Geomorphology and Active tectonics

Fluvial sediments are valuable paleoenvironmental archives of the Quaternary. Since besides environmental factors they are also affected by local tectonics or intrinsic processes, large instead of small catchments should be studied. In drylands covering ca. 45% of the global terrestrial surface large river systems are generally missing, and most river systems are small rivers originating from mountain ranges. Their sediments are potentially interesting paleoenvironmental archives, but are often affected by intensive tectonics. During this study, to obtain a robust regional paleoenvironmental signal a small river system in the southwestern Binaloud Mountains in semi-arid NE Iran was exemplarily studied with a combined approach that encompassed both alluvial fan and catchment. By using geomorphological mapping and numerical dating, fluvial aggradation followed by incision was independently identified in larger areas or in different parts of the river system ca. 95-88 ka, 40 ka, 20 ka, around/after the Pleistocene/Holocene transition and possibly ca. 2.6 ka. These could be linked with regional and over-regional paleoenvironmental data. Furthermore, large boulders on the alluvial fan suggest anthropogenic destabilisation of the catchment during the last decades. Despite strong local tectonics the fluvial dynamics was mostly controlled by paleoenvironmental changes and human activity. This indicates that despite their small size, such river systems form valuable paleoenvironmental archives in drylands where other archive types are largely missing.

On March 20, 2019, Wednesday, at 09: 34 (TS), a damage-destructive earthquake of Mw 5.5 lasting 11 second at a depth of 9.72 km stroke Ucarı-Yeniköy (Acıpayam, Denizli) region. The earthquake is located between Ucari and Yenikoy, 6.5 km east of the center of Acipayam. From 02 to 20 March 2019, 50 earthquakes ranging from 0.9 <Mw <3.7 and about five hours before the main-shock, Mw 3.7 earthquake occurred in the Acıpayam basin. The earthquake, which was effective in 21 villages, severely damaged the villages of Ucarı, Kırca, Karahüyük and Apa. Buildings in the Acıpayam city center were not damaged. The earthquake caused 44 houses to collapse, 303 heavily and 225 lightly to damage. Totally 572 masonry houses without engineering service more than 50 years old built of adobe and rubble stone with mud mortar in the rural area collapsed and heavily to lightly damaged. In general, the northern and southern walls of the masonry houses in the villages located in the north-nortwest of the epicenter damaged and collapsed. A few mosques built of rubble with mud mortar were severely damaged and the minarets of a mosque was toppled. There was no damage to the buildings with engineering services and wooden carcasses. There were no casualties and injuries in the earthquake. The earthquake caused the death of a cow and injured a few cattle. Peak accelarations of 361.24g at K-G component, 184.42g at D-B component and 142.94g at the vertical component were measured at the Acıpayam strong-ground mtion station, which is 10 km away from the main shock. The maximum intensity of the earthquake was assigned as I 0 = VII (MSK). The earthquake was located in the region close to the intersection of NE-SW and NW-SE trending faults in the Acıpayam-Serinhisar graben of the left lateral strike-slip Fethiye-Burdur Fault System. The Acıpayam basin is a graben with approximately 5-15 km wide and 30 km long bounded by NW-SE trending normal faults in both margins. An N-S trending elongated ridge composed of Pliocene clayey limestones and bounded by approximately 15 km long fault on the western side is located in the middle part extending from Bedirköy, Yeniköy to Ucarı of the Acıpayam basin. The epicenter is is located at the intersection between NW-SE trending normal fault bounding the SW margin of the basin and subsegment lying between Ucarı and Yeniköy of the N-S trending fault. The focal plane solution of the main shock was determined N50W trending and dipping 42 0 to NE dip-slip normal fault with rake angle of-89 degrees. 100-150 m long and discontinuites, N10E striking en-echelon surface cracks ranging from 1.0 m to 10 m with right steps developped in 7 km east

The presence of hundreds of rectangular and oriented lakes is one of the most striking characteristics of the Llanos de Moxos (LM) landscape in the Bolivian Amazon. Oriented lakes also occur in the Arctic coastal plains of Russia, Alaska and Canada and along the Atlantic Coastal Plain from northeast Florida to southeast New Jersey and along the coast of northeast Brazil. Many different mechanisms have been proposed for their formation. In the LM, Plafker's (1964) tectonic model, in which subsidence results from the propagation of bedrock faults through the foreland sediments, is the most accepted. However, this model has not been verified. Here, we present new results from stratigraphic transects across the borders of three rectangular and oriented lakes in the LM. A paleosol buried under mid-Holocene sediments is used as a stratigraphic marker to assess the vertical displacement of sediments on both sides of the alleged faults. Our results show that there is no vertical displacement and, therefore, that Plafker's model can be ruled out. We suggest that, among all the proposed mechanisms behind lake formation, the combined action of wind and waves is the most likely. The evidence from the LM provides new hints for the formation of oriented lakes worldwide.

RESUMEN. En la sierra de Aconquija la secuencia cenozoica comienza con restos de un conglomerado fino a mediano de color gris claro a gris rosado amarillento, remanente de la erosión durante el ascenso general de las sierras. Las secuencias sedimentarias del Terciario medio-superior se preservan en los flancos de la sierra de Aconquija, en valles que se formaron por procesos extensivos a través de fallas meridionales que inclinaban al este. En el extremo noroeste de la sierra de Aconquija (El Infiernillo, Los Corrales, Las Ánimas) el sinclinal Los Corrales se forma con la secuencia superior del Grupo Santa María producto de la Falla Aconquija que elevó la sierra. Los conglomerados de la Formación Lomitas Pegadas asignadas al Pleistoceno habrían tenido gran desarrollo rellenando prácticamente la totalidad del valle de Tafí, extendiéndose por todo el flanco oriental del Aconquija-Cumbres Calchaquíes hasta la cuenca de Tucumán. Sobre esta gran superficie de escurrimiento y, en parte sobre su sustrato rocoso, se asentaron los depósitos de loess o sedimentos parecidos a loess de la Formación Tafí del Valle. Estos depósitos cuaternarios están dislocados por ascensos tectónicos diferenciales posteriores que reactivaron las fallas regionales preexistentes. La sierra de Aconquija se desvincula de las Cumbres Calchaquíes durante el Pleistoceno por la acción de fallas normales de rumbo noroeste con componentes de desplazamiento horizontal, producto de procesos extensivos y transpresivos. Palabras clave: Megageomorfología, Tectónica, Aconquija ABSTRACT. Mega-geomorphology of Tafí del Valle-Aconquija, Tucumán. In the Aconquija mountain range, the Cenozoic sequence begins with a fine to medium conglomerate of light gray to yellowish pink gray color, remanent of the erosion during the general uplift of the mountain ranges. The mid-upper Tertiary sedimentary sequence is preserved on the sides of the Aconquija mountain range, in valleys formed by extensive tectonical processes through eastward dipping north-south strike faults. At the nortwest end of the Aconquija mountain range (El Infiernillo, Los Corrales, Las Ánimas) the Los Corrales syncline product of the Aconquija fault, which uplifted the mountain range, is formed with the upper sequence of the Santa María Group. The conglomerates of the Lomitas Pegadas Formation assigned to the Pleistocene would have formed extensive downward sloping surfaces filling almost all the Tafi Valley, extending throughout the eastern side of the Aconquija-Cumbres Calchaquíes and reaching the Tucumán basin. Over this great downward slope, and partialy over its bed rock, loess or loess-like sediments of the Tafí del Valle Formation were settled. These Quaternary deposits are dislocated by subsequent differential tectonic uplift which reactivated the pre-existing regional faults. The Aconquija mountain range was separated from the Cumbres Calchaquíes during the Pleisocene by the action of normal NW striking faults with horizontal displacement components, as a result of extensional and transpressive processes.

DEMİRTAŞ Sami ERCAN Bahattin M.DEMİR AMAÇ: AYDIN ili, SÖKE İlçesine bağlı Fevzipaşa Mahallesi Kömür İşletmeleri sahası civarında meydana gelen zemin deformasyonlarının Genel Müdürlüğümüzün (Bayındırlık ve İskân Müdürlüğü) talimatı üzerine etüt edilmesi. İNCELENEN YERİN TANITILMASI: İnceleme alanı, Söke ilçe merkezine 9 km mesafede olup, Fevzipaşa Mahallesi, kömür işletmeleri sahası civarında, Söke Çayına katılan sulu bir derenin güney kesimlerindeki etek düzlüğütaşkın ovası düzlüğünü kapsamaktadır. İnceleme alanına ulaşım asfalt yol ile her mevsim sağlanmaktadır. Akdeniz ikliminin hakim olduğu yörede halkın geçim kaynağı tarım ve hayvancılıktır. JEOLOJİK DURUM: İnceleme alanı ve civarında, kumtaşı, silttaşı, çamurtaşı ve yer yer çakıltaşı arakatmanlı birimlerden oluşan Üst Miyosen yaşlı Fevzipaşa formasyonu ile bu birimlerin üzerine uyumsuz olarak gelen Kuvaterner yaşlı alüvyal yelpaze-taşkın ovası çökelleri yer almaktadır. Zemin deformasyonlarının geliştiği Alüvyon, siltli kum, çakıl mercekleri ve güncel toprak seviyesinden oluşmaktadır. İnceleme alanı Batı Anadolu genişleme bölgesi içinde yer aldığından genişleme doğrultusuna dik olacak şekilde Söke fayına ait normal faylar yer almaktadır. Faylar ovaya doğru basamak şeklinde izlenirler. AÇIKLAMALAR: Aydın ili, Söke İlçesine bağlı Fevzipaşa Mahallesi, Kömür İşletmeleri sahası ve civarında meydana gelen zemin deformasyonları, Genel Müdürlüğümüzün talimatı gereğince ekibimizce 21-23.04.2009 tarihleri arasında etüt edilmiştir.

The Azambuja fault is a NNE trending structure located 50 km NE of Lisbon, in an area of important historical seismicity. It is sited in the Lower Tagus Basin, a compressive foredeep basin related to tectonic inversion of the Mesozoic Lusitanian Basin in the Miocene. The fault is evident in commercial seismic reflection data, where it shows steep thrust geometry downthrowing the Cenozoic sediments to the east. It has also a clear morphological signature, presenting a NNE-SSW trending, east facing, 15 km long scarp, reaching a maximum height of 80 m. The fault scarp is the geomorphic appearance of a flexure expressed as a zone of distributed deformation, where Miocene and Pliocene sediments are tilted eastwards and are cut by steeply dipping meso-scale faults presenting reverse and normal offsets, with a net downthrow to the east. This pattern at the surface is compatible with a steep fault in the basement that tilts and branches through the overlying Cenozoic sedimentary cover. In order to constrain the neotectonic activity of this structure, detailed geological studies were conducted. Morphotectonics was studied through aerial photo interpretation, analysis of topographic maps and digital mapping. Those studies indicate Quaternary slip on the fault in the ranges of 0.05-0.06 mm per year. Seismogenic behaviour was assumed for the Azambuja fault based on the evidence of Quaternary tectonic activity and its location in an area of significant historical seismicity. M w 6.4-6.7 maximum earthquakes, with recurrence intervals of 10000-25000 years, were estimated based upon the displaced morphological references, cumulative offsets and fault length.

The recent tragic news from Nepal, hit by a devastating earthquake of magnitude 7.8, on April 25th, 2015 reveal, once again, a dramatic seismic scenario: the loss of thousands of lives and the destruction of the architectural heritage of entire cities and villages, dramatic environmental effects triggered by the earthquake. Among these, especially landslides have played a major role, by changing the morphology of some valleys, erasing villages, obstructing rivers, creating new lakes and destroying vital infrastructures. The contribution that the scientific community can offer is with no doubt manifold. It includes, assistance in the reconstruction of a cultural heritage and provides all the scientific methods for the mitigation of seismic risk of the region. In this perspective, the study of earthquakes can be examined through the intensities assessment evaluation, not only on the basis of damage caused to buildings and artefacts, but also by taking into account the seismic-induced effects, on natural landscape, such as primary and secondary environmental effects triggered by earthquakes, according to the new macroseismic scale ESI 2007 (Michetti et al., 2007). This would, indeed, be a fundamental contribution to the mitigation of seismic risk of territories affected by earthquakes, as it may provide a more realistic and ethically correct scenario of damage, based on a set of criteria that are largely independent from the socio-economic issues

Misis segmentinde 27 Haziran 1998 (Ms=6.3) tarihlerinde orta büyüklükte iki deprem olmuştur. 22 Ocak 1997 Samndağı depremi, kaya düşmeleri dışında yüzeyde herhangi bir faylanma geliştirmemiştir. Depremin merkezi, Amik Ovası batısı ile Samandağ arasında bir yerde yer almıştır. İkinci deprem, 27 Haziran 1998 Ceyhan-Misis depremi, Ceyhan nehri kıyısına paralel, 50-60 km'lik bir hat boyunca sıvılaşmalara neden olmuştur. Sıvılaşmalar, düşey yönde, kum volkanları, kum kraterleri ve kademeli yarıklar, yanal yönde nehir kıyısı oturmaları şeklinde gelişmiştir.

We present the analytical capability of TecDEM, a MATLAB toolbox used in conjunction with Global DEMs for the extraction of tectonic geomorphologic information. TecDEM includes a suite of algorithms to analyze topography, extracted drainage networks and sub-basins. The aim of part 2 of this paper series is the generation of morphometric maps for surface dynamics and basin analysis. TecDEM therefore allows the extraction of parameters such as isobase, incision, drainage density and surface roughness maps. We also provide tools for basin asymmetry and hypsometric analysis. These are efficient graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for mapping drainage deviation from basin mid-line and basin hypsometry. A morphotectonic interpretation of the Kaghan Valley (Northern Pakistan) is performed with TecDEM and the findings indicate a high correlation between surface dynamics and basin analysis parameters with neotectonic features in the study area.

Elaborarea acestei lucrări a apărut ca o necesitate imediată în procesul de instruire a studenţilor geografi, în contextul în care, în ultima perioadă, avalanşa de informaţii în domeniu este copleşitoare. Tocmai de aceea era nevoie de o sinteză a acestor lucrări, astfel încât studenţilor să le fie oferită şansa de a pătrunde în tainele acestei planete mirifice, Pământul, cu tainele sale greu de pătruns.
În urma unei experienţe de peste un deceniu în învăţământul universitar românesc, perioadă în care am asimilat şi continui să asimilez numeroasele informaţii privind geomorfologia în ansamblu, am considerat că a sosit momentul ca o parte a acestor cunoştinţe să fie transpuse într-o lucrare utilă în pregătirea celor care vor să pătrundă tainele Geografiei.
Lucrarea a fost structurată în patru părţi, necesare pentru a parcurge întreaga problematică, extrem de complexă dar necesară în procesul de pregătire geomorfologică a studenţilor geografi în ciclul de licenţă.
Pe parcursul acestei lucrări, studenţii au posibilitatea să înţeleagă mai bine locul Pământului în acest imens Univers, structura internă cu toate particularităţile sale şi rolul acesteia în dinamica de ansamblu a plăcilor litosferice. Sunt analizate mecanismele care au determinat formarea marilor ansambluri morfostructurale terestre, distribuţia şi complexitatea acestora.
S-a trecut mai departe la analiza structurilor specifice sub care rocile se găsesc în scoarţa terestră şi modul cum acestea se impun în modelarea reliefului. Astfel, sunt analizate structurile tabulare, monoclinale, cutate, faliate ş.a. din dorinţa ca studenţii să cunoască morfologia acestora, deloc simplă.
În ultima parte a lucrării au fost analizate două fenomene esenţiale prin formele de relief pe care le impun în peisaj, vulcanismul şi magmatismul, vulcanismul remarcându-se şi prin riscul pe care manifestările care-l caracterizează îl prezintă pentru o societate umană aflată într-o continuă dezvoltare şi expansiune teritorială.
Lucrarea este completată cu lista figurilor ce au fost inserate acolo unde situaţia impus-o, majoritatea fiind originale şi o listă a fotografiilor cu specificarea sursei acolo unde ele nu-mi aparţin. Bibliografia, cu cele peste 170 de titluri argumentează seriozitatea demersului.

We present the analytical capability of TecDEM, a MATLAB toolbox used in conjunction with Global DEMs for the extraction of tectonic geomorphologic information. TecDEM includes a suite of algorithms to analyze topography, extracted drainage networks and sub-basins. The aim of part 2 of this paper series is the generation of morphometric maps for surface dynamics and basin analysis. TecDEM therefore allows the extraction of parameters such as isobase, incision, drainage density and surface roughness maps. We also provide tools for basin asymmetry and hypsometric analysis. These are efficient graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for mapping drainage deviation from basin mid-line and basin hypsometry. A morphotectonic interpretation of the Kaghan Valley (Northern Pakistan) is performed with TecDEM and the findings indicate a high correlation between surface dynamics and basin analysis parameters with neotectonic features in the study area.

İnceleme alanını kapsayan İzmir ili, Seferihisar ilçesi, Doğanbey Beldesi "Bayındırlık ve İskân Bakanlığı'na ait ve Bakanlar Kurulunun 18.04.1996 tarih ve 96/8109 sayılı karar ile yürürlüğe girmiş olan "Türkiye Deprem Bölgeleri Haritası'nda" I. Derece Deprem Bölgesi'nde yer almaktadır (Şekil. 11.1). Birinci derece deprem kuşağında yer alan bölgenin etkin yer ivmesi değeri Ao:0,4 g'dır. Bölgede yapılacak tüm yapılarda Deprem Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Binalar Hakkında Yönetmelik hükümleri uygulanması gerekmektedir. Şekil.11.1 Türkiye Deprem Bölgeleri Haritası ve İzmir İli'nin deprem bölgeleri haritası. İzmir ve Çevresi, Gediz ve Küçük Menderes Grabenleri ile bunlara komşu diğer graben sistemlerinin etkisi altındaki genç çöküntü alanlarından biri içinde yer alır. Gediz grabenin batısında yer alan İzmir yöresinde doğrultu atımlı ve normal faylarla temsil edilen karmaşık bir güncel deformasyon etkindir. Bu graben sisteminin batı ucunda yer alan Gediz grabeni ana sıyrılma fayı ile Manisa, Kemalpaşa ve İzmir fayları bölgedeki başlıca normal faylar olup D-B genel doğrultuludurlar. Grabenin Manisa kolu batı ucundaki Üçpınar fayı dışındaki tüm doğrultu atımlı faylar sağ yönlüdür. Sağ yönlü doğrultu atımlı faylardan Dağkızılca, Tuzla, Seferihisar, Gülbahçe, fayları KD-GB veya KKD-GGB genel uzanımlıdırlar. Menemen fay zonu ile Güzelhisar fayları ise KB-GD gidişlidir. Güney kenarındaki faylar daha aktif durumdadır. Tarih boyunca meydana gelen depremler bunu göstermiştir. İnceleme alanı çevresinde depremselliğe neden olan en önemli yapısal unsurlar; Seferihisar Fayı, güneydoğuda Tuzla Fay Zonu, batıda ise Gülbahçe Fayıdır

Tavuk Çiftliği) ve Gürsu Sismik (2008-Denizevler Mahallesi-Zeytinoğlu Tavuk Çiftliği) tarafından yapılan tüm jeolojik-jeofizik-jeoteknik-paleosismolojik ve doğal afet tehlikesi verileri kullanılarak Afete Maruz bölge bir bütün olarak yorumlanmış ve modellenmiştir. Bu çalışmada elde edilen bulgular, bilimsel ve mühendislik bilgiler kullanılarak ve teknolojik gelişmeler esas alınarak, ülke ekonomisine büyük girdi sağlayan ve sanayi bölgesi konumumda olan bölgenin Afete Maruz Bölge Kararı yeniden ayrıntılı olarak irdelenmiştir. Bakanlar Kurulu'nun 12.02.2002 gün ve 3728 sayılı karar gereği Ford Otosan Tesislerinin bulunduğu alan ve 10.07.2002 gün ve 2002/4424 sayılı kararı gereği Serbest Bölge'nin bulunduğu alan "ekonomik ömürlerini tamamlanıncaya kadar korunması ve yeni yapı yapılmaması" şeklinde karar alınarak Afete Maruz Bölge kapsamında çıkarılmıştır. Bölgedeki ekonomik yatırımları olumsuz yönde etkileyen bu kararın yeniden gözden geçirilmesi konusunda Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Kocaeli Büyük Şehir Belediyesi Başkanlığı ve Gürsu Sismik Ltd. Şti. teknik personeli tarafından ortaklaşa bir çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın gerçekleşmesinde büyük katkı ve destek sağlayan Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanı Sn. Faruk

The structure of the Cretaceous extensional basins in the Sierras de Córdoba. In the Sierras Pampeanas of Córdoba,
the Cretaceous continental sedimentary rocks, associated to spills and basaltic dikes, are a petrotectonic rift association,
developed in a series of half grabens asymmetric toward the east. This rift system would have been controlled by normal
faults, reactivated nowaday in the reverse Sierra Chica and Elevación Pampeana faults. The Tertiary tectonics would
have provoked the inversion of the Cretaceous basins and the uplift and arrangement of the Sierras Pampeanas. The
relicts of the Cretaceous extensional basins, dismembered by the Tertiary tectonics, have been preserved in two main
areas in the Sierra Chica: the Sierras de Pajarillo, Copacabana y Masa and the Sierra de Los Cóndores. At the present,
the Sierras de Pajarillo, Copacabana y Masa basin is narrow, with rhombic shape on the map view and lengthening
parallel to the strike-slip faults. It is a deep basin in relation with their width (~660 m of thickness and ~12 km wide)
and wedged toward the east. The main margin is the Pajarillo, Copacabana y Masa fault, and the secondary one is the
Quebrada de Luna fault. Clastic dikes are indicative of the paleostresses during the early extension and pervasive in the
whole area of the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas. Their orientations are coincident with the main faulting recognized in the
basin: N 330° and N 50°. At the present, the Sierra de Los Cóndores basin is rhombic in shape on the map view, deep in
relation with its width (< 7 km), with ~25 km long, ~380–400 m thickness of sedimentary and volcanic rocks, and wedged
toward the east. The main margins are the Cerro Colorado and the Cerro Grande fault; a secondary margin to the north
is given by the Villa Nueva fault. Toward the south, the limit would be the Cerro Colorado fault, which changes its direction.
The main faults, with directions N 340°, are interpreted here as principal deformation zones, tied by basin sideway oblique faults. The integration of all the obtained data allowed to build a kinematic-dynamic model of the Cretaceous
basins of the Sierras de Córdoba and to interpret them as pull-apart basins generated by dextral strike-slip. The Cretaceous
basins of Saliniana, Pajarillo, Copacabana y Masa, Los Cóndores, General Levalle and Macachín show a common pattern
at regional and continental scales. They are deep basins with rhombic shape, limited by normal faults with in échelon
arrangement and associated to a continental transcurrent zone defined as the Eastern Pampean lineament. In the Sierras
de Córdoba, this zone coincides with the Sierra Chica fault. This limit would be the superficial expression of a deep
suture between the Pampia and the Río de la Plata Craton terranes, reactivated during the Cretaceous extension and the
opening of the Atlantic Ocean.
Keywords: Cretaceous, structure, pull-apart basins, Sierras Pampeanas, Sierra Chica.

OAOB), kuzeyde KAFZ, doğuda DAFZ, güneyde HKY ve batıda EÇS arasında kalmış geniş bir bölgeyi kapsar. Bu bölgede KD-GB ve KB-GD doğrultulu bağımsız doğrultu atımlı faylar ile KAFZ ve DAFZ'den ayrılan faylar bulunur. Tuzgölü fayı, Köşker ile Bor arasında yaklaşık 200 km uzunlukta KB-GD doğrultulu sağ yönlü doğrultu atımlı bir faydır. Fay, Şereflikoçhisar yakınlarında ters bileşene sahipken yer yer başka yerlerde normal fay bileşenleri göstermektedir. Ecemiş fayı, Kayseri ile Mersin arasında uzanan yaklaşık 250-300 km uzunlukta KD-GB doğrultulu sol yönlü doğrultu atımlı bir faydır. Fay üzerinde ölçülmüş yatay atım miktarının 40 km civarında olduğu bildirilmektedir. İnegöl-Eskişehir fay takımı, doğuda Tuzgölü ile batıda İnegöl arasında BKB-DGD doğrultulu birçok kısa uzunlukta fay segmentlerinden oluşan 400 km uzunlukta normal bileşenli sağ yönlü doğrultu atımlı faylardan oluşur. Kırşehir-Keskin fayı, Kırşehir ve Keskin arasında KB-GD ile KD-GB doğrultulu kısa uzunluklarda birçok faylardan oluşan bir kuşaktır. Niksar çek ayır havzası yakınlarında Kuzey Anadolu fayından ayrılarak güneybatıya doğru Amasya, Çorum illerini izleyerek Kırıkkale ve oradan da Çubuk'a kadar uzanan uzun bir fay Kırkkale fayı (Ezinepazarı) olarak bilinmektedir. Diğer yandan bu fayın hemen doğusunda yine güneybatıya doğru uzanan Almus fayı yer alır. Sol yönlü doğrultu atımlı Ovacık-Malatya fayı, Erzincan çek-ayır havzasının doğusundan ayrılarak güneybatı yönünde Ovacık'a kadar devam eder ve Malatya fayı ile kesişir. Fayın toplam uzunluğu, 160 km civarındadır. Çizelge . Orta Anadolu Bölgesinde yer alan önemli diri faylar Bağımsız faylar KAFZ ve DAFZ'dan ayrılmış faylar

Structural and morphotectonic analyses were carried out in the catchments of the Das Cinzas and Itararé rivers, tributaries of the left bank of the Paranapanema River, in order to demonstrate the tectonic-structural evolution of the studied area, which involves the northeast region of Paraná and southwest of São Paulo, and is underlain by sedimentary rocks from the Paraná, Itararé, Guatá, and São Bento Groups, of the Paraná Sedimentary Basin, and including mesozoic volcanic rocks from the Serra Geral Formation. The topography of the studied area is moderate to steep, with elevations varying between 360 and 1,360 meters. The main magnetic/structural alignments that affect and/or are contiguous to the study area are the Santo-Anastácio/Paranapanema (NW-SE), Guaxupé (NE-SW) and Jacutinga lineaments (NE-SW), to the north; São Sebastião lineament (EW) in the central portion; São Jerônimo-Curiúva (NW-SE) and Taxaquara lineaments (NE-SW) in the southern portion. The method aplied consisted of classical structural analysis, processing and photointerpretation of DEMs (SRTM), extraction of longitudinal profiles of rivers and lineaments of relief and drainage. In order to assess morphometric parameters, we performed analyses of the drainage patterns and anomalies, slope of the terrain, drainage basin asymmetry factor, knickpoints and probable drainage captures. The Itararé River catchment flows from south to north and is elongated in shape, bordered by the large NW-SE lineaments, corresponding to the fault zones of Santo Anastácio/Paranapanema and São Jerônimo-Curiúva. It is moderately asymmetrical and follows the traces of the extensive NE-SW lineaments, related to the fault zones of Taxaquara, Jacutinga and Guaxupé. The Itararé River is predominantly straight, with meandraments restricted to the portion of the middle course. The drainages are characterized by the mean to low density, accentuated angularity and conspicuous structural control, whose characteristics imply the subdendritic to rectangular pattern, elbow-like, parallel and aligned segments, according to directions NE-SW, NNW-SSE, NS and E-W. The analysis of longitudinal profiles revealed that the knickpoints are aligned mainly in the directions NE-SW and NW-SE, which indicate a possible tectonic control. The relief lineaments occur in two preferential orientations NE-SW and NW-SE and, secondarily, N-S, NNW-SSE, E-W and ENE-WSW, showing influence throughout the studied area. The structural data collected characterize the predominance of strik-slip and oblique faults, which cut the sedimentary sequence and the rocks of the Serra Geral Formation, marked by consistent kinematic indicators of tectonic processes, surely in the Cenozoic. There are predominant right-lateral strike-slip faults, E-W-oriented, and secondarily directed to WNW-ESE, NNE-SSW and N-S. Less frequent are those oriented to NE-SW, ENE-WSW, NNW-SSE and NW-SE. Left-lateral strike-slip faults are also widely observed, with directions NE-SW, WNW-ESE, E-W, N-S and NNE-SSW, and secondarily ENE-WSW and NNW-SSE. Normal and/or oblique faults oriented to WNWESE and E-W, and secondarily ENE-WSW and NW-SE to NNW-SSE, are frequent, however, there are indications that they are sectioned by a strike-slip system. Finally, the reverse faults, with directions NNE-SSW and E-W, are uncommon. The paleostress analysis indicates an evolution of the landscape associated with at least four tectonic pulses with compressive SHmax oriented to NE-SW, N-S, NW-SE and E-W, described by several authors for the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil, which would be active, respectively, in the Neocretaceous-Paleogen, Plio-Pleistocene, Pleistocene and Holocene. Keywords: Neotectonics; cenozoic; tectonic geomorphology; morphometry.

Şekil 2.1. İnceleme alanının yer bulduru haritası (uydu görünümü). İnceleme alanlarına İzmir-Seferihisar ve İzmir-Menderes karayolu ve deniz yolundan ulaşıla bilinmektedir. Ulaşım problemi yoktur. Yaz kış asfalt yoldan inceleme alanlarına ulaşılabilmektedir. Gümüldür, Adnan Menderes Havaalanı'na 35 km. uzaklıkta, Kuşadası ve Çeşme'yi birbirine bağlayan sahil yolunun üzerinde yer alır. Ayrıca Gümüldür'e ulaşım İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi'ne ait ESHOT otobüsleri ve özel minibüslerle de sağlanmaktadır. Eshot otobüsleri Doğanbey-Menderes hatlarında karşılıklı 12 sefer düzenlemektedir. Özel minibüsler ise Gümüldür -İzmir otogar arasında karşılıklı kış döneminde 40 dakikada bir, yaz döneminde ise 20 dakikada bir seferler düzenlemektedir. JEOMORFOLOJİ Doğanbey-Gümüldür-Özdere arasını kapsayan bölge alçak depresyonlarından biri üzerinde yer almaktadır. Doğanbey'den Özdere'ye kadar uzanan bu geniş depresyon alanı yer yer akarsularla parçalanmış olduğundan engebeli bir görünüm sunar. Gümüldür-Özdere bölgesinde, aşınım yüzeyleri, akarsu vadileriyle yarılan aşınım yüzeylerinin eteklerindeki yamaçlar, kıyı düzlükleri, birikinti alanları, fay diklikleri ve kıyılar morfolojik yapıları oluştururlar (Şekil 4.1). Gümüldür-Özdere arasında, doğudan batıya doğru sırasıyla, Şeytan deresi, Azap deresi, Kocaçay deresi, Kocaazmak deresi, Değirmen deresi, Şarlak deresi, Sırayemiş deresi, Gökdere ve Öküzin deresi en önemli derelerdir. Şekil 4.1a. Gümüldür, Özdere ve Değirmendere mahallelerini kapsayan bölgenin morfolojik yapısı.

The operationalization of cocoa mass spraying program by the government which has the aim of fighting against pests and diseases in Ghanaians‟ cocoa farms would not just be adequate but rather uncovering the impact of the program on cocoa production is worth considering. It is therefore important to find out the impact of the program in the lives of farmers, chief farmers, and Municipal Coordinator for CODAPEC in Sefwi Wiawso Municipality of Western North Region. However, the study reviewed pieces of literature to find more information and gaps in the existing body of knowledge. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select cocoa-growing communities benefiting from the program and farmers respectively. Primary and secondary data were the sources of data for the study. Interview and questionnaire were the tools for data gathering. The study involved 100 farmers, 6 chief farmers and one Municipal Coordinator for CODAPEC as its respondents. Descriptive statistics tools such as frequency and percentage distribution tables were used to analyze data through the aid of Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) computer software. One of the major findings of the study demonstrated that accessibility of the program had been troubled by bribery, favouritism, to whom you know, quarrel, spraying team not ready and serious, spraying team demanding money, insufficient supply of pesticides, inadequate supply of fuel for spraying had made it inaccessible to majority of farmers in the study areas. Another major finding was that four times spraying had been stressed by CODAPEC yearly. Other findings were that sprayings were done between July and November; these had brought an increasing rate in cocoa outputs at the study areas. Based on the finding it was recommended that; government through CODAPEC should supply sufficient pesticides and adequate fuel for spraying. Bribery, favoritism, and to whom you know concepts should be prohibited and discouraged from the era of the spraying program and individuals who are caught in such actions should be prosecuted and jailed if the law demands.