Herbarium

Ethical considerations concerning the conservation and restoration of a herbarium from the 19th century Herbaria are specific objects: they consist of various organic materials joint together in a way that may cause unusual problems for a paper conservator. Plant material, supposedly complementary to paper as derived from plant material too, behave far differently when subjected to conservation treatment. This poster illustrates issues concerning the conservation of a bound herbarium album.

The herbarium -a collection of pressed plants mounted on paper -is central to the practice of ethnobotany, and to the use of all the other plant collections discussed in this book. Herbarium specimens both vouch for the identity of the plants being studied, and are themselves documents of plant use by people.

Herbarium merupakan istilah yang pertama kali digunakan oleh Turnefor (1700) untuk tumbuhan obat yang dikeringkan sebagai koleksi. Luca Ghini (1490-1550) seorang Professor Botani di Universitas Bologna, Italia adalah orang pertama yang mengeringkan tumbuhan di bawah tekanan dan melekatkannya di atas kertas serta mencatatnya sebagai koleksi ilmiah (Arber, 1938). Pada awalnya banyak spesimen herbarium disimpan di dalam buku sebagai koleksi pribadi tetapi pada abad ke-17 Ramadhanil dan Gradstein – Herbarium Celebense 39 praktek ini telah berkembang dan menyebar di Eropa (Ramadhanil, 2003)

El presente trabajo trata sobre la aplicación del sistema de clasificación APG IV (Angiosperm phylogenetic group) en la colección del Herbario CHEP. El cambio más evidente es a nivel de clases, de Monocotiledónea  y Dicotiledónea pasó actualmente a tres, ya que  Dicotiledónea es un grupo parafilético, estas tres clases son: Monocotiledónea, Magnoliidae y Eudocotiledonea; dentro de cada clase las Familias están arregladas alfabéticamente acompañado de un número según APG IV, igual sucede en el caso de los géneros. También mencionamos los cambios más importantes a nivel de familia, y géneros que ahora son familias. Si bien estos cambios al principio son molestosos, es necesario estar siempre a la vanguardia del conocimiento taxonómico. En total se cuenta con 180 Familias de las 416 a nivel mundial que están registrado en APG IV a nivel mundial están en el Herbario CHEP. En el listado también se encuentran familias introducidas como Platanaceae, Aizoaceae, Linaceae que han sido colectadas y otras que se aspira colectar como Hamamelidaceae, entre otras. Hay 18 familias adicionales que se encuentran en el Ecuador pero no hay registros en el Herbario CHEP, principalmente porque son Familias exclusivas de Galápagos, bosque seco tropical o del sur del Ecuador.

As a field naturalist, my doctoral research in plant ecology has focused on the biodiversity of open Mediterranean environments, conducted in parallel with a professional activity in a design office. This knowledge of botany, extended to the entire western Mediterranean, has subsequently allowed me to write chapters of books (monographs, identification keys, synonymic indexes, catalogs) on the flora of France and North Africa, then of the Middle East.
In collaboration with various European teams and Maghreb researchers, I started work on new lines of research (integrative systematics, biogeography and phylogeny). I diversified biological models (molluscs) and assimilated new methods (biochemistry, molecular genetics). Various endemic species have served as integrative models that we are studying at all levels, from in situ inventory and conservation, to the phylogenetic and paleo-ecological origins of endemism, works done in the context of several Ph.D. I participated and/or co-directed.
Within the research unit AMAP, I collaborated with Tela Botanica on the Pl@ntNet project (https://plantnet.org/) which continues through the Floris'Tic project (http://floristic.org/), with activities dedicated to the flora of North Africa and the Middle East. I refocused my research on descriptive botany and biodiversity cataloguing, through collaborative networking and the use of computerised information storage and taxonomic identification tools on the Mediterranean flora. I now focus on describing the unknown biodiversity in the Mediterranean hotspot, combining classical (morphological) and modern (molecular) approaches.
My research project is to continue the momentum that I initiated over the last dozen years. This project deals with biogeography, taxonomy and conservation in the service of knowledge, protection and promotion of biodiversity in the Mediterranean, particularly in the countries of the southern and eastern shores. It aims in the medium and long term to participate in the filling of the taxonomic deficit in areas of biodiversity hotspots but coldspots of knowledge, such as the Maghreb and the Mediterranean Middle East. The objective is the reappropriation, by the Maghrebian and Middle Eastern scientific corps, of a long and rich history of the biodiversity knowledge, partially interrupted for half a century, and whose historical collections of Montpellier (MPU), Paris (P), Geneva (G) or Barcelona (B) herbaria are its precious memory. The project draws its regional coherence through a natural biogeographic convergence and integrates all the disciplines from the biodiversity inventory to the decision support tools.
The project is structured around three objectives: 1) Improvement and capitalization of fundamental knowledge on Mediterranean botany in the Maghreb and the Middle East; 2) Training and assistance, in southern countries, of field teams, mixing professionals and amateurs; 3) Production of practical identification tools, classical or modern, adapted to the needs of botanists and ecologists.

Herbaria are collections of preserved plants specimens, some of which date back to the 16th century. They are essential to botanical research, especially in systematics. They can also be important historical documents. The collections of Lewis and Clark, Carolus Linnaeus, and Charles Darwin, to name a few, are primary sources for the study of these individuals' work. Now many of these herbarium specimens are being scanned and the images are freely available on the Web. This article deals with how these online collections may be used in teaching about biology and its history. It will highlight the JSTOR Plant Science project which is making available electronically about two million plant specimens, many historically significant, as well as the entire runs of important plant journals. In addition, it will discuss other valuable online resources including how links to social media can bring the history of botany to 21st-century students.

The use of biodiversity for food and nutrition requires accurate, reliable and accessible food composition data. It is essential for users of such data to be certain of the reliability of identification and naming of food plants, which is particularly problematic for lesser-known wild or locally cultivated plants. The aims of this paper are to assess the reliability and quality of botanical information in papers citing quantitative food composition data of wild and locally cultivated species and to make recommendations forminimum standards in publishing botanical information with food composition data.We developed a framework for evaluating sample plant identification and nomenclature, and surveyed 50 papers
referring to 502 species sampled (‘sample plants’), each associated with one or more nutritional data.We also tested whether or not a botanist was involved in the identification of ‘difficult to identify’ species. Of 502 sample plants, only 36 followed best practice for plant identification, and 37 followed best practice for plant nomenclature. Overall, 27% of sample plants were listed with names that are not in current use,
or are incorrectly spelt, or both. Only 159 sample plants would have been found from a database search of
citations and abstracts. Considering the need for food composition data from wild and locally cultivated food species, and the cost of analysis, researchers must identify, name and publish species correctly. Drawing on the fields of ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology, comprehensive recommendations are given for best practice.

ABSTRACT: The University of California Natural Reserve System’s San Joaquin Freshwater Marsh Reserve was established in 1969, and is administered by the University of California, Irvine campus. The Reserve comprises 81.75 ha (202 ac) and is located in the City of Irvine, Orange County; 75 km (45 mi) southeast of Los Angeles, 30 km (20 mi) west of the Santa Ana Mountains; 2 km (1.25 mi) upstream from Upper Newport Bay, adjacent to the Irvine campus. The elevation of the site is 2-3 m (7 to 10 ft), it receives 30 cm (12 in) of precipitation per year, and average temperatures are 29° C (86° F) in September, 4° C (40° F) minimum in January, with an annual mean of 17° C (62° F). The San Diego Creek flood control channel crosses the Reserve along its southwestern boundary. Approximately 20 ha (50 ac) of the Reserve have been restored into twelve palustrine habitats dominated by bulrushes (Schoenoplectus americanus, S. californicus and Bolboschoenus maritimus), and remainder is predominantly a cattail marsh. Nineteen acres (7.7 ha) surrounding the wetlands are a buffer zone between future development on the University’s North Campus and the Reserve. The buffer zone is currently being restored to a coastal sage scrub community, and seven vernal pools have been created at its base using inoculum from pools taken on University and adjacent Irvine Company land. Including 31 species that have been deliberately introduced for restoration or habitat enhancement purposes. The vascular plant flora includes one Pteridophyte and 188 species in 46 families of dicotyledones and 54 species in 9 families of monocotyledones. Of the total 242 species in the Reserve and buffer zone, 114 (47%) are nonnative. Voucher specimens from the Reserve for most of the species are held in the UCI Herbarium (IRVC), a part of the UCI Arboretum. The non-native species Avena sativa (Poaceae), Washingtonia robusta, Phoenix dactylifera (Arecaceae), Chenopodium glaucum (Chenopodiaceae), Eucalyptus citriodora (Myrtaceae), Diospyros lycioides (Ebenaceae), Atriplex suberecta (Chenopodiaceae), Phalaris canariensis (Poaceae), and Callistemon citrinus (Myrtaceae) are new records for Orange County.

KEYWORDS: University of California Natural Reserve System, San Joaquin Freshwater Marsh Reserve, Irvine, Orange County, California, Wetland Restoration, Coastal Sage Scrub Restoration, Vernal Pool Creation, California Coastal Conservancy

Natural history collections offer unique physical and virtual opportunities for formal and informal progressive learning. Collections are unique data in that they each represent a biological record at a single place and time that cannot be obtained by any other method. Collections-based experiences lead to an increased understanding of and substantive interaction with the living world. Global biological diversity and changes in that diversity are directly tracked through specimens in collections, regardless of whether changes are ancient or recent. We discuss how collections, specimens, and the data associated with them, can be critical components linking nature and scientific inquiry. Specimens are the basic tools for educating students and interested citizens through direct or virtual contact with the diversity of collections. Such interactions include instruction in a formal classroom setting, volunteering to gather and curate collections, and informal presentations at coffee shops. We emphasize how the recent surge in specimen-based digitization initiatives has resulted in unprecedented access to a wealth of biodiversity information and how this availability vastly expands the reach of natural history collections. The emergence of online databases enables scientists and the public to utilize the specimens and associated data contained in natural history collections to address global, regional, and local issues related to biodiversity in a way that was unachievable a decade ago.

In 2012 the Rev. Krzysztof Kluk Museum of Agriculture in Ciechanowiec, Poland, sent their 19th century herbarium for conservation treatment. The condition of the object was so poor that it could not be subjected to any analysis or even digital documentation. The bound herbarium had broken covers, dismantled construction and weakened spongy paper support with a lot of tears and losses. The specimens were either seriously damaged, missing or under serious risk of destruction. Over a half of them had fallen off their places and could be found in the area of the spine, often mixed within pages. The owner wanted the object to be displayable and safe for handling. Close work between the conservators and ethnobotanist was required to ensure a full and complete understanding of the bound herbaria as a whole, but also the individual specimens. Sever treatment was undertaken including many typical paper conservation solutions and re-arrangement of puzzle-like assemblage of specimens based on interdisciplinary consultation. The description of the treatment is a pretext to consider the methodology and standards concerning the care and conservation of botanical material.

Keywords: Herbarium; Specimen; Remedial Conservation; Ethnobotany; Standard; Method-
ology; Biocultural Collections; Ethics; Ethnobotany

Aim Species distribution models and geographical information system (GIS) technologies are becoming increasingly important tools in conservation planning and decision-making. Often the rich data bases of museums and herbaria serve as the primary data for predicting species distributions. Yet key assumptions about the primary data often are untested, and violation of such assumptions may have consequences for model predictions. For example, users of primary data assume that sampling has been random with respect to geography and environmental gradients. Here we evaluate the assumption that plant voucher specimens adequately sample the climatic gradient and test whether violation of this assumption influences model predictions.

This paper presents the current results of
the ongoing research project ‘Heritage preservation
and ethnobotany. Analysis of the
influence of conservation treatment on genetic
material comprised in historic herbaria’,
no. 2014/13/N/HS2/03118, funded by the National
Science Centre in Poland. The project explores
conservation issues concerning historic
herbaria. It aims at defining the possible impact
of conservation-restoration treatment methods
on genetic material in plant specimens.
This paper presents the outline of the project
and concentrates in detail on the instrumental
analysis of three historic herbaria from the
18th century. This part of the research included
analysis of pesticides (MA-XRF, GC/MS SPME),
inks (MA-XRF), dyes and pigments (MA-XRF and
HPLC).

Hugh Cuming's collection of flowering plants kept in the Moscow University Herbarium (MW) was studied. It contains 420 type specimens (271 isotypes, 5 possible isotypes, 22 isolectotypes, 1 isoneotype, 5 paratypes, 96 syntypes, 3 possible syntypes, 4 types of unknown status, 9 possible types, 1 authentic specimen, and 3 possible authentic specimens), 403 non-type specimens and 106 specimens of unknown status. A list of 395 taxa based upon Cuming's collections in MW is given.

Kingdom plantae serves a variety of functions in the natural world, including recycling of nutrients, in the food chain, and provides oxygen to other organisms. On top of that, most of the world’s ecosystems have plant diversity. In tropical countries like the Philippines, this diversity is higher compared to other regions.
It’s often not easy to find the name of a particular plant by just looking in a reference book, viewing photographs or reading a description. But when you see the actual specimen and use a magnifying glass or microscope to check the plant’s size or observe its characteristics you will then be able to make an identification. Humans have different faces and other physically distinguishing characteristics. Plants of the same species also differ in characteristics depending on the habitat and the individual plant. By looking at archived specimens in a herbarium, we can see the morphological variances without having to visit the habitat where the plant was collected. If a plant specimen is correctly collected and stored, a DNA sample can be extracted and analyzed to determine the plant’s genealogy and derivation. All specimens made properly by anyone for any purpose have an academic value.

"Background and aims – The collections of Lauraceae in the Van Heurck Herbarium (AWH), which is
currently on permanent loan to BR, have remained unknown by most of the specialists and by the general
public up until the present. The taxonomic status of its one hundred and forty nine specimens of Lauraceae
is here presented.
Methods – Standard herbarium taxonomy practices were used in conjunction with the literature available.
Specimens from fifty eight different herbaria were studied personally, or by checking their holdings
available in the internet, or from digital images received from the curators.
Key results – The specimens of Lauraceae from AWH are distributed in twenty four genera and seventy eight
species with taxonomic status resolved, excepting for three specimens pertaining to species name of status
uncertain (one), or to unresolved determination (two). From them, fifty three specimens are nomenclatural
types of any sort, which corroborate the relevance of exsiccates acquired by Van Heurck, even for this
relatively small set of specimens for the family. Fifteen lectotypifications and one neotypification of species
names are proposed here."

Abstract (ITA):

Il contributo ha come oggetto la cinquecentesca Farmacia dell’Abbazia di San Martino delle Scale (Palermo). Si ripercorrono brevemente le orme a partire dai commenti di illustri viaggiatori stranieri in Sicilia tra XVIII e XIX sec., incrociando i loro resoconti di viaggio con la Chronica del Monastero; si ricostruisce poi la storia della Farmacia a partire da diverse fonti d’archivio (conservate presso l’Archivio Storico di San Martino e l’Archivio di Stato di Palermo) e da pubblicazioni del XVIII sec., facendo emergere il legame tra la tradizione benedettina della cura degli infermi e la tradizione della coltivazione dei “semplici”, insieme alla tenuta di erbari ex siccata. Il quadro storico tracciato termina con il processo di dispersione del patrimonio della Farmacia: tali vicende si intrecciano col sopravvivere della Colonia Agricola istituita a San Martino e con l’accrescimento delle collezioni dell’allora regio Museo Nazionale. Chiude la ricostruzione storica un’appendice con fotografie degli affreschi che adornano la Farmacia, insieme ad una fotografia del chiostro della clausura (l’antico giardino dei semplici) e ad altre di un antico erbario martiniano.

Parole chiave: San Martino delle Scale, monachesimo benedettino, Regola di S. Benedetto, erboristeria, erbari.

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Abstract (ENG):

The paper deals with the sixteenth-century Pharmacy of the abbey of San Martino delle Scale (Palermo). It goes over the story beginning from the comments by illustrious foreign travellers in Sicily in the 18th and 19th centuries, collating their travel accounts with the Chronica of the Monastery; the history of the Pharmacy is then reconstructed starting from different archive sources (preserved at the San Martino Historical Archive and the Public Records Office in Palermo) and from eighteenth-century publications, highlighting the bond between the Benedictine tradition of treatment of patients and the tradition of the cultivation of “simples”, together with herbaria ex siccata. The historical picture traced out ends with the process of dispersion of the patrimony of the Pharmacy: these vicissitudes interweave with the survival of the Agricultural Colony founded at San Martino and with the growth of the collections of what at that time was the Royal National Museum. The historical reconstruction is completed with an appendix containing photos of the frescoes decorating the Pharmacy, together with a photograph of the enclosure cloister (the old garden of simples) and with others of an old San Martino herbarium.

Keywords: San Martino delle Scale, Benedictine monasticism, Rule of St. Benedict, herbal medicine, herbaria.

In this research, I provide evidence for arguing that seven and a half chapters of the Animal Medicine of an early Anglo-Norman manuscript (containing a version of the Enlarged Herbarium in Latin) were translated from Old English into Latin. This act of translation offers three elements that are unusual in early to high medieval scientific texts: First, that the translation is from a vernacular language, Old English, into a lingua franca, Latin, the usual language of medicine and other branches of natural philosophy before the increased vernacularization of medicine in the fifteenth-century; and second, the fact that the Old English from which the chapters were translated were, themselves, an extremely learned and careful translation from a Latin original. The third surprising element of the translation is that the translator seems to have struggled with some of the Old English medical terms s/he encountered, with certain translations seeming to be little more than guesswork.

My examination of these chapters provides insight not only into an unusual Anglo-Norman medical text, but also shines a spotlight on a crucial and little-studied topic – the interface between Latin and Old English medical language, and the deployment of a technical medical vocabulary (that is, words with specialized meanings that exist only in a given field, i.e., medicine) in both languages. My research shows the desire to render Anglo-Saxon medicine into a more democratic form, in that Latin was the language that the new ruling elite of Norman England could read. At the same time, the translator's rendering of technical terminology encountered obstacles in finding precise equivalents, both because of his/her own ignorance of Old English anatomical and physiological vocabulary and because of the slippage in precise meanings of certain disease terms (e.g., words for skin complaints) in both Latin and Old English. Thus, this study helps to dismantle the assumptions that our field often makes about the vernacular being the ‘more democratic’ form of the language (it isn’t always) and that Latin as the “high” language is far superior i.e. more precise, more expressive, more understandable, than the “low” language (again, it isn't always; the Latin language is slippery in its own way).

Los ecosistemas acuáticos son fundamentales debido a que proveen de agua, alimento y hábitat a una gran cantidad de especies, incluido el ser humano. En el Perú, estos ecosistemas albergan más de una centena de angiospermas acuáticas que nos dan diferentes bienes y servicios; conocer sus usos potenciales es fundamental para protegerlas y proteger sus ecosistemas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar un estudio del uso de las angiospermas acuáticas que se encuentran en el Perú e indicar sus usos potenciales. Para esta compilación se ha utilizado literatura especializada. También se ha recurrido a la revisión del Herbario San Marcos (USM) a fin de tener una idea del estado
de las colecciones de estas especies. De las 131 taxa de angiospermas acuáticas, 51 (39%) tienen algún uso registrado en las bases de datos consultadas y en las
investigaciones recientes; las categorías con mayor frecuencia de uso son la ornamental, la medicinal y la forrajera. Las familias con mayor número de usos
son Poaceae (10 taxones), seguida por Alismataceae y Cyperaceae (con ocho taxa en cada una). Después de
la revisión del herbario, 74 (56%) taxa de angiospermas acuáticas tuvieron registros en departamentos no reportados
en trabajos previos. Existen especies que solo cuentan con un ejemplar en la colección y cuya colecta sobrepasa los 20 años de ser realizada. De igual forma, se encuentran especies registradas en el Perú cuyos únicos ejemplares de
herbario son de otros países. Se discute la necesidad de mantener contacto entre los investigadores de los herbarios
nacionales, a fin de conocer el estado de conservación de las especies, así como de continuar realizando colectas actuales
en algunas localidades que permitan mantener actualizado el conocimiento sobre el estado de las angiospermas acuáticas en el Perú.

RÉSUMÉ L'herbier est un outil fondamental pour la gestion de la diversité végétale. C'est pour cela qu'il convient d'outiller les gestionnaires forestiers et les botanistes débutants sur les bonnes pratiques en matière d'herborisation et de préparation des échantillons d'herbier. C'est l'objet du présent article qui informe sur le concept et l'importance de l'herbier et donne des indications sur les pratiques à adopter au cours des différentes étapes de sa réalisation. Le matériel nécessaire étant réuni, les étapes fondamentales pour la réalisation d'un herbier sont l'herborisation, les informations de terrain à noter, le séchage et pressage des échantillons, le montage, l'étiquetage et la conservation des spécimens. Pour chaque étape, le matériel technique utilisé est cité ainsi que les méthodes pour parvenir à la réalisation d'une bonne collection d'herbier. ABSTRACT The herbarium is a fundamental tool for the management of plant diversity. That is why it is appropriate to empower forest managers and novice botanists on good practices for preparing herbarium samples. This is the aim of this paper that provides information on the concept and importance of herbarium and provides guidance on the practices to adopt during the different steps of its implementation. Having the necessary equipment, the basic steps for making a herbarium are specimen collection, field information gathering, drying and pressing, assembling, labeling and packing specimens. For each step, the technical equipment is cited and the methods to achieve the realization of a good herbarium collection are described.

Beim Bearbeiten historischer Herbarbestände ist man mit zahlreichen Abkürzungen auf handgeschriebenen Scheden und gedruckten Etiketten konfrontiert, deren Auflösung nicht selten große Mühe bereitet. Es wird in die Besonderheiten historischer Abkürzungen, Datumsangaben und die Verwendung Römischer Zahlen eingeführt. Ein ausführlicher Katalog listet Abkürzungen und deren Auflösung sowie Übersetzung auf, die im Rahmen des von der GEFD geförderten Projektes „Virtuelles Herbarium Bochkoltz“ und bei der Bearbeitung weiterer historischer Herbarbestände gesammelt wurden. —
Whilst processing historical herbarium specimens cryptic abbreviations on handwritten or printed labels often cause a lot of trouble as it is mostly difficult to resolve them. In this paper special characteristics of historical abbreviations are discussed, as well as different formats of date and the usage of Roman numerals. A detailed catalogue of abbreviations is presented with these abbreviations being resolved, translated and explained. The abbreviations have been collected within the project “Virtual Herbarium Bochkoltz” sponsored by the GEFD and during several studies of further historical herbarium material.

In a recent paper ), we published a statistical model for predicting invasiveness of exotic woody plant species in New England. A dataset was compiled of 28 biological/ecological characters for each of 248 exotic trees, shrubs, and lianas currently available in the nursery trade in northeastern North America. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical analysis to explore 1) what set of plant traits confer invasive success on non-native plants in New England, and 2) which currently non-invasive species share important traits with the 33 woody species listed by the Invasive Plant Atlas of New England . Using this approach we were able to compare non-native species that are known invaders to non-native species that are not currently considered invasive in New England. One benefit of the hierarchical approach is that we could measure the responses of distinct growth forms, a crucial advantage not only for more robust predictions, but also for determining whether different invasion strategies are employed by each woody growth form (tree, shrub, liana).

Abstrak Herbarium merupakan istilah yang pertama kali digunakan oleh Turnefor (1700) untuk tumbuhan obat yang dikeringkan sebagai koleksi. Herbarium masa kini memiliki berbagai fungsi, yaitu sebagai pusat regerensi, pusat dokumentasi, pusat penyimpanan data, pusat pendidikan, dan sebagai laboratorium, serta menunjang kegiatan pengolahan dan pemanfaatan sumber daya hayati. Herbarium kering adalah awetan yang dibuat dengan cara pengeringan, namun tetap terlihat ciri-ciri morfologinya sehingga bisa diamati dan dijadikan perbandingan. Zat yang digunakan dalam proses ini formalin 4% dan alkohol 70%. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Lab Terpadu UIN SGD Bandung, yakni menghasilkan Awetan tulang daun berbagai tumbuhan Metode yang dilakukan adalah dengan mendidihkan air yang ditambahkan NaOH dan kemudian memasukan daun sirsak dan daun kupu-kupu. Penambahan NaOH sebanyak 5 sendok makan. Spesimen yang digunakan adalah daun sirsak dan daun kupu-kupu. Dalam pembuatan dibantu dengan NaOH yang membantu dalam peluruhan klorofil pada daun dan pewarna untuk mendapatkan hasil yang bagus. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah yang tersisa hanya urat daun, pada daun sirsak didapatkan hasil yang bagus akan tetapi pada daun kupu-kupu terbelah menjadi dua bagian karena pertulangan daun yang rapuh. Kata kunci: Herbarium kering , NaOH, Spesimen.

El herbario Federico Medem Bogotá (FMB) del Instituto Alexander von Humboldt contiene ejemplares colectados principalmente en el sistema de parques nacionales de Colombia; por tal razón, los esfuerzos encaminados a la actualización taxonómica de estas colecciones es de gran ayuda al conocimiento y conservación de la diversidad biológica del país. Se realizó la curaduría de la sección de pteridófitos con el propósito de determinar, actualizar y organizar la colección de acuerdo con un sistema de clasificación vigente. Se revisaron 2059 ejemplares correspondientes al 3% de la colección total del herbario FMB. Inicialmente, el 18% de los pteridófitos se encontraban correctamente determinados y la colección estaba organizada bajo el sistema de clasificación de . El 93% de la colección se determinó a especie, y los ejemplares restantes quedaron identificados al menos hasta familia; la colección se organizó según . El herbario cuenta con 477 especies (7 subespecies y 10 variedades), 102 géneros y 28 familias de pteridófitos. Las especies encontradas representan cerca del 30% de las presentes en Colombia, y los géneros y las familias corresponden al 80% y al 85% de los registrados para el país, respectivamente. Las familias con mayor número de géneros son Dryopteridaceae (16 géneros) y Pteridaceae (11); mientras que los géneros más diversos son Thelypteris (32 spp.), Asplenium (28), Elaphoglossum (28), y Selaginella (25). Seis familias agrupan el 50% de los géneros y 12 géneros reúnen el 50% de las especies.

The introduction of Next Generation Sequencing into the disciplines of plant systematics, ecology, and metagenomics, among others, has resulted in a phenomenal increase in the collecting and storing of tissue samples and their respective vouchers. This manual suggests standard practices that will insure the quality and preservation of the tissue and vouchers and their respective data. Although written for use by the Smithsonian Institution botanists it suggests a framework for collecting tissues and vouchers that other research programs can adapt to their own needs. It includes information on collecting voucher specimens, collecting plant tissue intended for genomic analysis, how to manage these collections, and how to incorporate the data into a database management system. It also includes many useful references for collecting and processing collections. We hope it will be useful for a variety of botanists but especially those who know how to collect plants and want to collect tissue samples that will be useful for genomic research, and those who are skilled in lab work and want to know how to properly voucher and record their tissue collections.

Loss of small herbaria is an unfortunate global trend, and initiation of new collections at small academic institutions is an increasingly rare occurrence. In 2006, a new herbarium was established at the State University of New York College at Plattsburgh. The PLAT herbarium has since grown to more than 7,000 specimens, many of them representative of the flora of northeastern New York (especially Clinton County). Previous to 2006, this region was without a recognized herbarium, the nearest in-state collections being more than 150 miles away. Although botanists have previously worked in the region, relatively few plant species were recorded for Clinton County by the New York Flora Atlas – a resource providing species distribution records based on specimens accessioned in herbarium collections. Given the dearth of available distribution data for Clinton County (including the eastern Adirondack Mountains and the western Lake Champlain valley), this project sought to provide records of previously unreported species by comparing NY Flora Atlas maps with current holdings. 203 species will now be added to the NY Flora Atlas for Clinton County, roughly half of those considered exotic. This exercise has amplified the importance of supporting and maintaining small regional herbaria as repositories of valuable biodiversity information. Likewise, this project also highlights the enduring value of training in floristics and taxonomy.

In celebration of The New York Botanical Garden’s 125th anniversary, we present an updated description of the specimen holdings and activities of The William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden (NY) from 1995 to 2015. During this time, the collection grew to approximately 7.8 million specimens, a new International Plant Sciences Center was built to house the Herbarium and LuEsther T. Mertz Library, many plant families and other taxonomic groups grew in scope and taxonomic comprehensiveness, Southeast Asia developed as a new focus of collecting activities, and the Herbarium emerged as a leader in specimen digitization.

In this article, I present and analyze the fragments of the Liber Alexandri de septem herbis septem planetarum that I have found in Pseudo-Apuleius’ Herbarius. These fragments, belonging to different stages of the composition of the Herbarius, show that the Greek writing ascribed to Alexander, or else an earlier text than the versions preserved today, was already translated into Latin, at least partially, in Late Antiquity. Moreover, these Latin fragments are a solid proof for dating the Greek piece.

El presente artículo trata sobre la aplicación del sistema de clasificación APG (Angiosperm phylogenetic group) en la colección del Herbario CHEP. El cambio más evidente es a nivel de clases, de Monocotiledónea  y Dicotiledónea pasó actualmente a tres, ya que  Dicotiledónea es un grupo parafilético, estas tres clases son: Monocotiledónea, Magnoliidae y Eudocotiledonea; dentro de cada clase las Familias están arregladas alfabéticamente, igual sucede en el caso de los géneros.
También mencionamos los cambios mas importantes a nivel de familia, por ejemplo Scrophulariaceae que ha sido seccionada a otras familias y Malvaceae que contienen especies que antes pertenecían a familias como Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae y Tiliaceae. Si bien estos cambios al principio pueden causar molestias, es necesario estar siempre a la vanguardia del conocimiento.

We report the discovery of several fragments from the ancient Latin translation of De
plantis duodecim signis et septem planetis subiectis attributed to Thessalus Trallianus
which are located in the version of the Pseudo-Apuleius’s Herbarium transmitted in the
manuscript of Wrocław, Biblioteka Uniwersytecka, III F. 19 (IXth century). We also
offer a new critical edition of these fragments, including variants not included in the latest
edition by Howald and Sigerist (1927), and a commentary explaining the procedure
to adapt the discovered excerpts to the Herbarium and their relevance for a new critical
edition of the above mentioned Latin translation of the writing attributed to Thessalus

Este catálogo es un registro de la exposición «Chernobyl Herbarium», organizada por Fundación Cristina Enea, y que pudo visitarse en el Centro de Recursos Medio Ambientales de San Sebastián entre el 1 de febrero y el 1 de mayo de 2017. Basada en el libro de Michael Marder y Anaïs Toundeur "The Chernobyl Herbarium".

Las obras de Anaïs Tondeur y Michael Marder nos confrontan con el acontecimiento de Chernóbil. 31 imágenes, 31 rayogramas que van acompañados de 31 fragmentos, 31 refl exiones y recuerdos, uno por cada año transcurrido desde 1986, cuando un accidente en la central nuclear de Chernóbil conmocionó al mundo.

¿Qué permance aún hoy, en 2017, de este acontecimiento?

Demasiado, porque 31 años es una fracción insignificante de tiempo, un instante en una cronología que necesitará siglos para descontaminar el suelo y el entorno natural afectado. Demasiado porque quienes sobrevivieron y sus descendientes  continúan desarrollando problemas de salud y muriendo debido a la exposición a la radiación.

Muy poco, porque el trauma de Chernóbil no ha sido suficientemente trabajado, a falta de una conciencia apropiada para la tarea de representarlo. La producción de energía nuclear en Europa y en todo el mundo no se ha detenido e incluso hay quienes se atreven a proclamar que es más segura y ambientalmente más saludable que la que se obtiene de la quema de combustibles fósiles. Aún no ha tenido lugar un replanteamiento fundamental sobre el signifi cado de la energía y su obtención, que tenga como telón de fondo Chernóbil (ahora Fukushima) y también otras emergencias ambientales como el cambio climático.

Dr John Paull tells the story of the world travelling, self proclaimed 'spiritually arrogant' Alfred Meebold, who helped bring Rudolf Steiner's teachings to Australia and New Zealand in the early 20th century. Alfred Meebold (29 September 1863 - 6 January 1952} was a restless sou. He was born in Heidenheim Germany. He was a keen traveller, a fervent Germanic chauvinist, an ardent botanist and a forthright anthroposophist. He died in Havelock North, New Zealand, aged 89 years.

Botanische Pflanzenbelege bewahren einen faszinierenden Fundus an Geschichten. Versammelt sind in ihnen nicht allein Informationen zum ursprünglichen Wuchsort der Pflanze sowie ihrem nachfolgenden Weg durch verschiedene Sammlerhände in ein Herbarium. Bei genauem Hinsehen erzählen sie stets auch etwas über die Entwicklung ganzer naturwissenschaftlicher Disziplinen. Anhand von neun verschiedenen Herbarblättern will der vorliegende Band zeigen, wie sich im Herbarium, dem ganz alltäglichen Instrument botanischer Forschung, die Wege von Wissens- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte spiegeln.

Aim Species distribution models are a potentially powerful tool for predicting the effects of global change on species distributions and the resulting extinction risks. Distribution models rely on relationships between species occurrences and climate and may thus be highly sensitive to georeferencing errors in collection records. Most errors will not be caught using standard data filters. Here we assess the impacts of georeferencing errors and the importance of improved data filtering for estimates of the elevational distributions, habitat areas and predicted relative extinction risks due to climate change of nearly 1000 Neotropical plant species.