Geography and planning

The entry begins with a definition of geography and with a description of what the discipline shares with the other social sciences and what makes it distinctive among them. Terminological clarifications are provided with regard to the relationship between human geography and physical geography, and between human geography and urban geography. After a brief history and overview of human geography’s engagement with social theory, the entry offers a discussion of the politicization of contemporary human geography and of how this phenomenon is reflected in theory building and concept development.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118430873.est0464

Simandan D (2005) "New Ways in Geography" Timisoara, Editura Universitatii de Vest/ West University Press, 230 pp.

The first part of the volume - "Old Ways" - addresses the question whether geography as we know it is worth keeping. The first chapter argues that traditional scientific disciplines are not as bad as we sometimes like to think they are. This argument is then deployed in the second chapter to investigate whether geography specifically is worth keeping. The chapter concludes that even if we admit a Cinderella status for geography among the disciplines, this aspect brings some secondary benefits out of which a rejuvenated geography can emerge. The second part of the book – "New Ways" – discusses some lines of flight towards this rejuvenated geography. Given the editorial constraints, I selected three possible new ways on which I have started to work lately. Thus, chapter three explores the stakes of an engagement between geography and metaphysics in the analytic tradition, chapter four makes some suggestions about how to understand the relativity of norms in geographical practice, and chapter five brings together two case studies that help explain why we need to pay sustained attention to the vicious logic of epistemic neglect.

Herbaceous species richness, density and cover were evaluated and compared in fallows of 10-year, 5-year, 3-year and cultivated farmland in Agoi-Ekpo, Cross River State. Herbaceous cover was measured from 40 randomly selected plots (10 plots for each fallow category) of 400m2, while 40 subplots of 1m2 were used to estimate herbaceous density. A total of 16 herbaceous species belonging to 12 families with stem density of 469 were enumerated. Herbaceous cover (F = 2171.78, P = 0.01) and density of herbs (F = 227.64, P = 0.01) varied significantly among the fallow communities. Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index revealed that herbaceous species in the 3-year fallow was most diverse and heterogeneous (2.31), while the cultivated farmland was least diverse (1.68). The age of fallow and previous site disturbance were observed to be responsible for the variation in the density of herbaceous species.

The paper reports on both methodological and substantive findings. It presents a method for generating simplified representations for regional urban populations, their geographical sub-populations and communities. the method generates greatly simplified high-resolution socio-economic profiles of populated geographical areas from complex large census data sets.

Municipal waste management in the last two decades has become a global environmental priority in the context of increasing amounts of waste generated due to the development of a mass consumer society. Various issues of waste management , territorial and temporal variability, spatial analysis of treatment or disposal facilities, systemic implications on the environment, the harmonization of international policy at national, regional and local level are solid arguments for studying this field by geography. Mostly technical or economic studies, lacking a vision of territory are supplemented in the conceptual and methodological level by geographers. This paper performed on the one hand, an overview of various approaches in current literature on waste management issue and on another hand analyses the geographical contributions in this field. Our conclusions lead to the idea that waste management must be performed according to the geographical features of the territory concerned.

The paper aims to reveal one integrated global map which points out the major geographical inequalities in providing basic utilities across the countries using multivariate analysis and thematic cartography. Sixteen indicators with global coverage were selected taking into account the waste collection services, sanitation facilities, drinking water sources, energy, electricity, habitat and demographic conditions. Several data are broken down for the total, urban and rural population in order to outline the rural-urban disparities between and within countries. A special focus is given to waste collection coverage, in order to compute a comprehensive global assessment of this key indicator of public health, which is one of the poorest monitored basic utility. The world countries were divided into 10 classes according to the hierarchical cluster analysis. Each class has particular features outlining the gaps between high, middle and low-income countries with direct impact on quality of life, public health, and environment.

Simandan D (2006) "Marginally Modern. Psychoanalysis and the deconstruction of inadequate communities" Arad, ‘Vasile Goldis’ University Press, 264 pp.

The book aims to present a critical history of the process of modernisation in the margins of Europe, more specifically in Romania and, to a lesser extent, in Norway. By modernisation I mean the assemblage of theories and practices produced by the European Enlightenment and concerned with how to develop rather primitive cultures into civilized cultures (industrialised, urbanised, educated). This broad definition includes neoliberalism and communism as particular ways in which modernisation can proceed. Throughout the book, I analyse modernity in its various guises: Ceausescu's communist regime, Norway's welfare capitalism, or the neoliberal transformations taking place in both Norway and Romania since the early 1990s. The feeling of inadequacy resulting from the marginal condition of both countries has been crucial in triggering their juxtaposition in my research project. One can be modern in a number of ways. What Romania and Norway have in common is that they are marginally modern. The signifier "marginally" produces many slippages of meaning, but they all tend to suggest a negative register. What I do try to show is that a psychoanalytical reading of the history of modernisation in the two countries is very fruitful for deconstructing current hegemonic discourses in both Norway and Romania. There are still many politicians and intellectuals in the two countries who recite the tropes of inadequacy, and their recitations serve the political purposes of neoliberalism and neo-imperialism. I have tried to show that there is nothing inherently wrong with being Romanian and/or Norwegian and that the very obsession that something is fundamentally wrong indicates a cultural neurosis of marginality that does not help the two countries in any way.

Landfilling prevails in waste management options in Romania like others new EU members, being contrary to the concept of waste hierarchy promoted in recent years by EC. Waste disposal is done usually in non-compliant landfills and Government established a program to close these sites. This paper aims to analyse the transition from traditional waste management systems to an integrated system at national, regional and local scale. Assessment of landfills location based on buffer analysis (using GIS techniques) is made according to the proximity of five critical factors (CF) such as: residential area, industry & commercial units, agricultural lands, rivers & lakes, forest and protected areas, all these factors being sensitive to pollution. Thus, most of these old sites are badly or improperly located related to surroundings and only few have an acceptable location in the study area! Therefore, the proposed method can be a necessary tool in EIA studies of these environmental threats at regional scale.

Landfills are the most common and easiest methods to dispose the municipal waste in Romania and still prevails in current waste management options. This type of critical infrastructure was designed to dispose urban waste generated over years or even decades and ultimately led to create new landforms in urban landscape. On the other hand, these sites are major sources of complex pollution unfulfilling EU regulations, being scheduled to be closed. This paper aims to analyze landfills as anthropogenic landforms by applying GIS techniques emphasizing them in a geographical context and not only in situ. The location of these sites usually on alluvial plains of rivers leading to positive landforms that may change hydrogeomorphology dynamics or to be exposed to the floods. The other side, their location in hilly or mountainous regions increase vulnerability to other geomorphological process (gully erosion, landslide). Also, the extension of human settlements and land use is influenced by t...

Öz: Dünya nüfusunun sürekli artması, yerleşim alanlarının da genişlemesini beraberinde getirmiştir. Önceleri tarım, orman ve otlak olarak kullanılan alanlar, günümüzde yerleşim alanlarına dönüşmeye başlamıştır. Bu durum, insanın yeryüzündeki en hayati faaliyeti olan tarımı, olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Tarım alanları daralma eğilimine girerken tarımsal ürünlere ihtiyaç sürekli artmaktadır. Bu nedenle, tarım alanlarının planlanması bir zorunluluk haline gelmiştir. Mekana yönelik planlama çalışmalarında yararlanılan süreçlerden biri de SWOT analizidir. SWOT analizi aracılığıyla tarım alanlarına farklı bakış açıları ile yaklaşılabilmekte ve uygun yararlanma tarzları tespit edilebilmektedir. Tarımsal potansiyel bakımından elverişli konumda olan Sandıklı ilçesindeki tarım alanlarının mevcut durumları ve doğal yapı ile ilişkileri, Sandıklı ilçesini SWOT analizinin uygulanabileceği bir idari birim durumuna getirmiştir. Doğal yapıdaki değişimler tarım alanlarını doğrudan etkilemektedir. Nerede hangi ürünün yetiştirilmesi gerektiği, hangi tarım yönteminin uygulanması gerektiği gibi bazı planlama önerilerinin geliştirilmesi, günümüzde çözülmesi gereken önemli bir problem durumundadır. Bu amaçla Sandıklı ilçesindeki tarım alanlarının mevcut durumu tespit edilecek ve yapılacak analizler yardımıyla uygun kullanım tarzları önerilecektir. Tarım alanlarına yönelik yapılan bu analizin, orman, otlak, yerleşim ve sanayi gibi diğer alanlara da uygulanması, mekanın bütünüyle planlanmasına yardımcı olacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sandıklı, SWOT analizi, tarım alanları, planlama. Abstract: The continuously growing world population is paralleled by the expansion of settlement areas. Areas which were used for agricultural purposes, forests and pastures are now turning into settlement areas. This situation has had an adverse effect on agriculture which is the most vital activity carried out by mankind. While the agricultural areas have taken a downsizing trend the need for agricultural products continues to grow. For this reason, the planning of agricultural areas has become mandatory. One of the processes taken advantage of when planning locations is the SWOT analysis. Through SWOT analysis it is possible to approach agricultural areas with a different perspective and determine appropriate beneficial methods. The present status of the agricultural areas in Sandıklı district which has a sound standing regarding agricultural potential and its relations with the natural structure has put Sandıklı district forward as an administrative unit in which the SWOT analysis can be applied. Any changes in the natural structure have a direct impact on agricultural areas. The development of various planning proposals about what crops should be grown where, what agricultural method should be applied are major problems which need to be solved. In order to resolve this matter, the present situation of the agricultural areas in Sandıklı district shall be determined and with the aid of the analysis to be carried out, appropriate utilization methods shall be recommended. This analysis which shall be carried for agricultural areas shall also be applied to other areas such as forests, pastures, settlement areas and industrial areas which shall contribute to the planning of the whole area.

The claim for a 'more people-centred democracy' poses the question how collaborative planning can empower citizens to act for institutional change beyond government and markets. The planning of the Museumsquartier in Vienna and the Schlossplatz in Berlin showed the multi-facetted institutional contexts and diverse civic-political interactions involved in these contested cultural projects. To embed planning between power structures and civic agency, an interpretative-institutional approach understands the planner's activity, field and institutional framework as situationally contingent, relational, and open-ended. Diverse theoretical and practical alternatives to structural logics constitute collaboration as intersubjective knowledge practices that respond to concrete problems by interpretative interventions and reflective learning. Planning between agency and institutions: interpreting collaboration

The cities are facing illegal dumping of municipal solid waste (MSW) because the waste collection facilities do not cover the entire population. Furthermore, this sector is poorly developed in small towns or villages annexed to administrative territory units (ATU) of cities , MSW are disposed in open dumps polluting the local environment. This paper analyzes on the one hand the urban disparities on public access to waste collection services (WCS) in the North-East Region on the other hand, it performs a comparative analysis between 2003 and 2010 outlining the changes made in the context of Romania's accession to EU. Also, it performs a quantitative assessment method of uncollected waste at urban level and correlated to demographic features of each city. Spatial-temporal analysis of waste indicators using thematic cartography or GIS techniques should be a basic tool for environmental monitoring or assessment of projects from this field in every development region (NUTS 2). The EU acquis requires the closure of noncompliant landfills, the extension of waste collection services, the development of facilities for separate collection, recycling and reuse according to waste hierarchy concept. Full coverage of urban population to waste collection services is necessary to provide a proper management of this sector. Urban disparities between counties and within counties highlights that current traditional waste management system is an environmental threat at local and regional scale.

La dégradation accélérée des ressources naturelles particulièrement la forêt, C’est le moins que l’on puisse dire sur l’état actuel des espaces forestiers et péri-forestiers du Royaume, notamment du Moyen Atlas centrale. La région d’Ifrane représente l’exemple concret de cette dégradation. La zone présente d’une manière globale une problématique centrale qui se manifeste particulièrement par une réduction importante des surfaces boisées, une forte perte de la biodiversité et une surexploitation des terres agricoles. Ceci se traduit, alors, par des phénomènes d’érosion, une baisse des revenus des habitants et un exode rural accentué.

Sanitation services still not fully cover the urban population and this leads to different types of pollution and affects the urban landscape. This paper aims a geographical approach by highlighting territorial disparities in the Romanian counties regarding the urban population access to waste collection services and to examine the environmental issues. Statistical database processed by ascending hierarchical cluster analysis are mapped at the level of Romanian counties achieving a spatial-temporal analysis for the period [2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008]. The paper also discuss about the current dysfunctions existing in urban waste management from Romania. Development of waste management facilities are in the process of transition from a traditional system based only on landfilling towards an integrated waste management system which develops the recycling and recovery of waste generated. Romania as an EU member country must improve the quality of sanitation services. Each city must provide the full collection of municipal waste generated in order to eliminate the illegal dumping.

The claim for a 'more people-centred democracy' poses the question how collaborative planning can empower citizens to act for institutional change beyond government and markets. The planning of the Museumsquartier in Vienna and the Schlossplatz in Berlin showed the multi-facetted institutional contexts and diverse civic-political interactions involved in these contested cultural projects. To embed planning between power structures and civic agency, an interpretative-institutional approach understands the planner's activity, field and institutional framework as situationally contingent, relational, and open-ended. Diverse theoretical and practical alternatives to structural logics constitute collaboration as intersubjective knowledge practices that respond to concrete problems by interpretative interventions and reflective learning. Planning between agency and institutions: interpreting collaboration