Graeco-Roman clubs and associations

My aim in this essay is to elucidate the meaning of the phrase collegia sodalicia, which occurs only in Digests 47.22.1 pr. (= Marcian F 73a Lenel), the introductory section of the Digests’ title De collegiis et corporibus (47.22).

In the first part of this essay, I outline some salient features of Marcian F 73a and briefly contextualize Marcian’s Institutes, the work of late Severan date from which Justinian’s compilers excerpted Digests 47.22.1 pr.-1.2.

In the second part, I demonstrate that the purported “sodalician associations” of Digests 47.22.1 pr. never existed. That phrase originated from a textual misunderstanding, which one can trace already in the Digests, if not before. I propose that Marcian wrote collegia sodaliciaue, “collegia or sodalicia”. I then segue to some of the implications my reinterpretation of Marcian F 73a holds for the study of associations in the Roman world.

A detailed analysis of CIL XIV 2112 = ILS 7212, an inscription detailing the status and life of an association (collegium) of worshipers of Diana and Antinous in Lanuvium. A new edition of the text with English translation is also provided.

For the edition of the text, enter "Bendlin" in the publication field in http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epigraphik_en.""

"Εργαστήριο Αρχαιολόγιας Ι. Το Ηρώδειο Συγκρότημα του Ιερού των Αιγυπτίων Θεών (2ος αι. μ.Χ.) στο Μικρό Έλος του Μαραθώνα: Ένας επισκέψιμος αρχαιολογικός χώρος υπό έρευνα και ανάδειξη. Ομιλία προβολής στο πλαίσιο κοινωνικής συνεργασίας και δράση προσφοράς στον αρχαιολογικό χώρο."

As has been shown in numerous studies, early Christian communities as well as synagogues of Judeans resemble the forms and structures of Graeco-Roman associations in many aspects. Therefore it makes much sense to embed an inquiry into Christ groups from the first three centuries into the evidence on associations and synagogues in order to grasp some of the characteristics of Christianity in this area in time up to Constantine. This article will begin with a brief overview of the regions in this double province and their history, continue with a review of the inscriptional and literary evidence on associations (including synagogues) and finally discuss early sources for a study of Christianity in Bithynia and Pontus, i.e. the New Testament, Pliny's letter about Christians and inscriptions from the second and third century with a potential Christian background.

The author observes that the mosaic of the House of Aion (Nea Paphos, Cyprus) employs rhetorical figures in its iconographic program, including analogy, personification, allegory, and, in the first line, antithesis. The rhetoric and its figurative language is a constant element of speeches and writings from the fifth century BC until almost the fifth century AD. Yet, this method of reasoning, argumentation, and persuasion is also used in the narrative and polemical language of Roman iconography. The paper is a “case study” of the employment of rhetorical methods in a larger context of the Roman
visual art and especially of the Roman mosaics.

Cette étude vise à présenter de manière analytique les cultes associatifs de Portus-port créé par Claude et agrandi par Trajan au nord du Tibre-et à mettre en lumière les particularités de ceuxci par rapport aux résultats engrangés pour Ostie.

This paper offers new insights in the relation between the Roman emperor and the two ecumenical associations of competitors, the xystic synod of athletes and the thymelic synods of artists. These associations defended the interests of first-class competitors in Greek agones, competitive festivals in the tradition of the Olympic Games that were widespread in the Roman empire. Since the earliest studies on the two synods, scholars have maintained that they were a tool in the hands of the emperor with which he could keep the Greek festival world under control. A thorough analysis of both epigraphical and papyrological sources reveal, however, that the synods had more agency than has been previously assumed. This paper argues that they were embedded in a network of reciprocal relationships, in which lobby work and symbolic communication in the context of the imperial cult gave them ample room to pursue their specific professional interests.

The finding, in 1977, of the Lapis Satricanus has shed new light on the forms of association in archaic Rome, which can be now related to the Indo-European pattern of the 'Gefolgschaft'. A renewed analysis of the sources shows the importance of the institution during the regal period and the beginning of the republic, and especially helps in understanding the provision of the XII tables on the sodales (tab. 8, 27), which was aimed at reducing the strength of the patricians, in parallel to the provision that weakened the clientship by leaving unpunished the client who had left his patronus (tab. 8, 21).

Private associations organized around a common cult, occupation, ethnic identity, neighborhood or family were among the principal means of organizing social and economic life in the ancient Mediterranean. They offered opportunities for sociability, cultic activities, mutual support and contexts in which to display and recognize virtuous achievement. This volume collects 140 inscriptions and papyri from Ptolemaic and early Roman Egypt, along with translations, notes, commentary, and analytic indices. The dossier of association-related documents substantially enhances our knowledge of the extent, activities, and importance of private associations in the ancient Mediterranean, since papyri, unavailable from most other locations in the Mediterranean, preserve a much wider range of data than epigraphical monuments. The dossier from Egypt includes not only honorific decrees, membership lists, bylaws, dedications, and funerary monuments, but monthly accounts of expenditures and income, correspondence between guild secretaries and local officials, price and tax declarations, records of legal actions concerning associations, loan documents, petitions to local authorities about associations, letters of resignation, and many other papyrological genres. These documents provide a highly variegated picture of the governance structures and practices of associations, membership sizes and profiles, and forms of interaction with the State.

Abbreviations in the Bibliography follow those of L'Année Philologique; editions of Greek inscriptions follow the abbreviations of the Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum; editions of papyri follow the abbreviations in the Checklist of Editions of Greek, Latin, Demotic, and Coptic Papyri, Ostraca, and Tablets (http://papyri.info/docs/checklist); references to literary works by ancient authors follow the abbreviations and standards of Liddell, Scott and Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon and of the Oxford Classical Dictionary (th ed.).

Ausgezeichnet mit dem Prix spécial de la Faculté de Droit de l'Université de Fribourg im Rahmen des XII. Internationalen Romanistischen Preises Gérard Boulvert 2022 und mit dem Fakultätspreis 2020 der Juristischen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. – Inwieweit das römische Recht Vereine als Träger von Rechten und Pflichten gekannt hat, ist seit Langem Gegenstand der rechtshistorischen Forschung. Zwar ist die Existenz von Gegenständen des Vereinsvermögens in den Quellen belegt, doch schien damit bislang kaum vereinbar, dass der Vertragsschluss durch einen Vereinsfunktionär im römischen Recht – anders als im modernen Recht – regelmäßig nicht dazu führt, dass der Verein Partei des Vertrags wird. Aufgrund der Quellenfunde der letzten Jahrzehnte kann dieser Befund erstmals erklärt werden: Wenn sich ein Vereinsfunktionär für den Verein vertraglich verpflichtet, räumt ihm die Satzung hierfür einen Ausgleich aus dem Vereinsvermögen ein, der gerichtlich durchsetzbar ist. Ferner kann gezeigt werden, dass nicht das Vertragsrecht, sondern in erster Linie die Verbreitung testamentarischer Stiftungen im gesamten Reich während des 1. und 2. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. die römischen Juristen veranlasst hat, die Berechtigung bzw. Verpflichtung von Vereinen aus Forderungen und Verbindlichkeiten zu konzeptualisieren.

This article deals with the founding of Graeco-Roman assosciations and the founding of the Philippian ekklesia by the apostle Paul. The following inscriptions are more thourougly analysed: the association of Šamūmānu (1200 BCE; CAT 3.9), the association of Dionysios (II/1 BCE; LSAM 20 = SIG3/4 985), the mysteries of Artemis Ephesia (I CE, AnSt 42 (1992), 119–150), the worship of Sarapis and Isis in Opus (I CE, IG X/2.1 255), Men Tyrannos from Laurion (II/III CE, IG II² 1365+1366), the association of Epicteta (III/II BCE, IG XII,3 330), the Dionysos cult in Magnesia (II CE, Jaccottet 2.146), the honors for Diodoros (I BCE, IG II2 1343). From this angle the founding of the Philippian community and its relationship with Paul can be seen in a different way.

De acuerdo con la estructura de estas sesiones, me corresponde exponer el estado de nuestro conocimiento sobre el pastoralismo en la Península Ibérica en época romana. Hablando coloquialmente, tengo la impresión de que me ha tocado la china con este tema, pues soy consciente de que mis conclusiones resultarán casi siempre discutibles y muchas veces hipotéticas, lo que no tiene nada de extraño considerando la deleznable calidad de la evidencia disponible, la dificultad del asunto y el escaso interés que ha despertado hasta ahora entre los investigadores. Advierto igualmente que aunque la mayoría de mis colegas han sido incapaces de resistir la fascinación de los cañariegos -más adelante se justificará por qué-, en mi caso no me ha quedado más remedio que hablar de forma genérica de pastoralismo o pastorías móviles, entendiendo por ello todas las dedicaciones económicas especializadas en la granjería animal y cuyo medro exige el desplazamiento constante del ganado. Es decir, incluyo dentro del mismo saco dos fenómenos que consideramos esencialmente distintos, el nomadeo y la trashumancia: el primero define a los pastores que se mueven de un lado a otro sin más destino que la abundancia y la frescura de la hierba; el segundo, en cambio, corresponde a quienes desplazan sus rebaños siguiendo pautas fijas en el tiempo y en los recorridos. Ahora sabemos que los trashumantes -y especialmente los que se recorren grandes distancias-, lejos de ser el último residuo nomádico en sociedades sedentarias, constituyen la solución pastoril de las economías agrarias altamente desarrolladas, ya que es necesario regular y vigilar el movimiento de pastores y rebaños y requieren fuertes inversiones a medio plazo y una cierta demanda especulativa para sus producciones.

Analogie, allégorie, antithèse... Ces figures de style n'était pas l'apanage des orateurs, philosophes et autres spécialistes du discours dans l'Antiquité. Les arts visuels en ont aussi joué avec brio comme en témoigne cette fascinante mosaïque du IVe siècle ap. J.-C., à Nea Paphos.

Das primäre Ziel meines Aufsatzes ist die ungarische Veröffentlichung der Vereinssatzung des von Gottheiten Aesculapius und Hygia benannten Privatvereins aus Rom. Die lateinische inschriftliche Quelle aus der Zeit des Antoninus Pius ist eine der wenigen vollständig verbliebenen leges collegiorum.

Extensive excavations recently conducted at Merenda, the site of the ancient deme of Myrrhinous, led to the discovery of a dedicatory inscription by the priest Xenophon to Zeus Phratrios. Xenophon is to be identified with the homonymous individual who made a dedication to Apollo Pythios and had it inscribed on a rectangular marble pillar that was found at Merenda in 1948. These two inscriptions by Xenophon share several similarities, both in the shape, size and type of marble of their material supports and in the script, arrangement, and content of their texts. The letterings are comparable and suggest a date in the fourth century BCE. Both texts are metrical; they are arranged in two lines and have similar contents, both including the term 'mnemeion'. In both cases the text is inscribed on a quite flat, rectangular marble pillar that tapers above and ends in a squared capital, which only the more recently found document preserves. A close examination of these similarities and the analysis of the features and roles of Apollo Pythios and Zeus Phratrios in Attica suggest that the two dedications may have originally been set side by side and functioned as one votive/commemorative monument dedicated by Xenophon and placed within the sanctuary of Apollo Pythios.

This paper will focus on the offerings made within some collegia of Ostia. Considering both the content and the layout of inscriptions recording offerings, I will examine whether they reveal any features distinguishing a guild identity and how such features were expressed. In short, my research aims first to elucidate the connections between the given object, the text recording the offering, the group within which the gift was made and the honoured gods or emperors. Ultimately, I will try to assess to what extent these offerings recorded by a text reflect a ‘group style’. Did they contribute to establish, display and strengthen a group identity?

Karia and the Dodekanese, Vol. II, presents new research that highlights cultural interrelations and connectivity in the Southeast Aegean and western Asia Minor over a period of more than 700 years. Th roughout Antiquity, this region was a dynamic meeting place for eastern and western civilizations. Modern geographical limitations have been infl uential on both archaeological investigations and how we approach cultural relations in the region. Comprehensive and valuable research has been carried out on many individual sites in Karia and the Dodekanese, but the results have rarely been brought together in an attempt to paint a larger picture of the culture of this region. In Antiquity, the sea did not constitute an obstacle to interaction between societies and cultures, but was an eff ective means of communication for the exchange of goods, sculptural styles, architectural form and embellishment, education, and ideas. It is clear that close relations existed between the Dodekanese and western Asia Minor during the Classical period (Vol. I), but these relations were evidently further strengthened under the shift ing political infl uences of the Hellenistic kings, the Roman Empire, and the cosmopolitan late antique period. Th e contributions in this volume comprise investigations on urbanism, architectural form and embellishment, sculpture, pottery, and epigraphy.

Besondres informative Quellen der Erforschung der römischen privaten Kollegien sind die leges collegiorum, denn sie erlauben – im Gegenteil zu anderen Zeugnisse – eine relativ tiefgründige Einsicht ins Vereinsleben. Unter diesen Vereinsstatuten hat eine herausragende Bedeutung – trotz der fragmentarischen Befindlichkeit – der lex collegii negotiantium citriariorum et eborariorum von Rom, der einzige verbleibende lex collegii aus der Kaiserzeit, der einem Berufsverein bezogen ist. Das primäre Ziel meines Aufsatzes ist die Mitteilung der ungarischen Übersetzung der Inschrift vom Kollegium der Citrusholz- und Elfenbeinhändler.

This contribution focuses on the relation between violence/coercion and il fenomeno associativo and in particular on the references, explicit or implicit, to violent incidents in
associative life or to conditions favoring similar developments. This relation extends in three different areas: 1) in the relations between, on the one hand polis, kingdom or empire, and on
the other private associations, 2) in the interaction between associations and their membership, and 3) in the relations between members of the same association or between members and non-members. In all the above cases, violence is a menace that threatens the existence and the prosperity of the association; therefore, the latter employs all available means (disciplinary,
penal, symbolic) to control and suppress it.

This concise commentary on the Letters of Jude and 2 Peter is part of a relatively new series published under the Cascade imprint of Wipf & Stock. The New Covenant Commentary Series (NCCS) is an accessible, largely nontechnical commentary series designed for ministers and beginning students. Volumes already released in the series, including this one, are consistently brief though substantial. The editors (Michael Bird and Craig Keener) articulate three unique feature for the series: the NCCS commissions authors from diverse geographical, cultural, and theological backgrounds, claiming international representation; rather than providing verse-by-verse exegesis, the NCCS focuses commentary on larger units of the text, avoiding " atomistic approaches, " with the goal to make the overall story of the New Testament clear to its modern readers; the series encourages authors to reflect upon how the New Testament speaks directly to the practical life and ministry context of contemporary readers who are considered the new covenant community. To accomplish this last goal, the commentary portion of the text is punctuated by brief sections entitled " Fusing the Horizons and Forming the Community, " where " authors provide windows into community formation (how the text shapes the mission and character of the believing community) and ministerial formation (how the text shapes the ministry of Christian leaders) " (preface).

In this study, the instruction of craftsmen during the Roman imperial period through the presentation of concrete sources is examined. The aim was to provide an overview of professional training as far as the means and circumstances of transferring professional knowledge are concerned. Professional training refers to the system of instruction with regard to manual labour of which the attainment of handcrafts is an integral part, however, training in terms of intellectual work falls outside the scope of this study. Firstly, the determination and characterization of sources that may be included in the framework of this study (including literary, legal, epigraphical and papyrological evidence) was sought. Afterwards, the setting of professional training, its system, the actors of instruction in addition to the ambiguity of relevant terminology is discussed in detail. The question of institutionalization will be examined. An attempt is also made to solve the dilemma concerning whether the private professional associations of the imperial era were involved in the transfer of professional knowledge. With the aid of primary sources, the content, methodology of professional training as well as the results and advantages attainable through it are outlined. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of Pannonian sources, in fact all sources related to the topic are introduced and analysed in detail.

J.Linderski, Ciceros Rede pro Caelio und die Ambitus- und Vereinsgesetzgebung der ausgehenden Republik, Hermes 89, 1961, 106-119 = RQ 1995, 204-217 + addenda 647-649 + addenda altera RQ II, 2007, 619-620.
Cic. Pro Caelio 16;  Crimen ambitus, crimina sodalium et sequestrium, lex Licinia de sodaliciis.

rethinking asso ciations and religion in the post-classical polis (Copenhagen, 11-13 October 2012). Thanks are due to the organisers of the conference, Annelies Cazemier and Stella Skaltsa, for their invitation and hospitality as well as to the participants for stimulating, formal and informal, discussions. The points raised by the anonymous referee helped to re-evaluate elements of my argument I took for granted. Any remaining infelicities are my responsibility. All translations are mine, unless otherwise indicated. [Ἔ]τους Δ καὶ Ξ | [τ]ὸ κοινὸν τῶν τεχνιτῶν| [ἐ]στεφάνωσεν τοὺς ἱε|ρεῖς τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, Μᾶρκον| Καικέλιον Σωτᾶν, Πόμπλιον| [Κ]ορνήλιον Σωτήριχον,| [Ὀλυμ]πιόδωρον Πυθοδώρου| [… ca. 7-8 …] Καικέλιον| [… ca 9-10 …] Μένανδρον| [… ca. 9-10 …]ρος. (In the year 64, the association of technitai has crowned the priests of Athena, Markos Kaikelios Sotas, Pomplios Kornelios Soterichos, Olympiodoros son of Pythodoros,-Kaikelios-Menandros-ros) 3 Is this koinon techniton related to a κοινὸν τὸ περὶ τὸν Διόνυσον τεχνιτῶν or to associa tions of craftsmen? Why do they honour the priests of Athena? After a detailed discussion of both interpretations, Koukouli-Chrysanthaki (2011, 245) declares that the evidence is inconclusive and thus prudently leaves the question open to further debate. 4 Both examples display the involvement of occupational associations in religious practices; despite the widely attested presence of craft-and cult associations in the Graeco-Roman world, an investigation and documentation of the relation between their two essentials, craft and cult, remains a desideratum. Scholars nowadays agree that, despite conventional taxonomies, Graeco-Roman associations were multi-faceted groups. 5 One of the aspects included, explicitly or implicitly, is the religious. Even if this is self-evident 3. Koukouli-Chryssanthaki 2011, 235 with BE 2013, no. 278 (SEG 61, 485); on this occasion the author republishes the similarly worded inscription SEG 48, 716ter (89/8 BC): Ἔτους θ´ καὶ ν´ τὸ κοινὸν| τῶν τεχνιτῶν ἐστεφάνωσεν τοὺς| ἱερεῖς τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς Φιλόξενον Περι|γένου, Εὐφρόσυνος (sic) Νικάνορος, Μᾶρκον| Ἄμπιον Ἀλέξανδρον, Μαίνιον Φιλω[…]| Οἱ συνιερεῖς στεφανοῦσιν| Εὐφρόσυνον Νικάνορος| Φιλόξενον Περιγένου. Koukouli-Chrysanthaki (2011, 236 n. 3) refers to the unpublished text on the same stele mentioning winners in athletic contests of paides and andres followed by wreaths; see also Gauthier and Hatzopoulos 1993, 164-165. Most recently d'Amore and Mari 2013, 242-245 (now in SEG 63.418) argued that the group is some sort of a koinon of artists. M. Kaikelios Sotas is most likely to be identified with an homonymous coppersmith attested in the dedication to the Great Gods of Samothrace, BCH 55 (1931), 179 no. 8: Μ(ᾶρκος) Καικέλιος| Σωτᾶς ὁ χαλκεὺς| ἀπὸ τῆς τέχνης| Θεοῖς Μεγάλοις| τοῖς ἐν Σαμοθράκηι; see Koukouli-Chrysanthaki 2011, 238-240.

This paper discusses the two ‘international’ or ecumenical associations of athletes and artists in the Roman empire, the so-called xystic and thymelic synods. These associations played a key role in the world of Greek competitive festivals (agones). They not only provided practical assistance to their members and protected their professional and economic interests, they also contributed to the organisation of the competitions and supported the central authorities in keeping up an official festival calendar. Hence, they were not merely a side effect of the expansion of Greek festivals across the Roman empire, they were an important factor in making this expansion possible.