Fukushima

このレポートでは、過去5年間に東京電力福島第
一原発事故の影響を受けた地域で実施された多数
の調査の結果に基づき、2011年3月に起きた同
事故の結果として現在生じている生態学的状況を
明らかにする。これは福島県の森林、河川、氾濫
原、河口域の放射能汚染に関して現時点で判明し
ていることを記録にとどめようとする試みであ
る。福島県と全国の環境に放出された放射性核種
の半減期の長さを考えれば、それが生態系に与え
る影響を理解することは不可欠である。
また、このレポートでは、日本の今後数年、数十
年間について予測されることに関する洞察を提供
するために、キシュテムとチェルノブイリの放射
能事故で深刻な汚染を受けた森林・水生生態系の
研究を参考にした。

Nükleer santral kazaları tüm gezegeni tehdit ediyor. Gelişmiş geçinen Rusya’sından, Japonyası’na, ABD’sinden Fransa’sına kadar,  herhangi bir kaza sonrası santralde çalıştırılan işçiden, bölge halkına ve hem o ülkenin hem yakın coğrafyadaki ülkelerin vatandaşlarının hem de kontamine olmuş ürünleri satın olmak zorunda bırakılan çok uzak ülkelerin tüketicilerine kadar herkes büyük yalanlar, bilgi saklamaları ve en temel sağlık haklarından dahi mahrum bırakılmaktadır.
Bütün bunları değerlendirmek için, üzerinden geçen makul sürelerle verilerin daha belirginleştiği Çernobil ve Fukişima kazalarında nasıl uygulandığını bu kitapta okuyacaksınız. Öylesine ki Japonya gibi bir ülkede, nükleer kazadan sonra yapılacak ilk iş olan iyot tabletlerin dağıtımı bile yapılmamıştır ve sonuçları daha şimdiden çok ağır olmuştur.

Peki Çernobil’de yaşananlar, Fukişima’da başarıya alışmış ve teknolojiye belki de dünyada en çok inanan Japonlara ders oldu mu? Kitap bu karşılaştırmanın da izini sürerek, bir yanıyla da güç sahiplerinin eğilimlerinin, sivil toplumun etkililiğinin, tıp camiasının örgütlüğünün, bilim insanlarının bağımsızlığının ve gazetecilerin cesaretinin önemini sorguluyor. Biz özellikle Türkiye’de artık çok iyi biliyoruz ki vatan hainliği ile sevgisi arasındaki çizgi, iktidarın tercihine kalmıştır. Bir şekilde her iki kazadan da en çok zararı görme ihtimali olan insanların, örtbas etmelere değil, sonuçlarıyla oynanmış raporlara değil, nükleer lobisinin finanse ettiği araştırmalara ve boş umutlara değil, güvenilir bilgilere ve desteğe ihtiyacı vardır. Kaldı ki bütün kazanın 300 yıla kadar sürecek etkilerini ortadan kaldırmak için, yine bu en çok zarar gören yurttaşların vergileri kullanılıyor.

Nükleer serpintinin cinsi, yarılanma ömrü ve bunların bitkiler, hayvanlar genel olarak doğal ekosistem üzerindeki etkileri ise insan merkezli düşünenlerin dahi ihmal edemeyeceği düzeydedir çünkü bunların çoğu dönüp dolaşıp besin ya da su olarak insanlar tarafından tüketilmektedir. Ancak dünyaya başka bir gözlükle bakmayı becerebilenler için, ömürleri çok kısa olan mavi kelebeklerin nasıl etkilendiği de önem taşır. Ömürlerinin kısalması, kanat uzunlukların azalmasının yanı sıra yeni nesillerdeki mutasyonlar, gelecek için çok kaygı vericidir.

İronik bir gelişme ise, nükleerden elde edeceğimiz enerji olmazsa yaşam durur sloganları atan lobicilerin söylediklerin tam tersine, kazadan sonra 17 adet nükleer güç santralini (toplam reaktör sayısı 48) kapatan, hem de bu kadar teknoloji ve elektrik bağımlısı bir ülke olan Japonya o zamandan beri nükleer enerjiye muhtaç olmadan yaşamıştır ve bugün de tekrar çalıştırılan 2 reaktör dışında nükleersiz yaşamaktadır.                     

Bütün bu kazaların bize öğrettiği bir önemli unsur ise, tıpkı küresel iklim değişikliği gibi, nükleer santraller de bulundukları devletlerin sorumluluğundan fazlasını, yani bütün gezegende yaşayanları ilgilendiriyor. Bu nedenle hangi ülkede yapılırsa yapılsın, yarın onun olumsuz etkilerine maruz kalacak tüm insanların bunlara direnmeye hakkı vardır.

On March 1, 1954 a Japanese tuna trawler was at sea in the Marshall Islands. Quite unexpectedly grey ash began to fall like snow and covered the boat and crew. It was not snow; it was radioactive fallout from a nuclear test that had been conducted by the United States hours earlier 90 miles from the exclusion zone proclaimed by the US. This nuclear explosion, known as the Bravo Test, was the first detonation of a deliverable hydrogen bomb. The 15 megaton bomb, approximately 1,000 times greater than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, was the largest explosion in human history at the time. It would render several of the atolls that make up the Marshall Islands uninhabitable. March 1st is now called Nuclear Victims and Survivors Remembrance Day in the Marshall Islands. However, for the crew members of the trawler it was a mystery.

In the aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster of 3/11, one disputed issue has been the acceptance of precedent nuclear energy policies among the wider population, despite Japan being a country of high seismic risk and a nation that experienced atomic bombing on its population during World War II. This paper investigates how the transmedia constellation of the mangaesque intersecting manga, anime, pop-art, governmental educational characters and youth subcultures has been strategic in domesticating contested meanings of nuclear related issues, as well as being deeply informed itself in its ground-breaking stages (Astroboy-Tezuka Osamu, Barefoot Gen-Nakazawa Keiji, Little Boy-Murakami Takashi) by these issues, contributing ultimately to their naturalisation and hegemonic reproduction from ‘below’.

[Author's note: In April 2013, along with a half-dozen other journalists and writers from around the world, I was allowed access to photograph inside the media-restricted Fukushima exclusion zone. As a form of protest, a local official (identified and described below) unlocked gates to the contaminated zone then off limits. Accompanied by a translator, I was then allowed to take photos of the instrumentation used to monitor radiation levels, contaminated soil removal facilities, and other sites. I was in the zone for two hours, — a time calculated to offer a reasonably safe level of radiation exposure.  — K. Lee Lerner]

NAGADORO, Japan — Following the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan. the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) initially reported the safe scram — execution of a nuclear plant’s emergency reactor shutdown plan — of Tokyo Electric Power Company’s (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi plant located about 150 miles north of Tokyo. (continued… download to read more)

Arguably a nuclear emergency triggered by an act of war, sabotage or a natural disaster can be the most complex crisis to handle. The crippling of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan by a combination of an earthquake and a tsunami is a case in point. A highly disciplined nation, geared towards managing earthquakes and tsunamis and maintaining a high level of nuclear safety found itself struggling to handle this epic tragedy. Pakistan has a very small nuclear industry, which so far, has escaped any significant, glitches in its operations. A clean track record is not reason enough to conclude that nuclear emergencies may not take place. Officials at the National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA) (SPD). It is expected that this Plan will cover all kinds of contingencies to handle nuclear disasters. One hopes that it will include guidelines not only for the rescue and relief organisations but also for the general public to follow in a nuclear emergency. This paper aims at underscoring the importance of integrating the common man in the nuclear disaster management plan.

Making digital games can help people learn collaboratively. Recent advances in game education allow for experimental game development in a short time period with low cost. To examine the possibilities of game development and learning, we focus on the recent ``game jam'' approach in collaborative game development. The concept of game jam becomes well-known these days, however, its historical development, goals, and strategies have not yet been explored.
To bring game jam into the education and learning, we first look at its historical development and key concept referencing Global Game Jam, the biggest annual game jam in the world, and then we discuss the recent case of ``localized'' Global Game Jam--style events embedded in the social context of a specific region.

This volume builds on the international conference of the same title held at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice in 2013 with the support of the Japan Foundation, which discussed the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear accident of 11th March 2011 in northeastern Japan. The papers bring together research in the fields of political science, international relations, sociology and anthropology to offer a multidimensional perspective on the complex issues relating to the triple disaster of 3/11 and its aftermath.

In recent years Japan has faced the rapid changes characterising the post-global world, vis-à-vis the economic crisis, as well as the new geopolitical equilibrium amongst the Asian countries after the economic and military rise of China. Moreover, the aftermath of the Fukushima disaster of March 2011 poses a series of questions about social solidarity and emergency management along with the problems of confidence in the national safety system that Japan has had to cope with. This volume is a collection of contributions on a project examining various aspects of such contemporary Japanese society in a period of changes in economic, political, and cultural fields. It comprises three sections: Japan's International Relations; Cultural Theory, Fine Art and Philosophy; Language and Communication.

OUP webpage: http://bit.ly/1PpNXq0
Amazon webpage: http://amzn.to/1LJF8rz
2017 John Whitney Hall Book Prize, Association for Asian Studies
Honorable Mention, 2016 Alan Merriam Prize, Society for Ethnomusicology

Despite widespread apprehension of nuclear power following the Fukushima disaster, Japan remains a difficult place to express antinuclear views: the media largely avoids presenting antinuclear positions, and the culture discourages people from voicing controversial opinions. In such an environment, music emerged quickly as a mode of oppositional expression, encapsulating the people’s anxieties.

Drawing from the author’s ethnography of the movement since 2011, musical analysis, and concepts from the social sciences, this book examines the ways in which music of social movements is shaped by the stature of the musician and the performance space. In contrast to American or British musicians who typically attract attention to causes, Japanese musicians are highly discouraged from engaging in politics, particularly the antinuclear movement. They adjust their political behavior depending on their position in the music industry, the space in which they are playing, and political conditions at the time. According to these parameters, they change the type of audience participation, political frame of the message, and technique of communicating the message.

Extending Lefebvre’s conception of space as perceived, conceived, and lived in, the book analyzes the interactions of music and musicians with citizens under the constraints and opportunities of the four spaces of political music performance—cyberspace, demonstrations, festivals, and recordings. Anonymity in cyberspace—more prevalent in Japan than many other countries—initially helped citizens to overcome fear and participate in the movement. The “sound demonstration,” featuring musicians on top of trucks rolling along ahead of protesters, has evolved in intent and in performance style according to political circumstances. Rappers changed from performing prepared songs to improvising calls and responses with protesters as the movement shifted from raising awareness to mobilizing citizens. The urban landscape and soundscape change the performance and reception of protests; activists plan, and musicians perform, accordingly. Political music festivals range between two types of communication approaches: informational, where arguments are presented, or experiential, where an immersive environment opens one’s mind to different points of view. On commercial recordings, which are industry-censored, major-label musicians rely on allegories, metaphors (both textual and musical), and metonyms; they purposefully mis-set and mispronounce words to express their antinuclear sentiments. These patterns of protest have been retained in subsequent movements in Japan, such as the movement against the Secrecy Law and Prime Minister Abe’s reinterpretation of the Peace Constitution.

The author has been making regular fieldtrips to Fukushima since April 2011, focusing on Nagadoro, a
hamlet of population 250 within the agricultural village of Iitate. At the time of writing, the entire village
remains evacuated due to high levels of radiation from the Fukushima No.1 nuclear power plant. In 2011 the
very concept of an outsider conducting research anywhere in the disaster zone was open to criticism. Some
argued that it was too early to tackle this sensitive topic; that it was distasteful to see anthropologists getting
excited about the suffering of the victims; and that having pesky researchers asking a lot of intrusive
questions would just make things worse for the victims. This paper offers a response to those criticisms, by
describing the author’s fieldwork and outlining some of the insights into the Fukushima nuclear disaster that
can only be gained through extended fieldwork, starting early. These include an awareness of differing levels
of affiliation to the village and its sub-division the hamlet, and of the development of an improvised substitute
community in the temporary housing complexes.

This study compares the American and Canadian television coverage of the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan with that of the Chernobyl (Chornobyl) accident in Ukraine. These two disasters were the biggest accidents involving nuclear plants in the world. The first research question is whether political factors, such as Japan, in contrast to Ukraine, being an ally of the United States and Canada, affected the coverage of these accidents by American and Canadian television networks. The second question is whether the U.S.-Canada differences in the coverage of the Fukushima and Chernobyl disasters reflected differences in the American and Canadian political cultures. Previous studies generally have focused on the media coverage of a single nuclear accident, and they typically were limited to the media reporting in one country. This paper uses content analysis of television news reports concerning the Fukushima and Chernobyl disasters for more than one year since the beginning of the nuclear accident in Japan in March 2011. It analyzes more than 250 references, comparing the two disasters in news programs of the most popular TV networks in the U.S. (ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox) and Canada (CBC and CTV). Specific news reports are identified with the help of keyword searches of transcripts of the television programs in the LexisNexis database. The content analysis involves both a general comparison of the Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear accidents and a comparison of specific aspects, such as causes of the accidents, radiation release, liquidation of disasters, and health consequences. The study shows the importance of political factors in the media coverage of the nuclear disasters. It offers support for the indexing model and finds significant differences in the coverage by ideological orientation in the U.S. and public versus private networks in Canada. Convergence in the coverage outweighs political culture differences between the U.S. and Canada.

Recent natural as well as man-made cataclysmic events have dramatically changed the status quo of contemporary Japanese society, and following the Asia-Pacific war’s never-ending ‘postwar’ period, Japan has been dramatically forced into a zeitgeist of saigo or ‘post-disaster.’ This radically new worldview has significantly altered the socio-political as well as literary perception of one of the world’s potential superpowers, and in this book the contributors closely examine how Japan’s new paradigm of precarious existence is expressed through a variety of pop-cultural as well as literary media.
Addressing the transition from post-war to post-disaster literature, this book examines the rise of precarity consciousness in Japanese socio-cultural discourse. The chapters investigate the extent to which we can talk about the emergence of a new literary paradigm of precarity in the world of Japanese popular culture. Through careful examination of a variety of contemporary texts ranging from literature, manga, anime, television drama and film this study offers an interpretation of the many dissonant voices in Japanese society. The contributors also outline the related social issues in Japanese society and culture, providing a comprehensive overview of the global trends that link Japan with the rest of the world.
Visions of Precarity in Japanese Popular Culture and Literature will be of great interest to students and scholars of contemporary Japan, Japanese culture and society, popular culture and social and cultural history.

CONTENT
Foreword: Liberty and equality in Japan’s unequal society, Suzuki Sadami
1. Towards an introduction: Japan’s literature of precarity, Roman Rosenbaum
2. Kirino Natsuo’s Metabola, or the Okinawan stage, fractured selves and the precarity of contemporary existence, Kristina Iwata-Weickgenannt
3. Precarity, kawaii (cuteness), and their impact on environmental discourse in Japan, W. Puck Brecher
4. Part-timer, buy a house. Middle-class precarity, sentimentality and learning the meaning of work, Christopher Perkins
5. Precarious attraction: Abe Kazushige’s Individual Projection post-bubble, Maria Roemer
6. Hirabayashi Eiko and the projection of a viable proletarian vision, Mats Karlsson
7.The Precarious Self: Love, melancholia and the eradication of adolescence in Makoto Shinkai’s anime works, Maria Grajdian
8. Graphic representation of the precariat in popular culture, Roman Rosenbaum
9.Towards new literary trend: Contemporary Japanese society mirrored in literature, Yasuko Claremont
10. Cinematic Narratives of Precarity: Gender and Affect in Contemporary Japan, Ritu Vij
11. Precarity beyond 3/11 or ‘Living Fukushima’––Power, politics, and space in Wagô Ryôichi’s poetry of disaster, Kristina Iwata-Weickgenannt

G.K. Chesterton famously claimed that ‘art, like morality, consists in drawing the line someplace’. So too does much of radiological protection. At every turn, those responding to the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant disaster can be found drawing lines, which determine: where people can live, what they can eat, and who receives additional protections (Potassium Iodide pills, for example). The essential questions of radiological protection pertain to how these lines are drawn. Questions regarding who has the authority to draw these lines, where, and on what basis are well recognised by scholars in this field. But those who advise on such issues in Japan today face an additional complication, in that the disaster has dramatically damaged the public’s confidence in experts. My interest lies in how actors interpret and narrate this political situation, and how expert bodies adapt to these conditions by improvising new performances of their credibility.

This thesis examines how claims to expert authority are made in conditions of low public trust; focusing on the debates surrounding civilian radiation exposure in Japan. In so doing, it contributes to the disciplines of Political Geography, Medical Anthropology, and Science and Technology Studies (STS), as well as scholarship on nuclear politics and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant disaster, specifically. As the most severe radiological event since Chernobyl, this disaster has been selected for study on the basis of both its historic quality and its effect on the public perception of experts. Over four substantive chapters, this thesis uses the idiom of ‘improvisation’ to evoke the ‘performed resourcefulness’ of its actors; moving from an examination of actors’ competing efforts to ‘set the scene’ through their narrations of their disaster, to an ethnographic focus on how the prosaic performance of expert authority is adapted to reflect and influence these broader narratives.

This thesis is organised thematically. Chapter Two outlines the methodological approach of the text, which draws on interviews, textual analysis, and participant observation, conducted over 11 months of residential fieldwork. Chapter Three examines the spatial metaphors actors use to frame the nuclear disaster, thereby framing the experience of radiation exposure. Chapter Four builds on the preceding chapter, exploring how the role of experts has been narrated in relation to the disaster’s imagined geographies. In particular, I examine how the common notion of Japan’s public debate as a battle against the irrational fear of radiation – to be fought by experts, who are to teach the public to “fear correctly” (tadashiku kowagaru) – is imbricated in the imagination of Fukushima as a national crisis. Moving from the macrosocial to the microsocial, Chapters Five and Six provide ethnographic accounts of expert workshops staged in Fukushima by two authoritative bodies: the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Both, I contend, are not only understudied organisations, but provide case studies in improvisation: the constitution of their workshop spaces being altered to reflect the organiser’s understandings of the disaster and the broader political situation.

The “Occupy Wall Street” movement has acted as a spur to a host of “Occupy” operations including “Occupy Fukushima!” – a movement with a distinctly Japanese feminist twist, a strong link with the anti-nuclear/peace movement and a close affiliation with Greenpeace.

It is more accurate, to call this movement the “Women of Fukushima against Nukes."

This paper focuses on the micro-blogging service Twitter, looking at source credibility for information shared in relation to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant disaster in Japan. We look at the sources, credibility, and between-language differences in information shared in the month following the disaster. Messages were categorized by user, location, language, type, and credibility of information source. Tweets with reference to third-party information made up the bulk of messages sent, and it was also found that a majority of those sources were highly credible, including established institutions, traditional media outlets, and highly credible individuals. In general, profile anonymity proved to be correlated with a higher propensity to share information from low credibility sources. However, Japanese-language tweeters, while more likely to have anonymous profiles, referenced low-credibility sources less often than non-Japanese tweeters, suggesting proximity to the disaster mediating the degree of credibility of shared content.

The purpose of this paper is to delineate the issues and difficulties faced by a social worker in Fukushima during the early phases of the post-disaster period following the earthquake, tsunami, nuclear power plant accident, and unfounded rumors relating to radiation exposure and discuss how best the local social workers could prepare for the disaster recovery. Using Grounded Theory Approach for analysis, I found 5 major categories explaining her transformative feelings, and an increased awareness of the self and others: "time heals wounds," "how come their talk felt so real, even two years after the disaster," "issues in Fukushima are so complicated," "the nature of post-disaster issues are totally different," and, "perhaps we can help link people with one another." Furthermore, 3 hindrances to the recovery/reconstruction phase of Fukushima were identified: "historically close relationships between communities and the nuclear power plant," "seemingly endless multiple losses," and "disenfranchised grief." Finally, 4 implications for future social work practice emerged. They were: "finding and supporting hidden victims among helping professions," "understanding the loss and grief of Fukushima," "improving social work skills for the disaster recovery," and "securing social workers who can focus on disaster recovery work." As the third anniversary of 3/11 is approaching, social workers in Fukushima are beginning to prepare for the next phase of the post-disaster period.

災害ソーシャルワークの理論と実践の構築が急務とされる現在、特に地震･津波･原子力災害及び風評の重層被害が発生した福島において、現地のソーシャルワーカーが復興序盤で直面した困難や課題を知る意義は大きい。本研究は福島在住の社会福祉士（A氏）に対する追跡インタビューを通して、福島に生きる一人のソーシャルワーカーがこれまで経験した出来事や出会い、気づきの理解を目的とした。グラウンデッド・セオリー・アプローチを用いた分析の結果、【何かをしてもらうという状況】と【何かをする側に立つ時期】という時系列的変化と、その過程で得られた【これは時間かな】【あれ、もう2年経つけど、すごいリアルだ】【いや、福島、重たいわ】【全然違う】【それをつなげていく】という5つの気づきが抽出された。また【原発とのつながり】【終わらない多重喪失】【非公認の悲嘆】が福島の復興への課題として整理され、今後のソーシャルワーク実践の課題として「隠れた被災者」の存在、福島の喪失と悲嘆の理解、復興支援における実践力の強化、そして復興活動に専心可能な人材の確保が挙げられた。震災から3年目を迎えようとする福島では、災害ソーシャルワークの体系化に先駆け、現地ソーシャルワーカーが復興に向けて動き出したところである。

This book chapters explores the writing of three of Japan's most important and active poets--Wagō Ryōichi, Takahashi Mutsuo, and Arai Takako--and the poetry that they wrote in response to the Fukushima meltdown in 2011.

"Poetry in an Era of Nuclear Power: Three Poetic Responses to Fukushima," Fukushima and the Arts: Negotiating Nuclear Disaster, ed. Barbara Geilhorn and Kristina Iwata-Weickgenannt (NY: Routledge, 2016) 144-61.

Fukushima Fiction introduces readers to the powerful literary works that have emerged out of Japan's triple disaster, now known as 3/11. The book provides a broad and nuanced picture of the varied literary responses to this ongoing tragedy, focusing on "serious fiction"(junbungaku), the one area of Japanese cultural production that has consistently addressed the disaster and its aftermath. Examining short stories and novels by both new and established writers, author Rachel DiNitto effectively captures this literary tide and names it after the nuclear accident that turned a natural disaster into an environmental and political catastrophe.

The nuclear incident at Fukushima is an important media focusing event that drew attention from the Japanese public, government officials around the world, and private organizations. Since focusing events and frames influence policy decisions, this research examines the rhetoric associated with the incident, and compares the rhetoric presented across media sources from Japan, the US, and Europe for the two-week period following the initial tsunami. The content analysis demonstrates that a single focusing event maintains several frames for different actors. The paper illustrates the different immediate frames after the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in regard to the Fukushima nuclear power plant. In particular, the research shows the differences in frame presentations between the European news outlets, the US, and Japan. These differences parallel subsequent policy choices made within these regions toward nuclear power. Keywords: comparative policy, focusing events, framing, Fukushima, media

The triple disasters of 11 March 2011 in northeastern Japan have exacerbated existing vulnerabilities and created new ones all over the Tohoku region. In Fukushima, the fear of radiation has been compounded by the perception of the state’s failure to provide timely and relevant information to local residents. This lack of information has particularly affected one of the most vulnerable segments of the population, young mothers with children, forcing many to make impossible choices between supporting the economic rebuilding of their communities and protecting their children from the threat of radiation. Based on detailed ethnography and interviews
conducted from just weeks after the disaster, this article discusses the ongoing struggle of women to find a place of safety and a voice of protest in the face of local and national efforts to silence their fears.

Hydrogen accumulation at the top of containment or reactor building may occur due to an interaction of molten corium and water followed by a severe accident of a nuclear reactor (TMI, Chernobyl, Fukushima Daiichi). The hydrogen, released from the reactor, accumulates usually as a stratified semi-confined layer of hydrogen-air mixture. A series of large scale experiments on hydrogen combustion and explosion in a semi-confined layer of uniform and non-uniform hydrogen-air mixtures in presence of obstructions or without them was performed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). Different flame propagation regimes from slow subsonic to relative fast sonic flames and then to the detonations were experimentally investigated in different geometries and then simulated with COM3D code with respect to evaluate an amount of burnt hydrogen taken place during the Fukushima Daiichi Accident (FDA).
The experiments were performed in a horizontal semi-confined layer with dimensions of 9x3x0.6 m with/without obstacles opened from below. Hydrogen concentration in the mixtures with air was varied in the range of 0-34 vol.% without or with a gradient of 0-60 vol. %H2/m. Effects of the hydrogen concentration gradient, thickness of the layer, geometry of the obstructions, average and maximum hydrogen concentration on flame propagation regimes were investigated with respect to evaluate the maximum pressure loads of internal structures. Blast wave strength and dynamics of propagation after explosion of the layer of hydrogen-air mixture was numerically simulated to reproduce the hydrogen explosion process during the Fukushima Daiichi Accident.

Dogs were frequently employed as laboratory subjects during the era of atomic bomb testing (1950–1980), particularly in studies used to generate predictive data regarding the expected effects of accidental human occupational exposure to radiation. The bulk of these studies were only partly reported in the primary literature, despite providing vital information regarding the effects of radiation exposure on a model mammalian species. Herein we review this literature and summarize the biological effects in relation to the isotopes used and the method of radionuclide exposure. Overall, these studies demonstrate the wide range of developmental and physiological effects of exposure to radiation and radionuclides in a mid‐sized mammal.

Public communication is one of the most challenging aspects of nuclear emergencies. The overall objective of this study is to analyse how and to what extent are European Member States prepared to communicate in case of nuclear or radiological emergencies. The study uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods: on-line surveys, round table discussion, workshop and consultations. The data for the study were collected from September 2017 to June 2018. Results show that nuclear safety authorities and other authorities or organisations responsible for defining and implementing public communication requirements during emergencies are significantly challenged as information and communication technologies continue to advance and public expectations continue to rise. While public information needs are largely met, many countries fail to respond to the demands of the current social media landscape, the level of stakeholder engagement and cross-border collaboration in the field of communication. Good practices are collected and may serve as an inspiration for authorities in their public communication plans in order to fill the communication gap in practice.

Nuclear disasters and radiation accidents fuelled anti‐nuclear activism worldwide. Yet their impacts on national energy policies vary considerably across countries. The German
Government shut down half of the country’s nuclear reactors immediately after the Fukushima disaster and plans to fully abandon nuclear power by 2022. Germany’s exit
from nuclear power has a long history which this chapter traces back to the mid‐1970s. It is shown that the institutionalization of an exit‐strategy within the party system and on all levels of government has been a prerequisite of the so called „energy turn“, for which Fukushima was only the trigger but not the cause. Applied to the Japanese case the
German experience suggests that fundamental policy changes will be long in coming, despite surging protests and a widespread anti‐nuclear sentiment following the Fukushima disaster

Emrah Akyüz advances an environmental human rights approach to environmental protections regarding nuclear power. Using the aftermath of the Fukushima disaster as a case study, Akyüz argues for three main approaches to environmental protection, including the right to environment, the reinterpretation of human rights, and the role of procedural rights.

This is a presentation I made at the Asian Studies Conference in Japan (ASCJ) in June 2014. It looks critically at anti-nuclear art from the perspective of people who might view it in Fukushima. The basic argument is that these well-intentioned art-works run the risk of exaggerating the dangers from radiation from living in Fukushima prefecture, thereby othering or monstering a district of Japan that, by all objective criteria, is safe to live in save for a small area in the immediate vicinity of the crippled nuclear power plant.

Due to misdiagnosed hydrogen explosions and ethically flawed publications, nuclear power plants are not as safe as
published to be for decades. Previous publications inaccurately, unethically, and inappropriately assessed reactor safety with
respect to other industries and natural disasters, where nuclear industry publications non-conservatively applied data to promote
nuclear reactor safety, and published models skewed accident data to present nuclear energy as safer than it is. Major findings of
this one-man study were calculated with 95% confidence. 1) Explosions caused by fluid transients accompany nuclear power
plant meltdowns. 2) A meltdown similar to Three Mile Island (TMI-2) has a 50% probability before 2039, with a one in two
probability of a radioactive release like Fukushima. 3) A large radioactive release like Fukushima has a 50% probability before
2067. 4) Radioactive releases can be prevented by fluid transient control with the exception of Chernobyl type accidents, which
are expected far into the future. 5) Nuclear power plant accidental deaths are not significantly less than other industries as
claimed for many years, but are comparable to other industries. An improved explanation of nuclear power plant explosion safety
is provided here to better control dangers in the radiation business. Items 1 and 2 were previously published, but are summarized
here as proof of principle to support this new research, and items 3, 4, and 5 are new to the literature. These latter concerns are the
thrust for this discussion of ethics, nuclear safety, and the prevention of loss of life, property damages, and catastrophic
environmental damages. A personal history of the difficulties of being the first to invent new theory and the government
obstruction and unethical cover up to thwart legitimate safety concerns are intertwined with statistical proofs for nuclear reactor
disaster predictions. Such disasters explode radioactive dust clouds into the air to circle our planet, and spread radioactive
contamination that radioactively rains down across parts of the earth following large accidental explosions. Although the ethical
path to accomplish this task has great personal costs, such as difficulty, stress, complexity of thought, long hours, impacts on
family life, and money, the rewards are that imminent nuclear power plant explosions and loss of life can be stopped!

This paper reflects on the credibility of nuclear risk assessment in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima meltdowns. In democratic states, policymaking around nuclear energy has long been premised on an understanding that experts can objectively and accurately calculate the probability of cata- strophic accidents. Yet the Fukushima disaster lends credence to the substantial body of social science research that suggests such calculations are fundamentally unworkable. Nevertheless, the credibility of these assessments appears to have survived the disaster, just as it has resisted the evidence of previous nuclear accidents. This paper looks at why. It argues that public narratives of the Fukushima disaster invariably frame it in ways that allow risk-assessment experts to “disown” it. It concludes that although these narratives are both rhetorically compelling and highly conse- quential to the governance of nuclear power, they are not entirely credible.

Starting from a series of historical contexts concerning Japanese seafaring tradition, this paper proposes an anthropological analysis on the practices of sailing navigation, focusing on the recursive interaction of traditional meteorological knowledge, nautical material culture and navigational knowledge that are historically grounded in the contexts of practice. Summary

Japan's post-WWII regional development strategy led to the spatial separation of production, distribution and consumption of food and energy resources. The rural, poor and aging region of Tohoku helped provide the resources that enabled Tokyo's rapid urbanization and growth. The 2011 earthquake in Tohoku, however, revealed this geographic bias that concentrated environmental, economic, social, and political risks in resource extraction areas such as Tohoku while allowing metropolises to remain unscathed. The government's reconstruction efforts have been slow and in adequate while citizen groups, especially farmers, fishermen, and food sector workers have been central to the recovery. Seikatsu Club, a food cooperative by homemakers in Tokyo, is one of them. Using both top-down and bottom-up solutions, they ensure resilient food systems and the political representation of their constituents. Regional networks created by food systems erase the categorical differences between production and consumption regions by sharing risks and creating reciprocity among disparate communities. Through literary analysis and observational site visits to Tohoku, this paper explores the effects of and antidotes to post-calamity reconstruction from the perspectives of food and regional planning.

INTERNATIONAL Quelque 160 000 personnes ont été évacuées suite à l'accident de la centrale de Fukushima Daiichi, après le tremblement de terre et le tsunami qui frappèrent le Japon le 11 mars 2011, il y a neuf ans. Mitate Lab., un programme de recherche international de 5 ans accueilli par l'université Nihon de Tokyo et auquel participent le CNRS et le CEA, vient d'être mis en place pour étudier la réouverture de la zone d'évacuation. Le 26 mars, la flamme olympique aurait dû passer par la zone évacuée autour de Fukushima suite aux tremblement de terre et tsunami du 11 mars 2011 et à l'accident de la centrale nucléaire qui en a découlé. Ce n'est que partie remise, les Jeux ayant été reportés au plus tard à l'été 2021. Un symbole fort pour les premiers Jeux olympiques organisés au Japon depuis cette catastrophe. « Cette initiative illustre parfaitement notre projet, assure Cécile Asanuma-Brice, chercheuse en sociologie urbaine au CNRS et co-responsable du projet Mitate Lab.. Car la question sous-jacente à notre travail est : comment administre-ton un désastre dans la société industrielle actuelle qui rentabilise jusqu'au risque lui-même ? » Le projet Mitate Lab. a été créé au premier janvier 2020, afin d'étudier la réouverture de la zone d'évacuation qui entoure la centrale accidentée. Le gouvernement japonais a en effet levé dès 2017 l'ordre d'évacuation dans la plupart des 12 communes de la zone, appelant la population à revenir. Une vingtaine de scientifiques, principalement français et japonais, mais aussi américains, de divers domaines rassemblent donc « toute une série de compétences complémentaires pour comprendre ce qui se passe dans cette situation unique », explique Olivier Evrard, l'autre co-responsable du programme, géochimiste au Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement. Accueil ! CNRS Info Fukushima : un retour sous haute surveillance 1 2

This chapter examines how Japanese Environmental Law applies to business
companies operating in Japan. It comprises four parts: I) ‘Main Sources and
Fundamental Principles of Japanese Environmental Law’ ; II) ‘Industrial Pollution
Prevention in Japanese Environmental Law’; III) ‘CSR and the Development of
Voluntary Regulatory Frameworks for Environmental Protection in Japan’; IV)
‘Environmental Damages in Japanese Law’.
Quite voluminous compared to the other chapters of the book, this contribution provides
both a rather classical overview of the main components of environmental law appicable
to business companies operating in Japan and a more detailed presentation of specific
issues, including : 1) the progressive emergence of a specific body of rules addressing
climate change; 2) the development of environmental taxation; 3) the meaning of CSR
in post-Fukushima Japan and the evolving role of voluntary regulatory frameworks for
environmental protection; 4) the unprecendeted contextualisation of the precautionary
principle and the adoption of new legal measures addressing radioactive pollution in the
aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.
From a more theoretical perspective, this chapter raises two sets of questions. First, is it
possible to see in the adoption of several laws addressing climate change the
progressive emergence in Japan of a new body of rules called ‘climate change law’? In
the affirmative, what does such regulatory development imply or change for business
companies in their relation to the ‘environment’? Second, in the context of
post-Fuksuhima Japan, how can we rethink the links between environmental law and
disaster law? Considering that the lines between these two legal fields are progressively
blurring, what does this imply for business companies in their relation to environmental
risks and catastrophes?

One year ago, triggered by the Great Tohoku Earthquake, three operating nuclear power plants and one huge spent f uel pool f rom a f ourth, non-operating plant, released immeasurable and catastrophic amounts of radiation into the air, onto the soil, into the groundwater and ultimately the sea nearby the Fukushima Daiichi plant. T he nearby Fukushima Daini plants came very close to suf f ering three additional meltdowns as well.

(Turkey). His focus topics and research interests to further escalating his prospects on politics, governance, migration, policy development and human resource management, urbanization policies. Emrah is also an interview editor of the Political Reflection Magazine, and Commissioning Editor of the E-International Relations.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has responded to the 2011 East-Japan earthquake and tsunami through the three levels of its decentralised structure. It has provided public health advice regarding a number of issues relating to protective measures, potassium iodide use, as well as safety of food and drinking water, mental health, travel, tourism, and trade. WHO is currently developing an initial health risk assessment linked to a preliminary evaluation of radiation exposure around the world from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. Lessons learned from this disaster are likely to help future emergency response to multi-faceted disasters.

"The effects of radiation on abundance of common birds in Fukushima can be assessed from the effects of radiation in Chernobyl. Abundance of birds was negatively related to radiation, with a significant
difference between Fukushima and Chernobyl. Analysis of 14 species common to the two areas revealed a negative effect of radiation on abundance, differing between areas and species. The relationship
between abundance and radiation was more strongly negative in Fukushima than in Chernobyl for the same 14 species, demonstrating a negative consequence of radiation for birds immediately after the
accident on 11 March 2011 during the main breeding season in MarcheJuly, when individuals work close to their maximum sustainable level."