Genoese History

Famagusta Maritima: Mariners, Merchants, Pilgrims and Mercenaries
presents a collection of scholarly studies spanning the thousand year history of the port of Famagusta in Cyprus. This historic harbour city was at the heart of the Crusading Lusignan dynasty, a possession of both Genoa and Venice during the Renaissance, a port of the Ottoman Empire for three centuries, and in time, a strategic naval and intelligence node for the British Empire. It is a maritime space made famous by the realities of its extraordinary importance and influence, followed by its calamitous demise.

Contributors are: Michele Bacci, Lucie Bonato, Tomasz Borowski, Mike Carr, Pierre-Vincent Claverie, Dragos Cosmescu, Nicholas Coureas, Marko Kiessel, Antonio Musarra, William Spates, Asu Tozan, Ahmet Usta, and Michael Walsh.

Anadolu'da 13. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından 15. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar süren Ceneviz hakimiyetinden geriye kalan kayda değer izlerden birisi de çeşitli hanedan armalarına sahip ve genellikle surların üzerine yerleştirilmiş olan yazıtlardır. Ender olarak armasız olanlarına da rastlanan bu eserler hem mimari, hem de tarihi açıdan önem taşımakta olup Anadolu'daki Ceneviz dönemine ışık tutmakta ve bu coğrafyadaki imar faaliyetlerine dair ipucu vermektedir.

One of the most significant remnants of the Genoese colonial expansion to Anatolia, which lasted between the second half of the 13th century and the mid-15th century are mural inscriptions with coat of arms. Rarely being without blazons as well, these epigraphs have both architectural and historical importance. They also give many information about the Genoese period in Anatolia and their construction works.

Le ricerche degli ultimi anni sul mandolino genovese hanno permesso di identificare più di quaranta strumenti appartenenti a questa tipologia, riconducendoli alla produzione di almeno tre liutai attivi a Genova. Lo studio dei marchi a fuoco presenti su gran parte degli esemplari esaminati si è rivelato di fondamentale importanza per sopperire alla totale assenza di etichette manoscritte. Inoltre, il confronto delle caratteristiche costruttive
ha consentito di distinguere modelli e dettagli comuni tra i fabbricanti, raccogliendo informazioni utili al riconoscimento di altri esemplari non ancora noti. In questa sede non sarà possibile fornire una descrizione particolareggiata dei singoli strumenti, ma saranno indicate le principali peculiarità connesse alla produzione dei tre liutai. Oltre agli aspetti costruttivi, l’esistenza di un numero così importante di mandolini genovesi porta a riconsiderare il loro ruolo storico-musicale, non come rare eccezioni della liuteria settecentesca, ma come parte consistente dello strumentario del periodo.

Galata Kulesi’nin uzun yaşamı, birçok tarihî olaya ve mimari evreye tanıklık etmiştir. Bu doğrultuda kuleye yönelik bilimsel araştırmalar on sekizinci yüzyılın sonunda ve özellikle on dokuzuncu yüzyılda yoğunlaşmış, yapının Ceneviz dönemi ve öncesine ilişkin başlıca argümanlar bu süreçte şekillenmiştir. Lakin başvurulan sınırlı sayıdaki birincil kaynak, kapsamlı bir bakış açısıyla ele alınmamış, bazı noktalar üstünkörü yorumlanmıştır. Bunlar arasında belki de en yaygın olanı, kulenin Ceneviz dönemindeki adının ikincil kaynaklarca yanlış bir şekilde “İsa Kulesi” (Christea Turris) zannedilmesidir. İlk inşasının I. Anastasios tarafından yapılması ve Ceneviz döneminde 1445–1446 civarında yükseltilmesi ise diğer yanılgılardır. Tüm bu görüşler, Galata’nın artık alışılmış akademik popülerliğine karşın pek sorgulanmamış ve zamanla anonimleşerek kuleye dair temel bilgilere dönüşmüştür. Bu esnada farklı birincil kaynaklar irdelenerek başka iddialar da öne sürülmüş ve sonuç olarak kuleye yönelik bilgilerde birtakım ikilikler ortaya çıkmıştır. Öyle ki, Galata Kulesi’nin Ceneviz öncesi dönemi, Ceneviz dönemindeki adı ve bunların yanında özellikle de mevcut yapının bu dönemden geriye kaldığı düşünülen kısmı, literatürdeki tüm argümanların ışığında ve anıtın daha sonraki dönemlerine kıyasla bir hayli muğlaktır. Dolayısıyla bu makale, Galata Kulesi’nin Ceneviz döneminin, tarihî ve mimari açılardan temel düzeyde bir yeniden değerlendirmesidir. Kayda değer bulgularsa kulenin Bizans dönemine uzanan bir geçmişi olduğuna dair ortada somut hiçbir verinin bulunmadığı; inşa edildiği Ceneviz dönemindeki isminin yalnızca “Kutsal Haç Kulesi” (Turris Sancte Crucis) olduğu ve ilk yapısal değişikliğini de Osmanlılar tarafından 1453 dolaylarında geçirdiğine işaret etmektedir.

The Galata Tower has been witness to many historical events and has gone through multiple architectural phases over the course of its long life. Its Genoese origins began to receive scholarly attention particularly in the late eighteenth century and especially during the nineteenth century. In the meantime, a general consensus was reached about the history and architecture of the tower’s Genoese period. However, this consensus was actually based on a few primary sources without any comprehensive approaches nor in-depth investigation. The tower’s erroneous name, “Tower of Christ” (Christea Turris), during its Genoese period is perhaps the most widespread assumption in the secondary literature. A first construction by Anastasios I and a heightening around 1445/1446 are further related misconceptions. Despite the popularity of Galata as a research topic, these misconceptions have become anonymous and continuously repeated without being questioned. Moreover, slightly different arguments for the tower were put forward. In particular, when compared to later periods of the monument, the former name of the tower, its alleged Byzantine past, and especially the Genoese architectural identity of the present structure remain rather ambiguous in the light of all the arguments in the literature. For these reasons, this article presents a fundamental reevaluation for the Genoese period of the Galata Tower through virtually all of the primary sources and a small architectural survey. This article shows that there is no solid evidence of the supposed Byzantine period of the tower; that it was named as the “Tower of Holy Cross” (Turris Sancte Crucis) by the Genoese who built it, and its first structural alteration was probably executed by the Ottomans around 1453.

The unpublished archive collection of despatches by Agostino Pinelli, Genoese resident minister at the papal court provides invaluable first-hand material for the study of the 1656-57 plague in Rome. The Genoese diplomat covered several aspects attaching to the crisis, including the widening of social inequality, the rise in crime, scientific disputes among physicians, good practices in plague control, and the personal role of pope Alexander VII Chigi. At the peak of the epidemic, Pinelli duly monitored the mortality and morbidity data, relating to his government the figures of the deceased, infected, and suspect cases from the three plague hospitals in Rome. From the cultural angle, Pinelli stands for a sceptical patriciate, unlikely to explain the infection away as negative astral influence or a conspiracy of plague spreaders, and conversely most attentive to its effects on trade and to policies of prevention.

Republic of Genoa - Plague - Alexander VII Chigi - Poverty - Crime

La importancia de los mercaderes italianos en la sociedad y economía del Reino de Granada esta esbozada en algunos estudios 1 . En ellos se pone de manifiesto cómo monopolizaron la explotación y el comercio de lana, azúcar, alumbre y, en general, cualquier producto del que pudieran obtener beneficios 2 . Presentes desde antes de la conquista castellana, no interrumpirán sus negocios con la llegada de los castellanos 3 , pues conocemos documentos relativos a ellos al principio del siglo XVI 4 .

The book attempts to present –for the first time in the international bibliography– a detailed description of the historical life of Abydos (Άβυδος) of Hellespont (Ελλήσποντος, Δαρδανέλλια); the latter was an important ancient and medieval Greek city, situated on the Asiatic shore of Dardanelles, at the once narrowest part of the local Straits (usually named "Stenon of Abydos") and in the surrounding area of the promontory of Nara (an Ottoman and modern Turkish naval base, where free access is prohibited). The monograph also detects the  relations between Abydos and other known settlements in the wider region of northwestern Asia Minor (Troad, Hellespont, Mysia, Hellespontine Phrygia).

Αbydos was founded predominantly as a colony of Miletus (ca. 680-650 BC) and had a continuous historical life that lasted about 2.000 years (mid. 7th c. BC - early 14th c. AD). The prosperous ancient city minted various coins between 6th c. BC - 3rd c. AD. Its lively port was used for centuries as a key point for the passage from Europe to Asia and the cruise from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea (and vice versa) as well as a major customs station ("telonion Abydou" during the Roman imperial years, "demosion teloneion" or "kommerkion" or "dekateuterion Abydou" during the medieval period of the city). Byzantine Abydos was also an important administrative center, a military and naval base and an ecclesiastical seat (bishopric and later metropolis).

However, the long and turbulent history of Abydos and its region is virtually unknown in modern years, despite the fact that the city's reputation was particularly widespread during ancient and medieval times in the Mediterranean world. Moreover, for many reasons noted in the book, the settlement does not exist archaeologically in the last two centuries. In short, Abydos constitutes a very interesting case of a virtually lost city during the modern times.

For various reasons, also described in the book, the importance of Abydos had declined during the 13th c. AD and the city was finally abandoned by its population in the early 14th c. AD., mainly because of the Turkish threat in the area. From mid. 15th c. AD the new city of Çanakkale was established gradually (initially named as Kale-i Sultaniye) 5-6 km to the south of Abydos. The ruins of the abandoned urban area of ​​the latter have been systematically pillaged -mainly for construction and other purposes- between the 14th - early 19th c. AD.

For the reconstruction of  the long historical life of Abydos (mid. 7th c. BC - early 14th c. AD) and an in-depth analysis of its numerous and largely unknown institutions, the study relies though on the information providing by the written (ancient and medieval) texts but also on the scarce and dispersed epigraphic and the much richer numismatic (the city minted coins between 6th c. BC - 3rd c. AD) and sigillographic data and other archaeological findings regarding (or deriving from) the city. It also takes into account all the contemporary related publications.

[VANIAS publications,  Thessaloniki 2017,  752 pages,  ISBN: 978-960-288-342-6,  text in Greek language with an English summary]

The Galata Tower has been witness to many historical events and has gone through multiple architectural phases over the course of its long life. Its Genoese origins began to receive scholarly attention particularly in the late eighteenth century and especially during the nineteenth century. In the meantime, a consensus was reached about the history and architecture of the tower’s Genoese period. However, this consensus was based on a few primary sources without any comprehensive approaches nor in-depth investigation. The tower’s erroneous name, “Tower of Christ” (Christea Turris), during its Genoese period is perhaps the most widespread assumption in the secondary literature. A first construction by Anastasios I and a heightening around 1445/1446 are further related misconceptions that all three arguments were derived from a single, though irrelevant inscription. Despite the popularity of Galata as a research topic, these misconceptions have become anonymous and continuously repeated without being questioned. Moreover, slightly different arguments for the tower were put forward. When compared to later periods of the monument, the former name of the tower, its alleged Byzantine past, and especially the Genoese architectural identity of the present structure remain rather ambiguous in the light of all the arguments in the literature. For these reasons, this article presents a fundamental reevaluation for the Genoese period of the Galata Tower through virtually all of the primary sources and a small architectural survey. This article shows that there is no solid evidence of the supposed Byzantine period of the tower; that it was named as the “Tower of the Holy Cross” (Turris Sancte Crucis) by the Genoese who built it, and its first structural alteration was probably executed by the Ottomans around 1453.

Published online: https://in-scription.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/in-scription/index.php?id=480

Note: This article is essentially a translation from Turkish to English with some minor corrections and additions. For the original publication, see: Hasan Sercan Sağlam, “Galata Kulesi’nin Ceneviz Dönemine Yönelik Bir Yeniden Değerlendirme”, YILLIK: Annual of Istanbul Studies 2 (2020): 53-80.

My thesis is about the founding of a Genoese East India Company  (1647 – 1649) and Dutch – Genoese relations in the middle of the XVIIth century. These two themes are intertwined, since Dutch merchants (among them the Dutch consul in Genoa) and personnel were essential in the founding and functioning of the Company. Moreover, its birth came as a result of a fascination with the “Dutch model” of chartered companies of trade among large sectors of the Genoese patriciate, which I wanted to describe and explain. The main sources I used are the letters and notes received by the Genoese governement (Archivio di Stato di Genova, Archivio Segreto: Litterarum, Secretorum) and the letters sent by the Dutch consuls in Genoa to the States – General at the Hague (Nationaal Archief, States General: bijlagen bij de resoluties van de Staten-Generaal Liassen Italien, Depêcheboeken en de brievenboeken van de Staten-Generaal – II.A.11, III.B.3). I also used some other archival records from the Archivio di Stato di Genova, as well as from the Archivo General de Simancas. Finally, I also looked at some contemporary Genoese texts, both manuscripts and printed books.

Сборник статей посвящен историко-географическим исследованиям территорий и историко-
топографическому изучению городов Византийской империи, Золотой Орды, Генуэзской республики
в XIII—XV вв. и государств-наследников этих территорий в XVI—XVIII вв. в Юго-Восточной Европе.
В него вошли статьи, подготовленные девятнадцатью исследователями из России, Украины, Молдовы
и Казахстана.
Отв. ред - С.Г.Бочаров

The articles in this volume titled The Genoese
Gazaria and the Golden Horde focus on the period
of 13th—15th centuries, when vast lands spanning
from the Danube to the Urals — a huge territory
for the Middle Ages — saw evolvement and
active development of a state ruled by a Mongol
dynasty. At the same time, the Pontic possessions
of the declining Byzantine Empire saw evolvement
of a new West-European formation founded
by the Genoese Republic, which is known to the
academic circles as Genoese Gazaria.
The thirteenth century was marked by some
dramatic political changes in the South-Eastern
Europe. The changes were connected with a number
of events: emergence of the Mongol state,
rebirth of the Byzantine Empire in 1261 when
Emperor Michael VIII, following the Treaty of
Nymphaeum, allowed the Genoese to lead free
trade on the Black Sea and offered them some
commercial privileges. Thus, Western European
merchants started coming to the Black Sea region
and built their trading settlements known
as factories. That is how the Asian terrestrial
and the European maritime trade routes met in
the Northern Pontic area; the latter turned into a
crossroads with streams of goods coming from
the West and the East. Further historical events
were determined by these states and their successors
— the Golden Horde, followed by the
Crimean, Kazan and Astrakhan khanates; the
Greek Trabzon Empire, then by the Feodoro
Principality, the Genoese and the Venice
Republics.

SOMMARIO: Il saggio si propone di indagare la permanenza del "milieu" genovese nell 'ambito della nuova Spagna borbonica, affrontando il tema sotto il profilo della politica navale della nuova dinastia. L'ascesa al trono dei Borbone segnò una nuova e importante fase nella storia della marina spagnola, che ritornò a essere una delle principali flotte europee dopo l'eclissi legata alle vicende della guerra di Successione. In questo contesto, una figura emblematica risulta quella di Stefano De Mari, appartenente a una delle più influenti famiglie del patriziato genovese, che fece una carriera di grande rilievo nella marina spagnola della prima metà del Settecento. L'occasione per iniziare questo prestigioso percorso fu offerta dall'asiento ottenuto nel 1713 per partecipare al blocco di Barcellona, che rifiutava di piegarsi all'autorità di Filippo V. A differenza dei tradizionali asientos navali genovesi, quello di Stefano De Mari riguardava unità da guerra a vela e non a remi, evidenziando come Genova fosse in grado di fornire anche questa tipologia di risorse navali. Il particolare momento storico, la riuscita dell'asiento e le capacità di De Mari nell'inserirsi nella rete clientelare della nuova monarchia borbonica, permisero al patrizio genovese di avviare brillantemente la sua carriera navale, trasformandosi da asentista a ufficiale superiore inserito in pianta stabile nei quadri della nuova marina spagnola. PAROLE CHIAVE: storia navale, marina spagnola, Spagna borbonica, asientos, guerra di successione spagnola, assedio di Barcellona 1713-14. WARSHIPS FOR THE NEW BOURBON SPANISH NAVY: THE ASIENTO OF STEFANO DE MARI, 1713-1716

The present book chapter studies the role of the port of Cadiz as Atlantic frontier of the Italian merchant republics (Genoa, Venice, Florence) from multiple, complementary points of view. Firstly it tackles the mercantile frontier (limes) between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, a classic point in historiography, from an integrating perspective altogether; second, it continues with the port as the door (limen) to Castile and to the Atlantic for Italian seamen, fleets and consulates, including an intriguing description of the city by a Milanese merchant. Last, it analyses hostilities between Italian merchant nations and against them –from Castilian, Catalan or Portuguese fleets– in the waters of the Bay of Cadiz. As a result, it emerges an image of one of the most important Atlantic territories for the Italian mercantile interests.

ISBN 978-88-331-3031-6 ― Giulio Pallavicino (1558?-1635), cronista e storiografo, è fra i massimi esponenti della cultura ligure d’età moderna. La sua produzione, in massima parte inedita, offre un contributo prezioso anche per la comprensione della temperie 1624-29. Stagione intensa e drammatica (di  guerra e congiura) per la Repubblica di Genova.

Il saggio percorre due secoli di leggi suntuarie a Genova, portando alla luce anche un inedita legge del 1566. L'analisi è corredata da riscontri archivistici sulle tendenze della moda a Genova tra i diversi strati sociali, da quello nobiliare e quello borghese-mercantile.

Автор монографии, сопоставив гербы на каменных плитах генуэзского нобилитета XIV-XV вв. с их изображениями в гербовниках, прослеживает, как реализовывались задачи геральдической практики в генуэзских факториях Крыма.
Публикация представляет интерес для специалистов в области вспомогательных исторических дисциплин, для медиевистов-итальянистов и всех тех, что интересуется историей Северного Причерноморья.

The article considers defensive structures of four Genoese cities on the Crimean Peninsula. The sizes of fortified area of the
cities are: Caffa (82.0 hectares), Soldaya (18.81 hectares), Vosporo (3.52 hectares) and Cembalo (3.46 hectares). Four large
ensembles of fortifications built by Genoese military engineers in Crimean cities may be divided into two different groups. The
first one comprises fortresses maximally utilizing the peculiarities of mountain landscape: they are located on big rocks, with
two or three insurmountable slopes and the accessible part protected by walls. The second one represents fortresses located in
flat areas with a full perimeter of the fortress walls.

В статье рассмотрены фортификационные ансамбли четырех генуэзских городов Крымского полуострова. По
размерам укрепленной городской территории города располагаются в следующей последовательности — Каффа
(82,0 га), Солдайя (18,81 га), Воспоро (3,52 га), Чембало (3,46 га). Четыре значительных фортификационных ансамбля,
возведенные в крымских городах генуэзскими военными инженерами, можно разделить на две группы. Первая —
крепости, максимально использующие особенности горного рельефа, их размещали на крупных скалах, с двух или
трех сторон доступ к которым преграждали непреодолимые склоны, а доступное пространство укрепляли крепостными
стенами. Вторая – крепости с полным периметром крепостных стен, расположенные на равнинных участках.

Grupo de investigación-UCM (GR3/14-971683) Elites y agentes en la Monarquía Hispánica: Formas de articulación política, negociación y patronazgo www.ucm.es/hermesp/

https://www.fcamberes.org/es/avisos-del-parnaso-satira-politica-y-noticias-en-los-conflictos-de-la-italia-barroca-(1612-1629)?fbclid=IwAR3bEsNHGnyFAtUNPK1JgfcI1Z11G5uSYts-mKCKpnmYG569VmcYov5OGYc

The present paper analyzes the Italian presence in the repopulation process in the Kigdomof Granada using only the Division Books (Libros de Repartimiento). The study of the textsrecently at disposal gives new light to the argument and allows to stablish traditional andrenewal elements in the Italian settlement model in the South of the Iberian Peninsula after theconquest of the Nazari emirate.

Gli scarni dati noti del profilo biografico di Lorenzo Capelloni da Novi 1 mettono in luce il ruolo essenziale che ebbe nella sua vita il legame con Andrea Doria, testimoniato dai punti fermi storicamente accertati della delicata missione diplomatica portata a termine dal novese nel 1544, su mandato del Doria, presso Carlo III di Savoia 2 , e dell'onorifico incarico, ricevuto quattro anni dopo, di comporre e pronunziare l'orazione di benvenuto per Filippo "Serenissimo Principe di Spagna" 3 , ospite nella dimora di Andrea all'esordio genovese del viaggio che per volere del padre compiva, con status di sovrano, al fine di visitare i dominî imperiali 4 .

The present article aims to show the continuity of the Genoese of the Kingdom of Grenade from the end of the Muslim era to the beginning of the Castilian times. To do so it makes use of the prosopographical method, comparing documentation from national archives and notarial deeds from Cordoba and Grenade. Thus, through the personal development of Ambrogio Spinola we study aspects such as the commercial and financial activities held by the Genoese mercantile community, paying special attention to the connection with the High Guadalquivir through the terrestrial border; the purchase of proprieties in Grenadian soil, a completely hitherto unknown fact which involves deep implications about the evolution of the Nasrid society; it is established the chronology of their presence in the emirate during the War of Grenade; and after the return we outline their adaptation to the new social, political and economical reality, with the diversification of strategies, the wish to integrate in local society and keeping in touch with Castilian and Grenadian elites. Therefore it emerges a completely unknown image, which answers some classic questions of the specific historiography and enriches the knowledge of the Genoese presence in Grenade.

The book reconstructs the history of the law and the life of the institutions of the Republic of Genoa between the 14th and 17th centuries. It investigates the various systems of laws operating in the city and territory (civil, criminal, and constitutional), the role of the jurists and notaries in relation to noble society, some aspects of the political culture and the influence of Machiavelli, and the image of the famous “Casa” or Bank of St George.

This article examined how locality influenced the development of the social networks
established and cultivated by an extended family of merchants from the island of Chios in the Italian city of Ancona, and the causes behind the evolution of its relationship with the local Genoese and Greek communities during the peak of their presence in the city between 1530 and 1550.

Chios was ruled by a Genoese association of merchants and ship owners, the Maona,
and throughout the period of Latin occupation of the island the local Greek upper classes and the Genoese rulers initiated a process of constant mingling. This led to the partial integration of some of the most important Greek families in the Genoese nobility, and to the establishment of a resilient network of contacts both home and abroad.

Chios was also characterised by a strong system of extended family ties, which were created in the island and formed the backbone of their social experience as migrants. This produced a unique form of relay migration, and dictated the way they interacted with both the Genoese merchant colony in the city, and with the formal or semi-formal institutions of the local Greek community.

The Atlantic ports of Andalusia were privileged centres to develop foreign merchant’s commercial interests, as a huge bibliography and a consolidated tradition of studies has established. The present paper focuses on a matter that has not been equally and conveniently deepened, the degree of social mobility of the Italian nations –Genoese, Florentines and Venetians– established within the urban societies of the Crown of Castile at the end of the middle ages. Considered as nations in the medieval sense of the term, we first determine the importance of economic success to enable the insertion in the local élites, the urban oligarchies that controlled economical and political power resources, and determined the contacts with the Castilian nobility and the Crown. In second place, we take into consideration the instruments to measure social ascent. Third and last, from the data gathered we try to establish if group dynamics can be identified inside Italian communities, or if we are facing isolated and exceptional cases. The comparative perspective resulting offers a complex picture in which the Genoese community was the only foreign nation to achieve an effective process to integrate in upper social networks of the territory.

The author publishes all archaeological materials collected during excavations in 1927—1928 and 2006 on a fortifi cation on Kordon-Oba Mount (Eastern Crimea, Feodosia Municipal Council’s territory). The site was attributed based on written, cartographic and archaeological sources. The castle was built by the Genoese administration of Caff a in the second half of 14th c. and ceased to exist aſt er the Ottoman conquest of the Genoese lands in the Crimea in 1475. The castle took its name — Kaliera — aſt er the nearest medieval locality. The author questions why this castle was built and why it was built here.

В статье публикуются полные коллекции археологических материалов из раскопок 1927—1928 и 2006 гг. укрепления на горе Кордон-Оба (Восточный Крым, территория Феодосийского горсовета). На основании письменных, картографических и археологических источников осуществлена атрибуция памятника. Замок был возведен генуэзской администрацией Каффы во второй половине XIV в. и прекратил свое существование после османского завоевания генуэзских владений в Крыму в 1475 г. Название замка — Калиера, по имени ближайшего средневекового населенного пункта. Рассмотрены вопросы, почему был построен этот замок и почему он был возведен именно в этом месте.

The present paper analyzes the integration of Italian communities -Genoese, Florentine, Venetian, Lombards- in port societies of Andalusia (Seville, Cadiz, Puerto de Santa María, Jerez) from the 13th to the 15th centuries. To do so I have taken as documentary basis demographic sources such as the repopulating books (repartimientos), registers of inhabitants and tax registers. The results offer new light about the geography of Italian presence in the territory.

Durante los siglos XVI y XVII, portugueses y genoveses se avecindaron en las villas y ciudades del reino de Guatemala. A pesar de que la corona española consideró a estos personajes como «extranjeros», las autoridades y comunidades locales los integraron como vecinos. Este artículo explora el papel de los migrantes en la configuración de las vecindades entre 1535 y 1630. Plantea que tanto portugueses como genoveses fueron esenciales para la consolidación del reino de Guatemala. El estudio pondera la profundidad de los vínculos de estos personajes, sus etapas, alcances y límites.

Nel 1880, passeggiando per le stradine del Cairo con la mente ancora assorbita dalla recente lettura dei testi di Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, l'orientalista inglese Alfred Joshua Butler ebbe un'intuizione inaspettata, destinata ad aprire un secolare dibattito fra gli specialisti di architettura islamica: era stato alzando lo sguardo verso un minareto, quando si era improvvisamente reso conto che le parole con cui alla fi ne del XII secolo al-Baghdadi aveva descritto l'aspetto del Faro di Alessandria si adattavano perfettamente anche all'edifi cio che gli si parava dinanzi agli occhi a oltre sei secoli di distanza. Al di là delle rispettive funzioni, sia l'uno che l'altro (al pari di molti dei più antichi minareti egiziani, come non tardò a verifi care Butler), non costituivano che altrettante varianti di una medesima struttura architettonica: una torre composta da tre fusti sovrapposti di diversa forma geometrica -quadrato il primo, ottagonale il secondo, circolare il terzo -coronati da una lanterna nel caso del Faro, da una cupola nel caso dei minareti. Né in seguito, cercando ulteriori conferme visive a quella prima associazione d'idee, il giovane orientalista trovò mai smentite alla teoria cui si sarebbe presto affezionato: ossia che le tipiche forme dei minareti egiziani non facessero che derivare da quelle del Faro di Alessandria, rimasto in piedi -come attestavano gli scritti di innumerevoli viaggiatori e testimoni arabi − sino ai primi del XIV secolo 1 . Inizialmente, l'intuizione di Butler riscosse ampi consensi fra gli studiosi: la possiamo sentire riecheggiare negli scritti di arabisti e storici dell'architettura di tutta Europa, da Max van Bechem ad Auguste Choisy, il quale non mancò di avallarla autorevolmente nella sua Histoire de l'Architecture (1899) 2 . Dieci anni dopo, nel dare alle stampe quella che continua a rimanere la più corposa monografi a dedicata al Faro di Alessandria, Hermann Thiersch ne fece l'asse portante del proprio lavoro, proponendosi -sulla base di un ricchissimo corpus di fonti scritte e iconografi che che spaziavano dal II secolo a.C. alla fi ne del medioevo -di ricostruire l'aspetto originario del Faro e le varie fasi del suo progressivo degrado: un degrado, tuttavia, che secondo l'intraprendente archeologo tedesco non avrebbe impedito all'ultima delle Sette Meraviglie del mondo antico di continuare a esercitare per secoli un fortissimo fascino sull'architettura islamica non solo in Egitto, ma più generalmente in tutta l'area del Mediterraneo (Figg. 1-2) 3 .

LA DIFESA DEL DUCATO DI MILANO AGLI ALBORI DELLA DOMINAZIONE ASBURGICA. CONTRIBUTO E ‘REMUNERAZIONI’ DEGLI HOMBRES DE NEGOCIOS ITALIANI AL SERVIZIO DELL’IMPERO, in "À la guerre comme à la guerre.Attori, risorse e dinamiche della competizione  strategica in Europa e nel Mediterraneo fra XV e XVIII secolo", a cura di Mario Rizzo, "Storia economica", X I X ( 2 0 1 6 ) - n. 1, pp. 159-186.

The article analyses the role played by private finance in mobilising the resources
needed to defend the State of Milan between 1536 and 1558. As a result of the momentous changes that occurred in warfare among great powers during the first half of the 16th century, the bargaining power of private actors capable of providing sovereigns with crucial strategic resources significantly increased. As regards in particular the Italian hombres de negocios serving Charles V, they supplied him with a wide range of services, obtaining equally diverse and significant rewards in return.

Keywords: Charles V, Italian Wars, Italian hombres de negocios, sixteenth-century Lombardy, Valois

In the fifteenth century, the hitherto usually close relations between the Genoese community and the Order of the Knights of St John were threatened by an increase in tension and incidents of violence. The difficulties between them in this period were due less to their contrasting approaches to relations with Muslim powers than to the Order’s increasingly strong ties to Genoa’s traditional enemies, the Catalan subjects of the Crown of Aragon. These arose from the growing importance of Catalan and Aragonese knights in the Order, of Catalan merchants and financiers in the Knights’ base at Rhodes, and of the Aragonese Crown to the interests of the Order. Combined with the intensification of hostilities between Genoese and Catalans in the same period, this development produced recurrent antagonism between Genoa and the Hospitallers, manifested primarily in acts of piracy and the resulting reprisals. Such difficulties reflected the nature of the Order as a political power which was also a multinational association, and the tendency for violence between communities to impinge on other groups with whom their membership overlapped or was closely associated. This article examines this process of contagious recrimination, but also the ways in which it was contained by the enduring mutual connections, internal subdivisions and policies of the Order and the Genoese community.