Guidance and Counselling

The study investigated the influence of parenting styles and peer pressure on social adjustment of in-school adolescents in Ibadan metropolis, Oyo state Nigeria.
The population of the study comprises students in senior secondary school one and two (SS1-SS2). The participant’s age ranged from 12 years to 18 years. 150 questionnaires were administered out of which 149 students participated and this amount to 98% of total respondents. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire consisting of Parenting Style Scale, Peer Pressure Scale and Social Adjustment Scale. The data were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and Multiple Regression Statistics Method. Two research questions and two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Three research instruments were used they are: Measurement of Parenting Style (MOPS) contained fifteen questions in total for the students to answer pertaining to their primary caregiver, Peer Pressure Scale (PPS) contained 10 questions and the popularity subscale contained 12 questions and Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) is a six items scale with responses anchored base on the four likert points.
The results revealed that there was significant relationship between the independent variables (Parenting Style and Peer Group Pressure) and the dependent variable (Social Adjustment) in the following order of magnitude: Parenting Style (r = 0.658; P < 0.05) and Peer Pressure (r = 0.760; P < 0.05). Similarly, the result also indicated that the two independent variables (Parenting Style and Peer Group Pressure) when pulled together have significant effect on Social Adjustment of in-school Adolescents in Ibadan Metropolis. The result shows that Peer Pressure made the most significant contribution to Social Adjustment of in-school Adolescents in Ibadan Metropolis. (β = 0.704) to the prediction follow by Parenting Styles (β = 0.136).
The findings of this research provide reasonable information that can be applied in counselling and social psychology to the better understanding of social adjustment of in-school adolescents considering the fact that a keen observation of what is happening in Nigeria today seems to indicate that social behaviour is on the increase among in-school adolescents despite the fact that the manifestation of anti-social behaviour could hinder their ability to concentrate in classroom teaching and learning situation and prevent them from developing required functional competencies for academic success. It is recommended that additional research examine the influence of peer group acceptance on the social adjustment of adolescents in the context of other potential influences, including the nature of the parent-children relationship, the academic culture in the home setting, and the support and encouragement that students receive from teachers at school.

Keywords: Parenting Style, Peer Group Pressure, Social Adjustment and Adolescence

This milestone text provides a comprehensive and state-of-the art overview of perfectionism theory, research, and treatment from the past 25 years, with contributions from the leading researchers in the field. The book examines new theories and perspectives including the social disconnection model of perfectionism and the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism. It also reviews empirical findings, with a special focus on stress, vulnerability, and resilience, and examines perfectionism in specific populations. Finally, it considers how perfectionism relates to physical health and psychophysiological processes and introduces new approaches to effective prevention and treatment. By increasing our understanding of perfectionism as a complex personality disposition and providing a framework for future explorations, this landmark publication aims to promote further research in this field. It will be invaluable reading for academics, students, and professionals in personality psychology, clinical and counselling psychology, applied psychology and related disciplines.

This article examines the effect of sexual self-esteem on adolescent students&#39; sexuality. The researchers utilized the ex post facto survey design to explore how sexual self-worth influences sexual dispositions among adolescents in universities. The study was conducted in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria and involved 1,580 randomly sampled adolescents in public universities. The research data was analyzed using descriptive statistics to answer the research question: How does sexual self-esteem influence the sexual dispositions of adolescent students in public universities? The outcome showed that students with low sexual self-esteem manifested inordinate sex-esteem and permissive sexual dispositions whereas adolescents with high sexual self-esteem manifested positive sexual dispositions. The researchers thus concluded that sexual self-esteem has a significant effect on the sexuality of adolescent university students. Based on this, it was recommended that sexuality education programs sh...

Seventy-two (n = 72) school counselors from South Carolina were surveyed to assess their perceptions of their pre-service training in relation to eight school-family-community partnership roles and their perceived level of involvement in these roles, This exploratory study sought to determine whether school counselors varied by school level in their perceptions of their training and involvement and whether or not significant relationships existed between perceptions of pre-service training and perceived level of involvement in the eight partnership roles. Implications for practice, training, and research are discussed.

In the article, the author presents his own interpretation of Pierre Bourdieu's concept of social field research. At the beginning, he introduces the general field theory and then presents the counselling practice as a manifestation of the counselling field operation. Subsequently, he presents methodological aspects of the field's effects examination, makes the conceptualization of the main analytical categories and at the same time observable social phenomena, in particular doxa, illusio, generative structures of field's divisions and classifications or counseling game stakes. In summary, he draws attention to the potential and limitations of field theory.

In most of the newly married families in Ghana today, both spouses are employed outside the home.
Employment has a profound effect on the family life as well as on personal satisfaction. In turn, family life can
influence the work environment and vice versa. The study examines the relationship between work and family,
its effect on marriages and the entire family life. The study reviewed existing literature on Family Roles and
Dual Career, Dual-earner Marriages.

This article examined the influence of sexual content in popular media on the sexuality of public university adolescents. The survey utilised a researcher-made questionnaire to collect data from a random sample of 1580 adolescents from public universities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The questionnaire, Tertiary Institution Students’ Sexuality Questionnaire, had a reliability index of .86 for the sexual attitude scale and .82 for Students’ Exposure to Sexual content in the Media. Data collected were analysed using appropriate statistics to answer the question: How does exposure to sexual contents in the media influence the sexuality of adolescents in public universities in Akwa Ibom State? Result of data analysis shows that students who were more exposed to sexual content in popular media manifested more negative sexual attitudes than their counterparts who were less exposed to sexual contents in the media. It was recommended that the sexuality of adolescents may be improved by unlearning the misgivings of popular media through well designed programmes of sexuality education.

[AMAZON LINK BELOW TO BOOK ITSELF -- TOC and book intro in downloadable .pdf] 

"It is a common experience that a problem difficult at night is resolved in the morning after the committee of sleep has worked on it." --John Steinbeck Scientific research confirms what people have always known: answers, ideas, and inspiration do come to us in dreams. Harvard psychologist and world-renowned dream specialist Deirdre Barrett, Ph.D., offers this rich collection of examples of how the world's most creative practitioners in art, music, film, science, literature and other fields have used the revelations of their dream life to inform their work. Dr. Barrett offers insights showing us how to encourage lucid, meaningful dreaming, and how to apply the meanings of our dreams to solving problems--from the everyday to the extraordinary. This is the stuff dreams are made of. In the visual arts, Jasper Johns couldn't find his unique artistic vision until he dreamed it in the form of a large American flag. Salvador Dali and his colleagues built the startling new genre of surrealism out of dreams. Kubla Kahn dreamed the design for his stately pleasure dome; thousands of years later, Lucy Davis, chief architect at a major firm, continues the tradition of dreaming designs into life in her extraordinary buildings. Film is a fertile avenue for dreams: "Twice I have transferred dreams to film exactly as I had dreamed them," confides director Ingmar Bergman, as have Federico Fellini, Orson Welles, Akira Kurosawa, Robert Altman, and John Sayles. From Mary Shelley's terrible nightmare, which became Frankenstein, to Stephen King's haunting dream as a little boy, which led to his first bestseller, countless writers have consulted the Committee. Musicians from Beethoven to Billy Joel and Paul McCartney have whistled the Committee's tunes. In science, physiologist Otto Loewi dreamed the medical experiment that earned him the Nobel Prize. In sports, Marion Jones dreamed she'd broken a world record, then brought the dream to life. Gandhi translated his dream of resistance into a movement that changed the world. Since Freud, we take it for granted that our dreams reflect our past. In The Committee of Sleep, Barrett reveals how dreams can also tell us about our future potential--and how to reach it.

There is an increase in the rate of cohabitation among the youth especially tertiary institution students. Youth engages in cohabitation without necessarily thinking about the consequences. Studies especially in Nigeria presume that cohabitation will impact marital stability yet the impact of cohabitation to the best of the researchers knowledge are yet to be empirically investigated. Thus, this paper focused on examining the influence that premarital cohabitation has on subsequent marital stability as expressed by literate married adults in Ilorin Metropolis. A total number of 300 literate married adults participated in the study. Hence, 300 copies of the questionnaire forms were administered to randomly selected respondents across the metropolis. The data collected were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics of percentages, mean score, t-test and Analysis of Variance. The findings revealed negative impact of premarital cohabitation on stability of marriage. Variables such as age, gender and educational qualification were also found to affect respondents' views on how premarital union impact stability of marriage. It is therefore recommended that counsellors should enlighten the youth regarding the negative impact that cohabitation preceding marriage has on stability of subsequent marriage.

Cognitive restructuring is the process of learning to refute cognitive distortions or faulty thinking with the aim of replacing ones irrational, distorted thoughts and beliefs with more accurate and beneficial and adaptive ones. The two theorists who have contributed most to cognitive restructuring are Albert Ellis and Aaron Becks.

Today, university students have become so much inclined with technology with a majority of them having personal computers at their disposal. In sub-Saharan Africa and Ghana particularly, emerging evidence has suggested a broad range of circumstances surrounding the use of a learning management system in improving teaching and learning. The purpose of the study was to examine how effectively the learning management system is being utilized by Ghanaian university students, particularly at Kings University College, Accra. The survey research design was used for the study. Using questionnaires, data were collected from 178 undergraduate students in finding out their awareness, challenges and future use of the MOODLE LMS. The analysis of data revealed the channel of awareness of the MOODLE LMS was very low (M=1.34, SD=0.44). Again, the students were experiencing challenges such as poor internet

Education in the broadest sense is aimed at helping individuals become more productive members of the society. At the heart of the whole pedagogy is Guidance and Counselling, which has been positively correlated with effective learning outcomes. Primarily, School Guidance and Counselling services are geared towards helping students know themselves, the world around them and make optimal decisions for enhanced future for all. This paper presents guidance and counselling services provided in the school system. It contends that since counselling services are expedient for everyone, all through life, the Counsellor, who is the service provider, needs to be always on top of his/her job.

This project gives attention on all autistic children who educated in rehabilitation centers. The project’s aim is preparing a psychological first aid, psychological helping after disaster programs for autistic children. Most required goal is giving coping strategies after disaster problems to autistic children such as understanding of the situation, adapting the new environments, help them to communicate to others even in hard situations. Disaster becomes with serious problems. These problems are even worse for autistic children. Unpredictable and instantaneousness of disaster affects autistic children more deeply. Therefore, autistic children need psychological helping after disasters, especially because of they generally ignored or they are more undetectable. If autistic children can get help after disasters, they would easier get over from their after disaster syndromes. This project will help psychologically to children with autism after disaster by prepare “Psychological First Aid and Helping Program for Autistic Children”.

This article discusses school counselors' multifaceted role as educator-counselor-leader-collaborator, inextricably linked roles so necessary to build strengths-based school-family-community partnerships. We examined the effects of one such partnership on 20 elementary school students, using photo elicitation and interviews to explore students' satisfactions and experiences about the Just Love partnership. Thematic analysis of the data revealed six categories: (a) perceptions of Just Love, (b) positive feelings, (c) positive relationships and connectedness, (d) classroom and school climate, (e) experiences, and (f) support and resources. Each category comprised themes aligned with protective factors and developmental assets that help students thrive.

Over the past two decades, research on urban schools has focused predominantly on achievement gaps. However, achievement gaps exist because of gaps in opportunities for urban, low-income, and racially/ethnically diverse students. Partnerships among schools, families, and communities can provide the enrichment opportunities, support, resources, and programs that students need to be educationally resilient despite adversity. School counselors are in a unique position to promote resilience through equity-focused school–family–community partnerships and parent/family–school compacts based on empowerment, democratic collaboration, social justice, and strengths-based principles. This article describes a step-by-step, equity-focused partnership model that school counselors can implement as part of their school counseling program.

In this article I want to spend time with suffering - how we experience it, the critical role it plays and how we can come to terms with the elements of suffering that we cannot eliminate and still lead fruitful, dignified lives.  I have limited myself to the particular issue of trying to understand the psychological capacities and competences (wisdom) that will reduce unnecessary suffering and which are essential conditions for democratic forms of living ranging from deliberative processes in formal, democratic institutional settings to intimate relationships. Suffering is a primary problem for democratic ways of working because the suffering that everyone experiences acts as a direct limitation on our capacity to function to the level required in democratic interaction. Thus alleviating suffering and finding the psychological capacity to tolerate it are important means of enhancing the quality of democracy.

The study investigated the effects of self-management technique in the enhancement of academic self-concept of secondary school students. Quasi Experimental research design was employed for the study. Academic Self-Concept Scale (ASCA) was used to identify students with low level of self-concept. Forty (40) students with low self-concept were identified and grouped into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was subjected to six weeks of Self-Management Training. The results showed that self-management technique significantly enhanced the academic self-concept of under achievers in secondary schools. It was recommended that counselling psychologists and teachers in secondary schools should adopt self-management technique in improving academic self-concept of under achievers in schools.

Setiap siswa berpotensi untuk bersikap dan bertingkah laku dengan baik dan sesuai dengan nilai
dan norma yang berlaku di lingkungan sosial. Berbagai bentuk pola tingkah laku positif pada
siswa lebih lanjut dikembangkan melalui proses pembelajaran yang diselenggarakan di sekolah.
Salah satu tingkah laku positif yang perlu dikembangkan guna mencapai penyesuaian sosial yang
baik yakninya tingkah laku prososial; istilah yang diciptakan oleh para ilmuwan sosial sebagai
lawan kata anti sosial. Aspek ini mencakup berbagai tindakan yang dimaksudkan untuk
memperoleh keuntungan terhadap satu atau lebih orang lain selain diri individu yang membantu.
Berbagai hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa eksistensi perilaku prososial pada individu
berkorelasi positif dengan kesehatan dan aktifitas fisik, peningkatan minat dan hasil belajar, serta
berhubungan negatif dengan sejumlah perilaku antisosial, perilaku menyimpang dan emosi
negatif. Terkait dengan hal tersebut, bimbingan dan konseling sebagai salah satu bagian integral
dari proses pendidikan memiliki peran yang sangat signifikan dalam membantu siswa
mengembangkan perilaku prososial. Upaya mewujudkan perilaku prososial tersebut dapat
diselenggarakan guru BK/konselor melalui berbagai jenis dan format layanan, dengan
mengembangkan motif-motif yang melandasinya; empathic concern dan moral reasoning.

The research sought to assess the role of workplace counselling in changing employee behaviour. The research was carried in the form of a case study, in which a sample of 55 employees from a population of 120 employees was used. Stratified random sampling procedure was employed in selecting elements from 20 managers and 100 general workers respectively. Questionnaires and interviews were used in triangulation to collect data on the sample. After analyzing the collected data, it was found that employees have high respect for the role of workplace counselling arguing that it reduces rate of absentiseem, grievances, hearings and dismissals. It was also found that some employees feels that counselling is a waste of resources because it is used by managers as a way of suppression and torture of vibrant employees in the name of disciplinary counselling.

Abstract
Thestudyidentifiedthetypes,causesandhealthhazardsofimproperrefusedisposal
inMaiduguriMetropolis,BornoState,Nigeria.Threeresearchquestionswereanswered
inthestudy.Adescriptivesurveydesignwasadoptedforthestudy.Targetpopulation
ofthestudycomprisedofallthe629,496residentsinMaiduguriMetropolis.However,a
sampleof2000householdheadswasdrawnusingpurposivesamplingtechnique.
Researcher’sdesignopenendedquestionnairetaggedImproperRefuseDisposaland
HealthImplications(IRDAHI)wastheinstrumentusedtocollectdataforthestudy.
Frequencycounts,percentagesandrankorderingwereusedtoanalyzethedata.Itwas
found thatopen space,gutters/drainages and rivers/streams were some ofthe
improperrefusedisposalpointsusedbytheresidents.Thecausesofimproperrefuse
disposalinclude inadequate government designated refuse dumps,ineffective
sanitation lawsand lackofpublicenlightenment/awareness.Someofthehealth
hazardsofimproperrefusedisposalconstituterespiratorytrackailments,eyeirritation
and breading groundsforinsects,ratsand otherrodents.Counselling strategies
profferedtomitigatethemenaceofimproperrefusedisposalincludeprovisionof
adequaterefusedisposaldumpsbygovernment,enforcementofenvironmentallaws,
bye-laws,acts,edictsandcreatingpublicenlightenment/awarenessinadditionto
teachingenvironmentaleducationatallschoollevelsofeducation.
Keywords:Refuse,disposal,healthhazards,environmentallaws

This study examined the factor structure of the School Counselor Leadership Survey (SCLS). Survey development was a threefold process that resulted in a 39-item survey of 801 school counselors and school counselor supervisors. The exploratory factor analysis indicated a five-factor structure that revealed five key dimensions of school counselor leadership: (a) interpersonal influence, (b) systemic collaboration, (c) resourceful problem solving, (d) professional efficacy, and (e) social justice advocacy. This article discusses implications for practice, research, and training.

The investigation of the level of Social and Academic Adjustment and the relationship between both of them in Jordan is still inadequate due to lack of research and interest among scholars and researchers. This fact is occurring even though the increase of refugees during the last five years has affected other Jordanian students. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between Social Adjustment and Academic Adjustment among secondary female students in Jordan. A total of 100 students from one school were examined. The result from the analysis posited that there is a high level of Social Adjustment (60%) and Medium level of Academic Adjustment (66%). Additionally, there is a positive statistically significant correlation (0.552) among the total of Social Adjustment and the total of the Academic Adjustment. Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the overall relationship between social and academic adjustments. A strong positive correlation was found between the social and academic scores of students. The current study has also discussed the results, the limitations and the recommendations.

This study tested a parent empowerment framework using a national sample of 9,982 parents from the Parent and Family Involvement Survey (National Center for Education Statistics, 2007) to investigate relationships between parent empowerment and children’s academic performance. A multinomial logistic regression demonstrated significant relationships between parents’ competence, self-determination, community belonging, community participation, and academic performance, which differentiate among parents based on racial/ethnic, language, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Findings highlight the importance of parent empowerment interventions that consider structural barriers in schools.

This paper reviews literature on perspectives, models and dimensions of wellness in the human community. The paper is guided by the notion that individual wellness translates into family wellness which further translates into community wellness. The intention of the paper is to provide an overview of research on human wellness and the involvement of extended families on the wellness of children, with special focus on orphans. The literature reviewed would help build knowledge on the critical issues pertaining to the involvement of extended families to promote orphan wellness. The link between extended families and their involvement to promote orphan wellness thereof forms the unit of analysis of this paper. In presenting the discussion, the researcher adopts the view that every household has strengths and that these strengths are unique and depend on the individual’s beliefs and background. Each family adopts different methods for satisfaction and promotion of same/similar fundamental wellness needs

The authors examine the effects of school bonding on academic achievement (measured by math achievement scores) in a sample of 12th graders from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 (Ingels, Pratt, Rogers, Siegel, & Stutts, 2005). Components of school bonding have proximal and distal effects on academic achievement. Attachment to school and school involvement had direct effects on achievement; attachment to teachers and school commitment behaviors had indirect effects on achievement through school-related delinquency and prior achievement. Implications for counselors are discussed.

This article examines the effect of sexual self-esteem on adolescent students’ sexuality. The researchers utilized the ex post facto survey design to explore how sexual self-worth influences sexual dispositions among adolescents in universities. The study was conducted in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria and involved 1,580 randomly sampled adolescents in public universities. The research data was analyzed using descriptive statistics to answer the research question: How does sexual self-esteem influence the sexual dispositions of adolescent students in public universities? The outcome showed that students with low sexual self-esteem manifested inordinate sex-esteem and permissive sexual dispositions whereas adolescents with high sexual self-esteem manifested positive sexual dispositions. The researchers thus concluded that sexual self-esteem has a significant effect on the sexuality of adolescent university students. Based on this, it was recommended that sexuality education programs should, inter alia, focus on grooming adolescents on how to conduct themselves as human beings with sentience that transcends sexuality.

adalah (a) Pancasila, mengingat bahwa profesi konseling merupakan usaha pelayanan terhadap sesama manusia dalam rangka ikut membina warga negara yang bertanggung jawab, dan (b) tuntutan profesi, mengacu kepada kebutuhan dan kebahagiaan klien sesuai dengan norma-norma yang berlaku. BAB II KUALIFIKASI DAN KEGIATAN PROFESIONAL KONSELOR A. Kualifikasi Konselor harus memiliki (1) nilai, sikap, keterampilan, pengetahuan, dan wawasan dalam bidang profesi konseling, dan (2) pengakuan atas kemampuan dan kewenangan sebagai konselor. 1. Wawasan, Pengetahuan, Keterampilan, Nilai, dan Sikap a. Agar dapat memahami orang lain dengan sebaik-baiknya, konselor harus terus-menerus berusaha mengembangkan dan menguasai dirinya. Ia harus mengerti kekurangan-kekurangan dan prasangka-prasangka pada dirinya sendiri, yang dapat mempengaruhi hubungannya dengan orang lain dan mengakibatkan rendahnya mutu layanan profesional serta merugikan klien. b. Dalam melakukan tugasnya membantu klien, konselor harus memperlihatkan sifat-sifat sederhana, rendah hati, sabar, menepati janji, dapat dipercaya, jujur, tertib, dan hormat. c. Konselor harus memiliki rasa tanggungjawab terhadap saran ataupun peringatan yang diberikan kepadanya, khusunya dari rekan-rekan seprofesi dalam hubungannya dengan pelaksanaan ketentuan-ketentuan tingkah laku profesional sebagaimana diatur dalam Kode Etik ini. d. Dalam menjalankan tugas-tugasnya, konselor harus mengusahakan mutu kerja yang setinggi mungkin; kepentingan pribadi, termasuk keuntungan material dan finansial tidak diutamakan. e. Konselor harus terampil menggunakan teknik-teknik dan prosedur-prosedur khusus yang dikembangkan atas dasar wawasan yang luas dan kaidah-kaidah ilmiah. 2. Pengakuan Kewenangan Untuk dapat bekerja sebagai konselor, diperlukan pengakuan keahlian dan kewenangan oleh organisasi profesi atas dasar wewenang yang diberikan kepadanya oleh pemerintah. B. Informasi, Testing, dan Riset 1. Penyimpanan dan Penggunaan Informasi

Using social capital theory as a framework, the authors examined data from the Educational Longitudinal Study (ELS: 2002) to examine how student contact with high school counselors about college information and other college-related variables influence students’ college application rates. In addition to some college related variables, the number of school counselors, and student contact were significant predictors of college application rates.  Implications for school counselors and counselor training are included.

This study is based on the analysis of narratives during counselling sessions of two clients facing the problem of stuttering. Though the two cases were quite different with regard to their demographic characteristics, but during counselling sessions, both the clients reported emotionally devastating and stressful home environment during childhood. Both the clients had reported undergoing childhood traumatic experiences of being abused and mistreated by their parents, especially by their father. The clients were clearly of the opinion that their father’s abusive behaviour infused in them a sense of acute fear, insecurity and mistrust regarding relationships. After initial few counselling sessions the clients narratives made it clear that their stuttering was more acute when they had to face their father.  These revelations suggested a strong relationship between traumatic childhood experiences /child abuse and stuttering. Parents are the key source of strength and confidence for a child. Parents are like the boat through which the child explores the vast ocean of life and develops his own personality. He/she looks towards his parents whenever he finds himself/herself in trouble perceived or real. But when the same source of strength and confidence becomes a source of fear or anxiety, it has a detrimental impact on not only the overall development of personality but also on the other cognitive capabilities including the fluency of speech.
The earlier studies in the field have primarily focused on the role of genetic factors in the aetiology of stuttering. On the basis of the analysis of narratives of the clients, we strongly believe that it will be misleading to lay overemphasis on genetic factors and to undermine the role of early childhood traumatic experiences in the aetiology of stuttering. Since chronic stress has been found to have a detrimental effect on various cognitive abilities, including the processing of speech and language, it has been argued that stress generated by early childhood traumatic experiences plays a key role in aetiology of stuttering. The effectiveness of CBT in significantly minimizing the problem of stuttering is indicative of the role of psychological factors.

Therapy can be confusing: two people converse in a private room, one in distress, the other described as a helpful expert. At least one of the two is likely to express thoughts and feelings usually kept secret. In other circumstances, the exchange of such intimacies may herald a more physical relationship. For therapists, however, the professional relationship explicitly precludes such contact. The BACP Ethical Framework for Good Practice in Counselling and Psychotherapy,1 for example, requires that practitioners must not abuse their client’s trust in order to gain sexual, emotional, financial, or any other kind of personal advantage. Sexual relations with clients are prohibited, along with sexualised behaviour.

While psychotherapists and counsellors generally acknowledge that sexual attraction is a common and often ordinary human response to another, they also recognise that acting on such feelings in therapy will quickly become problematic. The early psychoanalytic community had to confront and respond to such instances as Jung’s relationship with Sabina Spielrein.2 Rosie Alexander’s3 description of the times she sat on her therapist’s knee and felt his erection, elicits a mixture of emotions in the reader, not least shock, and the narrative is saturated with a sense of betrayal.

There have been several types of research investigating boundary breaches and sexual boundary violations.4 In spite of these, however, there is little certainty about how common sexual boundary violations are, as the sources of information about them (confession, client reporting, complaints to organisations, and knowledge of colleagues’ conduct) are all vulnerable to error. Further studies have attempted to identify characteristics of transgressing therapists and the factors that contribute to such events (see Moggi et al5 for an example), and to understand the effects on clients who have experienced therapist-client sex.6 If sexual feelings are ubiquitous and sexual attraction a real possibility in the context of the therapy relationship, how are these managed in therapy? Complaints about sexual boundary violations form a small proportion of complaints about therapists and health professionals.4, 7, 8 Is it the prospect of opprobrium from colleagues or the threat of sanctions from regulatory agencies that contains the relationship within professional boundaries? Do reported violations represent only a small proportion of actual sexual boundary violations? .......

Education in the broadest sense is aimed at helping individuals become more productive members of the society. At the heart of the whole pedagogy is Guidance and Counselling, which has been positively correlated with effective learning outcomes. Primarily, School Guidance and Counselling services are geared towards helping students know themselves, the world around them and make optimal decisions for enhanced future for all. This paper presents guidance and counselling services provided in the school system. It contends that since counselling services are expedient for everyone, all through life, the Counsellor, who is the service provider, needs to be always on top of his/her job.  Article visualizations:

Abstract
This study investigated the common substances abused by seniorsecondary school
studentsinYobeState,Nigeria.Itadoptedasurveydesign.Thestudyhasapopulationof
7,684seniorsecondaryschoolstudentsinYobeState.Thestratifiedrandom sampling
techniquewasusedtodrawasampleof2,160seniorsecondaryschoolstudentsmadeupof
1892malesand862femalesfrom publicandprivateschools.Researchers’selfdesigned
questionnairetagged“SubstanceAbuseQuestionnaire”(SUAQ),wastheinstrumentusedto
collectdataforthestudy.Datacollectedwereanalyzedusingfrequencycounts,percentages
andrankdifferencecorrelationcoefficient(r).ResultsofthestudyshowedthatKolanut,
Cigarette,Alcohol,Tramol,Marijuana,TraditionalSnuff,Suckanddie,EmzolynSyrup,Coffee
andLocalWine(Brukutu)werethemostsubstancescommonlyabusedbytherespondents.
SourcesofthesubstancesabusedincludeStreetHawkersandSpecialdealers.Reasonsfor
substancesabusedweretoaidconcentrationwhilereading,increaseperformanceinsports,
toexperimenttheeffectsofthesubstances,imitatepeersandfeelboldwhileindiscipline,low
academicperformance,indulgenceincrime,poorschoolattendance,violenceagainstschool
authority,examinationdishonestyandexpulsionfrom schoolweresomeoftheeffectsof
substancesabused.Thestudyrevealednosignificantdifferencebetweengender(maleand
femalerespondents)andsubstancesabusedinYobeState,Nigeria.Implicationsofthese
findingstocounsellingwerealsodiscussed.
Keywords:Substanceabuse,secondaryschools,students,counselling

Aim: To identify therapists’ views on sexual boundaries and the strategies they employ to manage them in therapeutic practice. Method: In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with a sample of 13 accredited, experienced practitioners of psychotherapy or counselling. A grounded theory approach, informed by principles from Free Association Narrative methodology, was employed, in which team members used debriefing sessions for extending depth of understanding of the interviews. Findings: There is consensus about boundaries at the extremes, but variability about fantasy, flirtation and touch. A core process was generated from accounts of successful management of sexual attraction. We identified four problematic ways of reacting to boundary pressure, each with potential to harm clients and therapy. Discussion: A participant-observer stance was conceptualised as essential for managing threats to boundaries, consistent with the empathic stance. Minor boundary crossings were viewed by interviewees as both potential precursors of more serious transgressions, and as opportunities for understanding the client's difficulties. Implications for practice: These span training, accrediting organisations, supervision and therapy practice.

Therapy is multidimensional and has many facets. In examining the style of a very successful therapist, Irvin D. Yalom, we can understand his method of therapy and how his form of therapy developed. In this understanding, we can begin to tailor therapy for others in our practices. This is a brief set of questions dealing with the book, "The Gift of Therapy".

International student’s enrolment in higher education in the Turkey has expanded considerably in the last decades with the help of Turkey Bursları Scholarship Program. The relevance of this work is determined by the real problems of foreign students’ adaptation to the educational environment of Turkish Universities. Every year more and more foreign students come to Turkey to get higher education, and every foreign student goes through an objective process of adaptation to University life. In this study, international students’ experiences were examined in academic and socio­cultural settings. Through qualitative interviews, the findings revealed that international students deal with academic challenges, social isolation, and cultural adjustment. Specifically, academic challenges included communication with professors, classmates, and staff. Consequently, they have to deal with social isolation when engaging in different group activities. Culturally, they need to confront the different ways of thinking and doing in the Turkey. In order to overcome these challenges, students have adopted some reasonable resources that mainly are derived from the universities and outside universities to overcome these challenges. Thus, as demonstrated in this study, having a better understanding of these students’ academic challenges, university faculty and staff can recognize students’ needs and effectively offer supportive campus resources and services. The university needs to be prepared to meet students not only academically but also socially and culturally. This study also suggests that some preparations need to be made by the university that will embrace international students upon their arrival.

La gestione della classe

La gestione della classe è considerata una delle abilità basilari della professione del docente che, per riuscirci, deve mettere in campo le sue competenze relazionali, affettive e organizzative, onde gestire, in modo ottimale, il suo lavoro e permettere agli alunni di lavorare in modo sereno e proficuo.

Gestire una classe è molto complesso e richiede un’attenta riflessione su che cosa sia tenuto a fare l’insegnante fra alunni che cambiano, nuovi bisogni e riforme.  Si discute dei doveri degli insegnanti, ma per averli ben chiari, non si può prescindere da quelli che sono i loro diritti nel gestire classi sempre più problematiche, in una scuola in continua evoluzione:

• il diritto di individuare le regole di una vita di classe, in grado di favorire un clima ottimale per l’apprendimento;
• il diritto di pretendere dagli allievi il rispetto delle norme stabilite;
• il diritto ad esigere da parte degli studenti un comportamento maturo, idoneo ad una vita di classe comunitaria;
• il diritto di essere appoggiati nell’azione educativa da parte dei dirigenti scolastici;
• il diritto di cercare il consenso ed il pieno sostegno da parte delle famiglie.

The main aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of guidance and counselling services in senior high schools in the Jaman North district of Ghana. Case study research design was used to study the topic. The targeted population comprised Senior High School students and guidance coordinators or counsellors. Semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data from the students and counsellors. Purposive sampling technique was used to select all 6counsellors and convenience sampling technique was used to select 36 students who had patronized guidance and counselling services in their schools. The researchers discovered that the main problems that students faced in senior high schools were subject selection, substance abuse, relationship problems and stress. The study also discovered that guidance and counselling services were not effective in the district due to lack of trust and unavailability of the counsellors. The researchers concluded that practicing guidance and counselling coordinators in the district lacked specialized training in the profession. The researchers recommended among other things that the Ministry of Education in collaboration with Ghana Education Service should enforce policies of posting professionally trained counsellors to all senior high schools in the country.