Group Processes

In suggesting that new nations often coalesce in the decades following war, historians have posed an important psychological question: Does the experience of war generate an enduring elevation in people's egalitarian motivations toward their in-group? We administered social-choice tasks to more than 1,000 children and adults differentially affected by wars in the Republic of Georgia and Sierra Leone. We found that greater exposure to war created a lasting increase in people's egalitarian motivations toward their in-group, but not their out-groups, during a developmental window starting in middle childhood (around 7 years of age) and ending in early adulthood (around 20 years of age). Outside this window, war had no measurable impact on social motivations in young children and had only muted effects on the motivations of older adults. These "war effects" are broadly consistent with predictions from evolutionary approaches that emphasize the importance of group cooperation in defending against external threats, though they also highlight key areas in need of greater theoretical development.

Theory and research are presented relating the need for cognitive closure to major facets of group behavior. It is suggested that a high need for closure, whether it is based on members' disposition or the situation, contributes to the emergence of a behavioral syndrome describable as group-centrism-a pattern that includes pressures to opinion uniformity, encouragement of autocratic leadership, in-group favoritism, rejection of deviates, resistance to change, conservatism, and the perpetuation of group norms. These theoretical predictions are borne out by laboratory and field research in diverse settings.

Background: As antiretroviral treatment cohorts continue to expand, ensuring patient retention over time is an increasingly important concern. This, together with capacity and human resource constraints, has led to the consideration of out-of-clinic models for the delivery of antiretroviral therapy (ART). In 2008, Me ´decins Sans Frontie `res and the Provincial authorities launched a model of ART distribution and adherence monitoring by community groups in Tete Province, Mozambique. Programme Approach: Patients who were stable on ART for 6 months were informed about the community ART group model and invited to form groups. Group members had 4 key functions: facilitate monthly ART distribution to other group members in the community, provide adherence and social support, monitor outcomes, and ensure each group member undergoes a clinical consultation at least once every 6 months. Group members visit the health centre on a rotational basis, such that each group member has contact with the health service every 6 months.

This conceptual article, drawn from the authors’ shared teaching experiences and recent student and clinician evaluation data, set out to reveal and then address some common problems faced by clinical educators and nursing students in the time-constrained, complex, specialized field of clinical learning. We explain and argue the benefits of transformative learning and outline specific strategies for building skills in transformative education, such as interrogating clinical routines and habits, teaching diplomacy skills, and using a process of interruption. Clinical educators can use these strategies to move beyond unwittingly serving the status quo toward consciously contributing to change. AUTHORS Received: July 28, 2005 Accepted: November 11, 2005 Dr. McAllister is Associate Professor, University of the Sunshine Coast, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, and Education, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia. Ms. Tower is Lecturer, and Ms. Walker is Clini...

This study interconnects developmental psychology of fair and moral behavior with economic game theory. One hundred eighty-nine 9-to 17-year-old students shared a sum of money as individuals and groups with another anonymous group (dictator game). Individual allocations did not differ by age but did by gender and were predicted by participants' preferences for fair allocations. Group decision making followed a majority process. Level of moral reasoning did not predict individual offers, but group members with a higher moral reasoning ability were more influential during group negotiations and in influencing group outcomes. The youngest participants justified offers more frequently by referring to simple distribution principles. Older participants employed more complex reasons to justify deviations from allocation principles. We would like to thank all students and teachers at the Fichtenberg Gymnasium, Franzo ¨sische Gymnasium, and Grundschule an der Ba ¨ke for their participation;

The World Health Organization (WHO) Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MRGS) North American site was Davis, California. For the longitudinal cohort (0-24 months), 208 infants were enrolled between January and December 1999 from five area hospitals at which nearly all Davis women give birth. The target sample size was lower in the United States than in the other sites, because recruitment in the United States was restricted to mothers who were willing to exclusively breastfeed for at least 4 months and continue breastfeeding for at least 12 months. For the cross-sectional component, a mixed-longitudinal design was used, which required approximately 500 subjects. The subjects were recruited by going door-to-door, with the sampling scheme based on the distribution of the subjects of the longitudinal study within the city. The cross-sectional sample was recruited between January and July 2001. Major challenges during implementation were maintaining daily communication with hospital personnel and scheduling home visits.

Judgment is the process of making decisions with incomplete information concerning either the outcomes or the decision factors. Sound judgment that leads to good decisions is an essential skill needed by adventure education and outdoor leadership professionals. Cognitive psychology provides several theories and insights concerning the accuracy of human judgment. Selective perceptions refers to the fact that perceptions are selective, reconstructive, and subject to memory biases. The context in which one encounters a situation affects the way it is perceived, and therefore will affect judgments and decisions. There are three such context effects: the primacy effect, the recency effect, and the halo effect. General rules to help find solutions are known as "heuristics." Although generally helpful, heuristics can be obstructive by creating predictable biases. Two impediments unique to group decision-making are "groupthink" and "social loafing." Three main types of common traps in decision making are overconfidence, self-fulfilling prophecies, and behavioral traps. The five types of behavioral traps discussed are the time delay trap, ignorance trap, investment trap, deterioration trap, and collective trap. Strategies to mitigate each of these phenomena are given. (TD)

Background-Surveys are frequently implemented in community-based participatory research (CBPR), but adaptation and translation of surveys can be logistically and methodologically challenging when working with immigrant and refugee populations. Objective-To describe a process of participatory survey adaptation and translation. Methods-Within an established CBPR partnership, a survey about diabetes was adapted for health literacy and local relevance and then translated through a process of forward translation, group deliberation, and back translation. Lessons Learned-The group deliberation process was the most time-intensive and important component of the process. The process enhanced community ownership of the larger project while maximizing local applicability of the product. Conclusions-A participatory process of survey adaptation and translation resulted in significant revisions to approximate semantic, cultural, and conceptual equivalence with the original surveys. This approach is likely to enhance community acceptance of the survey instrument during the implementation phase.

Evaluation is a vital part of every policy, programme, initiative or project framed by open movements. Sound evaluation strategies, procedures and criteria are needed to assess the impact of these movements on science, society and policy. Fostering access, collaboration and participation of groups that are in traditionally “peripheral” positions with respect to decision-making also means including them in evaluation processes, namely by employing participatory methods within libraries’ practices (e.g. ISO 16394, 2014). Using a meta-evaluative and transdisciplinary approach, this paper aims to discuss the concept of co-evaluation and how Research on Evaluation developed within Information Science can contribute to a research agenda and to enhance stakeholders and citizens’ involvement and competencies in open evaluation and open science.

Emerging research suggests that outgroup partner's anxiety can disrupt intergroup rapport-building. This study extends previous findings by investigating the interactive effects of anticipated outgroup partner's anxiety and perceived ethnic discrimination on self-anxiety and intergroup contact avoidance. A sample of immigrant adolescents belonging to different ethnic minorities in Italy (N = 118) was considered. Results showed that when participants expected to interact with an anxious outgroup (Italian) versus in-group partner, self-anxiety increased and, as a consequence, their intentions to avoid future encounters. However, these effects were observed only for participants with higher (vs. lower) perceptions of being discriminated against. The implications of these results for interethnic communication and misunderstandings are discussed.

Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey study and collected 439 valid responses from service employees in Spain. The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) with confidence intervals based on 10,000 resamples (i.e., bootstrapping technique). Results Our results showed that psychological empowerment partially mediated the relationship between structural empowerment and job satisfaction. It also fully mediated the relationship between structural empowerment and personal initiative at work. Conclusion These findings emphasize the importance of HRM practices that can empower employees as key determinants of job satisfaction and personal initiative at service companies. Furthermore, a structural empowerment approach is a valid theoretical framework for studying and understanding employees' affective evaluations of work and, more specifically, their personal initiative.

ObjectiveThe Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) promote healthy dietary choices for all Americans aged 2 years and older; however, the majority of Americans do not meet recommendations. The goal of the present study was to identify both barriers and facilitators to adherence to DGA recommendations for consumption of five recommended food groups: grains (specifically whole grains), vegetables, fruits, meat/beans and milk (specifically reduced-fat/non-fat), among American-Indian children.DesignNominal group technique sessions were conducted to identify and prioritize children’s perceived barriers and facilitators to following the DGA, as presented in the ‘MyPyramid’ consumer education icon. After response generation to a single question about each food group (e.g. ‘What sorts of things make it harder (or easier) for kids to follow the MyPyramid recommendation for vegetables?’), children individually ranked their top five most salient responses. Ranked responses are presented verba...

Medical professionalism is a multifaceted paradigm and is an essential component of medical education. Gross anatomy is a laboratory to teach professionalism, and promoting critical reflection in medical students is a prerequisite to furthering professionalism. The aim of this study was to determine if professionalism case discussions during a Gross Anatomy course improve students' reflections using a validated reflection instrument (12 items; five-point Likert scale where 1 5 Disagree, 2 5 Disagree with reservation, 3 5 Neutral, 4 5 Agree with reservation, 5 5 Agree). Four facilitated reflection sessions were aimed at fostering reflective capacity through reflection on elements of professionalism. Results did not show a significant change between pre-and postintervention reflection scores (3.45 6 0.61 vs. 3.48 6 0.51; P 5 0.82). Historical control students were found to have significantly higher reflection scores when compared with postintervention students (3.91 6 0.53 vs. 3.48 6 0.51; P < 0.001). However, the historical control students were found to have significantly higher professionalism scores (P 5 0.001) as compared with the intervention students. Student satisfaction was high, with 25 of 28 (89.2%) students reporting that the sessions should be included as a component of future anatomy courses. While reflection scores were not significantly increased as a result of the intervention, students expressed appreciation for the opportunity to discuss professionalism issues related to the dissection of cadavers. Additionally, the intervention students had both lower professionalism scores and lower reflection scores, which supports the idea that highly professional students are more capable of reflecting on professionalism. Future studies should determine whether this case discussion intervention improves objective measures of professionalism. Anat Sci Educ 7: 191-198. V C 2013 American Association of Anatomists.

Recent neuroimaging studies have investigated the neural substrates involved in the valuation of supraliminally presented targets and the subsequent preference decisions. However, the neural mechanisms of the valuation of subliminally presented targets, which can guide subsequent preference decisions, remain to be explored. In the present study, we determined whether the neural systems associated with the valuation of supraliminally presented faces are involved in the valuation of subliminally presented faces. The subjects were supraliminally and subliminally presented with faces during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Following fMRI, the subjects were presented with pairs of faces and were asked to choose which face they preferred. We analyzed brain activation by back-sorting the fMRI data according to the subjects&#39; choices. The present study yielded two main findings. First, the ventral striatum and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex predict preferences only for s...

This paper integrates institutional and practice scholarship to examine the recent development of multidisciplinary team (MDT) working in UK cancer care delivery. Our contribution highlights the role of visibility in the practice of institutional working. We demonstrate how new forms of visibility influence and are influenced by the purposive action of actors at different levels involved with the practice of institutional work. Our study confirms the importance of defining, educating, and policing as overlapping categories in creating new institutional practices, and the difficulty of constructing normative networks. We identify different forms of visibility at work, which include: scandals of specialist performance in the media, government performance based targets, practices of disciplinary groups in situated copresence, and the lead clinician use of ICT's as a best practice innovation across a network.

In this paper we report on our experiences with using network analysis to discern and analyse ethical issues in research into, and the development of, a new wastewater treatment technology. Using network analysis, we preliminarily interpreted some of our observations in a Group Decision Room (GDR) session where we invited important stakeholders to think about the risks of this new technology. We show how a network approach is useful for understanding the observations, and suggests some relevant ethical issues. We argue that a network approach is also useful for ethical analysis of issues in other fields of research and development. The abandoning of the overarching rationality assumption, which is central to network approaches, does not have to lead to ethical relativism.

Our aim is to further understand the process, participation and operations of cancer mu ltidiscip linary team meet ings in Australia based on the experience and knowledge of participants. Our objective was also to identify obstacles to effective and sustainable mu ltidiscip linary team meet ings, particularly how informat ion and communication technology could assist in overcoming these obstacles. We used an online nationwide survey applying a convenience sampling method. While part icipants in cancer care in Australia believe mult idisciplinary team meetings represent best practice cancer care both now and in the future, major obstacles to the sustainability and effectiveness of the model include increased workload and lack o f support including financial, ad ministrative and technological. A nu mber of ripp le effects of mult idisciplinary team meeting imp lementations threaten the sustainability of this best practice model. We do not believe that these are failures of the model but rather obstacles that can be overcome through the implementation of reco mmendations that are well worth the effort required. Whilst these obstacles fall into a number of categories, each with potentially unique solutions, improvements in technological support are certainly seen as a key part o f the suite of solutions, along with better funding support for participants and more efforts towards improved meeting governance.

Important psychosocial issues involving tension, cohesion, leader support, and displacement of negative emotions were evaluated in a 4 1/2-year study involving five U.S. and four Russian Shuttle/Mir space missions. Weekly mood and group climate questionnaires were completed by five U.S. astronauts, eight Russian cosmonauts, and 42 U.S. and 16 Russian mission control subjects. There were few findings that supported our hypothesized changes in tension, cohesion, and leader support in crew and ground subjects using various time models, although crewmembers reported decreasing leader support in the 2nd half of the missions, and astronauts showed some evidence of a novelty effect in the first few weeks. There was no evidence suggesting a 3rd quarter effect among crewmembers on any of the 21 subscales evaluated. In contrast, there was strong evidence to support the hypothesized displacement of tension and negative emotions from crewmembers to mission control personnel and from mission con...

Group prenatal care (GPNC) is an innovative alternative to individual prenatal care. In this longitudinal study we used ethnographic methods to explore African American and Hispanic women's experiences of receiving GPNC in two urban clinics. Methods included individual, indepth, semistructured interviews of women and group leaders in GPNC, participant observation of GPNC sessions, and medical record review. GPNC offered positive experiences and met many of the women's expressed preferences regarding prenatal care. Six themes were identified, which represented separate aspects of women's experiences: investment, collaborative venture, a social gathering, relationships with boundaries, learning in the group, and changing self. Taken together, the themes conveyed the overall experience of GPNC. Women were especially enthusiastic about learning in groups, about their relationships with group leaders, and about having their pregnancyrelated changes and fears normalized. There were also important boundaries on relationships between participants, and some women wished for greater privacy during physical examinations.

Objetivou-se conhecer a articulação dos grupos locais organizados com os profissionais da equipe da Estratégia Saúde da Família para a promoção da saúde socioambiental. Utilizou-se a técnica de entrevista semiestruturada gravada com 70 participantes dos 13 grupos investigados, analisadas segundo abordagem qualitativa de conteúdo. A categoria envolvimento comunitário revelou a mobilização profissional e comunitária pela gestão participativa em saúde. O interesse em participar dos grupos locais organizados indica as proposições individuais que se potencializam em coletivo e refletem-se no atendimento das necessidades humanas básicas psicobiológicas e socioambientais. descritores: Promoção da Saúde; Participação Comunitária; Programa Saúde da Família; Enfermagem em Saúde Comunitária.

The objective of the present study was to analyze the communication process tools triggered in group activities in the Family Health strategy. Data collection was performed using semi-structured interviews recorded with 51 nurses and through non-participating, non-systematic public observation in natural situations of 19 group activities analyzed according to content qualitative approach. Based on the reports of the professionals, two categories emerged: dialogue-action and dialogue-interaction, which evinced that the communication process is an instrumental means of group activities in the Family Health strategy. The former by the predominant use of verbal language as a means for developing operational procedures specific to each professional in relation to monitoring the health of the client, and the latter as an instrument in which, according to the nurses, there is a simultaneous use of verbal and nonverbal communication.

This study explored the perceptions of fidelity to family group principles using comparative information from family, friends, and professionals, taking into account race and gender. White respondents felt there was a greater degree of fidelity than did the African American respondents, with other race respondents sometimes rating similarly to both white and African American respondents. Professionals generally perceived a greater level of fidelity and there were significant race by respondent interactions.

In a preceding article we discussed the links between n o r m and attitude change: a particular phenomenon in this relation will be developed in the present article. During a group discussion, and in the presence of a consistent confederate defending positions which follow the trend of the norm on the global level of society, subjects tend to polarize their attitudes much more than in control groups. In the opposite situation, we observe a division of the group: a number of subjects are sensitive to the confederate's reactionary positions; these subjects are initially, that is, before the interaction, 'moderate'. The other subjects, with firmer initial positions, resist the consistent confederate, thus resigning themselves to not reaching the consensus demanded of them by the experimenter, and enduring the conflict resulting from the standstill in the group negotiation. The subjects were first-year women students in the social sciences from several French universities.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a shift from in-person to remote learning, including team-based learning activities. Many studies have explored several aspects of team-based learning; however, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the factors affecting students’ attitudes and performance. Objective: To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical students’ performance in individual readiness assurance tests during team-based learning activities, given that their grades were excluded from the final course grades. Methods: We compared the number of team-based learning applications, student absences, and individual readiness assurance tests grades of medical undergraduate students in three different scenarios: Group 1, in-person individual readiness assurance tests before the pandemic; Group 2, remote individual readiness assurance tests during the lockdown period when their grades were excluded from the final grade calculation; and Group 3, in-person individual readiness assurance tests during the pandemic after lockdown restrictions eased. Results: Remote team-based learning led to significantly lower grades than in-person evaluations. Moreover, the number of students with failing or insufficient grades (below seven) increased during the remote learning period, when their grades were excluded from the final grade calculation, compared to in-person individual readiness assurance tests before the pandemic. Furthermore, absenteeism was higher when the online strategy was applied. Conclusion: We observed lower academic performance by medical students during remote team based learning sessions, likely owing to the exclusion of individual readiness assurance tests grades from the final course grade calculations during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Although the importance of patient participation is acknowledged in today's healthcare, many challenges remain before patient participation can become an integral part of care provision. The ward round has traditionally been the forum for crucial decisions about patient care, but often with limited possibilities for patient participation. As part of the process of improving patient participation, the round in the present study has been replaced by a team meeting (TM) to which the patient has been invited. The aim of this study is to highlight nurses' experiences of older patients' participation in TMs. The research process was guided by the principles of phenomenological reflective life world research. Data were collected in a Swedish hospital, in a ward specializing in older patients. Nine nurses, who had invited and planned for a patient to participate in TMs and/or had experienced TMs in which patients participated, were interviewed. The essential meaning of patient participation in the TM, as experienced by the nurses, is that patient participation can be supported by a safe relationship in which the patient can make his or her voice heard. Participation is challenged by the patients' vulnerability and by the subordinated role assigned to the patient. The essential meaning is further described by its constituents: ''the need for a guide,'' ''patient participation challenged by structures,'' and ''creating space for the whole human being.'' In conclusion, the nurse plays a core role in guiding the patient in an unfamiliar situation. The meaning of patient participation in the TM needs to be discussed by professionals so that the patient perspective is present.

This study focused on older patients participating in a team meeting (TM) in a hospital ward in Sweden. A process had taken place on the ward, in which the traditional round had developed into a TM and understanding what participating in a TM means for the older patient is necessary for the development of care that facilitates older patient&#39;s participation. The aim of this study was to describe the caring, as experienced by the older patients on a ward for older persons, with a specific focus on the team meeting. A reflective lifeworld research (RLR) design was used. Fifteen patients, 12 women and three men (mean age of 82 years) were interviewed while they were hospitalized in a hospital ward for older people. In the essential meaning of the phenomenon, the TM is described as being a part of a wider context of both caring and life. The need for hospitalization is an emotional struggle to overcome vulnerability and regain everyday freedom. The way in which the professionals are ...

Young Liberians, particularly undereducated young adults, face substantial sexual and reproductive health (SRH) challenges, with low uptake of contraceptive methods, high rates of unintended pregnancy, and low levels of knowledge about HIV status. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a 6-day intensive group learning intervention combined with on-site SRH services (called HealthyActions) among out-of-school young adults, implemented through an existing alternative education program, on uptake of contraception and HIV testing and counseling (HTC). The intervention was implemented among young women and men ages 15-35 who were enrolled in alternative basic education learning sites in 5 counties of Liberia. We conducted a randomized evaluation to assess program impact. Baseline data were collected in January-March 2014, and endline data in June-July 2014. Key outcomes of condom use, contraceptive use, and HTC were estimated with difference-in-difference models using fixe...

Thomas and Znaniecki's The Polish Peasant in Europe and America emphasises the importance of people representing their own lives, in written autobiographical life histories and more particularly in letter-writing and correspondences. Some of the canonical and disciplining processes that led to this book 'disappearing' from the key texts of sociology are outlined. However, the emphasis is on Thomas and Znaniecki's conceptualisation of the self around ideas about 'social becoming' as revealed by the relational and sequential nature of writing, over time, in letters and correspondences. Life writing, and in particular epistolarity, is central to their project, because the new ways in which people represent themselves and their lives in circumstances of social change and mass migration provide an index to the times and so make available in representational form what 'self' is and becomes under such conditions. Thomas and Znaniecki's notion of self is not inner-reflecting, but rather a sociallyembedded, relational, situational and temporally-located self which reflects on the outer world of happenings and situations so as to re-engage with these. For them, it is less that people 'construct a self', in the sense of self-making, and more that a self is constructed and eventuates in situational, relational and responsive ways, with the representational forms of life writing providing the key to analysing this. Keywords epistolarium; letters; self and society; W. I. Thomas; Florian Znaniecki; The Polish Peasant in Europe and America . . . life-records have a marked superiority over any other kinds of materials. We are safe in saying that personal life-records, as complete as possible, constitute the perfect type of sociological material . . . (Thomas and Znaniecki emphasis original 1832)

Background: Collaboration is of increasing importance in medical education and medical practice. Students' and tutors' perceptions about small group learning are valuable to inform the development of strategies to promote group dynamics and collaborative learning. This study investigated medical students' and tutors' views on competencies and behaviours which promote effective learning and interaction in small group settings. Methods: This study was conducted at UNSW Australia. Five focus group discussions were conducted with first and second year medical students and eight small group tutors were interviewed. Data were transcribed verbatim and thematic analysis was conducted. Results: Students and tutors identified a range of behaviours that influenced collaborative learning. The main themes that emerged included: respectfulness; dominance, strong opinions and openness; constructiveness of feedback; active listening and contribution; goal orientation; acceptance of roles and responsibilities; engagement and enthusiasm; preparedness; self-awareness and positive personal attributes. An important finding was that some of these student behaviours were found to have a differential impact on group interaction compared with collaborative learning. This information could be used to promote higher quality learning in small groups. Conclusion: This study has identified medical students' and tutors' perceptions regarding interactional behaviours in small groups, as well as behaviours which lead to more effective learning in those settings. This information could be used to promote learning in small groups.

This study used growth mixture modeling to examine attendance trajectories among 292 Mexican American primary female caregivers enrolled in a universal preventive intervention and the effects of health beliefs, participation intentions, cultural influences, and intervention group cohesion on trajectory group membership as well as trajectory group differences on a distal outcome, immediate posttest teacher report of child externalizing (T2). Results supported four trajectory groups -Early Terminators (ET), Mid-Program Terminators (MPT), Low-Risk Persistent Attenders (LRPA), and High-Risk Persistent Attenders (HRPA). Compared with LRPAs, caregivers classified as HRPAs had weaker familism values, less parenting efficacy, and higher externalizing children with lower GPAs. Caregivers in the two persistent attender groups reported strong group cohesion and providers rated these caregivers as having strong participation intentions. Children of caregivers in the LRPA group had the lowest T2 child externalizing. Children of caregivers in the MPT group had lower T2 externalizing than did those of the ET group, suggesting partial intervention dosage can benefit families. Despite high levels of attendance, children of caregivers in the HRPA had the highest T2 externalizing, suggesting this high-risk group needed either more intensive services or a longer period for parents to implement program skills to evidence change in child externalizing.

In 2004, the International Evaluation Panel of the Academy of Finland indicated that the Academy should develop its research policies, evaluation systems, and organization to encourage more interdisciplinary research. One consequence of the Panel's recommendations was that the Academy commissioned this study from a research group comprised of the authors of this report. The objectives of the study were (1) to investigate to what extent and how the Academy had promoted interdisciplinary research in its annual General Research Grants in 1997, 2000, and 2004, and (2) to recommend how the Academy could improve its capabilities in fostering interdisciplinary research. The study is based on a qualitative analysis of research proposals from the three years, a survey of researchers, interviews with the Academy's presenting officials, a literature survey linking the empirical analysis to theoretical discussion concerning the concept of interdisciplinary research, its role in the production of new knowledge, related issues of assessment and institutional capacity, and science policy instruments on the basis of international and national experiences. Although the empirical data of this study are based on the General Research Grants only, the conclusions and recommendations have broader significance not just for Finland's science policy, but for interdisciplinary science policies internationally. In this report, we have combined our theoretical beliefs, existing empirical evidence about interdisciplinary research, and our empirical data on the General Research Grants. On the one hand, our analysis tells us that many pioneering funding agencies and programs, including the Academy of Finland, have to a considerable degree embraced the interdisciplinary nature of modern knowledge production. On the other hand, both the literature we have surveyed and the findings from our empirical study suggest that funding agencies have much to improve to tackle the complexity, contingency, and emergent discovery and novelty that characterizes much of interdisciplinary research today. To handle the complexities of interdisciplinary research in its policies and evaluation systems, funding agencies will need a combination of approaches and sources of information, including both direct and quantitative methods, and indirect modes of reflection and qualitative methods.

Introduction: The issue of gender participation in major crimes is rarely researched, and this is because of the gender disparity in crime victimology and arrest. This gender stereotype accounts for few studies in criminology, public health, and policy framework. The current study fills a gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive assessment of female participation in major crimes such as murder, shooting, aggravated assault, rape, and robbery. Objectives: The following general objectives guided this research: evaluate the prevalence of female participation in major/serious crimes in Jamaica; determine annual changes in female participation in major/serious crimes in Jamaica; assess the relationship between females arrested for murders and females arrested for shootings in Jamaica; evaluate the relationship between females arrested for robberies and females arrested for aggravated assaults in Jamaica; assess the relationship between females arrested for murders and females arrested for aggravated assaults in Jamaica; and, evaluate the relationship between females arrested for murders and females arrested for robberies in Jamaica. Research Methodology: This study employed a quantitative research design, using a crosssectional approach and secondary data on female participation in major crimes in Jamaica from 2014-2024. SPSS Version 29 and Microsoft Excel were used with a purposive sampling technique and chi-square and regression analysis. The statistical significance level was 5% (0.05) at two-tailed. Findings: There were 24,937 people arrested for major/serious crimes in Jamaica (murder, shooting, aggravated assault, robbery, and rape), of which females constituted 3.14% (782 females, prob. = 0.031359). On disaggregating the data, 2.65% (prob. = 0.0265) of females were

Research documents conflicting evidence about the relationship between a leader's unpleasant affective displays and team performance. Drawing on the dual threshold model of anger , we propose a novel explanation for this paradox such that the positive relationship between leaders' unpleasant affect and team performance turns negative at high levels of intensity. We examine our hypothesis in a multi-level field study of 304 halftime locker room speeches involving 23 high school and college basketball teams, and a follow up experiment. Our results show support for the prediction, and suggest that the curvilinear effect of leaders' unpleasant affective displays may be explained by team members' redirection of attention and approach, which is positively associated with team members' effort at moderate levels of leader unpleasantness, but with lower effort at high and low levels of unpleasantness. We discuss the theoretical contributions for scholarship on leadership, emotions as social information (EASI) theory, as well as practical implications of the results.

Agreements often involve group decisions where fairness may play a key role. This can be addressed through a multiplayer generalization of the Ultimatum Game. We show that imposing consensuses raises the proposals, leading to fairer agreements. Stochastic effects are shown to further enhance group fairness.

The purpose of this article was to examine primary care providers' perceived challenges when implementing evidence-based diabetes self-management guidelines and opportunities for promoting the use of such guidelines in practice. Methods: We engaged 3 group discussions with 43 key stakeholders representing family physicians, medical directors, and quality assurance leaders in a large, university-affiliated, integrated health care organization in Central Texas. Transcripts from group discussions were summarized using thematic content analysis. Results: Key themes that emerged as challenges of implementing evidence-based diabetes self-management guidelines included lack of easily retrievable electronic patient health information, inadequate coordination with other health care providers when implementing guidelines, conflict between information in the guidelines and physicians' knowledge, and physician compensation by patient load rather than by quality of care. Two main opportunities identified were the use of health coaches or nurses trained in diabetes self-management and active collaboration between practicing providers and key stakeholders in the development and dissemination of guidelines. Our study shows a need for involving front-line family physicians and other primary care providers as well as patients in the design and development of best practice guidelines to enhance implementation of diabetes self-management guidelines in primary care settings. (J Am Board Fam Med 2013;26:90 -92.

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Experimental social science research tests theories about basic elements of social processes. This research offers valuable insights for leader development and indicates that structural power and status are the building blocks of effective leadership. Power, defined as the ability to get what one wants despite resistance, and status, defined as a position in a group based on respect or esteem, both lead to influence. Status overcomes the resentment that is typically produced by the use of power. We identify approaches to gaining status and power and discuss their use by leaders. Sixty years of cumulative research on power and status in groups indicates that developing effective leadership requires the sparing use of power. To be most effective, leaders should rely on status.

Background: Hearing loss (HL) is a disability associated with poorer health-related quality of life including an increased risk for loneliness, isolation, functional fitness declines, falls, hospitalization and premature mortality. The purpose of this pilot trial is to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a novel intervention to reduce loneliness, improve functional fitness, social connectedness, hearing and health-related quality of life in older adults with HL. Methods: This 10-week, single-blind, pilot randomized control trial (RCT) will include a convenience sample of ambulatory adults aged 65 years or older with self-reported HL. Following baseline assessments, participants will be randomized to either intervention (exercise, health education, socialization and group auditory rehabilitation (GAR)) or control (GAR only) groups. The intervention group will attend a local YMCA twice a week and the control group once a week. Intervention sessions will include 45 min of strengthening, balance and resistance exercises, 30 min of group walking at a self-selected pace and 60 min of interactive health education or GAR. The control group will attend 60-min GAR sessions. GAR sessions will include education about hearing, hearing technologies, enhancing communication skills, and psychosocial support. Pre-post trial data collection and measures will include: functional fitness (gait speed, 30-s Sit to Stand Test), hearing and health-related quality of life, loneliness, depression, social participation and social support. At trial end, feasibility (recruitment, randomization, retention, acceptability) and GAR will be evaluated. Discussion: Despite evidence suggesting that HL is associated with declines in functional fitness, there are no studies aimed at addressing functional fitness declines associated with the disability of HL. This pilot trial will provide knowledge about the physical, mental and social impacts on health related to HL as a disability. This will inform the feasibility of a larger RCT and preliminary evidence about the initial effects of a novel, community-based, holistic intervention addressing both the negative psychosocial and functional physical effects of HL among older adults.

Hearing loss (HL) is a disability associated with poorer health-related quality of life including an increased risk for loneliness, isolation, functional fitness declines, falls, hospitalization and premature mortality. The purpose of this pilot trial is to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a novel intervention to reduce loneliness, improve functional fitness, social connectedness, hearing and health-related quality of life in older adults with HL. This 10-week, single-blind, pilot randomized control trial (RCT) will include a convenience sample of ambulatory adults aged 65 years or older with self-reported HL. Following baseline assessments, participants will be randomized to either intervention (exercise, health education, socialization and group auditory rehabilitation (GAR)) or control (GAR only) groups. The intervention group will attend a local YMCA twice a week and the control group once a week. Intervention sessions will include 45 min of strengthening, balance ...

This randomized-controlled trial aims to test the efficacy of a group intervention (Kg-Free) for women with overweight or obesity based on mindfulness, ACT and compassion approaches. The intervention aimed to reduce weight self-stigma and unhealthy eating patterns and increase quality-of-life (QoL). Seventy-three women, aged between 18-55 years old, with BMI ≥ 25 without binge-eating seeking weight loss treatment were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups. Kg-Free comprises 10 weekly group sessions plus 2 booster fortnightly sessions, of 2h30 hours each. The control group maintained Treatment as Usual (TAU). Data was collected at baseline and at the end of the Kg-Free intervention. Overall, participants enrolled in Kg-Free found the intervention to be very important and helpful when dealing with their weight-related unwanted internal experiences. Moreover, when compared with TAU, the Kg-Free group revealed a significant increased health-related QoL and physical exercise and a reduction of weight selfstigma, unhealthy eating behaviors, BMI, self-criticism, weight-related experiential avoidance and psychopathological symptoms at post-treatment. Results for self-compassion showed a trend towards significance, whereas no significant between-groups differences were found for mindfulness. Taken together, evidence was found for Kg-Free efficacy in reducing weight-related negative experiences and promoting healthy behaviors, psychological functioning, and QoL.

Twenty•two female undergraduate students were tested for agreement with an experimenter's suggested direction of movement in an autokinetic illusion experiment. Half of the subjects received the. suggestion from a female experimenter and half from a male experimenter. Significantly more subjects responded affirmatively to the female experimenter's suggestion than to the male's (p < .005). In 1799, Von Humboldt, an astronomer, observed that when a stationary point of light is seen in the dark it appears to move, a phenomenon which Aubert, in 1887, named the autokinetic effect . Since that time, considerable research has been conducted pertaining to this illusion, investigating such variables as target size , suggestion (Dielman &

1 The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of wounded veterans’ 2 participation in adapted sports and recreation through programs offered by Operation 3 Comfort in San Antonio, Texas using a phenomenological lens. Data was generated 4 through close observations and semi-structured interviews over the course of two months 5 in which programs ran twice a week. A selective/highlighting thematic analysis was 6 conducted on the transcribed interviews and field notes. The thematic analysis revealed 7 four themes: self-renewed confidence, sense of purpose, veteran social support, and 8 transition out of the military. The findings from this qualitative study were discussed in 9 the context of the situated learning theory (Lave and Wenger, 1991; Wenger, 1998). 10 11

Conversations with school and crisis personnel following large scale emergencies in and around schools, such as shootings, wildfires, and the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, indicated a need for pre-incident training in managing student behavior during emergencies. This article outlines a training program of this kind and offers suggestions regarding both content and process of this training. The suggestions follow discussion of the unique context and needs of the school setting.

Ludmila Fontenele Cavalcanti (c) Raimunda Magalhães da Silva (d) O artigo analisa a atenção à saúde de crianças e adolescentes em situação de violência sexual (VS) na rede pública municipal de saúde de quatro capitais brasileiras -Porto Alegre (RS), Belém (PA), Fortaleza (CE) e Campo Grande (MS) -, enfocando a disponibilidade de serviços e a oferta de atendimentos, tais como a anticoncepção de emergência hormonal (AEH), profilaxias para doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DSTs) e interrupção legal da gravidez (ILG). O método de estudo de casos foi conduzido por entrevistas semiestruturadas, com vinte gestores e técnicos do nível central, representantes das secretarias municipais de saúde, e de análise documental. A atenção é desigual entre as capitais. Considerando-se a alta demanda, há baixa oferta de serviços em três delas. Os atendimentos especializados, como AEH e ILG, encontram resistências dos profissionais e setores religiosos.

The group beholds its leader: a looming figure of fantasy, an emerging figure of reality. Psychic patterns that play out in group cohesion, culture, conflicts, and process are rooted in interaction with this combined object. I describe a two-day conference on relational group psychotherapy. An assemblage had beheld "me," a visitor with gifts of knowledge, initially welcomed with collective expectation. Rivalrous and acquisitive desire set group process in motion, involving scapegoating and open conflict, but also, self discovery and mutual appreciation. Confronted with "me," the representative, messenger, even embodiment of truth, the group had to deal with feelings, fantasies, and thoughts that were "not nice." There were moments of fear for the safety and survival of our group, yet I did not comprehend the extent to which envy, in tooth and nail, with devouring hunger tore into every aspect of our mentalities. Under its catabolic force, I was captured and I could not articulate to myself the sense of what it was, until the group shifted and released me from envy's intersubjective captivity. In group, whatever is being talked about-whoever is reacting to whom or to what-the group's focal conflict, predominating basic assumption, developmen-