Gender Sensitization

Even though in recent years we have seen an increase in academic works
on the history and memory of sexual dissidence, this is a subject that
remains completely absent from policies on memory developed by
public administrations and from educational curricula. However, the
dissemination of this field of studies is fundamental to broaden social
awareness about equality and non-discrimination of LGBT+ people, since it
could teach that sexual and gender diversity is not a present-day creation,
but rather a human characteristic that has been expressed in different ways
depending on the society and context. It also teaches how to identify and
(de)construct certain ideas that feed LGBTphobic discourses, their origin
and meaning throughout contemporary history.
Situated in the Galician space, this article will attempt to develop
these ideas around the importance of the dissemination of the history
and memory of sexual dissidence, both for the public in general and for
LGBT+ movements in particular. In order to do this, we will interrogate
some of the key concepts with which to (re)construct these knowledges,
with the intention of its recovery becoming an inclusive process capable of
overcoming omission and manipulation.
Lastly, we will reflect on the importance of multidisciplinarity,
networking and constant collaboration with LGBT+ collectives in the
elaboration and implementation of these proposals.

Sexual harassment has become one of the alarming symptoms of unhealthy work culture in recent times. Irrespective of gender, unsolicited sexual favours represent, among several others, aberration in the individual thought process. Instances of corruption, bribery and other forms of abuse indicate how an individual or a group is prone to exploit others to fulfill one’s selfish interest. The underlying thread in all of these exploitations appears to be a distorted conceptualization of self as well as others, within which an individual functions; a world where the person can violate the ethical boundary with ease, since his/her own interest is supreme and all other things become immaterial. Integral to this belief system, is an intrinsic disregard to the right of others to live with dignity. This paper focuses on the adoption and implementation of organisational best practices at workplace for the safety and prevention of sexual harassment. A mass sensitization regarding basic conceptu...

Ao proxecto EDU2015-66643-C2-2-P, do Ministerio de Economia e Competitividade, e ao proxecto EDU2017-82915-R, do Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion e Universidades cofinancia- do polo Fondo Europeo de Desenvolvemento Rexional (AEI/FEDER, UE).

The core of the teaching process is the arrangement of the environment within which the students can interact
and study how to learn. Models are one of them for creating a learning environment in the classroom. The
teaching models have been classified into three main types, as Philosophical teaching models (John Locke),
Psychological models of teaching and Modern teaching models. The Philosophical teaching models includes
the Insight model, the Impression model and the Rule model. Pioneer of impression mode l John Locke
concluded in his educational thoughts that, “No proposition can be said to be in the mind and “Virtue
generally approved, not because innate, but because profitable” No any specific theory of using Impression
Model as like concept attainment m odel, inquiry model etc. but researcher has taken reference of
Behavioristic theory and the Constructivist approach for making impression model as a student teacher
centric model. The major concern of most of the teachers is how to impress students in the classroom by
using strategies and models. Hence, to know the advantage of impression model researcher has conducted
this study. Objectives of the study are
1.To design the elements of impression model.
2.To design the syntax the impression model.
3.To design impression making process of impression model.
4.To design teaching learning plan (Lesson plan) of impression model.
5.To orient to B.Ed. M.Ed.(Integrated) semester V student teachers about the impression model.
6.To implement the impression model o n B.Ed. M.Ed.(Integrated) semester V student teachers.
7.To implement the impression model on B.Ed. student teachers.
8.To know opinion on impression model by B.Ed. M.Ed.(Integrated) semester V student teachers.
The present research is descriptive survey r esearch. For the research sample B.Ed. M.Ed. (Int.) student
teachers were selected by convenient sampling method. Researcher made questionnaire was used to collect
data by considering pilot testing and analyzed by using qualitative method. Conclusions are found that
Impression Model is very good to use but preparation is required by the teachers for impressing students. We
can use various strategies for implementing the model. Though it is time consuming but it makes teaching
learning process enjoyable and enthusiastic.

Esta comunicacion surge a partir del proyecto de investigacion MAGA (Mujeres Arquitectas de GAlicia) cuyo objetivo consiste en determinar la visibilidad de las arquitectas gallegas a traves de su papel activo como agente arquitectonico en los ambitos profesionales, sociales y academicos. Favorecer la visibilizacion y el conocimiento de la labor de las mujeres arquitectas gallegas requiere conocer su pasado, pero sobre todo resulta imprescindible analizar un presente en el que se descubre que han asumido la Arquitectura como una opcion de desarrollo personal, bien ejerciendo como profesionales liberales, contratadas en empresas o bien asumiendo la carrera docente como una salida profesional. Para dar a conocer este segundo aspecto, la presencia de la mujer arquitecta en el ambito academico, se ha hecho una aproximacion estadistica, referida tanto al alumnado como al personal docente e investigador, en la ETSAC (Escuela Tecnica Superior de Arquitectura de A Coruna) perteneciente a la ...

Background-Orphanin FQ/Nociceptin (OFQ/N), the endogenous ligand of the opioid receptorlike (ORL1) receptor, blocks cocaine sensitization in rats. In the current study, we tested whether OFQ/N would block sensitization to the motor stimulatory and conditioned rewarding actions of cocaine in mice. We also examined whether OFQ/N, given to cocaine-sensitized mice, would reverse the sensitized response and whether it would prevent the amplified sensitized response induced by a second cocaine-sensitizing regimen in sensitized mice. Methods-ORL1 knockout and wild-type mice were treated with saline or OFQ/N prior to saline or cocaine on days 1-3 and tested for sensitization on day 8. Additionally, wild-type mice were treated similarly but tested for the conditioned rewarding action of cocaine, in which mice were tested for place preference before and after single conditioning with cocaine. Furthermore, mice rendered sensitized, treated with saline or OFQ/N prior to saline or cocaine on days 13-15 and received cocaine on day 20 to test whether OFQ/N would reverse sensitization or block the amplified sensitized response induced by a second cocaine-sensitizing regimen in sensitized mice. Results-OFQ/N blocked cocaine-induced psychomotor sensitization in wild-type but not knockout mice. It also blocked sensitization to the conditioned rewarding action of cocaine and reversed a pre-existing locomotor sensitized response. Furthermore, OFQ/N prevented the amplified sensitized response that developed following a second cocaine sensitizing regimen given to sensitized mice. Conclusion-The current results illustrate that OFQ/N not only blocks but also reverses maladaptive behavioral changes induced by repeated cocaine treatment in mice.

In general youth are engaged with the global networks facilitated by global
Information and Communication Technology s, but use them for local
purposes. Their support for globalization is limited to embracing (mainly
other western) foreign ideas and cultures. There is also a general lack of
awareness and knowledge about the global institutions. Although the youth were concerned about war and poverty this concern is influenced by media reports, and not through political association. The youth or the students generally were not well informed about the issues related to globalization.
The youth s acceptance of foreign influences on their culture is the 4 th
advantage only on the spread of different cultures through music and
fashion. Youth say that globalization is a good thing because it brings people
closer to each other.

Introduction: Human beings have five
senses and one most prominent is being
able to see things that are only possible
through the Eyes. Life without this ability
is extremely difficult to manage. With 7.8
million blind people in India, the country
accounts for 20 per cent of the 39 million
blind populations across the globe. It is
quite important to focus on the fact that
girls who are visually challenged are easy
targets of sexual assaults. Some
significant work has been done while
observing case studies from USA and
Europe regarding the sexual assault faced
by blind people. In previous studies, the
reported lifetime prevalence of sexual
assault or abuse has varied, with
estimates ranging between 11% and 30%.
The study centres on learning more about
the knowledge regarding sexual assault
among visually challenged girls. Not
much work has been done on this topic;
this study examines the awareness of 60
visually challenged girls on sexual assault
as well as checks the effectiveness of audio
drama and sensitization programmes on
the level of awareness regarding sexual
assault among visually challenged girls.
Subjects and Methods: The research
approach adopted was Quantitative
Research Approach and the research
design adopted was one group pre-test
and post-test Research design. 60 visually
challenged girls staying at the centre of
Delhi were selected using a purposive
sampling technique. A self-structured
questionnaire was used to collect
demographic data of the girls for
obtaining personal information; a
structured questionnaire was used to
assess the knowledge of the visually
challenged girls. Statistical evaluation was
done using SPSS version 23. Result: The
significant demotions of this topic
showcase that majority of the visually
impaired girls 49(81.66%) have poor
knowledge, 11(18.33%) had moderate
knowledge, and none of them had
adequate knowledge in the pre-test. The
mean post-test knowledge score of the
visually challenged girls was found
substantially higher than the mean pretest knowledge score. Conclusion: Thus,
the audio drama and sensitization
program were found to be a potential
strategy to enhance the awareness of the
girls. Findings showed that there was no
relevant relation between the level of
mean post-test knowledge score and
demographic variable.

ABSTRACT Purpose: this study aims to approve the folk uses for Ecballium elaterium [(L.) A. Rich.] for treatment of hemorrhoids, varicose veins also for nose bleeding in the West Bank-Palestine. We search about phytochemicals, which improve elasticity of blood vessels. One of the most famous compounds with that effect is phytomelin. Method: a qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytomelin from leaves, fruits, and flowers of Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich (exploding cucumber) in Palestine. After drying the sample for 30 days at 60 ºC, phytomelin was extracted using methanol. The methanol extracts of these parts were quantified using reversed phase liquid chromatographic method. Isocratic elution was employed using a mixture of methanol, acetonitrile and a 0.28% (v/v) of acetic acid (5:10:35). The flow rate was 1 ml/min. Results: calibration of the overall analytical procedure gave a linear signal(r>0.998) over a concentration range of 0.1 -0.6 mg/mL of phytomelin. The propo...

We studied the effects of prenatal cocaine and morphine given separately and in combination on the (1) postnatal brain A-opioid receptor development and (2) interaction of dopamine with A receptors. Pregnant rats received single daily intraperitoneal (I.P.) injections of saline, cocaine (20 mg/kg), morphine (2 mg/kg), or the combination of both drugs from day 13 to day 20 of gestation. Postnatal days (P) 1, 7, 14, and 28, whole brains were analyzed for opioid receptor binding and A mRNA. Prenatal cocaine administered by itself had no significant effect on the ontogeny of brain A receptors on all the days studied when compared to controls. The morphine-treated group showed a significant increase in A receptor binding on P1 and P7. Exposure to both cocaine and morphine showed a significant increase in A receptor density on P1 and P7. In addition, there was also a significant increase in MOR mRNA in both the morphine alone and combination groups. Pretreatment with dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist (sulpiride, 20 mg/kg) prior to drug administration showed decreased A receptor binding on P1 and P7. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to morphine or a combination of cocaine and morphine significantly increases A receptor density. By P14, A-opioid receptor binding was no longer different than the control. This may suggest that the effect on receptor may be short-lived and that other key intracellular events may be activated to mediate the long-term effects. Also, the data show that dopaminergic mechanisms are (or opioid-dopamine interaction is) involved in the effects of morphine alone or morphine in combination with cocaine on A receptor regulation.

The Indian National Education Policy seek to restructure and standardize the higher education institution (HEI) curriculum and look forward to a futuristic, meritocratic, equitable, and multidisciplinary pedagogy. Present work critically analyses the scope of Feminist Pedagogy in the Indian higher education scenario, in this regard. It would try to offer an active participatory teaching-learning strategy to dismantle the existing gender hierarchy and oppression in Indian HEIs

Psychostimulant and opioid addiction are poorly treated. The majority of abstinent users relapse back to drug-taking within a year of abstinence, making 'anti-relapse' therapies the focus of much current research. There are two fundamental challenges to developing novel treatments for drug addiction. First, there are three key stimuli that precipitate relapse back to drug-taking: stress, presentation of drug-conditioned cue, taking a small dose of drug. The most successful novel treatment would be effective against all three stimuli. Second, a large number of drug users are poly-drug users: taking more than one drug of abuse at a time. The ideal anti-addiction treatment would, therefore, be effective against all classes of drugs of abuse. In this review, the authors discuss the clinical need and animal models used to uncover potential novel treatments. There is a very broad range of potential treatment approaches and targets currently being examined as potential anti-relapse...

Central to hooks’ (1994) feminist pedagogy is engaged teaching and learning, a pathway that allows learner and teacher to actively question what is and what must be. This learning-teaching space examines the intersecting topics of gender, culture, and leadership by unlearning, learning, and relearning one’s understanding and experience of these three identities. Journaling, a process of finding one’s voice, and capturing one’s experience, proved to be a pathway for unlocking hooks’ “Engaged pedagogy [which] necessarily values student expression” (p. 20). This teaching activity illustrates how the engaged practice of journaling provides a learning space to question and reimagine society, power, and leadership through a cultural lens. The processes of questioning and reimaging are aligned with the key principles of feminist pedagogy (Webb et al., 2002). As a result, the emerging critical view and analysis of identity, beliefs, and socialization reflects how cultivating a questioning mind, while respecting one’s lived narrative, opens pathways of transformation for students.

Gender sensitisation is spreading the wings of awareness and altering the behaviour of the individuals towards the gender. It is a revolutionary tool that can create gender awareness by eradicating the stereotypical thinking and orthodox practice of the society. Education is a weapon through which the perception and attitude can be modified. It is essential to analyse the perception of the students. Training programs should be conducted to forge the perception of the student towards gender sensitisation. For this purpose a sample size of 120 respondents were collected from class IX students of Private and government CBSE affiliated schools of Delhi. For this study Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) statistical technique was used. AMOS 23.0 version was used to conduct CFA. This manuscript sheds light on a comparative study of the gender sensitive factors that affects class IX students of private and government CBSE affiliated schools of Delhi. It was analysed that Gender Sensitive Management, Gender Inclusive Participatory learning, Gender Sensitive Stakeholders, Gender Impartial Behavior and Gender Inclusive Capacity Building factors are high factors affecting gender sensitivity in both private and government CBSE affiliated schools. These are the keen factors which require attention while conducting training program on gender sensitisation.

We investigated the effect of estrogen on cocaine-induced brain activity using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging. Ovariectomized (Ovx) rats without estrogen and Ovx rats with estrogen (OvxϩE) were given a single saline or cocaine injection (15 mg/kg, i.p.) for 5 d. After 7 d of withdrawal from injections, rats were challenged with cocaine during functional imaging. Acute cocaine administration produced positive BOLD activation in the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, striatum, ventral tegmental area, and hippocampus, among other brain regions. Positive BOLD signal changes were lower in OvxϩE than in Ovx rats. With repeated cocaine administration, OvxϩE rats showed enhanced BOLD signal changes in the nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, and hippocampus compared with acutely treated animals. Our results indicate that estrogen influences the effects of acute and repeated cocaine administration on BOLD signal changes. The data suggest that in females with estrogen, cocaine-induced neuronal activity is enhanced after repeated cocaine administration. It is possible that the actions of estrogen within the aforementioned brain regions potentiate the behavioral response to cocaine observed in female rats.

The Indian National Education Policy seek to restructure and standardize the higher education institution (HEI) curriculum and look forward to a futuristic, meritocratic, equitable, and multidisciplinary pedagogy. Present work critically analyses the scope of Feminist Pedagogy in the Indian higher education scenario, in this regard. It would try to offer an active participatory teaching-learning strategy to dismantle the existing gender hierarchy and oppression in Indian HEIs

Research studies have defined the important role of endogenous opioids in modulating stress-associated behavior. The release of ␤-endorphins in the amygdala in response to stress helps to cope with a stressor by inhibiting the over-activation of HPA axis. Administration of mu opioid agonists reduces the risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a traumatic event by inhibiting fear-related memory consolidation. Similarly, the release of endogenous enkephalin and nociceptin in the basolateral amygdala and the nucleus accumbens tends to produce the anti-stress effects. An increase in dynorphin levels during prolonged exposure to stress may produce learned helplessness, dysphoria and depression. Stress also influences morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) depending upon the intensity and duration of the stressor. Acute stress inhibits morphine CPP, while chronic stress potentiates CPP. The development of dysphoria due to increased dynorphin levels may contribute to chronic stressinduced potentiation of morphine CPP. The activation of ERK/cyclic AMP responsive element-binding (CREB) signaling in the mesocorticolimbic area, glucocorticoid receptors in the basolateral amygdala, and norepinephrine and galanin system in the nucleus accumbens may decrease the acute stress-induced inhibition of morphine CPP. The increase in dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens and augmentation of GABAergic transmission in the median prefrontal cortex may contribute in potentiating morphine CPP. Stress exposure reinstates the extinct morphine CPP by activating the orexin receptors in the nucleus accumbens, decreasing the oxytocin levels in the lateral septum and amygdala, and altering the GABAergic transmission (activation of GABA A and inactivation of GABA B receptors). The present review describes these varied interactions between opioids and stress along with the possible mechanism.

The present study explore the implementation level of measures of women safety according to ‘Saksham guidelines’ (UGC, 2014) in higher education institutions of Jammu, India. Focus group interviews with girls in degree colleges of Jammu were also held to explore challenges in implementing guidelines. The major findings of the study indicate faulty implementation of the guidelines.

A novel psychoactive substance, α-pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone (α-PVT), is a structural analog to amphetamine. Recently, it has been shown that α-PVT has an abuse potential similar to psychomotor stimulants like cocaine or amphetamine. However, it has not been performed yet to determine whether α-PVT develops behavioral sensitization, a well-known phenomenon for psychomotor stimulants. In the present study, rats were first pre-exposed to either saline or α-PVT (20 mg/kg, IP) with a total of four injections in every 2-3 days of interval. Then, 2-weeks after withdrawal, locomotor activity was measured with a challenge dose (10 mg/kg, IP) of α-PVT and the nucleus accumbens core region was taken out. Similar to psychomotor stimulants, repeated administration of α-PVT produced locomotor sensitization. Further, the phosphorylation levels of GSK3β in the nucleus accumbens core were found to be decreased only in rats with sensitization developed, but not in those with acute or non-sensitized. Correlation analysis revealed that the phosphorylation levels of GSK3β have a strong negative correlation with locomotor activity only in rats with α-PVT pre-exposed, but not in those with its acute injection. These results suggest that a certain level of change in the phosphorylation levels of GSK3β in the nucleus accumbens core may involve in mediating the expression of locomotor sensitization by repeated injection of α-PVT in rats.

We have previously shown that administration of orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N), the endogenous ligand of the opioid receptor-like (ORL-1) receptor, into the lateral ventricles or VTA blocked cocaine sensitization. In the present study, we determined the effect of acute and chronic cocaine treatment on the level of endogenous OFQ/N in rat brain regions. Male Sprague Dawley rats were tested for motor activity in response to saline or cocaine (20 mg/kg) injection once daily for three consecutive days. To determine the effect of single or repeated cocaine administration on the level of OFQ/N, rats were sacrificed one hour following saline or cocaine injection either on day 1 or 3, respectively. Additional groups of rats were treated similarly with saline or cocaine on days 1-3 and sacrificed or tested for locomotor sensitization on day 8. Consistent with previous studies, repeated cocaine administration induced locomotor sensitization to a challenge dose of cocaine (7.5 mg/kg) given on day 8. Measurements of tissue content of OFQ/N-IR using radioimmunoassay indicated that the rat hypothalamus and striatum respectively contained the highest and lowest level of the peptide among the brain regions tested. Acute cocaine decreased the level of OFQ-IR in the rat midbrain and to a lesser extent in the striatum. On the other hand, the level of OFQ/N was higher in rats treated with cocaine on days 1-3 and sacrificed on day 8. These findings suggest that endogenous OFQ/N may be involved in the actions of cocaine and possibly in cocaine-induced motor stimulation and locomotor sensitization.

We investigated whether acute treatment with agonists affected subcellular distribution of κ opioid receptor (KOPR) in the dorsal horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord by using immunoelectron microscopy. Rats were injected intrathecally (i.t.) with U50,488H (100 nmole), dynorphin A (1-17) (15 nmole) or vehicle. The doses chosen have been shown to induce antinociception. Rats were perfused transcardially 30 min later and lumbar spinal cords were removed and processed for electron microscopic analysis. KOPR was stained with KT-2, a specific polyclonal antibody against the rat/mouse KOPR(371-380) peptide, followed by gold-labeled secondary antibody and silver intensification. The silver grains were present in axons, terminals, dendrites and somata and the association with plasma membranes were quantified in dendrites as KOPR-IR was most frequently observed in these profiles. In vehicle-treated rats, ~27% of KOPR-immunoreactivity was associated with plasma membranes. U50,488H, i.t., did not cause a significant change in the % of KOPR present on plasma membranes, whereas dynorphin A, i.t., significantly decreased cell surface KOPR to ~19%. In summary, these data indicate that U50,488H and dynorphin A differentially regulate the subcellular distribution of endogenous KOPR.

Substance abuse problem has become a global challenge. From a transit country India is becoming a major consumer of different kinds of substances. It has become a worldwide phenomenon among students. The present Study aimed to assess the level of motivation towards abstaining from substance abuse among male nursing students. Study was mixed method design approach QUAN-QUAL (Triangulation design) with multiple case study design. After obtaining Permission the final study was conducted from December 2015-JAN 2016.Total enumeration sampling technique was used for selecting the sample from 101 nursing students. Out of them three were indulged in alcohol consumption and two in smoking based on CRAFFT tool. URICA tool was used to assess the level of motivation towards abstaining from substance abuse before and after motivational interviewing. Three to six motivational interviewing sessions were conducted till the level of motivation was achieved. The result shows that all the participants...

Orphanin FQ/nociceptin (NOC) has been reported to regulate dopaminergic neurotransmission in rewarding pathway, and to suppress the development of conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by certain addictive drugs. In this study, we investigated the effect of NOC on CPP induced by repeated administration of methamphetamine (MAP) in rats. Repeated administration of MAP (1 mg/kg, i.p.) induced substantial CPP. MAP-induced CPP was completely suppressed by NOC (10 nmol, i.c.v.). Pretreatment with [Nphe1]nociceptin(1-13)NH2 (50 nmol, i.c.v.), an antagonist of the NOC receptor, antagonized the suppressive effect of NOC on MAP-induced CPP. These results suggest that NOC blocks MAP-induced CPP by activation of the NOC receptor.

David Lea (comité organizador) participó con la comunicación: "APROXIMACIÓN, DEFINICIÓN Y RECATEGORIZACIÓN DE LA ADAPTACIÓN POSLITERARIA: LA MEDIADAPTACIÓN".
IX EMI, 20, 21 y 22 de junio de 2022. Lugar: Facultade de Bioloxía (USC). Organizan: Comité Organizador IX EMI. Colaboran: Escola de Doutoramento Internacional USC (EDIUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Universidade da Coruña y Universidade de Vigo.

Background & Objective: The aim of present study was to evaluate herbal analgesic cream containing Nigella sativa oil as an active ingredient, standardization of Nigella sativa oil and evaluation of irritation/sensitization potential of formulation. Material & Method: For this, HPLC analysis of oil, skin irritation test on rabbits and patch testing on human skin was conducted. HPLC analysis using C-18 column, using an isocratic mobile phase of water: methanol (10:90) at flow rate of 1 ml/inactive ingredient: thymoquinone purified from the oil was found to be 1.42g (28.4 %). Safety assessment of analgesic cream was based on Primary Dermal Irritation Index (PDII) by Draize method. Result: According to Draize standard scoring system of reactions PDII was found 0.04 which comes under the category of non irritant. Patch testing on human volunteers revealed that none of volunteers showed any sign of skin reactions. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.19(1) 2020 p.163-168

I think it is probably fair to say that for most people both the interest and the meaning of Pride and Prejudice reside in the splendid opposition and gradual reconciliation of Darcy and Elizabeth. There may be differences in the interpretation of individual episodes, or in the estimation of where or with whom the values of the novel finally lie; but there seems to be general agreement that the essential impulse of the novel is dialectical, and hence that both Darcy and Elizabeth must undergo some changes of heart and of opinion before the novel can reach its beautifully poised and profound resolution in their marriage. But even beyond this initial agreement about the dialectical thrust of the novel, there has been a remarkable consensus about the terms which ought to be used to describe its antitheses. Again and again in discussions of Pride and Prejudice we come upon some variation of the terms "individual" and "society." In Dorothy Van Ghent's essay in The English Novel: Form and Function (1953), for instance, Pride and Prejudice is described as illuminating "the difficult and delicate reconciliation of the sensitively developed individual with the terms of his social existence.' In A. Walton Litz'sJane Austen: A Study of Her Artistic Development (1965), Darcy and Elizabeth are said to "dramatize the persistent conflict between social restraint and the individual will, between tradition and self-expression."2 And in The Improvement of the Estate (1971) written almost twenty years after Dorothy Van Ghent's essay, we find Alistair Duckworth still working within what is clearly the same framework of description. "Only when Elizabeth recognizes that individualism must find its social limits," he says, James Sherry teaches at Barnard College. He has published on Thomas Rowlandson, Tennyson, and Virginia Woolf. The present essay is part of a larger study of the dialectical nature of Jane Austen's irony. 'The English Novel: Form and Function (New York: Rinehart, 1953), p. 100. Jane Austen: A Study of Her Artistic Development (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1965), p. 105. JANE AUSTEN'S SOCIETY "and Darcy concedes that tradition without individual energy is empty form, can [Pride and Prejudice] reach its eminently satisfactory conclusion."3 In the face of such a long-standing consensus of interpretation it may seem merely ingenious at this point in time to question either the essential validity or the usefulness of this description of the novel. But in at least two important respects it seems open to objection. In all the interpretations to which I have referred, the word "society" and its derivatives suggest a sociological abstraction-an institution, a set of laws, or a tradition (to use a word common to two of them). For Jane Austen, on the other hand, the word has quite a different meaning. Here, for instance, in a passage from Pride and Prejudice, is how Elizabeth uses the word in a conversation with Lady Catherine.4

Satire in its myriad forms has been catching the intended audience off guard since ages. Humour, irony, farce and allegory have not only tickled the laughing bones, but have also been able to persuade the readers about need for change in their thinking process. And what better way is there than, hitting it hard at the follies of social structure. Sarcasm many a times does what cannot be done by slogans and debates. Though not a recognised sub-genre, but a substantial tool in the gender sensitisation has been satire,  specially in the feminine writing. Female satirists are a hard find in the list of famous literary satirists. It is a thrill to explore how often sarcasm succeeds in bringing caustic smile on the readers’ face. For instance, the closing lines of the famous poem “Pocket-sized Feminist” by Blythe Baird says it all:

They begged us to be careful. To be safe
Then told our brothers to go out and play

        This paper aims to explore how satire punctuates itself in the creative pursuits of women poets. With less number of women satirists particularly in India should we assume that  women are still not allowed to laugh upon others? Is satire a male-dominated genre? Women have been known to mitigate their fears and pain through tears and giggles. Literature has perfectly portrayed those tears but for giggles we need to search with telescopic vision. And hopefully this paper will discover some stars.

Key Words: Satire, Anomalies, Agony, Humour, Societal norms.

The present work was concerned with the effect of sensitization and deformation on the corrosion behavior of 304LN and 316LN austenitic stainless steel before and after hot rolling. Specimens were subjected to mechanical deformation and heat treated at 650 o C for 5hrs, 6.5 hrs and 8 hrs. Detailed micro-structural analysis using optical metallurgical microscope and hardness testing by Vicker's hardness tester were carried out to investigate the hardness of the specimens. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) was used to explain the phenomena qualitatively. The electrochemical technique such as the potentiodynamic cyclic polarization measurement was performed to investigate and analyze pitting and protection corrosion resistance properties and also double loop electrochemical potentio-kinetic reactivation measurement technique was also performed for detecting degree of sensitization.

Unidade didáctica Metabolismo da civilización industrial e o desenvolvemento económico MATERIA: Desenvolvemento Económico e Sustentabilidade TITULACIÓN: Grao en Economía PROGRAMA XERAL DO CURSO Localización da presente unidade didáctica Unidade I. As funcións económicas dos ecosistemas O concepto de ecosistema Principais funcións económicas dos ecosistemas Unidade II. Limitacións do enfoque económico convencional na análise dos problemas ambientais Problemas ambientais globais As limitacións do enfoque económico convencional Unidade III. Diferenzas entre a economía ambiental e a economía ecolóxica A economía ambiental: ámbito de estudo O problema da valoración do medio ambiente Métodos de valoración da economía do medio ambiente A perspectiva da economía ecolóxica Diferenzas teóricas e metodolóxicas entre a economía ambiental e a economía ecolóxica Unidade IV. Metabolismo da civilización industrial e o desenvolvemento económico O concepto de metabolismo O metabolismo socioeconómico: cuestións fundamentais O metabolismo socioeconómico ao longo da historia O metabolismo nas sociedades industriais Unidade V. A noción de sustentabilidade: sustentabilidade forte e feble As diferenzas entre crecemento e desenvolvemento económico Noción de sustentabilidade e revisións do concepto do desenvolvemento Sustentabilidade feble e forte Como asegurar e comprobar a sustentabilidade dun sistema Unidade VI. Instrumentos metodolóxicos para a análise da sustentabilidade desde a economía ecolóxica Contabilidade de fluxos de materiais Metabolismo económico Mochila ecolóxica ("Ecological rucksack") Pegada ecolóxica ("Ecological footprint") Pegada hídrica ("Water footprint") Metabolismo industrial (exemplos) ÍNDICE

Female rats are intensely affected by cocaine, with estrogen probably playing an important role in this effect. Progesterone modulates the GABA system and attenuates the effects of cocaine; however, there is no information about its relevance in changing GABA synthesis pathways after cocaine administration to female rats. Our objective was to investigate the influence of progesterone on the effects of repeated cocaine administration on the isoenzymes of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD(65) and GAD(67)) mRNA in brain areas involved in the addiction circuitry. Ovariectomized, intact and progesterone replacement-treated female rats received saline or cocaine (30 mg/kg, ip) acutely or repeatedly. GAD isoenzyme mRNA levels were determined in the dorsolateral striatum (dSTR) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) by RT-PCR, showing that repeated, but not acute, cocaine decreased GADs/beta-actin mRNA ratio in the dSTR irrespective of the hormonal condition (GAD(65): P < 0.001; and GAD(67): P = 0.0...

There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from occasional to compulsive use, withdrawal-associated negative affective states, craving, and relapse. There is also evidence that many qualitative aspects of the addiction phases do not differ significantly between males and females, but one sex may be more likely to exhibit a trait than the other, resulting in population differences. The conceptual framework of this review is to focus on hormonal, chromosomal, and epigenetic organizational and contingent, sexdependent mechanisms of four neural systems that are known-primarily in males-to be key players in addiction: dopamine, muopioid receptors (MOR), kappa opioid receptors (KOR), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We highlight data demonstrating sex differences in development, expression, and function of these neural systems as they relate-directly or indirectly-to processes of reward and addictive behavior, with a focus on psychostimulants and opioids. We identify gaps in knowledge about how these neural systems interact with sex to influence addictive behavior, emphasizing throughout that the impact of sex can be highly nuanced and male/female data should be reported regardless of the outcome.

There is an increasing number of evidence showing analgesic properties of the kynurenic acid (KYNA), and also some studies demonstrate that kynurenine might interact with the opioid system. Therefore in this study, for the first time we investigated the direct binding affinity of KYNA and its structural analog KYNA-1 towards mu, kappa and delta opioid receptor in competition binding experiments applying opioid receptor specific radioligands. The binding affinity measurements were performed in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines overexpressing the corresponding opioid receptor (mu and kappa opioid receptor were rat, delta opioid receptor were mouse sequence). Additionally we also examined the chronic effect of these compounds on mu, kappa and delta opioid receptor and also nociceptin peptide receptor mediated G-protein activity in [ 35 S]GTPγS binding assays performed in mouse cortex and striatum membranes. Our results showed that KYNA and KYNA-1 had no affinity towards any of the three classic opioid receptors. On the other hand the compounds significantly decreased opioid and nociceptin receptor mediated G-protein activity or in some cases enhanced the potency of the activating ligand. Moreover, the alterations were receptor and brain region specific. Accordingly, we conclude that KYNA and KYNA-1 do not interact directly with the opioid receptors, but more likely alter the receptor functions intracellularly.

Excitotoxicity is a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of acute or chronic neurodegenerative disease states. Kainic acid (KA) is an excitotoxic substance and the administration of it to rodents induces seizure activity (status epilepticus, SE) and leads to neurodegeneration. In this study the effect of KA-induced excitotoxicity on the G-protein activations and the gene expression levels of the opioid/nociceptin system receptors as MOPr, KOPr, DOPr, ORL-1, and PNOC (N/OFQ) were investigated, and the regulator effect of naloxone (Nal) on the gene expressions of the opioid system receptors against KA-induced seizures in the rat hippocampus was tested. In addition, the expression levels of stress-toxicity genes were assessed in the hippocampus following KA-induced excitotoxicity in order to determine the potential genetic targets which can be helpful for neuroprotective interventions. Our results indicate that the KA-induced excitotoxicity increased the mRNA levels of MOPr, DOPr, KOPr, PNOC, and ORL-1. However, G-protein activations of MOPr, DOPr, and KOPr remained relatively unchanged while both the potency and efficacy of N/OFQ were significantly increased. The PCR array data showed that KA-induced excitotoxicity altered the expression levels of genes in the cellular stress or toxicity pathways. Our data suggests that the induction of the opioid/nociceptin system may be involved in the cellular stress response following a neurodegenerative insult and that the genes modulated by the KA-treatment in the stress-toxicity pathways may be evaluated as targets of potential neuroprotective interventions.

The effects of κ-opioid agonist treatment on κ-opioid receptor density and on dynorphin A levels in the rat brain were studied. Rats were treated with the selective κ-opioid agonist U-69593 or vehicle for 5 d. Dynorphin A levels and κ-opioid receptor binding were measured on day 8 (3 d after the last injection) or 22 (17 d after the last injection). On day 8, κ-opioid receptor density was increased in the hypothalamus of rats treated with U-69593; there were no changes in the frontal cortex or caudate putamen. In contrast, there was an increase in dynorphin A levels in the frontal cortex and no changes in hypothalamus and caudate putamen in response to U-69593. On day 22, B max was decreased in frontal cortex and caudate putamen of U-69593-treated rats, whereas dynorphin A levels were increased in the caudate putamen and in the frontal cortex. These findings suggest that κ-opioid receptor agonist treatment has long-term, continually changing effects on the κ-opioid system.

Background: Females exhibit more rapid escalation of cocaine use and enhanced cocaine-taking behavior as compared to males. While ovarian hormones likely play a role in this increased vulnerability, research has yet to examine the role of estradiol in affecting the behavioral and neurological response to cocaine in a brain region-and sex-specific way. Methods: First, we examined stereotypy and locomotor sensitization after repeated cocaine administration (10 mg/kg i.p.) in intact (SHAM) and castrated (CAST) males, and ovariectomized (OVX) females treated with 5 g estradiol benzoate (EB) or vehicle (OIL). Next, we used in vivo microdialysis to examine the effects of acute EB treatment on cocaine-induced DA in the regions mediating the display of these behaviors (i.e., the dorsolateral striatum, DLS; and the nucleus accumbens, NAc; respectively). Results: We find that EB enhances sensitization of cocaine-induced stereotypy in OVX females after 12 days of cocaine treatment, and after a 10-day withdrawal. Similarly, the OVX/EB females show enhanced locomotor sensitization compared to the other three groups on the same days. Using in vivo microdialysis to assess the neurochemical response, we find that EB rapidly enhances cocaine-induced DA in DLS dialysate of OVX females but not CAST males, and has no effect in NAc of either sex. Conclusions: With these experiments, we show that there are sex differences in the effects of estradiol to preferentially enhance the response to cocaine in the DLS over the NAc in females, which may contribute to the preferential sensitization of stereotypy in females.

This paper examines the linkages between domestic violence and reproductive health of women of India. The main cause of the prevalence of violence against women in Indian society is mainly due to lack of economic freedom and decision making at home. The objective of the study is to find out the impact of domestic violence affecting the reproductive health of women in India. The present study relies on the third National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) which was conducted in 2005-06. The major technique used in this paper is bivariate and multivariate statistical methods for analyzing the cross linkage between the dependent and independent variables. Result shows that the maximum incidence of violence was reported in Bihar which is about 63% followed by Rajasthan (51%), Madhya Pradesh (50%) and Uttar Pradesh (47%) respectively. Reports also represent that women who were exposed to violence, the majority of them had a BMI less than 18.5kg/m 2 as they are deprived of healthy food intake, thus suffer with poor health and low BMI and this may also result in the occurrence of anemia which has become a significant outcome of domestic violence. It is evident that domestic violence in any form has a negative impact on women's health. Therefore it can be concluded that violence or abuse has its impact on the health of women and this vulnerability has led to the deprivation of liberty.

Background Adolescence is a time of evolving from the immaturity of childhood into the maturity of adulthood. This is a stage which requires extra care and protection. Physiologically and physically, adolescents go through a series of transformations as they grow and develop. Method A descriptive study design was adopted with 70 teachers selected using a convenience sampling technique from five different government schools of the Ambala District, Haryana. Knowledge and attitude were assessed using a structured knowledge questionnaire and a 5-point Likert scale, respectively. The reliability coefficient of the structured knowledge questionnaire was found to be 0.67 by the Kuder-Richardson method and for the attitude scale, it was found to be 0.7 by Cronbach’s α. Results More than one third (37.1%) of the teachers were between 31 and 35 years of age. Out of 70 the majority (75.7%) of the teachers were female. More than half (62.9%) of the teachers had an average level of knowledge and...

With the GAL training, we felt the necessity to create gender norms to follow:" examples of gender-related capacities strengthened by civil society organizations ........... 4.3.2 "When it is about hard work, women are involved, but when it is about the benefits, men alone take control of the money": challenges and needs of partner organizations and targeted female farmers in maximizing gender-sensitive developments ..

The Little Art (TLA), with the support of the Netherlands government, implemented the “Equally Loud” project (January to October, 2019) to strengthen the voices of marginalized groups of women, girls and boys, and support dialogue to influence behaviour, perception and policy on gender equality by using film and digital story-telling. Project activities included identification of students in selected schools and universities in Lahore and Faisalabad, and training them in film making and digital story-telling.  In addition film clubs were set up in schools whose members (students) viewed films which directly or indirectly promoted the objectives of the project. TLA also ran a social media campaign using the films produced through the project.

TLA engaged the Institute of Social Sciences (ISS) for the monitoring and evaluation of the project in collaboration with the TLA project team.  A Gender, Learning and Youth Voices (GLYV) Scale was developed to assess knowledge and attitudes regarding gender sensitivity, attitudes towards children and youth, and sources of learning.  The same scale was administered to students, teachers and parents in schools and university students for purposes of comparison. In order to establish attribution of impact to the project, control schools were also selected, and groups of students in universities were also used as controls.

The baseline data was collected in the first few months of the project, and a report of the same was submitted in June, 2019. Evaluation data was collected during November and December, 2019 to measure impact of the first phase of the project.

The findings of this evaluation are mixed.  There was no impact of the project on the attitudes of students on some statements, primarily because the attitudes of students were already positive at the start of the project, or because the films made or shown and the associated conversations did not highlight the themes targeted by the project.  However, there was a visible positive impact of the project on the attitudes of students when the films made or shown and the associated conversations highlighted the project themes.

The social media campaign was highly successful in reaching and engaging a wide audience, and succeeding in generating debate on critical issues related to gender equality and sensitivity. However, the nature of the activity did not allow a scientific measurement of the impact of the campaign on the attitudes of the audience.

In light of the project findings, the evaluation recommends the following:

Interaction with schools
The project should conduct an orientation for all new teachers participating in the second phase of the project.  The orientation should begin with a pre-test of teachers on the GLYV Scale, followed by an orientation to the project objectives, activities and planned outcomes. TLA should make use of the videos of the first phase of the project for this purpose. The responsibilities of the school should also be clarified with the school head and the teacher acting as focal person for the project. ISS team members would be available to attend orientations in schools and to provide guidance and feedback as required.

Scheduling issues
The project team should get the annual calendars / schedules of schools and universities, including days for examinations, sports, extra-curricular activities, etc.  They should plan activities in each institution on days in which both teachers and students would be available for project activities.

Improved sampling
In order to avoid problems of shortfalls in sampling groups (e.g. teachers, parents), the project should make an effort to identify and assess the attitudes of a larger number of parents and teachers during the second phase baseline. However, care should be taken in schools where the project has already been running, since the teachers may have already been exposed to project activities (e.g. film showings), which could contaminate the baseline data.

Film Club activities
Since it is difficult to have a deeper conversation with a large number of children at a film show, the project should select films having substantial content which is entertaining and thought-provoking, and also related to project themes. One way to do this is to create a matrix, with films in columns, and project themes in rows, and placing stars against films by project themes. During the initial orientation in schools, teachers should be oriented on how to conduct post-film conversations. A TLA project member should be present in all film club shows to ensure that post-film conversations are conducted in an effective manner, and highlight the project themes.

Opioids have been implicated in sexual differentiation of the brain and in the regulation of reproductive behavior and endocrinology of mammals. Previous studies have indicated that estrogen administration in adults regulates preproenkephalin MRNA levels in several hypothalamic brain nuclei. We have determined preproenkephalin mRNA levels in estrogen-treated juvenile male and female rats to investigate the developmental pattern of estrogenic regulation of enkephalinergic neurons in the medial preoptic area. Rats were treated Ž . Ž . with estradiol benzoate 20 mgrkgrday or oil from day 21 to 23. Sections of the medial preoptic area mPOA were studied by in situ hybridization histochemistry at the single cell level and quantified with the assistance of an image analysis system. Our data indicate that males contain higher levels of preproenkephalin mRNA per neuron than females. In addition, our results indicate that estrogen causes an upward shift in the amount of mRNA expressed per cell, females demonstrating a greater response to estrogen than males. An increase in soma cell area following estrogen treatment was observed only in female mPOA enkephalinergic neurons. Taken together, these results indicate a sex difference in total preproenkephalin levels and in estrogenic regulation of preproenkephalin mRNA in the POA of juvenile rats. These results are discussed in relation to the differential role opioids may play in male and female reproductive physiology. q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The squirting cucumber plant is widely used in the treatment of sinusitis, rheumatism, and hepatitis.It is reported that the liquid obtained from fruits is widely used in the treatment of sinusitis among people, especially in Turkey. The active components of Nigella sativa seeds are shown to be effective in inflammatory diseases caused by histamine. In this study, it was aimed to create a spray form by extracting Ecballium elaterium and Cucurbita pepo plants, which are easily found in almost every region of Turkey, mixing them with black cumin oil which is used widely and traditionally, and using inactive ingredients. Firstly, the amounts of cucurbitacin D, I, B, E from Ecballium elaterium were determined by HPLC and validation of cucurbitacin active substance analytical method was performed. Physicochemical properties of the nasal spray including pH, osmolality, specific gravity, and viscosity values were determined. Skin irritation, sensitization, and cytotoxicity tests were performed on the final product. The total amount of cucurbitacin D, I, B, E in squirting cucumber was found to be about 4% of the fruit juice. The proportion of these substances was also examined in squash juice and was found to be 0.033% for the respective amount. Skin irritation, sensitization, and cytotoxicity tests were performed in the obtained product and no adverse effects were observed. In addition, physicochemical parameters of the spray, such as pH, osmolality, specific gravity, and viscosity were measured. Results were found as 6.179, 630 mOsmol/L, 55.4 Mpa/s and 1,080 g/cm3 at ph 25 ºC, respectively.

Jane Austen submitted the novel for publication between 1796 and 1797 with the title First Impressions. Later it was changed to Pride and Prejudice and published in 1813. Though unmarried, Austen gave the definition of marriage in Pride and Prejudice. She exemplifies arranged marriage, love marriage and eloped marriage but not a broken marriage. She is considered a sentimentalist rather than a romanticist as her themes are, sociological, realistic and universal in appeal. Though Pride and Prejudice was branded as a feminist novel in British Regency period, its contemporary relevance can be marked as a novel of gender sensitization. Women in the novel are not oppressed or suppressed instead their feelings and emotions are dealt with utmost care and concern by men. Austen signifies the importance of faith, love and understanding between men and women before they enter the institution of marriage. The present paper tries to critically approach both feminist and masculine perspectives juxtaposing the two genders in modern perspectives of gender sensitization.