arab social water arrangements in Lebanon, throughout a long history of conquests or mandates. Traditional customs and practices of water use that evolved into lore are still prevailing today, and go hand in hand with a palimpsest of water laws. Through a review of the co-evolution of thousands of years of written and unwritten water-related texts, the unique features of a hydro-palimpsest that combines formal and informal systems are put into value in an effort to explore their future potential in the sound and efficient management of water, in light of rapid global changes affecting the resource.

This contribution aims to share and discuss different forms of intervention in public spaces relating art to the transformation of contemporary cities. The analysis of several emergent forms of creation allows discovering, through the artistic field, variousways of expression and socio-economical dynamicsshaping andmodifying the contemporary urban landscape.The paperintroduces a study related to the creative spatial practiceswhich detonate processes of empowerment of communities by means ofrecovering thememory and the dominance ofthe place.Through the case ofthe International Urban Art Exhibition, an ephemeral and open air festival based on the outskirts of Barcelona this paper shows different practices of re-appropriation that encourage creative participation of several social agents by collaborative and site-specific projects in some public spaces (publicwashing places) with different communities.

In 2002, the city of Ahmedabad (India) was profoundly shaken by severe interreligious riots. Subsequent years saw deep transformations in the image of the city and the consolidation of the right-wing Hindu nationalist party in the local and supra-local political arena. This article investigates some of the spatial manifestations of an urban transformation involving the valorization of historical heritage. The article focuses in particular on the large-scale Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project, which began in 2005 and remains ongoing, and on the inclusion of the historical center of Ahmedabad in the World Heritage List in 2017. The two developments have profoundly reshaped the image of the city and its river. The article offers an analysis of the city's transformations and of the related rhetoric promoted by the local governing coalition. It highlights the city's role in shaping a vision of a global, sustainable and historic metropolis. [The full version of the article can be accessed from the following link: https://cpcl.unibo.it/article/view/8746]

In Lebanon, the organization of the water legislation dates back to as far as antiquity. While customs and habits used to govern water in the past, codified laws and their associated legal infrastructure are present nowadays, and cohabitate with persisting unofficial law. Mesopotamian, Roman, Ottoman, and French water laws were superimposed on Moslem customs and practices and traditional Arab social water arrangements in Lebanon, throughout a long history of conquests or mandates. Traditional customs and practices of water use that evolved into lore are still prevailing today, and goes hand in hand with a palimpsest of water laws. Through a review of the co-evolution of 4,000 years of written and unwritten water-related texts, the unique features of a hydro-palimpsest that combines formal and informal systems are put into value in an effort to explore their future potential in the management of water, in light of rapid global changes affecting the resource.

Although rain is usually greeted with great jubilation in most Middle Eastern countries, Lebanon is blessed by Levantine standards as far as water resources are concerned. However, only 17% of the country's water resources are used, more than half of the rainwater is wasted to the sea and about 40% is unaccounted for due to the lack of maintenance of the water supply networks [1]. Experts agrees that Lebanon will be the first country in the Middle East to be affected by climate change [2]. Indeed, the distribution of the rains has changed, the density of snow is decreasing and the forest fires are multiplying leading to a decrease in infiltration and groundwater recharge. In rural South Lebanon, the development of agriculture required good practices for the conservation of water resources. Rural communities in the region have survived around water sources where multiple forms of oral customary arrangements have co-existed since and have historically adapted to the characteristic water scarcity by harvesting and storing rainwater. Customs and practices of water use have brought together a set of procedures and rules that have organized land and water management for the local societies. How can we effectively prepare rural communities for the impacts of future water management problems, and what can be done to strengthen traditional social water arrangements?

Water scarcity is the main course for the poor cropping intensities and crop failures in most of the minor tanks located
in dry zone. This situation can be addressed in several ways. This study focused on changing the cropping pattern to
increase the cropping intensity because this method can be implemented immediately. A minor tank located in
Anuradhapura district was selected for the study. Water resources in the catchment was analyzed using the method
described in the irrigation department guide line. As the catchment is ungauged 75% probable rainfall of the zone in
which the tank belongs was used in analyzing the water availability. Combinations of crop types were considered and
paddy and soya bean were selected as the type of crops. Water requirement for both crops were calculated and a water
balance study was done for three scenarios. An income comparison between three scenarios were done to find the
most beneficial scenario out of the three. As the study was based on the parameters given in the irrigation guideline,
present situation was analyzed for the variation of parameters within a range of 25%.

The use of water in history produced many singular situations, determining quality and value of landscapes. In particular, the water made useful for productive processes built the soil of vast territories realizing specific infrastructures where features and potentials are progressively layered, defined by rules and restrictions of a crucial morphological structure.
The land reclamation landscape, configured by the process of drainage and irrigation, shows a composition of elements articulated as a production system, where the constituting form appears both resource and heritage for a sustainable development. Those lands are part of a landscape realized by a qualifying shape designed for the water control. Architectures and technical elements together with the network of canals, embankments and roads, that generated them, included some unusual stratification but they now need to assess their compatibility with future scenarios.
Places of land reclamation interpret minimum gradients outlined by canals, embankments, draining pumps, drainage basin described by rows of trees, different textures of fields, dotted with farmhouses, silos, factories or broken by villages and some urban centres, which often overload the artificial soil over its mechanical possibilities, sometimes producing critical situations.
That cultural legacy, that still has an active form in the transformation of landscape, will be investigated through the eyes of the architect that aims to highlight and systematize multiple values since they can be articulated in a singular integrated balance.
The re-reading of some Italian reclamation landscapes identified in Veneto and Lazio regions finds in the comparison between different geographical and cultural contexts, a relationship of the heritage values with the systemic-infrastructural ones among places, architectures and technical constructions, useful to outline strategies and practices for a sustainable transformation and enhancement of water landscapes.

IWMI's mission is to improve water and land resources management for food, livelihoods and nature. In serving this mission, IWMI concentrates on the integration of policies, technologies and management systems to achieve workable solutions to real problems¾ practical, relevant results in the field of irrigation and water and land resources.