Gender and Sport

Though an integral element of sport sociology, the study of masculinities in sport has been largely confined to Western sports such as American football. Embodied Masculinities in Global Sport provides a more expanded view, offering tantalizing insights into sport and manliness from culturally and geographically distinct perspectives.

Editors Jorge Knijnik and Daryl Adair, along with a group of international researchers, articulate how various types of masculinities can be played out in different sports by drawing from personal experiences of athletes, investigating the cultural—and even global—impact of male achievements in sport, and comparing men’s experiences in sport with women’s.

While maintaining the body’s pivotal role in the social construction of gender, Embodied Masculinities provides the sport sociological literature with an innovative and truly global perspective on what it means to “be a man,” whether on the field, on the court, or in the saddle.

This paper offers a discussion of the rationale for the creation of sports categorization criteria based on sporting genealogy and the gendered body, as proposed by Torres et al. in their article 'Beyond Physiology: Embodied Experience, Embodied Advantage, and the Inclusion of Transgender Athletes in Competitive Sport'. The strength of their 'phenomenological' account lies in its complex account of human experience; but this is also what makes it impractical and difficult to operationalize. Categorization rather requires simplicity and practicability, if it is to be applied to all athletes (and not exceptionally to transgender athletes). This discussion helps us to formulate three general principles for the process of categorization of athletes, relating to fairness, verifiability and practicability.

"All play means something" (Johan Huizinga, 1938) In recent decades, sport as a social practice has become relevant in many different spheres: in health, economy, politics, education, work and leisure. The importance of sport transcends beyond the confines of the sport field. Sport is, in essence, is about organization and organizing.

Gemeinsam für mehr Vielfalt und Akzeptanz im Sport: Die erste BundesNetzwerkTagung der queeren Sportvereine macht's möglich! Jetzt anmelden! Das Interesse an der Tagung ist schon jetzt groß, diverse Expert_innen aus der Wissenschaft, prominente Sportgesichter, Verbandsvertreter_innen und queere Sportvereine haben ihre Teilnahme zugesagt. Balian Buschbaum (ehemaliger Olympiateilnehmer, Autor und Coach) wird die zweitägige Veranstaltung mit einem Vortrag über Diversität im Sport sowie sexuelle und geschlechtliche Vielfalt eröffnen. Im Anschluss können sich die Teilnehmenden verschiedenen Schwerpunkten widmen und gemeinsam mit renommierten Wissenschaftler_innen sowie Vertreter_innen der sportlichen Dach-und Fachverbände diskutieren, analysieren und Ideen entwickeln. Durch Erfahrungsaustausch und intensive Gespräche soll die Zusammenarbeit der unterschiedlichen Fachrichtungen verbessert, die Antidiskriminierungsarbeit verstärkt und notwendige Strukturen für queere Belange im Sport entwickeln werden. Unterstützt wird die Veranstaltung unter anderem durch den Deutschen Olympischen Sportbund (DOSB). " Wir freuen uns und danken dem Sportverein Vorspiel, dass er mit dieser Tagung die Möglichkeit eröffnet, das Thema praxisorientiert mit einer Vielzahl von Expert_innen zu diskutieren. Dieser öffentliche Diskurs ist wichtig und wird dazu beitragen, Sportorganisationen über das Thema aufzuklären und Betroffene aktiv zu unterstützen. " , so Dr. Petra Tzschoppe, Vizepräsidentin des DOSB. Am 13. und 14. Oktober 2018 kommen die queeren Sportvereine aus Deutschland in den Räumen des Landessportbundes Berlin zur ersten BundesNetzwerkTagung dieser Art zusammen, um sich gemeinsam mit weiteren Gästen aus Wissenschaft, Politik, Gesellschaft und dem organisierten Sport auszutauschen, neue Projekte zu entwickeln und die Zusammenarbeit im Kampf insbesondere gegen Homo-und Transfeindlichkeit (1) im Sport zu intensivieren. Das vorläufige Programm der Tagung finden Sie auf der nächsten Seite und auf: http://vorspiel-berlin.de/bunt.html Anmeldung zur Tagung unter: www.dosb.de/BuNT

As more campuses begin to address the needs of athletes in general, and female athletes in particular,
more research assessing current wellness behaviors on the part of female athletes can be
used to improve the support available while providing guidance with regard to the kinds of
programs and outreach efforts that will make the greatest positive impact on female athletes.
The purpose of this study was to compare the wellness behaviors of female athletes and female
non-athletes to gain a better appreciation for the factors that affect female athletes and the steps
that can be taken to assist athletes in proactively working toward a level of wellness that they
can sustain throughout their lives..

In this study, it was aimed to analyze the content of postgraduate theses on women and sports. The study is a qualitative one. Content analysis, one of the documentary scanning methods, was used in collecting the data. Taking the National Thesis Center as its source, this study scanned 5851 postgraduate theses between 2010-2020, whose subject was related to sport. As a result of the scanning, a total of 378
theses written under the heading of “women and sports” were included in the study and examined on the basis of various predetermined criteria; 64 of these thesis were doctoral, 2 of them were medical specialization, and 312 of them were master’s. The obtained data were transferred to the SPSS 24.0 program and interpreted through frequency distributions, percentages, and chi-square analyzes. It has been found that the increase in the number of the theses written under the title of women and sports lags behind the general increase in the theses on only sports. These theses were mostly written by women (62.43%), and the thesis advising was mostly provided by men (71.43%). It is seen that the titles of advisor faculty members are mostly Assistant Professor and Associate Professor for the master’s thesis, and Professor for the doctoral dissertations. 89.42% of the completed theses were quantitative, and studies conducted with qualitative methods were found to be insufficient in number (10.58%). It was found that the theses were written mostly by taking licensed athletes (48.68%) and sedentary groups (40.48%) as research samples. It is considered a necessity for future theses to be prepared on the topic of women and sports to focus
on different research sample groups such as trainers, referees, and sports managers in order to ensure diversity of subjects.

On the 5 of February 2016, the Martial Arts Studies Research Network held its first one-day seminar, on the theme of gender issues in theory and practice. Hosted by the University of Brighton, the day drew around 30 delegates, including academics from various fields of study and martial arts practitioners from a range of styles. The day featured discussion on a number of themes on the topic of gender; while a short summary of these can be found here, this report focuses on the key points raised by delegates during the first of two plenary sessions, addressing the ways in which clubs and gyms might best improve women’s and girls’ involvement in martial arts and combat sports (MACS).

Equestrian sport is the only Olympic-level sport not organized around a binary gender division and as such offers a unique opportunity to explore the consequences of sex integration within competitive sport. Drawing on a study of professional riders in Britain, this chapter explores some of the limitations and productive possibilities of sex integration. Restrictive gender norms that position women as submissive and predominantly linked with caring (of both children and horses, in this context) continue to disadvantage women in competitive sport. However, although it is extremely difficult to do so, this study indicates that it is possible for women to perform well at the top levels of sport when competing against men on equal terms. This offers a challenge to normative ideals of femininity and to masculine dominance of sport.

Gyms are becoming a mass hobby: they are multiplying, their subscription costs are falling and the ways of working out are becoming standardized. This is the "fitness revolution" (Andreasson & Johansson, 2014a). If the injunctions to the body care date from the beginning of the 20th century, fitness is constituted like an important body shaping offer since the eighties. In a neoliberal zeitgeist where the individual must "take him-self in charge" to become an "entrepreneur of himself" (Castel, 2016), improving one's body capital (Mauger, 2018) is a central issue. The body is always interacting with the social, but how does the gym (re)produce the genre in this setting? A mixed ethnographic survey, quantitative and qualitative, was conducted intermittently in a gym for a year and a half. In order to study the gender relations in this frame as well as the careers (e.g., Goffman, 1961) of body shaping involved, we conducted analysis to compare practices between women and men. We relied on the following materials: a national survey on sports practices (EPPS, 2010); the production of a logic model; a map of the city's gyms; participant and numerical observations (492 observations, including 6,064 women, 13,035 men cumulative and not distinct); photos ; 26 in-depth interviews with clients (with different morphologies, social backgrounds and ages) and 2 informative interviews with the staff. We analyzed: the primary socialization of the respondents to identify the constitution of sexual dispositions; interactions in occupied spaces and body shaping. Three sequences emerge from the body shaping career, each with variations: in its structuring (eg, assiduity, planning), in its asceticism (eg, feeding changes) and in taste for practice (eg, unpleasant, pleasant and dependence). Primary sport socialization of the respondents was gendered, producing gendered body dispositions. Although starting a career at the gym is motivated by physical dissatisfaction (e.g., aesthetics, performance, health), these dispositions are revisited. In situ analysis reveals a socio-sexual division of space. Men favor bodybuilding over cardio training (79% vs. 21%), while women tend to occupy the two spaces fairly (44% vs. 56%). According to numerical observations and interviews, young women would limit their mobility in the area of bodybuilding being "afraid" of being harassed. In addition, men favor the shaping of the upper body compared to the bottom/center (80% vs. 20%), while for women the gap is smaller (38% vs. 62%). However, we note that monopolization of bodybuilding by men limits the free training of women. As a result, the gender of the actors influences their career, in which women can limit their commitment more quickly. Finally, any body shaping is not constituted in body capital, because it must be related to normative expectations of gender, so be a gendered body capital. The gym as an institution plays an active role in this process, it appears as a space of a second socialization where the habitus can be transformed, a technology of gender that can move the borders built by the social between women and men’s bodies, but also sometimes a way to trouble the gender.


Les salles de sport deviennent un loisir de masse : elles se multiplient, leurs coûts d’abonnement baissent et les façons de s’entraîner se standardisent. C’est la « révolution du fitness » (Andreasson & Johansson, 2014a). Si les injonctions à la préoccupation du corps datent du début du XXème siècle, le fitness se constitue comme une offre de façonnage corporel importante depuis les années quatre-vingt. Dans un zeitgeist néolibéral où l’individu doit « se prendre en main » pour devenir un véritable « entrepreneur de soi » (Castel, 2016), améliorer son capital corporel (Mauger, 2018) est un enjeu central. Le corps est toujours en interaction avec le social, mais comment la salle de sport (re)produit elle le genre dans ce cadre ?
Une enquête ethnographique mixte, quantitative et qualitative, a été menée de façon discontinue dans une salle de sport pendant un an et demi. Afin d’étudier les rapports de genre à l’œuvre ainsi que les carrières (e.g., Goffman, 1961) de façonnage corporel en jeu, nous avons réalisé des analyses permettant de comparer des pratiques entre les femmes et les hommes. Nous nous sommes appuyés sur les matériaux suivants : une enquête nationale sur les pratiques sportives (EPPS, 2010) ; la production d’un modèle logic ; une carte des salles de sport de la ville ; des observations participantes et chiffrées (492 observations, dont 6.064 femmes, 13.035 hommes cumulé·e·s et non distinct·e·s) ; des photographies ; 26 entretiens approfondis auprès de client·e·s (ayant différentes morphologies, origines sociales et âges) et 2 entretiens informatifs auprès du personnel de la salle. Nous avons analysé : la socialisation primaire sportive des enquêté·e·s pour identifier la constitution de dispositions corporelles sexuées ; les interactions dans les espaces occupés et le façonnage corporel. Trois séquences émergent de la carrière de façonnage corporel, chacune possédant des variations : dans sa structuration (e.g., assiduité, planification), dans son ascétisme (e.g., changements d’alimentation) et dans le goût pour la pratique (e.g., déplaisant, plaisant et dépendance).
La socialisation primaire sportive des enquêté·e·s était genrée produisant des dispositions corporelles sexuées. Bien que débuter une carrière à la salle de sport soit motivé par l’insatisfaction physique (e.g., esthétique, performance, santé), lesdites dispositions sont revisitées. L’analyse in situ révèle une division socio-sexuée de l’espace. Les hommes privilégient la musculation par rapport au cardio-training (79 % contre 21 %), tandis que les femmes ont tendance à occuper de manière équitable ces deux espaces (44 % contre 56 %). Selon les observations chiffrées et les entretiens, les jeunes femmes limiteraient leur mobilité dans l’espace de la musculation ayant « peur » d’être harcelées. Par ailleurs, les hommes privilégient le façonnage du haut du corps par rapport au bas/centre (80 % contre 20 %), alors que pour les femmes l’écart est plus faible (38 % contre 62 %). Toutefois, on remarque que la monopolisation de la musculation par les hommes limite le libre entrainement des femmes. De ce fait, le sexe des acteur/trice·s influence leur carrière, au sein de laquelle les femmes peuvent limiter plus rapidement leur engagement. Finalement, tout façonnage corporel ne se constitue pas en capital corporel, car il se doit d’être en lien avec les attentes normatives du genre, donc être un capital corporel genré. La salle de sport en tant qu’institution joue un rôle actif dans ce processus, elle apparaît comme un espace d’une seconde socialisation où les habitus peuvent se transformer, une technologie de genre qui peut déplacer les frontières construites par le social entre les corps des femmes et des hommes, mais aussi parfois une manière de troubler le genre.

Call for Contributions (Edited Volume) and Workshop Announcement
Date and time: 12 November 2021 (Tue.), 10:00-17:00 MET (online).
Interested scholars may submit abstracts (of up to 250 words) to the organizers ([email protected]) by 30 September 2021.

We invite contributions to an edited volume titled “Gendering Fascism” and hope for theoretically grounded empirical case studies within the time frame of the 1920s through the 1940s. Taking gender seriously means asking questions about the functions that gendered individuals, institutions and imaginaries fulfil in the emergence and the politics of
fascisms, and how these politics in turn shape ideas and manifestations of gender. This includes but also goes beyond highlighting the presence or absence of women in fascist
movements or regimes. We encourage contributors to trace the sometimes contradictory representations of gender as they appear in imaginaries, media and political strategies, in ways that suit the advancement of power.

Modern dünyada teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte daha fazla serbest zamana sahip olan birey, stresten uzaklaşmak, dinlenmek ve eğlenmek gibi amaçlarla serbest zamanlarında iş dışında aktivite arayışına girmektedir. Rekreasyonel etkinliklere katılım nedenleri ve elde edilmesi beklenen kazanımlar bireysel farklılık gösterebilir. Örneğin, Neulinger (1981) bireyin serbest zamanlarında isteyerek ve kendi seçimiyle aktiviteye katılım hissi veren algılanan özgürlüğün serbest zaman aktivitelerine katılımın tek temel kriteri olduğunu savunmaktadır (Siegenthaler ve O'Dell, 2000). Kane ve diğ. (1977) göre ise algılanan özgürlük, birey ve aktiviteye katılım davranışı arasında nedensel bir ilişki sağlar ve bireyin aktiviteye katılımında temel oluşturur. Serbest zaman aktivitelerine katılımda özgürlük algısı yüksek bireylerin içsel motivasyonu, yeterlilik ve mutluluk hissi daha yüksektir (Janke ve diğ., 2010).

The volume includes 23 contributions dealing with the social, economic, political and gender aspects of the athletics. The periods in focus are the Classical Antiquity and the Modern Era.
For the fully uploaded contribution of Athanasios Sideris on "The Athletic Body: Image adn Power", see the section "Papers"

Fashion models and professional bodybuilders seem to share the experience of walking on a runway incommon however the nature of the relation to their bodies exposed on the catwalk is  rather different. One of the apparent difference regarding their bodily experiences is the fact that  fashion models are expected to expose the dress instead of their bodies while bodybuilders have to display their figure trying to make explicit each muscle they have made. Nevertheless it is not false to claim that they have something else in common in their daily lives which they have to put up with each day, namely strict diets. Although much more is known about the diets of the models, diets of the bodybuilders and the way those diets interact with their daily experiences  are rarely discussed. In this article, an ethnographical account of the diets those are practiced by the body builders will be discussed so as to explain the bodily strains they go through. This article is based on a study that took place in a local gym in Turkey. It is the aim of the article to discuss the strict food regime of the bodybuilders from a phenomenological perspective to give a better understanding about their daily acitivities organising around this sport. Body builders are usually associated as the bodily expression of a hard core masculinity and have a bad reputiton because of the drugs. In fact the strict diets they have to undergo before the competitions have far more importance in their daily routines since the diets themselves continue for much longer periods in their lives, usually a life time. In order to look more masculine, these bodybuilders show a great effort to abstain from the worldly pleasures of food.

"Women have had a long history of participation in modern sporting activities though they have faced countless barriers to sporting competition, particularly in ‘contact’ sports. As we
move into the twenty-first century, many more doors are opening for the sporting woman, and games previously thought to ‘belong’ to men are becoming attractive options for women. One
sport that is enjoying increasing popularity amongst women is rugby union. Since the 1970s women have taken up rugby union and significant numbers of women now play the game in
the British Isles, Europe, North America and Australasia.

Although many may delight in the apparent breakdown of the masculine exclusivity that traditionally has been maintained
within rugby, a thorough investigation of the emerging female rugby culture reveals a sporting site that still reinforces and echoes historical, masculine-orientated stereotypes. This
case study examines women’s rugby culture through an analysis of an Australian rugby club and the culture that surrounds the women’s team, as well as the questioning of the culture that emerges around the playing of such a hyper-masculine sport. This will be done in an attempt
to understand why women are playing football when they face strong societal opposition based on historical, social and physical perceptions about the relationship of women tocontact sports."

The article, referring to the concept of Mary Douglas, presents various practices undertaken in the sports world to maintain the “purity” of gender boundaries. The first part focuses on the concept of gender boundaries and the embodiment of these boundaries. Then, the concept of Mary Douglas and the possibility of its application for the analysis of gender order in sport is presented. The main part of the article presents the different types of sportswomen’s bodies, which can be perceived as abject (J. Kristeva), dangerous for the existing order and describes practices to deal with these abnormal bodies and restore the “purity” of the sports system.

Colombian girls are not encouraged from playing sport due to gendered roles that idealize girls as 'delicate' and reserve sport as an activity for boys. Since the early and mid-2000s girls living in two marginalized communities in Colombia have had the unique opportunity to participate in a sport for development organization. Drawing on six months of ethnographic research, this paper explores how these young women are negotiating gender through their complex and limited participation in the organization. We argue these young women display an ambivalent position towards femininity and practice implicit feminism, which challenges gender norms. However, despite their feelings of agency and a creation of a 'new' normal within their social bubble, evidence reveals traditional social structures continue to maintain the gender status quo.

International scholarship on equestrianism makes consistent reference to the importance of the horse and of horse-human relations in the dynamics of social life. The role of the horse in the building and sustenance of human cultures and civilizations in earlier periods of history is easy to

This volume presents a wide-reaching overview of contemporary research and scholarship on women's engagement in a range of combat sports across the world. Including chapters on boxing, wrestling, mixed martial arts, and various other fighting disciplines, the collection provides readers with a comprehensive analysis of the current significance of women's involvement in these sports, as well as charting many of the problems and opportunities they face in establishing and developing careers within them.

With contributions drawing from anthropology, phenomenology, philosophy, sociology, and sport psychology, this book will appeal to readers interested in the development of women's sport; the relationship between sport and gender; and the wider, contemporary social significance of combat sports around the world.

To view the table of contents and read a sample chapter online, please click here: http://www.palgrave.com/resources/sample-chapters/9781137439352_sample.pdf

This volume presents a wide-reaching overview of contemporary research and scholarship on women's engagement in a range of combat sports across the world. Including chapters on boxing, wrestling, mixed martial arts, and various other fighting disciplines, the collection provides readers with a comprehensive analysis of the current significance of women's involvement in these sports, as well as charting many of the problems and opportunities they face in establishing and developing careers within them. With contributions drawing from anthropology, phenomenology, philosophy, sociology, and sport psychology, this book will appeal to readers interested in the development of women's sport; the relationship between sport and gender; and the wider, contemporary social significance of combat sports around the world.

Athletic urinary incontinence is characterized by urinary loss during sports practice. This condition occurs in the case of CrossFit®, a modality based on high intensity training and functional movements, it can also be considered as having a high impact on the pelvic floor. This study aimed to compare the force and the contraction capacity of the pelvic floor musculature and urinary incontinence between female CrossFit® practitioners (AG) and nonpractitioners (CG). We performed a cross-sectional observational study in the period from December 2018 and May 2019. Complaints of urinary incontinence was assessed by the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF); the functional evaluation of the pelvic floor was performed by digital palpation; resting tone, maximum voluntary contraction, fast contractions and sustained contraction of the pelvic floor muscles was tested by electromyography. The prevalence of urinary incontinence was significantly higher in AG compared with CG (p < .001). Nevertheless, we did not find significant differences between the two groups for functional assessment and electromyographic parameters. The AG presented a prevalence 60% of UI, while CG only 9,5 (p < 0,001). Considering this point, tailored prevention strategies seem mandatory in this population, in order to allow early identification and management of urinary incontinence.

Women-only road races are a recent trend in the niche sport of distance running in the U.S., as there are currently over 200 women-only races taking place each year (Robbins, 2011). To date, no known research has explored the concept of women-only road races. Because of the growing popularity of these races, the purpose of this study was to understand runners attitudes towards women-only races and to determine whether differences in motivation or commitment existed between those runners who have participated in such races and those who have not. Results indicated very few differences between the two groups in terms of demographics, motivation, and commitment, though the results of qualitative open-ended response questions revealed both marked similarities and differences between the two groups regarding their attitudes towards and perceptions of women-only races. Implications for race directors and marketers are included in the discussion section.

The purpose of this study was to examine Olympic athletes’ self-presentation on Instagram, a social media outlet on which users post photographs as their primary communication mechanism, in order to develop an understanding of the ways in which athletes use this medium as a communication and marketing tool to build their personal brand. Additionally, this research sought to understand whether differences existed between the utilisation of Instagram by male and female athletes. Drawing on Goffman's (1959) theory of self-presentation, this study examined eight purposively selected Olympic athletes’ Instagram photos. Findings revealed similarities to previous research on athletes’ use of written social media outlets such as Facebook and Twitter, as the majority of photos posted by athletes were personal in nature, thus reflecting backstage performance strategies according to self-presentation theory. The results indicated that female athletes were more likely to share photos of themselves and photos taken in private settings, but male athletes who posted a wider variety of photos encouraged greater engagement from their followers. Personal brand management implications for athletes and sport organisations are examined in greater detail in the discussion.

This study examined effects of the sex of sports writers on the framing of athletes in print-media coverage of intercollegiate men’s and women’s basketball tournaments. The number of articles by female and male authors and the frames used were ana­lyzed. Descriptors of players, coaches, and both tournaments in articles from CBS SportsLine, ESPN Internet, The New York Times, and USA Today were coded with the authors’ names initially hidden. Results showed that female journalists were more apt to cover women’s basketball, and men predominantly wrote about men’s basketball. The sex of writers also influenced the ways female and male athletes were presented. Male writers were more likely to reinforce gender stereotypes by praising the athleti­cism of male athletes. In contrast, female writers more often framed female athletes for their athletic prowess. The results suggest that female sports writers can make some difference in framing, but institutional structures minimize their impact.

As Rothgerber (2012) states, as arguments become more prominent that meat consumption is harmful to the ‘environment, public health, and animals’ (p.1); those who consume meat products will experience pressure to justify their meat eating. This, incorporated with the comparatively lesser male concern for the rights of animals, and the apparent animosity towards plant-based diets may be analysed as a development of masculinity (Rothgerber, 2012). In this exploratory study, men (aged between eighteen and twenty-five) gave accounts of their experiences of participating in weight work and of their diet. The data were then integrated with pre-existing theoretical research whilst at all times seeking to analyse through an ethical-vegetarian-feminist lens. The data were gathered through the use of focus groups (Morgan, 1998) before being submitted to a process of thematic analysis (Stenner, 1993). All participants presented discourses where attaining muscular physique was a goal and consumption of meat was a considered aspect of that ambition. Having a body shape that did not conform to those ideals was discriminated against and those who did adhere to the standards were elevated to the superior within a social-hierarchy. As well as the construction of social hierarchies based upon physical attributes, they were also created along the lines of diet with the opposition of men’s versus women’s food (Rogers, 2008) becoming apparent throughout. Data are discussed in relation to the construction of masculine gender identity as well as its relationship to the hierarchies of body ideals, diet and physical characteristics.

Dance is proven to offer a myriad of physical, psychological, and social benefits. However, because dance has been frequently perceived as a feminine practice, there is a prevailing prejudice towards boys who dance, making it hard for them to engage in this physical activity. Social marketing has been presented as a promising framework to deal with different social problems, including prejudice, although its effectiveness is still difficult to establish. Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), a quasi-experimental study involving a sample of 436 children and adolescents, composed of 51.38% boys and 48.62% girls was implemented to measure the effectiveness of a Social Marketing Intervention (SMI) in reducing prejudice towards dance and boys who dance, in particular, and in increasing their intentions to practice this physical activity. The study furthermore aimed to compare the influence of the SMI on participants of two different stages of child development to ascertain whe...

This study aims to address how, to what extent, and under what conditions may those who are not cisgen-dered as male do the work of negotiating access to male sporting space. In doing so, it brings together critical geographies of masculinity and the critical literature on skateboarding to address the role of particular kinds of skateboarding spaces in either reproducing or potentially disrupting gender segregated, patriarchal skate-boarding cultures. This project is offered not only to challenge patriarchal practices and values, but also to step beyond theory and actually examine how sport environments might be designed and sited so as to enable a wider range of gender performances and more inclusive spaces. Specifically, my research suggests that certain types of skate environments can somewhat lower women's barriers to entering the gender charged realm of skateboarding if and when those responsible for those spaces take patriarchy and the needs of noncisgendered male skateboarders seriously. Cette étude a pour but de savoir comment, dans quelle mesure et dans quelles conditions, les personnes n'étant pas des hommes cisgenres négocient leur accès dans l'univers sportif masculin. Pour ce faire, elle réunit les géographies critiques de la masculinité et la littérature critique sur le skateboard pour examiner le rôle de certains univers particuliers de cette pratique dans la reproduction, ou dans l'éventuelle rupture avec la ségrégation genrée, des cultures patriarcales du skateboard. Le but de ce projet n'est pas seulement de contester les pratiques et les valeurs patriarcales, mais aussi de dépasser la théorie et d'examiner vraiment comment les environnements sportifs pourrait être conçus et localisés de manière à permettre une plus grande variété de performances en fonction du genre et de devenir des espaces plus inclusifs. Plus spécifiquement, ma recherche suggère que certains types d'environnements dédiés à la glisse pourraient contribuer à réduire les barrières que rencontrent les femmes pour entrer dans la sphère fortement genrée du skateboard si et quand les responsables de ces espaces prendront sérieusement en compte le patriarcat et les besoins des skatebordeurs qui ne sont pas cisgenres.

Son yıllarda, ülkemizde çeşitli kesimlerden kadınların fiziksel aktiviteye katılımlarında önemli bir artış gözlenmektedir. Buna karşın kadınların fiziksel aktiviteye katılımlarını araştıran çalışma sayısı çok kısıtlıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, fiziksel aktiviteye katılımın kadınların gündelik yaşamlarında ne tür değişimler yarattığını araştırmaktır. Çalışmanın örneklemini Ankara'da yer alan özel ve kamuya ait spor merkezlerinde fiziksel aktiviteye katılan 53 kadın oluşturmaktadır. Veriler, nitel araştırma yöntemi doğrultusunda gerçekleştirilen bireysel görüşmeler yoluyla toplanmıştır. Yapılan içerik analizi sonucunda, (1) kendine ait zaman (2) kendini ifade etme fırsatı ve (3) ev-dışına çıkma temaları ortaya çıkmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular, serbest zaman etkinliği olarak fiziksel aktiviteye katılımın, kadınların yaşam biçimlerini olumlu etkilediğini ve yaşam kalitelerini yükselttiğini göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Fiziksel aktivite, Serbest zaman, Toplumsal cinsiyet, Gündelik yaşam

Sport is a social institution that perpetuates gendered ideologies in the wider society through appealing to discourses of the naturalness of men's privilege and domination in society. Heteronormativity regulates the roles, behaviours, appearances and sexualities of, and relationships between and among, women and men. Moreover, heteronormative discourses normalise a particular relationship between sex, gender and sexuality that posits woman/feminine/heterosexual (and man/masculine/heterosexual) as a natural order from which variance is considered a punishable deviance. This paper outlines the effects of heteronormative discourses in the lives of women footballers in South Africa, through drawing on interviews with a wide range of women footballers. The paper shows how heteronormative discourses nurture homophobic attitudes that serve to regulate the appearances and performances of South African women.

This paper offers a discussion of the rationale for the creation of sports categorization criteria based on sporting genealogy and the gendered body, as proposed by Torres et al. in their article &#39;Beyond Physiology: Embodied Experience, Embodied Advantage, and the Inclusion of Transgender Athletes in Competitive Sport&#39;. The strength of their &#39;phenomenological&#39; account lies in its complex account of human experience; but this is also what makes it impractical and difficult to operationalize. Categorization rather requires simplicity and practicability, if it is to be applied to all athletes (and not exceptionally to transgender athletes). This discussion helps us to formulate three general principles for the process of categorization of athletes, relating to fairness, verifiability and practicability.

Yoga, bedeni, zihni ve ruhu eğiten ve kişinin kendini tanımasını sağlayan en eski kişisel gelişim yöntemlerinden biridir. Hindistan’da ortaya çıkmasına rağmen, Yoga felsefesi tüm dünyaya yayılmıştır. Özellikle yoganın sağlık üzerindeki etkileri, ruhsal etkilerden daha çok araştırma konusu olmuştur. Bu çalışmada yogaya ilişkin genel bir bilgilendirme yapıldıktan sonra, yoganın sağlık üzerindeki muhtemel faydaları literatür taraması yoluyla irdelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda yoga-sağlık ilişkisini ele alan çalışmalar ulusal ve uluslararası alan yazın ekseninde değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda yoganın; özellikle psiko-sosyal rahatsızlıklar başta olmak üzere epilepsi, kanser, astım, multiple sklerozis, tansiyon, romatizmal eklem hastalıkları, infertilite, obezite, şizofreni ve diyabet gibi birçok hastalıkta yardımına başvurulan faydalı bir uygulama olduğu bilgisine erişilmiştir. Bu faydaların kökeninde ise yoganın bedensel ve zihinsel rahatlama sağlaması dolayısıyla bireylerin stres ve depresyon düzeylerini azaltıcı etkisinin yer aldığı görülmüştür. Bir diğer taraftan yoga-sağlık ilişkisinin daha güçlü bir metodolojik temelde ve daha geniş örneklem hacimlerinde araştırıldığı çok sayıda çalışmaya ihtiyaç duyulduğunun altı çizilmiştir. Ayrıca yoganın hangi sağlık sorunlarına kesin olarak iyi geldiği veya hastaların sağlıklı yaşam konusunda ne açıdan desteklendiği ile ilgili olarak daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç duyulduğunun altı çizilmiştir. Bu bağlamda ileriki yıllarda konuyla ilgili ele alınması planlanan çalışmaların, spesifik bir sağlık sorununa yönelik olarak gerçekleştirilmesi, metodolojik açıdan iyi ve kaliteli bir yapıya sahip olması ve örneklem hacminin geniş tutulması önerilebilir. Ayrıca Türkiye ekseninde düşünüldüğünde, meditasyona yönelik farkındalığı artıracağı gerekçesiyle yoganın, ilköğretimden başlayarak ileriki yaş grubunda yer alan öğrencilerin ders müfredatlarına en azından seçmeli ders olarak eklenmesi önerilebilir.

This paper examines how masculine identifications are constructed through sport and represented and critiqued in sporting literature. The novel, This Sporting Life (1960) by David Storey, harks back to an era of small town life with its heavy industries, its tenement housing and the limited life opportunities for its working-class inhabitants. Professional Rugby League seems to offer an attractive alternative opportunity for physically strong men. By using sport as a metaphor for life, Storey implies that constructing masculine identifications through physical prowess is a fatally flawed escape strategy. Through a close reading of the novel and the political, social and cultural setting in which it is situated, I will argue that working-class masculinities, based on notions of bodily strength, fail both men and women in the face of class and gender relations in a capitalist economic system. The paper focuses on problems of masculine identifications in the highly specific geographical location of an English Northern town and in a tightly time-bound historical framework of the late nineteen-fifties through the medium of the sport of professional Rugby League. Drawing on feminist, post-structural and anthropological theoretical perspectives I will show how the novel marks a break from the way masculinities were represented in the same period by some of the ‘Angry Young Men’ group of authors. This way of reading the novel allows us to situate it as foreshadowing the post-modern theories that would arise a decade later and enables the reader to imagine an alternative set of masculine identifications.

The basic purpose of this study was to determine and describe motivational differences related to gender in athletes in Greece. This research is of great importance because a systematic examination of how different types of motivation (i.e., intrinsic vs. extrinsic) are associated with sports engagement is imperative for sustaining interest in sports. The main research objectives were (a) to examine, whether athletes' gender affects their overall self-determination perception, and (b) to investigate the existence of significant motivational differences between athletes, related to their gender. In this study, the Sport Motivation Scale 6 (SMS-6), a revised form of the original well-known Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), was used. Demographic data were also obtained about the participants: gender, age, and parents' sports history. Results revealed a high overall level of self-determination perception for the participants. Also, athletes were more motivated by Intrinsic Motivation than by Extrinsic Motivation. These findings can help sport teams to establish a more motivating coaching design. Additionally, the improvement of self-determination perception level will help athletes to externalize their enthusiasm, boost their intrinsic motivation, and improve their performance.

By the 1870s, the major sporting fashion of croquet had begun to slip in popularity, thanks to an array of reasons, but essentially due to the rise in lawn tennis. The Morning Post in 1875, despite describing croquet as an excellent game, believed that by 1874 its popularity was beginning to wane. It writes that the game became 'intolerable' to spectators and even 'tedious' to players, with its limited rivalry and competition.  The Star, in 1879, five years after the inception of lawn tennis to middle-class British life, wrote of this change in influence. It simply says, in a blunt and honest assessment that croquet had gone out of fashion. For many, croquet was fashionable, with little competition and more of a social exercise. The article continues to state the general disillusionment with croquet that led to the thinking that “something else must be invented.” Lawn tennis with its shorter length of matches and the considerable amount of exercise needed, made for a game which had 'superseded' croquet.

This book documents stories of inspiring women in sport from 14 countries in Asia continent. The term “sport” is used in its widest sense to cover competitive sport, physical education, dance, leisure/community-based physical activities. Stories, which have been
told by local and international academics, social activists, practitioners, take an in-depth look at the nature of the success of women and their impact on women and sport in their locals across countries. Some of these are told by themselves, such as Matshuda Khatun Shefali (Bangladesh), Agharid Salim Abdulridh Alfredan (Iraq), Shlomit Nir-Toor (Israel) and one of them is written by her daughter (Bengü Arslan –Turkey).

A study was conducted to see whether or not sports activities had any impact on students' educational accomplishment in Tehuledere woreda preparatory schools. The taking part students (N=168) were chosen from two school districts. The participants' immediate pre-season grades in English, maths, physics, and biology were compared with their immediate postseason grades within the same courses. The variable quantity was taking part in inter-school sport activities and also the variable was the participants' postseason grades. The comparisons were conducted on a course-by-course and team-by-team basis. Results of knowledge analyses indicated that no vital variations were found between the students' pre-season and postseason grades, which recommend that taking part in inter-school sports activities didn't have an effect on the educational accomplishment for the taking part in high school students.