Gender and Women's Studies

The female terrorist circulates within contemporary Western culture as an object of fascination and heightened concern. Gender and the Political analyses cultural constructions of the female terrorist, arguing that she operates as a limit case of both feminine and feminist agency. Drawing on an interdisciplinary theoretical framework, this book demonstrates that the development of the discourse on terrorism evolves in parallel with, and in response to, radical feminism in the US in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Situated at the borderlines between sexuality, threat and abjection, Amanda Third argues that the figure of the female terrorist compels a reexamination of the project of radical politics and the limits of modernity.

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"A fascinating exploration of the historical twinning of terrorism and feminism in the U.S. By redirecting our attention to these important discourses emerging in the 60's and 70s, this book provides a crucial corrective to counter post 9/11 anxieties that continually project the terrorist as somehow coming from elsewhere." - Jasbir K. Puar, Associate Professor of Women's and Gender Studies, Rutgers University, USA

"Amanda Third's Gender and the Political convincingly argues that the modern concepts of terrorism and feminism are historically and conceptually interwoven. The book does this by reading terrorism studies against the grain while simultaneously positioning the concept of terrorism as a central trope of postmodern thought. These two discourses - the former increasingly foundational to, the latter highly critical of, the modern state and social order - are placed in fruitful conversation with one another, resulting in a deeply illuminating study of the contemporary political terrain in the United States." - Mehmet Döşemeci, Assistant Professor of History, Bucknell University, USA

Oi Christianoi - Sezione antica, n. 26 ----- Su Ipazia di Alessandria e su Sinesio di Cirene molti hanno già scritto: Ipazia, una nota antica scienziata e filosofia, Sinesio, un nobile, suo allievo e poi vescovo cristiano; Ipazia, da alcuni presa in considerazione unicamente come vessillo del femminismo, Sinesio, spesso trascurato a fronte di più famosi Padri della Chiesa. La peculiarità del libro, che è frutto di un accurato studio critico delle relative fonti primarie e secondarie, consiste nel tipo di approccio: le due figure e le loro opere sono esaminate sullo sfondo dei differenti ambiti culturali in cui si sono sviluppate le vicende della loro vita, pur nella contemporaneità: la differenza di ambiti culturali consente di evidenziare di questa donna e di questo uomo non solo la validità del loro lungo rapporto amicale, testimoniate da alcune lettere di Sinesio a noi pervenute, ma anche l'alto valore interculturale di tale rapporto.

Coined by Harley Granville Barker, the term ‘boy-actress’ describes young male actors, probably aged between 10 and 22 years, who appeared in women's roles on the early modern stage of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. These boys, their techniques, and their cultural meanings have recently become the subjects of heated critical debate. In our time as in their own, the impact of their onstage cross-dressing on their gender identities and on the sexual desires of their spectators has proved particularly controversial. This essay outlines key early modern sources for our knowledge of the boy-actress before considering the conflicting ways in which scholars have interpreted this evidence. Critical debates about the early modern boy-actress may have as much to teach us about our own era's constructions of gender, sexuality and performance as about the realities of the Shakespearean stage.

MODERA Niccolò Guicciardini (Università degli Studi di Milano) LIBRI PRESENTATI Marta Cavazza, Laura Bassi: Donne, genere e scienza nell'Italia del Settecento, Editrice Bibliografica, Milano 2020 Massimo Mazzotti, Maria Gaetana Agnesi e il suo mondo. Una vita tra scienza e carità, Carocci, Roma 2020 DESCRIZIONE Durante la prima metà del Settecento emergono in Italia alcune tra le più famose "filosofesse" d'Europa. Tra loro spiccano Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718-1799), enfant prodige e poi giovane colta e brillante, e Laura Bassi (1711-1778), prima cattedratica di fisica in Europa. Nel 1748 Maria Gaetana Agnesi è la prima donna a pubblicare un libro sul calcolo differenziale e integrale. Il testo gode di un significativo successo, e viene tradotto in francese e inglese. Ma perché una donna agiata mostra tanto interesse per questa materia, di cui a Milano si sa ancora poco o nulla? E come è possibile che una donna come Laura Bassi venga ritenuta credibile e rispettata come autorità nel campo della nuova fisica dell'elettricità, in un'epoca in cui non avrebbe potuto neanche mettere piede in un'università? Massimo Mazzotti e Marta Cavazza ricostruiscono i momenti salienti della vita di queste due straordinarie protagoniste della scienza del Settecento. I loro studi e la loro passione per la scienza delineano un mondo ancora poco conosciuto. È il mondo dell'Illuminismo cattolico di stampo muratoriano che trova nello Stato e nella Chiesa milanesi di metà Settecento e nel papato di Lambertini a Roma e a Bologna le condizioni per lo sviluppo di una cultura scientifica aperta a nuovi temi e a nuovi referenti sociali. Evento digitale in diretta streaming, per accedere è necessaria la prenotazione su

The elaborate song and dance sequences of early modern Indian cinema echoed the diverse performance cultures of a nation in transition. This essay focuses on
the brief screen presence that was enjoyed by the dances of Manipur beginning in the 1940s to the 1950s. Filmmakers, actresses and choreographers adapted, remade or extensively borrowed movement vocabulary from the repertory of Manipuri dances originally performed by indigenous communities in multiple locations across east India. Typically seen in films in Hindi and Bengali language, most ‘Manipuri’ dance sequences were choreographed for mythological, devotional, (quasi)-historical narratives, or social melodramas with dancing protagonists. This essay particularly concentrates on this significant yet neglected strand of transregional exchanges and influences; alongside it seeks to locate corporeal histories that stand for the labour of a few well-known and numerous unacknowledged bodies of dancers, excavate the interlinked stories of practices, legacies and networks that came to represent Manipuri dance in cinematic history. Bringing  together conversations on choreographic analysis, ethnographic work, interviews with film directors, cine performers, and Manipuri dancers, this essay also traces why these dances gradually disappeared from commercial Indian cinema.

Since the second half of the 1970s, a corpus of studies focusing on the history of women during the Holocaust has been produced. These studies assert that even though Jewish women shared the annihilation threat with the men, Jewish women also underwent unique experiences resulting from their female physiology, their female socialization, and the National Socialist Weltanschauung directed against them. These different experiences were also expressed visually in numerous works of art made by women during the Holocaust era (1939–49). Their art is rife with images of pregnancy, motherhood, feminine crafts such as domestic chores, cooking, female solidarity and mutual assistance, loss of femininity, and sexual violence. This article focuses especially on women's artistic expression of three of these topics: mutual assistance among women, loss of femininity, and sexual violence, all of which have received little attention in Holocaust art research.

Where have all the women gone? It can be difficult, sometimes, to find evidence of female participation in the arts and culture of the early modern period. This short essay explores how we can locate women and their participation by approaching our research differently.

This beautifully illustrated book is appealing to a wider audience with a general interest in the Anglo-Boer War and the role that women and families played during the war. The haunting images tell a story about the trials and tribulations Afrikaans and black South Africans faced in concentration camps throughout the country and make a contribution to the history of the period in their own right. The chapters have been organised in such a way that various dimensions surrounding the Anglo-Boer war are addressed. The first chapter establishes the background of the tension between the British and Boers highlighting the concept of Afrikaner nationalism and patriarchy as a result. Chapter two further added to this context through discussing the strategic scorched earth policy by the British troops. Chapter three had a women centred approach by addressing Nonnie De La Rey's life during the Anglo-Boer War. This was followed by chapter four which explored the daily life in the camps, while chapter five focused more on the British doctors in the camps versus the Afrikaans women's medical knowledge. Chapter six and seven looked at specific populations in the concentration camps, firstly looking at children's experience in the concentration camps and followed by the roles and experiences of black people in the camps. Chapter eight explored the role of humour and how it was used as both a defence and attack by the Boers. Chapter nine looked at the details of the creating and planning of the Woman's Monument in Bloemfontein followed by chapter ten which discussed the contextual meaning of the monument from construction in 1913 compared to 2013. The book ends with a chapter on Emily Hobhouse's speech at the inauguration of the Woman's Monument. All of these chapters used captivating and thought provoking images. As a primary source these photographs were effective by giving the 'invisible actors' being women and families, a stronger representation. Most of these images have not been used before when exploring the Anglo-Boer War, which gives a new approach to how we understand the impact of the war but also acts as a snapshot of reality during the time period. One of the gems in this book is Zelda Rowan's chapter about Nonnie de la Rey. This chapter placed Nonnie, the Boer Commander Koos de la Rey's wife, as the centre of story which offered the reader the opportunity to learn about a woman who did not allow herself to become a victim during the war. She was self-sufficient and could make bread, candles and other commodities while being a fugitive in the veld for 18 months, leading her 6 children and 3 servants away from danger. Themes such as the relationship with the British troops and the origins of the identity of a volksmoeder (directly translated as the 'mother of the nation') emerged, leaving the readers in awe about Nonnie's strength, hardship and determination. This chapter in particular places the role of women in the centre of historical analysis during the war. There are other sporadic accounts of women's experiences in the concentration camps scattered throughout the book, giving excellent primary sources of first-hand accounts by women in the

Renewed violence in Nicaragua in the aftermath of the 1980s Contra War is tied to the drug trade, drug war militarization, and the rise of the postwar security state. State sexual violence in an Afro-Nicaraguan community under counternarcotics military occupation vividly demonstrates this linkage. I argue that state sexual violence in this case has served as a mechanism for asserting mestizo state sovereignty in a minoritized security zone. The forms of racial and patriarchal power that enabled the violence permeate the social body and structure political life in Nicaragua, and their diffuse nature has made it difficult for local people to find political redress for the abuses of state power that occurred in their community. Politically engaged feminist ethnography can illuminate the relationship between state security projects, preexisting social hierarchies, and endemic forms of insecurity and violence that remain difficult to politicize in postwar Central America.

This paper focuses on the linguistic landscape (LL) of religious signboards in select areas of Ado
Ekiti, Nigeria with a view of establishing the relationship between the languages used on these signboards and
the implication for identity, globalisation and culture. Fifty-three LL items were photographed for the study.
The areas selected were based on activity level and the number of religious signboards they featured. The data
were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The findings revealed the dominance and the
pervasiveness of the English language over and across the other languages in the public space. The use of
Yoruba texts across the items revealed religio-cultural and loyalist reasons while the use of Arabic confirmed
the inherent attachment of the language to Islamic religion, and fostered a religion-based collective identity
between the sign writer and the sign reader.
Index Terms—linguistic landscape, religious signboards, Nigeria, religio-cultural, collective identity

The debate below, on the role of women in the Islamic Republic of Iran, prompted by William O. Beeman's 2001 article, "Iranian Women's Situation has Improved under the Islamic Republic" was conducted in 2001 as part of the Gulf12000 project at Columbia University, directed by Gary Sick. Normally, these on-line discussions are reserved for members, but
this topic is of such general interest and aroused such intense emotions, that Keddie and Karimkhany asked permission of the participants to edit and reproduce the discussion for a wider audience. The final version was edited by Nikki R. Keddie, Professor Emerita of History at the University of California, Los Angeles, based on the selection and organization of the texts by co-editor Azita Karimkhany, alumna of Columbia University and researcher in Middle Eastern studies. For additional information on Gulf/2000, see the project website
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This article examines Ivanka Trump's Women Who Work, arguing that it represents the newest permutation of the neoliberal feminist subject. After providing an overview of the recent emergence of neoliberal feminism, I explain why the book should be considered part of the wider cultural landscape in which this variant of feminism has increasingly become commonsensical. I then turn to demonstrate how Women Who Work construes the ideal female subject not only as generic human capital but also incites her to invest in herself constantly, where activities ranging from professional workshops through hobbies to friendships are understood as practices that appreciate the value of the self. The conversion of women into generic rather than gendered human capital remains, however, incomplete, since the ideal of a happy work-family balance continues to serve as a push back to the wholesale erasure of traditional notions of sexual difference. Finally, I highlight that neoliberal feminism is erasing other long-standing divisions and political differences. Not only does the private-public divide collapse, but so, too, does the distinction between one's private self and one's public enterprise as the self itself becomes an enterprise. This dual process of collapse and reconfiguration shapes the newest neoliberal feminist subject, the main protagonist of Trump's Women Who Work.

Against the backdrop of an unprecedented number of women deploying
in a new array of roles in the so-called "global war on terror" and
the official opening of combat arms units to women in the United
States military, menstruation has served as a key idiom in debates
about what it means for women to wage war. In this article, I explore
what public curiosity about and military anxieties over soldier menstruation
can tell us about the banal and bodily nature of women’s
militarization as a deeply affective, sensorial, and embodied process,
and the tensions these anxieties reveal within liberal promises of
a gender-integrated US military. Drawing on discourse analysis and
ethnographic interviews, I examine efforts within US military medicine
to hormonally regulate women soldiers’ menstrual cycles as a matter
of military operational concern, alongside public narratives by women
soldiers who deny the significance of menstruation to the work of
soldiering. I argue that both of these discourses enact a conflation
between womanhood and menstruation in the debate over women’s
role in and at war, in a manner that circumscribes the possibilities of
what we can apprehend – and feel – about war and soldiering as
gendered experience.

This introductory course invites students to the explore the field of Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies. As such, we will begin the semester by learning about the field's history and conclude the class by considering its future. The rest of the syllabus, which is organized into three parts, showcases scholarship that takes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the social construction of sex, gender, and sexuality. Together, we will unpack the assumptions that underlie popular and academic discussions about sexed bodies, gender identities, and sexual desires, and we will examine the ways in which scholars, activists, and other feminist thinkers attempt to dismantle dominant power structures and enact lasting social change. The first part of the course explores the gendered regulation of bodies in relation to the rise of western science and the invention of sexual and racial difference. In the second part of the class, we will foreground questions of gender as we investigate the emergence of the modern nation-state alongside histories of capitalism, colonialism, slavery, and war. The third part of the course tackles issues of gender and globalization: in addition to studying the movement of bodies, capital, and things across geopolitical borders, we will also zero in on transnational feminist approaches to labor organizing and environmental justice. Although the syllabus is divided into three distinct parts, these units are designed to complement one another. In other words, students will be expected to draw connections between the sections and to relate material assigned at the beginning of the semester to what follows. As a whole, this course aims to give students a sense of the topics, methods, and questions that are central to women's, gender, and sexuality studies.

Maria Paola ZANOBONI, Donne al lavoro nell’Italia e nell’Europa medievali (secc.XIII-XV), Milano, Jouvence, 2016
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Prendendo in considerazione la svariata casistica italiana ed europea tra il secolo XIII e la fine del XV, questo libro intende sfatare i molteplici luoghi comuni sul lavoro femminile medievale che lo consideravano limitato soltanto ad alcune attività del comparto tessile ed alimentare, sottopagato, in costante dipendenza o correlazione con l’attività del consorte, esterno alle corporazioni per volontà delle corporazioni stesse. Un po’ dovunque, in Italia e in Europa, nel secolo XIII come nel XV, la realtà era invece un’altra: donne che lavoravano in tutti i possibili settori, compresa l’edilizia, le miniere e le saline; imprenditrici che si autofinanziavano con propri capitali ottenuti dalla vendita di abiti e gioielli; retribuzioni commisurate “alle reali capacità” e quindi non dipendenti dal genere; donne che col proprio lavoro riuscivano a mantenere sé stesse e familiari in difficoltà, o a saldare i debiti dei mariti; nobildonne impegnate nelle attività più varie: dall’organizzazione di laboratori per il ricamo, alla gestione di miniere, alla direzione di opere di bonifica, all’impianto di caseifici, alla gestione di alberghi.
Dotate di notevolissime capacità organizzative nella flessibilità estrema dei loro ruoli, erano le donne stesse a tenersi fuori dalle associazioni professionali, che, per parte loro, in genere ne tolleravano il “lavoro nero”, senza escluderle , ma cercando al contrario di obbligarle ad iscriversi quando avevano necessità di tenerle sotto controllo.
L’apprendistato femminile esisteva, spesso in modo informale, e tendeva ad emergere in casi particolari, quando erano le lavoratrici stesse ad aver bisogno di un attestato che dimostrasse le loro capacità (ad esempio nella lavorazione di materie prime preziose). Talvolta erano invece le corporazioni ad imporre alle donne la stipulazione scritta del contratto di apprendistato, soprattutto in settori importanti per la salute della collettività (come la confezione del pane).

Maria Paola ZANOBONI, Donne al lavoro nell’Italia e nell’Europa medievali (secc.XIII-XV), Milano, Jouvence, 2016
The traditional opinion considered female labour in medieval age low paid worrk restricted to textile and feeding fields only and generally dependent on husband’s work, outside of guilds.
On the contrary, a considerable body of evidence resulting from researches on Italian and European documents of XIII century up to the end of XV century, shows that during XIII, XIV and XV centuries in several European countries female work was employed in almost all fields of activity, including buildings, mines, salt processing. Women’s wages were proportional to their real capacity and were not conditioned by gender.
In many cases women succeeded in supporting the whole family (or discharging their husband’s debts) by their own work. Moreover some women sold their dresses and jewels to obtain capitals in order to establish a firm. Noblewomen were involved in very different jobs as embroidery workshops organization, mines and reclamation management, dairy establishment, hotel management.
Women showed a remarkable ability in work organization in spite of the enormous variety of their tasks and they preferred to be outside of guilds; on the other hand guilds tolerated this type of black work but tried to compel women to be registered when a special control was needed.
Female apprenticeship was often informal but in particular cases it was displaied when workers needed to demonstrate their ability in some jobs such as precious raw materials manufacture. In other cases guilds obliged women to stipulate a written apprenticeship contract, particularly in public health fields, for example to knead

Bureaucracy is an organizational form that became dominant in business, government and other arenas during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Since then, extensive debates among sociologists and others have centered on its social impact, rationality and nature. The aim of bureaucracy is to standardize all activities within the organization and ensure that control passes from the top to the bottom. As such, owners and senior managers are allowed to control the organization in a more efficient and indirect way thus mitigating the risk of self-conflict and loss of control of the affairs of an organization. Nevertheless, excessive bureaucracy makes public organizations more arthritic and self-serving, hence, rendering them less able to achieve their core missions and less responsive to service users due to nepotism. Bureaucratic institutions are characterised by red tapism, excessive paper work, fear of innovation, poor customer service, duplication of working procedures, strict adherence to procedures, weak management practices, low morale, etc. This has resulted into many people nowadays having a negative perception of bureaucracy because it is rigid and responds slowly to environmental changes and that it relies heavily on rules and procedures.

This article investigates the role of shame in shaping the epistolary form and aesthetic structure of Alice Walker’s The Color Purple. I argue that the epistolary framing presents a crisis in the development of Celie’s shamed self-consciousness. To explain the connection between shame and Celie’s self-consciousness, I build on Jean Paul Sartre’s theory of existentialism and explore three phases of Celie’s evolution as it is represented in three phrases that I identify as significant transitions in the text: “I am,” “But I’m here,” and “It mine.” The first section examines how shame fractures Celie’s self-consciousness; the second focuses on how Celie positions and locates herself in the world; and the third explains how Celie mobilizes shame by connecting her self-consciousness to a past that is shameful but also generative. I conclude by considering the novel’s emergence in the Cosby/Reagan era in order to illuminate the mutual constitution of black familial pride and black racial shame.

My chapter from the 2021 anthology Queer Nightlife, edited by Kareem Khubchandani, Kemi Adeyemi, and Ramón H. Rivera-Servera. The chapter is an autoethnographic of my experiences in queer nightlife spaces as a fat queer femme while also theorizing on the intersections between fat and queer identity.

An overview of feminist approaches to labor beginning with 1970s materialist feminism through recent conceptualizations of biological and digital labor. Written for an undergraduate audience, it provides an overview of feminist critiques of labor, as well as women of color, Black, third world and other feminist critiques of Marxist feminism.

Balestracci’s new book is an essay of social, cultural and political history based on primary and secondary sources, that through the perspective of the history of sexuality reads again decisive moments of the seventy years history of the Italian Republic. The ‘1968’ is for instance in it both the year of the student’s revolts and the beginning of the sexual liberation and also the date of the first passional murder of the socalled Italian serial killer “mostro di Firenze” (monster of Florence). The Italian national history developed in the book in the frame of international and cultural-social changes of long period where the legacy of the Weimar Republic to the whole West appears to be central.

Neste dossiê, propomos explorar a combinação entre o tema da casa (ou da domesticidade), na esteira de uma trajetória consistente nos estudos do rural, e a questão da corporalidade (incluindo classificações da comida; comensalidade e consubstancialidade; construção da pessoa; criação de intimidade), particularmente presente nos estudos voltados aos povos indígenas e de matriz afro. Sob a ampla rubrica dos "povos tradicionais", abre-se a possibilidade de novas combinações entre temas clássicos da narrativa agrária e uma série de situações antes postas como marginais pelo paradigma do campesinato. O enfoque etnográfico-entendido aqui a um só tempo como técnica de campo e método de análise-promove recombinações, cruzamentos criativos entre as diferentes tradições disciplinares voltadas a povos intimamente ligados à terra e ao território. Assim, somando-se à seleção dos artigos elaborados para este dossiê, apresentamos duas preciosidades que-diferentes entre si no tocante aos debates teóricos aos quais se remetem-servem-nos ao intuito de homenagear recombinações etnográficas que hoje nos inspiram no caminho dessas discussões: uma entrevista exclusiva com Ellen Woortmann e um artigo escrito por Jeanne Favret-Saada e Josée Contreras em 1990. Boa parte dos artigos aqui reunidos tem origem no Simpósio Pós-Graduado (SPG) "Casa, comida e gênero: olhares etnográficos", realizado no 41º Encontro Anual da Anpocs, em outubro de 2017. Não à toa, é sobretudo através do viés de gênero que o cruzamento temático entre casa e corporalidade promove uma discussão crescente e atépoucoatépouco tempo

The poetry of lesbian writer Renée Vivien (née Pauline Mary Tarn, 1877-1909) in translation. The second edition, available through Headmistress Press and Amazon, is newly expanded to include more translations as well as the original French poems.

In this essay I present the extant evidence for nurses in wet-nursing contracts preserved on papyri from Egypt (46 texts, all but one of Roman date) and point out the ways in which the hiring of wet nurses in Roman Egypt can be distinguished from the practice documented for Italy and other parts of the empire.

Linguistic anthropology evolved in the 20 th century in an environment that tended to reify language and culture. A recognition of the dynamics of discourse as a sociocultural process has since emerged as researchers have used new methods and theories to examine the reproduction and transformation of people, institutions, and communities through linguistic practices. This transformation of linguistic anthropology itself heralds a new era for publishing as well. Blackwell Studies in Discourse and Culture aims to represent and foster this new approach to discourse and culture by producing books that focus on the dynamics that can be obscured by such broad and diffuse terms as "language." This series is committed to the ethnographic approach to language and discourse: ethnographic works deeply informed by theory, as well as more theoretical works that are deeply grounded in ethnography. The books are aimed at scholars in the sociology and anthropology of language, anthropological linguistics, sociolinguistics and socioculturally informed psycholinguistics. It is our hope that all books in the series will be widely adopted for a variety of courses.

Sexual health includes positive aspects of sexuality and the possibility of having pleasurable sexual experiences. However, few researchers examine how socioeconomic conditions shape sexual wellbeing. This paper presents the concept of "erotic equity," which refers to how social and structural systems enable, or fail to enable, positive aspects of sexuality. In part one, we use this concept to consider potential pathways through which socioeconomic conditions, especially poverty, may shape sexuality. Part two builds from this theoretical framework to review the empirical literature that documents associations between socioeconomics and sexual wellbeing. This narrative review process located 47 studies from more than 22 countries. Forty-four studies indicated that individuals who reported more constrained socioeconomic conditions, primarily along the lines of income, education, and occupation, also reported poorer indicators of sexual wellbeing, especially satisfaction and overall functioning. Most studies used unidimensional measures of socioeconomic status, treating them as individual-level control variables; few documented socioeconomics as structural pathways through which erotic inequities may arise. Based on these limitations, in part three we make calls for the integration of socioeconomic conditions into sexuality researchers' paradigms of multi-level influences on sexuality.

En este trabajo se estudia el primer movimiento feminista en Bolivia y el rol que tuvo en las reivindicaciones del sufragio femenino desde los años 1920 hasta la proclamación del sufragio universal en el cuadro de la Revolución Nacional de 1952. Se analiza en las diferentes décadas (1920, 1930, 1940) el surgimiento de las organizaciones y agrupaciones feministas en Bolivia, el tipo de feminismo del cual estas agrupaciones se reclamaban, sus relaciones con el feminismo internacional de la época, sus modos de acción y organización para demandar los derechos políticos y civiles de las mujeres, el contenido de estas reivindicaciones, y el rol que tuvieron en el debate dentro de la esfera política y social sobre el sufragio femenino.

This paper studies the first feminist movement in Bolivia and the role it played in the demands for female suffrage since the 1920's, until the proclamation of the universal suffrage under the National Revolution of 1952. The author analyzes in the different decades (1920, 1930, 1940) the emergence of feminist organizations in Bolivia, the type of feminism they proclaimed, their relations with the international feminist movement of that time, their ways of action in order to demand the political and civil rights for women, the content of these claims, and the role they played in the debate about female suffrage upon the political and social spheres of the country.