Grid Integration of Wind Farms

Conclusions and future work Replace with QR code windeurope.org/ra17 #windra17 Observed wind atlas at WM01 WRF-derived wind atlas completed for South Africa. Long-term wind speed @100mmicroscale modeling from WRF-derived mesoscale wind climate files. observed WA (m/s) numerical WA (m/s) MET masts MAE = 4.7% In an analogous way to what is done in numerical weather and climate prediction, we explore the possibility to estimate the uncertainty of the wind resource based on an ensemble of WRF simulations (Table ).

New solar energy generation is drastically needed as a source of clean electricity as the U.S. and the globe make the transition away from fossil fuels. Yet, even as solar costs have dramatically declined, solar sources still provide less than 5% of global electricity. We examine issues in solar policy leading to this low adoption rate. Examining the variables of cost, baseload power and intermittency, and land use, we evaluate the tradeoffs among policy support for utility-scale, commercial and residential solar systems. We argue that utility-scale solar power makes far more sense if there is adequate grid integration, so that such installations can be placed in locations that minimize land use tradeoffs. By focusing policy support on a few large solar installations, governments can vastly increase the solar contribution to electricity generation.

This paper presents a method to dampen the variations in the output of aggregated wind power through geographic allocation of wind power generation sites. The method, which is based on the sequential optimization of site localization, is applied to the Nordic countries and Germany, using meteorologic wind speed data as the input. The results show that the variability in aggregated wind power output mitigates by applying sequential optimization. For the data used in this work, the coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) was 0.54 for the optimized aggregation of sites, as compared with 0.91 for the present day installation. An optimal allocation of wind power generation site reduces the need for dispatch and other measures to deal with the intermittent nature of wind power.

High scalability and quick deployability of solar photovoltaic (PV) make it an ideal candidate for rapid decarbonization of electricity. The typical SPV generation profile and power grids designed for conventional power plants (PP) are the major obstacles to maximizing SPV utilization. While energy storage systems (ESS) are often deemed critical, scalable ESS are site-limited, highly dependent on rare-earth elements, and either have higher embodied energy and emissions or low round-trip efficiencies. This manuscript demonstrates that by strategically interconnecting SPV power plants longitudinally, PV can meet base load demands and extend availability beyond peak-solar hours, thereby reducing the need for ESS and replacing existing carbon-intensive electricity infrastructure. It is demonstrated by modelling two 12 GW longitudinally separated transmission lines interconnecting SPVPPs situated 40° (case-1) and 90° (case-2) apart can provide PV electricity beyond solar hours for 4.69 and 7.33 equivalent hours (daily average), respectively. For cases 1 and 2, the lithium battery-ESS route can result in 4.76 and 3.35 times more carbon emissions and cost 4.23 and 2.98 times more than the transmission route, respectively, for providing the same energy over the transmission line's 40-year lifespan. Technologies such as multi-terminal ultra-high-voltage-DC grids, hybrid superconductive cables, new semiconductor materials for PV and energy systems, etc. are explored for the globally interconnected solar grid. Findings suggest 90 TWp of PV capacity can supply a significant portion of world's energy demand by 2050. This study outlines a comprehensive approach to build a sustainable and interconnected global solar energy infrastructure that aligns with climate objectives.

Power system restructuring has changed transmission expansion planning (TEP) and caused many complications due to conflicting and contradictory objectives. The transmission capacity expansion would significantly affect the revenue of investor-owned renewable energy sources (RESs). Thus, the investment decisions on merchant RESs must be considered in the TEP studies conducted by the transmission system operator (TSO). In this regard, this paper aims to propose a multi-objective co-planning of investment in transmission networks and merchant RESs with three objective functions: minimizing the investment cost of newly deployed transmission lines, minimizing transmission congestion cost, and minimizing load curtailment in N-1 conditions. Moreover, the TSO guarantees a desirable rate of return for private investors to finance renewable energy projects. Further, a robust optimization (RO) technique is employed to cope with the uncertainties associated with demand and renewable energy production. Also, a posteriori multiobjective optimization algorithm, i.e., the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGAII), is applied to solve the advanced optimization problem, followed by the fuzzy min-max method to acquire the final optimal solution. Finally, the IEEE RTS 24-bus test system is utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the suggested approach. INDEX TERMS Transmission expansion planning, renewable energy sources, robust optimization, multiobjective, private investor, uncertainties.

Increasing wind power generation affects performance of existing power system in terms of power losses, voltage regulation and short circuit levels. Jhimpir wind generation having 49.5 MW capacity is connected to 132kV network of Hyderabd Electric Supply Company (HESCO) to meet its energy demand. Distribution network of HESCO is modelled and simulated using Power system Simulator-Siemens Network Calculator (PSS SINCAL) as simulation platform. Simulation results are compared to observe impacts of wind integration to existing power system network. Simulation results indicate reduction of power losses from 15.26 to 14.79MW as a result of wind integration to existing HESCO network. Reduction in power losses is mainly caused by changed current flows in lines. Reduction in current also reduce line drops resulting in improved bus voltages. Short circuit level is slightly increased for all buses due to network modification. Increase in short circuit level is highest near the wind generation as Zorlu grid shows 13.02% increase. 66kV network shows small increase in short circuit level due to its long distance from wind generation facility. Use of real network data for this research work identifies possible protection issues alongwith the reduction in power losses and voltage drop. Each system network has separate network parameters and will have different response to any network change. Hence a simulation analysis is important to ensure maximum benefits from renewable energy sources and their integration with existing power system network

This study, focused on Oman, has been motivated by the electrical power demand increase, global warming concerns, and technological advances in renewable energy production. The main objective of the study was to investigate the offshore wind potential and develop the wind atlas over the Oman Maritime Zone (OMZ). The study is based on wind data derived from the high-resolution numerical weather prediction (WRF) model. National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis global model data (0.5°) was used to derive a 9-km-resolution WRF model. This intermediate resolution was then further used to produce a high-resolution (3 km) WRF model. The model data were validated using ground measurement observations under different topographical conditions. Annual, seasonal, and monthly wind distribution over the OMZ are presented using the Geographical Information System environment from different heights above the mean sea level, namely 10 m, 20 m, 50 m, 80 m, and 100 m. In addition, the wind power density along the OMZ region was calculated as a postprocessing product of the model run. Finally, daily time series data are presented for selected points along the coastal areas of Oman. The study results show that the annual average wind speed over the southeastern region reached 8 m/s and peaked at above 10 m/s around the South Coast of Oman. Further, the wind speed during summer months (May-September) was much higher than in other months of the year.

The main objective of this senior design project was to design, manufacture, and test a lightweight portable power generator utilizing wind and solar power. The intent of this system is to provide electricity to power the medical equipment in a small clinic in Haiti. Haiti is suffering from recent natural disasters and in urgent need of support from the United States and other countries. So far, about 100 million dollars in aid has been poured into Haiti as well as medical supplies/equipment and manpower including engineers, nurses, doctors, etc. With such a power generator system, Haitians will be able to economically supplement the power needed to run their clinic's equipment. Haiti is a prime spot for solar and wind generation, using its over 3000 hours of sunlight and trade winds to produce optimal amounts of green energy. This richness of natural resources was the main motivation behind developing this economical system, building it to set up a strong basis for green renewable energy into their economy, monitoring its setup, and learning from the findings. Powering a small clinic is just a small step into making Haiti a self-sufficient country in the area of power generation. The details of this wind and sun renewable energy system are described and discussed in this undergraduate research paper.

Rapidly increasing levels of variable inverter‐based renewable energy sources (are quickly changing electric power systems and prompting questions about how the systems will be operated when renewable generation becomes the dominant technologies. In this article, we review the status of this shifting paradigm in power systems throughout the world. We then review the implications of this shift, focusing on the rising challenges, and we provide an overview and technology‐readiness classifications of some proposed mitigation strategies. Finally, we highlight outstanding questions that will require solutions to reach these ultrahigh shares of variable inverter‐based renewable energy sources.This article is categorized under: Wind Power > Systems and Infrastructure Energy Systems Economics > Systems and Infrastructure Energy Infrastructure > Systems and Infrastructure

This paper provides an overview of major transmission planning activities related to wind integration studies in the United States and Europe. Transmission planning for energy resources is different from planning for capacity resources. Those differences are explained, and illustrated with examples from several regions of the United States and Europe. Transmission planning for wind is becoming an iterative process consisting of generation expansion planning, economic‐based transmission planning, system reliability analysis, and wind integration studies. A brief look at the policy environment in which this activity is taking place is provided. A set of coherent and collaborative transmission planning, siting, and permitting policies and cost allocation method must be developed to achieve the intended objectives. The scale of transmission development envisioned for this purpose will require unprecedented cooperation across multiple jurisdictional boundaries.This article is categorized...

This thesis is in two parts. In part I, we discuss how the investigation into existing renewable energy contributes to a solution to the energy deficit, especially in African rural areas where many people do not have access to the national grid. In this part, we surveyed some aspects of those existing technologies. In part II, we studied a solar thermal technology called a solar trough plant, for which we have looked at a receiver in order to improve its efficiency by comparing two different surface coatings: a selective coating coated on the outside of the receiver pipe and a hot mirror coating coated on the inside of a glass cover. Our theoretical study showed that a hybrid system performs better than either a system with only selective coating or a hot mirror. Concerning a better technology to use in Rwanda, we conclude that solar energy technology (due to good insolation: 5.2 kWh.m-2 .day-1) is a strong candidate, in addition to hydro-power which has been the primary source of our electricity. Biomass is an alternative option especially in rural areas.

The study was based on the development of production functions that characterize the activities of agricultural enterprises in the regions of Russia. Official statistical information on 65 regions of Russia for 2017 and 2018 was used. The conducted research made it possible to identify factors (investments in fixed assets and wages of employees) that affect the volume of production in the agricultural sector in the regions of Russia and suggest using two-factor production functions of high quality to describe this influence. It is proved that the economy of the country's regions has not reached saturation with agricultural products and there are significant reserves for further development of this sector. The developed production functions are effective management tools that allow assessing the level of use of financial and labor resources. The acquired new knowledge and tools for assessing the activities of agriculture in the Russian regions are of scientific and practical importance. They can be used in research of the agricultural sector of the economy, monitoring of production volumes, in determining the needs for resources necessary for the development of agriculture, substantiating plans and programs for its development.

While the concept of pumped storage hydropower (PSH) is not new, adjustable-speed pumped storage hydropower (AS-PSH) is equipped with power electronics; thus, it has more capabilities and is more agile and flexible to integrate with modern power systems. The composition of power systems from a century ago consist mostly of conventional synchronous generators delivering power to customers via a unidirectional power flow. As the ratio of conventional power plants with synchronous generators to variable generation decreases with increasing penetrations of renewables, future power systems will be more dynamic. With fewer synchronous generators, the level of the rotating inertia within the power system decreases, and balancing variable generation and load in a condition with low rotating inertia is not easy. Fortunately, AS-PSH can provide a quick and flexible response with the power converter control while balancing the supply and demand, thus securing power system stability. In a way, AS-PSH is a combination of energy storage (storing potential energy) and a conventional power plant. This report covers the electrical systems of PSH plants, including the generator, the power converter, and the grid integration aspects. Future PSH will most likely be influenced by the technology (advancement of the electric machines, power converters, smart sensors, control systems, grid/microgrid configurations), the requirement and the need to maintain the reliability of power systems (grid code; local, regional, and environmental rules and regulations), the potential revenues from offering system reliability products (various ancillary services: ramping, reserves, inertial and frequency response; voltage and reactive power regulations), and energy arbitrage.

We assess developable onshore wind potential in India at three different hub-heights and under two sensitivity scenarios-one with no farmland included, the other with all farmland included. Under the "no farmland included" case, the total wind potential in India with a minimum capacity factor of 20 percent ranges from 748 GW at 80m hub-height to 976 GW at 120m hubheight. Under the "all farmland included" case, the potential ranges from 984 GW to 1,549 GW. High quality wind energy sites, at 80m hub-height with a minimum capacity factor of 25 percent, have a potential between 253 GW (no farmland included) and 306 GW (all farmland included). Our estimates are more than 15 times the current official estimate of wind energy potential in India (estimated at 50m hub height) and are about one tenth of the official estimate of the wind energy potential in the US.

At the present, Iran’s policy-makers are interested in renewable energy development thus in the recent years, the use of renewable energies, especially wind energy for electricity generation has been highly invested. Although wind technology produces no emissions during operation nevertheless there is some environmental impact associated with the wind energy development during the entire life cycle of the plant; from manufacturing and production of the parts to decommissioning of the wind farm. Therefore evaluation of the life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission of the wind turbine account as an important factor in promoting this type of renewable. This paper concentrates on total life cycle energy consumption assessment and energy payback time of a typical onshore Vestas V47-660KW wind turbine installed in Binaloud wind farm in the northeast of Iran. The life cycle energy consumption of the wind turbine from manufacturing of the components to decommissioning and recycling of t...

This paper describes a dip spraying system which can be used to spray dip nixture on livestock such cattle for control of parasites. The system is designed such that it can be used at remote locations where there is no extension of national electricity grid. The system uses solar power as its energy source to drive electrical equipment. It is an automated and is designed such that it detects the oncoming animal and triggers the main power circuit to operate booster pump to spray dip mixture through the nozzles. Once the animal has passed the sprays stops operating. The results obtained show that the system is effective and can be installed at places without any access to electric grid. The results also showed the effectiveness of the system by showing that it can spray the whole body of the animal at once within a short period of time. The work is still ongoing as the results was obtained by using a prototype. The next stage would be to build the system at one of the farms and demonstrate it under real life environment.

This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on grid integration of large offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) using high voltage direct voltage (HVDC) for grid connection. The paper describes in detail selected challenges hereto and presents how DONG Energy Wind Power (DEWP) is addressing these challenges through three coordinated PhD projects in close collaboration with leading academia within the field. The overall goal of these projects is to acquire indepth knowledge of relevant operating phenomena in the offshore OWPP grid, rich with power electronics devices (PEDs) such as the HVDC and the PED widely used in the wind turbine generators (WTGs). Challenges hereto include PED control system interaction (from a stability point of view), assessment of the quality of vendor supplied control systems and their robustness against e.g. short circuits and load rejection. Furthermore, the outcome of the projects will be developed and validated models of e.g. the HVDC system, methodologies for assessment of control system stability and fault identification in implemented control system.

Regional wind integration studies in the United States require detailed wind power output data at many locations to perform simulations of how the power system will operate under high-penetration scenarios. The wind data sets that serve as inputs into the study must realistically reflect the ramping characteristics, spatial and temporal correlations, and capacity factors of the simulated wind plants, as well as be time synchronized with available load profiles. The Wind Integration National Dataset (WIND) Toolkit described in this paper fulfills these requirements. A wind resource dataset, wind power production time series, and simulated forecasts from a numerical weather prediction model run on a nationwide 2-km grid at 5-min resolution will be made publically available for more than 110,000 onshore and offshore wind power production sites.

This paper presents a new approach to coordinate the decisions of transmission and generation capacity expansion planning for a competitive electricity market in which only the generation sector is deregulated. The independent system operator (ISO) as transmission planner has a regulatory role in the strategic behavior of generation companies. To reach coordinated decisions, the model relies on an interactive and iterative process between generation expansion planning and transmission expansion planning. This repetitive process continues until reaching a converging point or fulfilling the stopping criterion assigned by the ISO. In order to consider random outages of network components as well as uncertainty of load and bid prices of generating units, the Monte Carlo simulation method is applied. The simulation results confirm the efficacy of the proposed model in the coordinated generation and transmission planning problem considering the uncertainties.

The growth of electrical demand increases the need of renewable energy sources, such as wind energy, to meet that need. Electrical power losses are an important factor when wind farm location and size are selected. The capitalized cost of constant power losses during the life of a wind farm will continue to high levels. During the operation period, a method to determine if the losses meet the requirements of the design is significantly needed. This article presents a Simulink simulation of wind farm integration into the grid; the aim is to achieve a better understanding of wind variation impact on grid losses. The real power losses are set as a function of the annual variation, considering a Weibull distribution. An analytical method has been used to select the size and placement of a wind farm, taking into account active power loss reduction. It proposes a fast linear model estimation to find the optimal capacity of a wind farm based on DC power flow and graph theory. The results show that the analytical approach is capable of predicting the optimal size and location of wind turbines. Furthermore, it revealed that the annual variation of wind speed could have a strong effect on real power loss calculations. In addition to helping to improve utility efficiency, the proposed method can develop specific designs to speeding up integration of wind farms into grids.

The study was conducted to determine the consequences of a carbon tax, equal to an estimated social cost of carbon of $37.2/Mg, on household electricity cost, and to determine if a carbon tax would be sufficient to incentivize households to install either a grid-tied solar or wind system. U.S. Department of Energy hourly residential profiles for five locations, 20 years of hourly weather data, prevailing electricity pricing rate schedules, and purchase prices and solar panel and wind turbine power output response functions, were used to address the objectives. Two commercially available household solar panels (4 kW, 12 kW), two wind turbines (6 kW, 12 kW), and two price rate structures (traditional meter, smart meter) were considered. Averaged across the five households, the carbon tax is expected to reduce annual consumption by 4.4% (552 kWh/year) for traditional meter households and by 4.9% (611 kWh/year) for households charged smart meter rates. The carbon tax increases electricity cost by 19%

The contribution presents the use of Genetic Algorithm for searching of the optimal parameters of a set of speed controllers of an isolated power-electricity island. Nine PI-controllers are designed. The cost function which is minimised using the Genetic Algorithm represents the integral of the control error area. Robustness aspects of the control design are considered as well. K e y w o r d s: power-electricity system, isolated island, speed control, controller design, robust control, genetic algorithm

Concentrated Photovoltaic modules (CPV) use optics, such as lenses to concentrate a large amount of sunlight onto a small area of solar photovoltaic materials to generate electricity. The solar irradiance level and landscape area are considered as main factors in CPV site on the network. These factors are not sufficient for improving the CPV performance and grid integration .The coupling point of CPV to the grid is an important role and affects the network stability. This paper focuses on the influence study of CPV location on voltage stability .PSS/E has been used as a tool for simulation and validation the integration of CPV to 14-IEEE network as benchmark test. Ac contingency analysis tool is used to study the voltage stability at different cases and locations of CPV. Results indicate that the distributed CPV improves the voltage stability of the network, rather than centralized CPV. Distributed CPV connects at different locations and near to the load. Therefore, the impact of distributed CPV is minimized with respect to voltage stability issue.

Renewable energy sources are likely to become prominent in the future due to less environmental impact and energy cost escalation. However, due to its intermittent essence, it encourages us to integrate various renewable energy resources to improve the reliability and quality of power supply to the consumer. Henceforth, this paper emphasizes the integration of various renewable energy sources (RES) such as-photovoltaic (PV), wind energy (WE) and hydroelectric grid (HEG) systems through software simulation. The purpose of this research was to compare the end user power quality and reliability between isolated mode and integrated mode operation of the power system through the result analysis in MATLAB simulation. In this qualitative study, the required data on wind and solar of a particular place, Samdrup Jongkhar (Bhutan) were collected in the form of satellite recorded data (NASA and SolarGIS). The result from this study highlights the nature of energy output from isolated-mode operated power plants and integrated power plant systems. From the result analysis, it has been shown that the quality and reliability of energy output from an integrated power system is much higher as compared to the isolated-mode operated power plant.

This paper aims to investigate the sizing of an offshore energy storage unit operated in conjunction with an offshore wind farm. The storage unit is evaluated with technical limitations to reveal the parameter sensitivities when coupled with a wind farm. The main interest is the sizing of the storage unit for capacity firming purposes. A storage unit in combination with a large offshore wind farm has been simulated in time domain over the course of one year. The storage unit has been operated with the goal of firming the wind power capacity within each bid period. Different constraints have been introduced to show parameter sensitivity of the storage unit. The constraints were both technical and control oriented. An important prerequisite for the simulation was that the combined wind power plant and the storage operate in a market where the imbalance between bid and delivered energy is measured and penalized. Results show that there are several important parameters regarding storage sizing. Storage sizing is shown to be very dependent on the production forecast error and market bid length. Furthermore, technical constraints in the shape of ramping rates and power reversal dead time can be countered by choosing an appropriate control strategy. No control strategy gives significantly more reduction in grid power imbalance than the constant, fixed mode control strategy. The same reduction can however be obtained, with somewhat less energy routed through the storage by applying an alternative control strategy.

The goal of this study is to assess the extent to which offshore wind farms can inadvertently affect precipitation at nearby onshore locations. As the winds slow down over an offshore wind farm due to the extraction of kinetic energy from the air flow by the turbines, a pattern of convergence upstream and divergence downstream of the farm is formed, which respectively may enhance precipitation offshore and reduce precipitation near the shore. To verify this hypothesis, we used observed precipitation data collected near two offshore wind farms in the western UK: Walney and Burbo Bank, built in 2011-2014 and 2005-2007, respectively. For each farm, we identified a "treatment" site, a meteorological station likely to be affected by the wake of the wind farm for a certain wind direction range, and a "control" site, unaffected by the farm for the same wind direction range. We used a difference-indifferences (DiD) approach between the precipitation data at the treatment and control sites before and after the construction of the wind farms to determine the net impact of the offshore farms on precipitation patterns at the shore. We found the following statistically significant signals at Walney after the construction of the wind farms: decreased wind speed (− 1.1 knots on average), reduced precipitation rate (− 0.003 mm/h), and reduced positive precipitation rate (i.e., only including hours with non-zero precipitation, − 0.080 mm/h). At Burbo Bank, wind speed and positive precipitation were reduced after the farm was built (− 1.45 knots and − 0.080 mm/h, respectively) with statistical significance, but no statistically significant drop in the hourly precipitation rate was found. All observed statistically significant changes were small in magnitude (order of 11% of the average or less). We speculate that, since Burbo Bank is very close to the shore (distance < 8 km), the divergence pattern cannot always form with sufficient strength to cause a precipitation suppression at the shore, which may explain the a less clear signal at that site. By contrast, the Walney farm is located ∼ 15 km away from the shore, which, we believe, is sufficient for the divergence zone to reach the shore.

The load demand to a power grid, as well as the interest in clean and low-cost energy resources, has led to the high integration of wind power plants into power system grids. There are grid code standards that are set for the design and integration of these wind power plants. These codes often look at the design operation of the wind power plant in islanded mode, where possible analysis of the most sensitive power system quantities such as voltage, frequency, reactive power, etc. is carried out. Therefore, in this study, attention was paid to the application of these codes to keep the design and integration of wind power plants well standardized as much as possible. The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss the literature and theory about the design of wind turbine generators and model and simulate a large-scale wind power plant. The modeling was successfully carried out on RSCAD, and the results obtained show that the wind power plant can be further used for other studies such as voltage stability improvement in power grids.

The demand of electricity is continuously increasing due to increase in population and urbanisation. Due to shortage of transmission and generationfacilities there is greater use of present resources. The present transmission lines are overloaded which make the system prone to stability problems.So, there is a need to use the existing system in a better way to save huge expenses in the erection of new lines and system. In the proposed work the power flow is increased byimplementing power electronics-basedseries FACTS device-TCSC using five different methods. They are firing by TCR pulse generator, using control subsystem based on RS Flip Flop, using Synchronised six (PG) pulse generator, using Thyristor-6 pulse generator with PLL, andPulse generator (PG) block of MATLAB.Next problem discussed here is the power quality. The power quality of the system is polluted due to use of common harmonic loads like computers, motor drives, arc and induction furnaces, battery charges, rectifiers, induction heating equipment. Here also, TCSC is used to enhance the power flow and power quality of the system. In the present work is shown here that the active power at the receiving end is enhanced using the above different methods.The THD analysis of the system is done in the present work using all the different methods.

This paper presents the objectives and the research work carried out in the frame of the ANEMOS project on short-term wind power forecasting. The aim of the project is to develop accurate models that substantially outperform current state-of-the-art methods, for onshore and offshore wind power forecasting, exploiting both statistical and physical modeling approaches. The project focus on prediction horizons up to 48 hours ahead and investigates predictability of wind for higher horizons up to 7 days ahead useful i.e. for maintenance scheduling. Emphasis is given on the integration of highresolution meteorological forecasts. For the offshore case, marine meteorology is considered as well as information by satellite-radar images. Specific modules are also developed for on-line uncertainty and prediction risk estimation. An integrated software platform, 'ANEMOS', is developed to host the various models. This system will be installed by several end-users for on-line operation at onshore and offshore wind farms for prediction at a local, regional and national scale. The applications include different terrain types and wind climates, on-and offshore cases, and interconnected or island grids. The on-line operation by the utilities will allow validation of the models and an analysis of the value of wind prediction for a competitive integration of wind energy in the developing liberalized electricity markets in the EU.

A new integrated wind power forecasting system has been developed in the frame of the EU project ANEMOS. The system manages Numerical Weather Predictions (NWP) from different sources and alternative state-of-the-art Wind Power Prediction (WPP) models, producing an optimised forecast for each individual wind farm or clusters of wind farms. Forecast horizons can range from a few hours to a few days ahead. The forecasting system has been tested online in wind farms covering different environments in several countries in Europe. In this work the results of the first year of operational experience are presented. The paper focuses on the operational challenges and on benefits of the integrated multi-model approach versus forecasting by a single prediction model.

The paper presents results of a detailed study carried out to simulate the integration of large amount of wind power in the French power system. The targets set for France are between 10_000 and 14_000 MW of installed wind capacity by year 2010. In order to simulate the projected wind production, hourly wind speed measurements from 40 sites spread over the country and covering a period of 3 years are used. The data reflect both temporal and spatial correlations that are proper to the climate conditions in France. Then, realistic scenarios are built for the installation of several levels of wind power based on appropriate assumptions. The simulation of each scenario provides a detailed profile of the wind production at a national level. The paper presents the level of guaranteed wind power that is provided for given probability for each scenario. The variability of the production is analyzed in order to define the reserve or storage requirements to achieve a secure integration of wind power. Finally, an analysis is presented on how wind generation can be integrated in the national power generation mix in France.

With the prevalence of large-scale renewable energy in remote areas, it is necessary to appraise the ability of the network to provide access to this clean energy. Available transfer capability (ATC) is a key measure for the potency of electricity markets to facilitate trading and promote competition by accommodating additional energy transactions. This paper investigates the impact of nondispatchable wind energy on the ATC using a risk-based approach. Because of the uncertainties ingrained in wind turbine generator energy output, as determined by the variability of wind speed, a probabilistic wind model is considered using Weibull density function. Continuation power flow is exploited to evaluate the ATC corresponding to maximum system loading, subject to network and equipment constraints, whereas the cumulative probabilistic risk is computed to capture the risk associated with the ATC. The proposed approach is implemented on the modified Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 30 bus system. Results of the different risk levels related to the ATC can provide useful information to system operators for granting firm or interruptible transactions to market participants subject to economic merits. Copyright

The main purpose of this paper is to enhance the operation of renewable wind energy conversion (WEC) systems connected to power systems. To achieve this, we consider a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control approach for regulating the effects of a WEC system with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) on the synchronous generator (SG) rotor speed of the interconnected power system. First, we present the mathematical formulation of the interconnected power system comprises a single synchronous generator and a wind turbine with DFIG connected to an infinite bus bar system through a transmission line. We consider that the system is operated under various loading conditions and parameters variation. Second, a frequency damping oscillation observer is designed via Kalman filtering together with an optimal linear quadratic regulator to mitigate the impacts of the WEC system on the SG rotor speed. The performance of the developed interconnected power system is simulated using a MATLAB/SIMULINK environment to verify the effectiveness of the developed controller. In comparison with previously reported results, the proposed approach can stabilize the interconnected power system within 1.28 s compared to 1.3 s without the DFIG.

A control algorithm for Parallel Connected Offshore Wind Turbines with permanent magnet synchronous Generators (PCOWTG) is presented in this paper. The algorithm estimates the optimal collective speed of turbines based on the estimated mechanical power of wind turbines without direct measurement of wind speed. In the proposed topology of the wind farm, direct-drive Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) is connected to variable low-frequency AC Collection Grids (ACCG) without the use of individual power converters. The ACCG is connected to a variable low-frequency offshore AC transmission grid using a step-up transformer. In order to achieve optimum wind power extraction, the collective speed of the WTGs is controlled by a single onshore Back to Back converter (B2B). The voltage control system of the B2B converter adjusts voltage by keeping a constant Volt/Hz ratio, ensuring constant magnetic flux of electromagnetic devices regardless of changing system frequency. With the use of PI pitch co...

We introduce a new method for incorporating short-term temporal variability of both power demand and variable renewables (VRE) into long-term energy-economy models: the RLDC approach. The core of the implementation is a representation of residual load duration curves (RLDCs), which change endogenously depending on the share and mix of VRE. The approach captures major VRE integration challenges and the energy system's response to growing VRE shares without a considerable increase of numerical complexity. The approach also allows for an endogenous representation of power-togas storage and the simultaneous optimization of long-term investment and short-term dispatch decisions of non-VRE plants. As an example, we apply the RLDC approach to REMIND-D, a long-term energy-economy model of Germany, which was based on the global model REMIND-R 1.2. Representing variability results in significantly more non-VRE capacity and reduces the generation of VRE in 2050 by about one-third in baseline and ambitious mitigation scenarios. Explicit modeling of variability increases mitigation costs by about one fifth, but power-togas storage can alleviate this increase by one third. Implementing the RLDC approach in a long-term energy-economy model would allow improving the robustness and credibility of scenarios results, such as mitigation costs estimates and the role of VRE.

The Fluctuations in demand and weather conditions have a significant impact on the frequency and the voltage of Algeria&#39;s isolated PIAT power grid. To maintain stability and reliable power supply, it is crucial to keep these quantities close to their expected levels. An automatic (FRR) is employed to regulate real-time frequency deviations caused by integrating variable renewable energy (VRE), specifically wind and solar power in the Kabertene region. In order to mitigate wind power fluctuations, a power system stabilizer is implemented, which helps dampen oscillations. The use of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques optimizes the extraction of power from solar panels under varying conditions. For efficient scheduling and dispatch of VRE generation, particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based algorithms are used. These algorithms ensure optimal utilization of renewable energy sources by considering their intermittent nature. This study proves the effectiveness of these tec...

The Fluctuations in demand and weather conditions have a significant impact on the frequency and the voltage of Algeria&#39;s isolated PIAT power grid. To maintain stability and reliable power supply, it is crucial to keep these quantities close to their expected levels. An automatic (FRR) is employed to regulate real-time frequency deviations caused by integrating variable renewable energy (VRE), specifically wind and solar power in the Kabertene region. In order to mitigate wind power fluctuations, a power system stabilizer is implemented, which helps dampen oscillations. The use of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques optimizes the extraction of power from solar panels under varying conditions. For efficient scheduling and dispatch of VRE generation, particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based algorithms are used. These algorithms ensure optimal utilization of renewable energy sources by considering their intermittent nature. This study proves the effectiveness of these tec...

This paper focuses on connecting tidal turbine farms to the French electrical grid. One tidal farm is considered, which is the commercial farm. The connection state is defined by the active power and the voltage at the common coupling point (PCC, also called the delivery point), and is constrained to respect the Grid Code requirements. In order to ensure this connection, this paper develops an active power control framework constrained to the requirements of the Grid Code. This framework is based on the solution of a quadratic programming problem to meet the power demand at the PCC while respecting the requirements of the Grid Code in different plans. As the farm will be installed at the ocean depths, several kilometers of cables will be used to transport the electricity up to the PCC then the power losses are also taken into account in this framework. This framework is applied to a commercial farm with realistic data to show his relevance and effectiveness.