Gravitation

This book focusses on the explanation of the gravitational interactions and phenomena as they are described and understood in the framework of gravitoelectromagnetism (GEM).  GEM is a classical field theory, that is starting from the idea that the gravitational field must be isomorphic with the electromagnetic field in a vacuum.  It is an extension of Newtonian gravity because it takes into account, in addition to their position,  the kinematics of the gravitating objects.  In this book it is shown that GEM perfectly can be explained by the “theory of informatons”.
The theory of informatons  develops the idea that any material object manifests itself in space by the emission - at a rate proportional to its rest mass - of informatons: mass and energy less granular entities rushing away with the speed of light and carrying information regarding the position and the velocity of their emitter.  This implies that any material object is at the center of an expanding cloud of informatons that can be identified as the gravitational field linked to that object.
It is shown that the gravitational field is a dual entity always having a field- and an induction- component  simultaneously created by their common sources: time-variable masses  and mass flows, that the Maxwell-Heaviside equations are the expressions at the macroscopic level of the kinematics of the informatons, that the gravitational interaction is the effect of the fact that an object in a gravitational field tends to become “blind” for that field by accelerating according to a Lorentz-like law, and that an accelerated object is the source of gravitational radiation.

The universal force-motion equation, which was recently proposed by the author, is a novel relativistic approach to the interactions in nature. In the equation, in contrast to traditional theories, an equivalent velocity field is utilised instead of the gravitational potential. In this paper, the equation is constructed step by step starting from scratch. Then, clear solutions are provided to major problems in cosmology and astronomy, such as the increasingly accelerated expansion of the Universe, hypervelocity stars, and pioneer and flyby anomalies. To verify the theory, thousands of other tests should also be conducted. The examples selected in this study not only demonstrate the spectacular power of this relativistic approach , but also show that these annoying mysteries can never be solved effectively using a scalar field based traditional theories without introducing hypothetical formations and controversial presumptions. Finally, thanks to the solution of the 'flyby anomaly', a method is proposed for spacecrafts to trace a desired route precisely which is vital for their future missions.

Newton's universal law of gravitation has not lost any of its value for centuries. Despite some constraints, this law is indispensable in many applications due to its simplicity, clarity and high reliability. The new theory outlined in this article eliminates the constraints of the law, updates it to include the process of interaction in space and time domains and gives it a real universal character. The theory accomplishes this by incorporating the kinetic energies of the masses into the interaction process. As all quantities in the equations in the new theory are expressed in terms of Newtonian multipliers, it is a generalized form of Newton's gravity law. This guarantees the simplicity and extraordinary reliability, not only in a stationary universe but also, in a continuously changing dynamic universe by making the equations valid, in all distances from atomic scale to cosmological scale and in all velocities from zero to the light velocity. This article derives the force relations based on outlined concrete observations and provides phase plot diagrams for two extreme situations and interprets them. At the end of the article, a list of potential solutions suggested by the theory is given for today's fundamental physics problems. The most appropriate expressions for describing the theory are its field relative and dialectical characters. The theory can be verified with hundreds of examples. With phase plane diagrams that validate the theory in its fundamental aspects, only the solution of the Flyby Anomaly is exemplified to restrict the article to an acceptable length.

Despite the popularity of dark matter and dark energy as an explanation of various empirical observations in physics, there remains no direct evidence of either. This is despite significant efforts in attempting to identify and observe them. This paper proposes that the expansion of the universe is not isotropic or homogeneous, leading to parts of the universe that expand faster or slower than

Assuming the fundamental importance of division algebras, we introduced the division algebra of quaternions as a framework for description of four-dimensional space-time intervals. We derived the quaternion form of the Lorentz time dilation and presented an intuitive physical interpretation of the space-time transformations in the source and observer reference frames. We showed that the resulting physical interpretation is inseparable from experimental measurements. Also, we suggested that the positive direction of the quaternion stationary time is the arrow-of-time and that the length of the quaternion space-time interval is positive in the direction from the beginning to end.  Then, we used quaternion algebra to develop quaternion calculus by choosing the correct quaternion form of the differential operators. We applied the new differentiation to the generalized potential function and suggested that the results can be interpreted as the two unified force fields. We repeated the differentiation, assuming that the second derivative of the potential function can be interpreted as the unified matter density. This resulted in the four unified matter density equations and a unified quaternion form of Maxwell equations. Then, we applied the unified fields and unified Maxwell equations to electromagnetic and gravitational interactions. Notably, the expressions for electromagnetic and gravitational interactions are similar as they  they were derived from the same quaternion potential function, pointing to a possible procedure for unification of electromagnetism and gravitation. The novel components appearing in  expressions for the force fields and Maxwell equations originated from scalar fields and velocity dependent potentials, and require further theoretical and experimental investigation.  In particular, we showed that the gradient of the scalar field generates the main current density component for slow varying fields.  Consequently, the proposed quaternion framework may be suitable as the foundation for a classical unified theory of space-time and matter, while enhancing the traditional theories of special and general relativity.

A conceptual framework for analysing the energetics of density-stratified Boussinesq fluid flows is discussed. The concept of gravitational available potential energy is used to formulate an energy budget in which the evolution of the background potential energy, i.e. the minimum potential energy attainable through adiabatic motions, can be explicitly examined. For closed systems, the background potential energy can change only due to diabatic processes. The rate of change of background potential energy is proportional to the molecular diffusivity. Changes in the background potential energy provide a direct measure of the potential energy changes due to irreversible diapycnal mixing. For open systems, background potential energy can also change due to boundary fluxes, which can be explicitly measured. The analysis is particularly appropriate for evaluation of diabatic mixing rates in numerical simulations of turbulent flows. The energetics of a shear driven mixing layer is used to i...

Research and analysis of braking issues for golf cars and other low speed vehicles (LSVs) are reported in this study. It is shown that many such vehicles only provide braking for their rear wheels, which can lead to a driver losing control during travel on typical steep downgrades. The braking performance of a golf car equipped with brakes on two or four wheels was analyzed to determine the effects of two and four wheel brake designs on braking efficiency and vehicle yaw stability. Besides reducing braking efficiency, it is demonstrated that installing brakes on only the rear wheels can lead to directional instability (fishtailing) and rollover when the rear wheels are braked until skidding occurs. The nonexistence of golf course standards and the inadequacy of golf car and LSV standards are noted and a connection between this and the comparatively high level of accidents with such vehicles is inferred. Based on these results, it is advisable to install brakes on all four wheels of golf cars and LSVs. In addition, new safety standards should be considered to reduce the occurrence of golf car accidents on steep downhill slopes.

The fundamental holographic principle is first proposed, then demonstrated in its validity and viability through a thought experiment and then finally derived. The Heisenberg uncertainty relations are shown to follow from this fundamental relation. The quantum blackhole entropy is then demonstrated using this holographic uncertainty relation along with the application of the Landauer’s principle for the thermodynamic erasure of a bit yielding a formula with a logarithmic correction. The blackhole entropy is found to be half the value normally delivered by any other method. So, it is proposed that there is a real relevant physical horizon at the twice the Schwarzschild radius dubbed the holographic information geometric horizon.

G protection in the 39 Gripen aircraft is provided by a full coverage anti-G suit, a pressure-breathing system, and anti-G straining maneuvers (AGSM). The purpose was to study (1) the interaction of pressure breathing and AGSM while wearing an anti-G suit; and (2) the G-protective properties of the anti-G suit alone and in combination with the pressure-breathing system. During rapid onset rate G-time profiles (< or =9 G), 10 subjects were investigated in 5 conditions: (I) sitting relaxed, without any G-protective garment; (II) sitting relaxed and wearing an anti-G suit; (III) sitting relaxed, wearing an anti-G suit, and pressure breathing; IV) wearing an anti-G suit and performing AGSM; and V) wearing an anti-G suit, pressure breathing, and performing AGSM. In supplementary experiments (n=9), the share of the anti-G suit protection afforded by the abdominal bladder was investigated. G tolerance was 3.4 Gz (range: 2.8-4.3) in condition I, > or = 6.5 Gz (4.5-9.0) in II, > or ...

In this work, we take a short recap of a formal framework of the Eddington-inspired Born–Infeld (EiBI) theory of gravity and derive the point-like Lagrangian for underlying theory based on the use of Noether gauge symmetries (NGS). We study a Hessian matrix and quantify Euler–Lagrange equations of EiBI universe. We discuss the NGS approach for the Eddington-inspired Born–Infeld theory and show that there exists the de Sitter solution in this gravity model.

The effects of vasoactive agonists on systemic blood vessels were examined with respect to anatomical location and gravity acclimation in the semi-arboreal snake, Elaphe Obsoleta. Major blood vessels were reactive to putative neurotransmitters, hormones or local factors in vessel specific patterns. Catecholamines, adenosine triphosphate, histamine and high potassium (80mM) stimulated significantly greater tension per unit vessel mass in posterior than anterior arteries. Anterior vessels were significantly more sensitive to catecholamines than midbody and posterior vessels. Angiotensin II stimulated significantly greater tension in carotid artery than in midbody and posterior dorsal aorta. Arginine vasotocin strongly contracted the left and right aortic arches and anterior dorsal aorta. Veins were strongly contracted by catecholamines, high potassium and angiotensin II, but less so by adenosine triphosphate, arginine vasotocin and histamine. Precontracted vessels were relaxed by acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, but not by atrial natriuretic peptide or bradykinin. Chronic exposure of snakes to intermittent hypergravity stress (+1.5 Gz at tail) did not affect the majority of vessel responses. These data demonstrate that in vitro tension correlates with known patterns of sympathetic innervation and suggest Abbreviations ACH acetylcholine -ADA anterior dorsal aorta" ANG II salmon asnl-valS-angiotensin II' ANP rat ileZ6-atrial natriuretic peptide 9 A TP adenosine triphosphate -A V T arginine vasotocin 9 BK human bradykinin 9 BL total body length 9 CA carotid artery 9 CONT control -ECso effective concentration producing 50% maximal response 9 EPI epinephrine 9 + Gz earth's gravity force 9 HI-G high gravity acclimation 9 HI K + 80 mM high potassium 9 JV jugular vein -LAA left aortic arch -MDA midbody dorsal aorta -MPV midbody portal vein-MS Mackenzie's solution" NEPI norepinephrine; pDz-log ECs0 9 PDA posterior dorsal aorta. PPV posterior portal vein-RAA right aortic arch 9 SNP sodium nitroprusside

We have studied the application and the feasibility of confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) in microgravity research. Its superior spatial resolution and 3D imaging capabilities and its use of light as a probe, render this instrument ideally suited for the study of living biological material on a (sub-)cellular level. In this paper a number of pertinent biological microgravity experiments is listed, concentrating on the direct observation of developing cells and cellular structures under microgravity condition. A conceptual instrument design is also presented, aimed at sounding rocket application followed by Biorack/Biolab application at a later stage.

Fetal bypass presents several perfusion challenges, including the need for high arterial flow rates using flexible arterial and small venous cannulae. We hypothesized that vacuum-assisted venous drainage (VAVD) would improve drainage and allow perfusion at higher flow rates which are thought to prevent placental dysfunction induced by fetal bypass. We conducted bypass for 60 minutes in 14 fetal lambs (90-105 days gestation; ϳ1-1.5 kg) using a roller pump and various angled venous cannulae (8 -12 Fr). VAVD at -20 mm Hg or -40 mm Hg was compared with gravity drainage. Average flow using gravity drainage was 139 ml/kg/min; after VAVD, we achieved average flows of 285 ml/kg/min (range, 109 -481 ml/kg/min). VAVD at -40 mm Hg caused right atrial trauma in four fetuses; no injury was seen at -20 mm Hg. Venous air entrainment during repair of the injuries did not result in any apparent air embolism. Spontaneous pulmonary hemorrhage occurred in two fetuses at the highest flows (> 400 ml/kg/min). In all but one case, termination of bypass was followed by placental dysfunction within 120 minutes. VAVD can be safely applied during fetal bypass provided pressures are kept < -20 mm Hg. However, the achieved higher flow rates do not prevent postbypass placental dysfunction and may indeed be detrimental to the fetus. ASAIO Journal 2005; 51:000-000. From the AQ: 1

Perceiving vertical self-motion is crucial for maintaining balance as well as for controlling an aircraft. Whereas heave absolute thresholds have been exhaustively studied, little work has been done in investigating how vertical sensitivity depends on motion intensity (i.e., differential thresholds). Here we measure human sensitivity for 1-Hz sinusoidal accelerations for 10 participants in darkness. Absolute and differential thresholds are measured for upward and downward translations independently at 5 different peak amplitudes ranging from 0 to 2 m/s 2 . Overall vertical differential thresholds are higher than horizontal differential thresholds found in the literature. Psychometric functions are fit in linear and logarithmic space, with goodness of fit being similar in both cases. Differential thresholds are higher for upward as compared to downward motion and increase with stimulus intensity following a trend best described by two power laws. The power laws' exponents of 0.60 and 0.42 for upward and downward motion, respectively, deviate from Weber's Law in that thresholds increase less than expected at high stimulus intensity. We speculate that increased sensitivity at high accelerations and greater sensitivity to downward than upward self-motion may reflect adaptations to avoid falling.

The author, who was Schrfdinger's assistant during his last years in Vienna, gives an account of Sehrfdinger~ views and activities during that time which lead him to a different approach to research on the relations between gravitation and quantum phenomena. Various .features of past research are outlined in nontechnical terms. A heuristic argument is presented for the role of the zero-point energy of massive particles in counteracting gravitational collapse and the formation of horizons. Arguments are presented for the view that progress in describing extreme gravitational phenomena can be achieved by the new outlook obtained .from the introduction of the analog of Maxwell's vacuum displacement term with a quasiconstant parameter, rather than from renormalization of special processes, even ~f this is successful The results can be e_x'peeted to be in accord with Schrfdinger's conjectures. A physical interpretation for the change of sign of the differential invariant of Karlhede, Lindstr6m, and ftman at the horizon is suggested. Some important historical details about Schrfdinger are touched upon. Erwin Schr6dinger's returned to his native Austria from Dublin in 1956, when the Allied occupation ended and the country had fully regained its independence. After his dramatic escape in 1938 through Italy and a stay in Belgium, he spent most of the time as the director of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Dublin. Following retirement there, he obtained an a d p e r s o n a m professorship at the Institute for Theoretical Physics of the

In this work, our prime focus is to study the one to one correspondence between the conduction phenomena in electrical wires with impurity and the scattering events responsible for particle production during stochastic inflation and reheating implemented under a closed quantum mechanical system in early universe cosmology. In this connection, we also present a derivation of quantum corrected version of the Fokker-Planck equation without dissipation and its fourth order corrected analytical solution for the probability distribution profile responsible for studying the dynamical features of the particle creation events in the stochastic inflation and reheating stage of the universe. It is explicitly shown from our computation that quantum corrected Fokker-Planck equation describe the particle creation phenomena better for Dirac delta type of scatterer. In this connection, we additionally discuss Itô, Stratonovich prescription and the explicit role of finite temperature effective potential for solving the probability distribution profile. Furthermore, we extend our discussion of particle production phenomena to describe the quantum description of randomness involved in the dynamics. We also present computation to derive the expression for the measure of the stochastic non-linearity (randomness or chaos) arising in the stochastic inflation and reheating epoch of the universe, often described by Lyapunov Exponent. Apart from that, we quantify the quantum chaos arising in a closed system by a more strong measure, commonly known as Spectral Form Factor using the principles of random matrix theory (RMT). Additionally, we discuss the role of out of time order correlation function (OTOC) to describe quantum chaos in the present non-equilibrium field theoretic setup and its cona e-mails:

Pure thermodynamical considerations to describe the entropic evolution of the universe seem to violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics. This suggests that the gravitational field itself has entropy. In this paper we expand recent work done by Rudjord, GrØn and SigbjØrn where they suggested a method to calculate the gravitational entropy in black holes based on the so-called `Weyl curvature conjecture&#39;. We study the formulation of an estimator for the gravitational entropy of Reissner-Nordström, Kerr, Kerr-Newman black holes, and a simple case of wormhole. We calculate in each case the entropy for both horizons and the interior entropy density. Then, we analyse whether the functions obtained have the expected behaviour for an appropriate description of the gravitational entropy density.

Space and Time are continuous absolute quantities. They don't change with anything at all. However, the dimension and duration of an object or event can change with the local gravitational field and aging of the universe. This is because that Wu's Unit Length (diameter) and Wu's Unit Time (period) of Wu's Pairs (building blocks of the universe) in an object or event can be affected by the bombardment of gravitons complying with gravitational field in accordance to Graviton Radiation and Contact Interaction Theory, and also the shrinkage of Wu's Pairs due to aging of the universe in compliance with Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB). According to Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory and intrinsic atomic and subatomic structures, a linear relationship is proposed between the quantities of the property of a corresponding identical object or event and the gravitational field and aging of the universe. In addition, under Thermodynamic Equilibrium and local Subatomic Equilibrium, three fundamental principles: Principle of Equilibrium, Principle of Parallelism and Principle of Correspondence are derived, such that the correlations of the quantities of the properties between two objects or events at the same location and time (same gravitational field and aging of the universe) can be established. Furthermore, based on Wu's Spacetime Equation t yy = γl yy 3/2 , Wu's Unit Length and Wu's Unit Time of Wu's Pair are correlated to each other. As a result, the correlations of the simple properties such as dimension and duration, or the composite properties such as velocity and acceleration of an object or event, with respect to the gravitational field and aging of the universe, or further to Wu's Unit Length of a reference corresponding identical subatomic particle at the same location and time (same gravitational field and aging of the universe) can be established. This can be used successfully to interpret many important physical phenomena, such as Deflection of Light, Perihelion Precession of Mercury, Cosmological Redshift, Hubble's Law, Einstein's General Relativity, Spacetime and Field Equations.

Introduction à la théorie électromagnétique initiale de Maxwell avec analyse plus approfondie conduisant à l'établissement au niveau subatomique d'une mécanique claire d'émission et d'absorption de photons électromagnétiques et de stabilisation des électrons dans les atomes. La découverte qui en a résulté de la nature adiabatique de l'énergie induite dans toutes les particules élémentaires chargées, liée à la première équation de Maxwell, tend à confirmer la conclusion à laquelle Einstein était parvenu vers la fin de sa vie, à savoir que la gravitation semble suivre le modèle de l'électromagnétisme. Compagnon de la monographie publiée antérieurement décrivant la mécanique électromagnétique des particules élémentaires.

This book offers a detailed and stimulating account of the Lagrangian, or variational, approach to general relativity and beyond. The approach more usually adopted when describing general relativity is to introduce the required concepts of differential geometry and derive the field and geodesic equations from purely geometrical properties. Demonstration of the physical meaning then requires the weak field approximation of these equations to recover their Newtonian counterparts. The potential downside of this approach is that it tends to suit the mathematical mind and requires the physicist to study and work in a completely unfamiliar environment. In contrast, the approach to general relativity described in this book will be especially suited to physics students. After an introduction to field theories and the variational approach, individual sections focus on the variational approach in relation to special relativity, general relativity, and alternative theories of gravity. Throughout the text, solved exercises and examples are presented. The book will meet the needs of both students specializing in theoretical physics and those seeking a better understanding of particular aspects of the subject.

The paper presents the exact solution to the relative orbital motion that takes place in a central force field. This problem is a generalization of the problem of the Keplerian relative motion in a central force field. The solution is presented in a coordinate free vectorial form, offering closed form expressions for the law of motion and the velocity. The solution is offered to the non-linear model of the relative motion problem, and it generalizes the solutions found by Clohessy-Wiltshire, Lawden and Tschauner-Hempel for the case of the Keplerian relative motion. The applications of this problem are in satellite formation flying, satellite constellations and orbital rendezvous.

Because of their rapid development, amphibians have been important model organisms in studies of how microgravity (pG) affects vertebrate growth and differentiation. Both urodele (salamanders) and anuran (frogs and toads) embryos have been raised in orbital flight, the latter several times. The most commonly reported and striking effects of pLG on tadpoles are not in the vestibular system, as one might suppose, but in their lungs and tails. Pathological changes in these organs disrupt behavior and retard larval growth.

It is discovered that the gravitational field on the surface of a neutron star is with a relativistic mass density of 2.65*1016~5.87*1018kgm-3 which can be larger than the mass density of the neutron star (~1017kgm-3). And, the total relativistic mass of the gravitational field of the Sun is ~107 times the mass of the Sun. For different stars, the relativistic mass of the gravitational field is larger as the mass density of the star is larger. In the Milky Way, the total relativistic mass of the gravitational fields is much larger than the total mass of the stars, planets and gas. And, the relativistic mass density of the observed strongest magnetic field is 2.17*108kgm-3. This discovery should be a new frame to understand the fundamental problem of physics.

Another recent paper 'Mach's Principle and its connection with Inertia, Gravitation and Dark Matter' described how dark matter is more likely to be a gravitational effect rather than brought about by a halo of dark particles surrounding spiral galaxies on the assumption that the universe is closed and finite. The paper further explored the connection between Mach's principle and inertia to give a rationale for the operation of gravitation provided that this closed universe is expanding, and mentioned that this would also provide a basis of explanation for the passage of time and also a  possible function for the existence of black holes. The latter two issues were not described but are now covered in this follow up paper.

With reference to Wheeler and Feynman's Absorber theory,  an assumption is made that the rim of the resulting bounded and spherical universe is expanding at light speed which mediates the behaviour of all EM radiation within to duplicate the action of the singular rim. For the latter, time will not exist  at light speed but time will start to increase from zero the further within the sphere. The resulting conclusion is that the passage of time within the universe is governed by and directly related to the rate of its expansion. Speculation is made of the possible function of black holes in their possible capacity for storage of mass/energy to control the rate of expansion of the universe and hence the passing of time.

Many condensed matter experiments explore the finite temperature dynamics of systems near quantum critical points. Often, there are no well-defined quasiparticle excitations, and so quantum kinetic equations do not describe the transport properties completely. The theory shows that the transport co-efficients are not proportional to a mean free scattering time (as is the case in the Boltzmann theory of quasiparticles), but are completely determined by the absolute temperature and by equilibrium thermodynamic observables. Recently, explicit solutions of this quantum critical dynamics have become possible via the AdS/CFT duality discovered in string theory. This shows that the quantum critical theory provides a holographic description of the quantum theory of black holes in a negatively curved anti-de Sitter space, and relates its transport co-efficients to properties of the Hawking radiation from the black hole. We review how insights from this connection have led to new results for experimental systems: (i) the vicinity of the superfluid-insulator transition in the presence of an applied magnetic field, and its possible application to measurements of the Nernst effect in the cuprates, (ii) the magnetohydrodynamics of the plasma of Dirac electrons in graphene and the prediction of a hydrodynamic cyclotron resonance. this state, but there is a well-developed theory of the transport properties of the TL liquid. Historically, this theory evolved over several decades of research on quantum many body systems in one dimension. Key in the historical development were exact solutions of model Hamiltonians via the Bethe Ansatz. Insights gained from the structure of excitations in the Bethe Ansatz solutions led to a more general understanding of the low energy excitations of a generic Hamiltonian, and a universal low energy theory of the TL liquid. Thus while the exact solutions were restricted to artificial models, they played a key role in the development of the general theory. Of course, after the fact, with the general theory of the TL liquid before us, we can justify it in its own terms, and largely dispense with reference to the Bethe Ansatz solutions.

In the dynamics of accretion disks, the presence of collective effects associated with the self-gravity of the disk is expected to affect not only the momentum transport, but also the relevant energy balance equations, which could differ substantially from the non-selfgravitating case. Here we follow the picture that, when the disk is sufficiently cold, the stirring due to Jeansrelated instabilities acts as a source of effective heating. The corresponding reformulation of the energy equations allows us to: (i) demonstrate how self-regulation can be established, so that the stability parameter Q is maintained close to a threshold value, with weak dependence on radius; (ii) rediscuss the opacity properties in the selfgravitating regime. In particular, we show that, if cooling is dominated by bremsstrahlung, an optically thin stationary accretion solution is thermally stable, even in the non-advective case, provided the disk is self-gravitating. The details of the cooling function have little effect on the structure of such accretion disk, which is in any case brought by self-gravity to self-regulate. This condition of self-gravitating accretion is expected to be appropriate for the outer regions of many disks of astrophysical interest. With the reformulation of the energy equations described in this paper we have also secured: (iii) a starting point for the study of the emission properties of self-gravitating accretion disks; (iv) a tool to analyze the structure of the transition region, where the disk becomes self-gravitating.

SCHOT, P. K., B. T. BATES, and J. S. DUFEK. Bilateral perfonnance symmetry during drop landing: a kinetic analysis. . Technical note: accuracy of determining the point of force application with piezoelectric force plates. 1. Biomech. 23:705-710. 1990.

Dans la théorie du “réseau cosmologique” qui est présentée dans ce livre, le problème de l’unification des théories physiques et de la recherche d’une Théorie du Tout est traité d’une manière radicalement différente des autres approches de la littérature. Au lieu d’essayer de construire une théorie unifiée en bricolant un assemblage de théories existantes, en les rendant de plus en plus complexes et ésotériques, en ajoutant même d’étranges symétries et des dimensions supplémentaires pour leur “beauté mathématique”, on part exclusivement des concepts classiques les plus fondamentaux de la physique, qui sont l’équation de Newton et les deux premiers principes de la thermodynamique. Et à l’aide de ces principes fondamentaux, et en développant une géométrie originale basée sur les coordonnées d’Euler, on en vient, par un cheminement purement logique et déductif, à suggérer que l’Univers pourrait être un cristal, un réseau cubique tridimensionnel élastique et massif, et que les éléments constitutifs de la Matière Ordinaire pourraient être des singularités topologiques de ce réseau cristallin. Sur la base de ce concept original, on peut développer une description très complète de l’évolution spatio-temporelle de ce réseau cubique solide, que l’on appelle le “réseau cosmologique”, en introduisant dans un espace absolu infini un observateur purement imaginaire appelé le Grand Observateur GO. Si cet observateur est équipé d’un système de référence composé d’un référentiel euclidien absolu orthonormé pour localiser les points du réseau solide et d’une horloge absolue pour mesurer l’évolution temporelle du réseau solide dans l’espace absolu, une description très détaillée de l’évolution spatio-temporelle du réseau peut être élaborée sur la base du système de coordonnées d’Euler. Dans ce système de coordonnées, le Grand Observateur GO peut décrire de manière très détaillée les distorsions (rotations et déformations) et les contorsions (flexion et torsion) du réseau. En introduisant les principes physiques de base de la dynamique newtonienne et des deux principes de la thermodynamique, il est capable de décrire l’évolution spatio-temporelle du réseau cosmologique, en lui attribuant une masse d’inertie par cellules de base et une énergie interne spécifique de distorsion par unité de volume du réseau. Et il peut également introduire des singularités topologiques (dislocations, désinclinaisons et dispirations) sous forme de boucles fermées dans ce réseau cosmologique, en tant qu’éléments constitutifs de la matière ordinaire. Lorsque cette idée originale est développée en détail, il peut être démontré, par un cheminement mathématique purement logique et déductif, que, pour un réseau isotrope élastique satisfaisant à la loi de Newton, avec des hypothèses spécifiques sur ses propriétés élastiques, le comportement de ce réseau et ses singularités topologiques satisfont “toute” la physique actuellement connue, en faisant spontanément ressortir des analogies très fortes et souvent parfaites avec toutes les grandes théories physiques actuelles du macrocosme et du microcosme, telles que les équations de Maxwell, la relativité spéciale, la gravitation newtonienne, la relativité générale, la cosmologie moderne et la physique quantique. Mais cette théorie ne se contente pas de trouver des analogies avec les autres théories de la physique, elle propose également des explications assez originales, nouvelles et simples à de nombreux phénomènes physiques qui sont encore assez obscurs et mal compris à l’heure actuelle par la physique, comme la signification profonde et l’interprétation physique de l’expansion cosmologique, l’électromagnétisme, la relativité spéciale, la relativité générale, la physique quantique et le spin des particules. Il offre également des explications nouvelles et simples de la décohérence quantique (la limite de passage entre un comportement classique et un comportement quantique d’un objet), de l’énergie sombre, de la matière noire, des trous noirs, et de nombreux autres phénomènes. Le développement détaillé de cette théorie conduit également à des idées et des prédictions très innovantes, parmi lesquelles la plus importante est l’apparition de la charge de courbure, qui est une conséquence inévitable du traitement d’un réseau solide et de ses singularités topologiques en coordonnées d’Euler. Ce concept n’apparaît pas du tout dans toutes les théories modernes de la physique, telles que la relativité générale, la physique quantique ou le modèle standard, alors que dans notre théorie, ce concept fournit des explications pour de nombreux points obscurs de ces théories, tels que la force faible, l’asymétrie matière-antimatière, la formation des galaxies, la ségrégation entre matière et antimatière au sein des galaxies, la formation de trous noirs gigantesques au cœur des galaxies, la disparition apparente de l’antimatière dans l’Univers, la formation d’étoiles à neutrons, le concept de matière noire, la nature bosonique ou fermionique des particules, etc. Enfin, l’étude de réseaux présentant des symétries spéciales appelées symétries axiales, symboliquement représentées par des réseaux cubiques 3D “colorés”, nous permet d’identifier une étonnante structure de réseau dont les singularités topologiques bouclées coïncident parfaitement avec la zoologie complexe de toutes les particules élémentaires du Modèle Standard, et qui nous permet également de trouver des explications physiques simples aux forces faibles et fortes du Modèle Standard, y compris les phénomènes de confinement et de liberté asymptotique.

E.N.Khalilov
GLOBAL NETWORK FOR THE FORECASTING OF EARTHQUAKES – GNFE. INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF GEODYNAMICS MONITORING.
London, SWB, 2011, 38 p.
There has been described the positive experience of short-term forecasting of strong distanced earthquakes on the basis of long-period gravitational harbingers. The information presented is about the initial results of the operation of the Global Network for the Forecasting of Earthquakes.
ISBN 978-9952-451-15-3

In vertebrates (including humans) altered gravitational environments such as weightlessness can induce malfunction of the inner ears due to a mismatch between canal and statolith afferents. This leads to an illusionary tilt because the inputs from the inner ear are not confirmed by the other sensory organs, which then results in intersensory conflict. Vertebrates in orbit therefore face severe orientation problems. In humans the intersensory conflict may additionally lead to a malaise commonly referred to as space motion sickness (SMS). After the initial days of weightlessness the orientation problems (and SMS) disappear as the brain develops a new interpretation of the available sensory data. The present contribution reviews the neurobiological responses, particularly those of fish, observed under altered gravitational states concerning behavior and neuroplastic reactivities. Investigations employing microgravity (spaceflight, parabolic aircraft flights, clinostat) and hypergravity (laboratory centrifuges as ground-based research tools) provide insights for understanding the basic phenomena, many of which remain only incompletely explained

We will define the mass of an electron in the context of Weinberg's empirical formula that relates the mass of a pion to fundamental physical constants, namely the gravitational and Planck constants, the speed of light in vacuum and the Hubble constant. After redefining the Weinberg formula to apply for electrons instead of pions we will add density parameters, used in modern Cosmology, to the Hubble constant in an attempt to persevere the universality of free fall which is one of the corner stones of General Relativity. Universality of free fall is not violated if fundamental physical constants do not vary with time which will be demonstrated in the aforementioned empirical formula for the electron mass and thus, subsequently the proton-to-electron mass ratio, the fine structure constant as well as for the gravitational constant.

A balance platform setup was defined for use in the determination of the center of gravity in the sagittal plane for a wheelchair and patient. Using the center of gravity information, measurements from the wheelchair and patient (weight, tire coefficients of friction), and various assumptions (constant speed, level-concrete surface, patient-wheelchair system is a rigid body), a method for estimating the rolling resistance for a wheelchair was outlined. The center of gravity and rolling resistance techniques were validated against criterion values (center of gravity error = 1 percent, rolling resistance root mean square error = 0.33 N, rolling resistance Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.995). Consistent results were also obtained from a test dummy and five subjects. Once the center of gravity is known, it is possible to evaluate the stability of a wheelchair (in terms of tipping over) and the interaction between the level of stability and rolling resistance. These quantitative measures are expected to be of use in the setup of wheelchairs with a variable seat angle and variable wheelbase length or when making comparisons between different wheelchairs.

We discuss a field-theoretical approach based on general-relativistic variational principle to derive the covariant field equations and hydrodynamic equations of motion of baryonic matter governed by cosmological perturbations of dark matter and dark energy. The action depends on the gravitational and matter Lagrangian. The gravitational Lagrangian depends on the metric tensor and its first and second derivatives. The matter Lagrangian includes dark matter, dark energy and the ordinary baryonic matter which plays a role of a bare perturbation. The total Lagrangian is expanded in an asymptotic Taylor series around the background cosmological manifold defined as a solution of Einstein's equations in the form of the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric tensor. The small parameter of the decomposition is the magnitude of the metric tensor perturbation. Each term of the series expansion is gauge-invariant and all of them together form a basis for the successive post-Friedmannian approximations around the background metric. The approximation scheme is covariant and the asymptotic nature of the Lagrangian decomposition does not require the post-Friedmannian perturbations to be small though computationally it works the most effectively when the perturbed metric is close enough to the background FLRW metric. The temporal evolution of the background metric is governed by dark matter and dark energy and we associate the large scale inhomogeneities in these two components as those generated by the primordial cosmological perturbations with an effective matter density contrast δρ/ρ ≤ 1. The small scale inhomogeneities are generated by the condensations of baryonic matter considered as the bare perturbations of the background manifold that admits δρ/ρ ≫ 1. Mathematically, the large scale perturbations are given by the homogeneous solution of the linearized field equations while the small scale perturbations are described by a particular solution of these equations with the bare stress-energy tensor of the baryonic matter. We explicitly work out the covariant field equations of the successive post-Friedmannian approximations of Einstein's equations in cosmology and derive equations of motion of large and small scale inhomogeneities of dark matter and dark energy. We apply these equations to derive the post-Friedmannian equations of motion of baryonic matter comprising stars, galaxies and their clusters.

In the context of modified f(R) gravity, we attempt to study the thermodynamic properties of the evolving Lorentzian wormholes at the apparent horizon. It is shown that the wormhole can be derived from a particular f(R) model in the radiation background. Moreover, it has been shown that the field equations can be cast to a similar form at the apparent horizon for the evolving Lorentzian wormhole. Compared to the case of Einstein's general relativity, an additional term appears here.


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The biomechanical determinants of the scaling of chew cycle duration are important components of models of primate feeding systems at all levels, from the neuromechanical to the ecological. Chew cycle durations were estimated in 35 species of primates and analyzed in conjunction with data on morphological variables of the feeding system estimating moment of inertia of the mandible and force production capacity of the chewing muscles. Data on scaling of primate chew cycle duration were compared with the predictions of simple pendulum and forced mass-spring system models of the feeding system. The gravity-driven pendulum model best predicts the observed cycle duration scaling but is rejected as biomechanically unrealistic. The forced mass-spring model predicts larger increases in chew cycle duration with size than observed, but provides reasonable predictions of cycle duration scaling. We

It is proved herein that the quantity 'r' appearing in the so-called "Schwarzschild solution" is neither a distance nor a geodesic radius but is in fact the radius of Gaussian curvature. The radius of Gaussian curvature does not determine the geodesic radial distance (the proper radius) from the arbitrary point at the centre of spherical symmetry of the Schwarzschild manifold. It does not directly determine any distance at all in the Schwarzschiuld manifold.

In the Standard Model, the problem of anomalous magnetic moments is only half-resolved. Proponents always say that prediction of the electron's magnetic moment; confirmed by measurement is the most accurate prediction in all of physics, but it came after the fact. The truth is: Dirac got close and Schwinger closed it. Yet finally, the anomalous magnetic moments of the proton and neutron (and even the electron) remain poorly explained.  The problem of anomalous magnetic moments is explained by equilibrium resonance theory,  all anomalies well answered, and with a connection between context and event.

Gravity seems to fail at large distances, and observed matter can only explain about 5% of the gravitational force involved in the galaxies’ motion. Science has thus invoked the presence of dark matter and dark energy to correspondingly constitute about 20-25% and ~70-75% of the universe’s mass. The major scientific effort to find new particles that form dark matter & dark energy has failed to date.

This project addresses these two astrophysical challenges and how solving them in a unique way leads to evidence of unity in the cosmos. We propose to explore the idea that the origin of dark matter and dark energy is consciousness (the observer). We postulate that adding consciousness into the equations using the perception that everyone observes the universe from its conceptual center, i.e., from the singularity, can lead to a new formalism that unifies all the fundamental laws of physics.

A model was developed for cross-country skiing where locomotive power depends on speed and slope as variables, and further depends on snow friction, gravitation, mass, air drag, wind, and air density. Model parameters were estimated experimentally. Two differential equations were developed for how locomotive power depends on speed and slope. The equations are of the logistic form with a threshold determined by the skier&#39;s technique, intensity, mass, metabolic rate, gross efficiency, and lactate threshold. Three parameters were estimated by minimizing the average summed square difference between the simulated speed, using the model, and experimental speed of an elite male skier in a 4218 m track. Distance and height along the track were measured using a measuring wheel and an inclinometer generating 52 datapoints. Research assistants measured time from start at 14 different positions. Parameter values were determined from the literature. We illustrated how speed and slope impact ...