Forest Genetic Resources Management and Conservation

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Las especies introducidas generalmente son vistas como elementos disruptivos de una naturaleza prístina idealizada. Sin embargo, a través del estudio de las percepciones y prácticas locales en torno a frutales de origen eurasiático en distintos enclaves de Argentina (NOA y NEA respectivamente) se observa que las mismas son elementos constitutivos de ese estado considerado original. Mediante la metodología etnobotánica se relevaron las etnoespecies presentes, prácticas y saberes asociados con representantes del género Prunus en el noroeste y Citrus en el nordeste de Argentina. El análisis etnohistórico permitió identificar las especies introducidas y rutas de acceso, en tanto que la metodología ecológica fue útil para estudiar las poblaciones espontáneas de estos frutales. Se han identificado 9 etnoespecies (divididas en dos grupos de etnovariedades) de duraznos y 8 etnoespecies (que incluyen 27 etnovariedades) de cítricos presentes en las áreas mencionadas, las cuales son expresivas de la diversidad biocultural local. Los ejemplos planteados permiten inferir que estas especies se han incorporado en la visión local como propias y que a través de procesos locales de selección cultural han resultado en poblaciones de especies útiles que conforman un paisaje típico de las zonas de estudio, como resultado de la domesticación del ambiente incluso en un plazo corto como el que representan estos frutales introducidos a partir de la colonización española.

From the ethnoecological approach we propose to analyze local knowledge in action through the Multiple Use Strategy MUS). The main objective is finding commonalities across three rural communities (Jujuy, Misiones and Santiago del Estero), based on the concept of MUS and how it is related to those changes and transformations that enable communities for self subsistence in a complex and homogenizing context of productive rural practices. Information was obtained by means of qualitative ethnobotanical methodology using openended and semi-structured interviews, walks and participatory workshops. The studied communities have in common the subsistence economy typical of family farming and they are linked with the environment through the EUM, embodied in the diversification of management practices and landscape heterogeneity.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar, desde la perspectiva etnobotanica y en el marco de estudios interdisciplinarios, el lugar que ocupa la horticultura en comunidades de la etnia Mbya-Guarani, en la provincia de Misiones, Argentina,asi como los cambios registrados y tendencias futuras de esta actividad. El ambiente propio del area es la Selva Paranaense caracterizada por su alta biodiversidad. La economia agricola de la region se basa en el cultivo intensivode yerba mate, te y la cultura del tabaco, practicado con fines comerciales en establecimientos rurales, propiedad de descendientes de "colonos" europeos. A partir del analisis de los espacios destinados a la horticultura, las especiescultivadas, las tecnologias empleadas y el destino dado a estos productos vegetales, se observa que esta actividad constituye una de las principales estrategias de subsistencia. Asimismo, desde el punto de vista de los recursosnaturales involucrados, representa una instancia de divers...

Background and Aims Preservation of cultivar purity creates a particular challenge for plants that are self-incompatible, require insects for cross-pollination, and have easily germinating seeds and vigorously spreading rhizomes. As the fields must be planted with mixed populations, and a balance must be maintained between the cultivars to achieve effective pollination, methods for field monitoring of the relative density of different cultivars must be practical. Furthermore, a DNA-based method is needed for cultivar verification in the collections and outside of the growing season. The aim of this study was to develop both types of methods for Rubus arcticus (arctic bramble). † Methods Morphological parameters were measured from six cultivars grown on three farms. Observations from the flowers and fruits included: petal and sepal number, flower diameter, arrangement of petals, size of calyx in relation to corolla, fruit weight, yield and soluble sugars. Observations from the leaves included: width and height of middle leaflet, shape of the base of terminal leaflet, shape of terminal leaflet, leaf margin serration and fingertip touch. The applicability of simple sequence repeat (SSR) or microsatellite DNA markers developed for red raspberry was tested on eight arctic bramble cultivars. † Key Results and Conclusions Morphological and molecular identification methods were developed for R. arcticus. The best morphological characteristics were the length-to-width ratio of the middle leaflet and leaf margin serration. A particular characteristic, fingertip touch, was shown by electron microscopy to be related to the density and quality of the leaf hairs. Red raspberry SSR marker no. 126 proved to be applicable for differentiation of the eight arctic bramble cultivars tested. These identification methods are critical to secure the maintenance and management of R. arcticus. However, the challenges faced and approaches taken are equally applicable to other species with similar biology.

Fungi are one of the most important soil microorganisms due to their abundance and the importance of the ecosystem processes they carry out, like decomposition, nutrient cycling, and the establishment of biological interactions such as mycorrhizas. Fungi can be used as bioindicators because they are highly sensitive to alterations in their surroundings, thus being useful for monitoring ecological changes and effects of human activity on natural ecosystems. Nothofagus alpina (raulí) is an ecologically and economically important species of South American temperate forests. It is currently included in domestication and conservation programs, and provenance trials have been installed in different ecosystems of Patagonia. These trials are ideal for studying how tree genetics might influence the associated microbiota. Afforestation with fast-growing exotic conifers (mainly Pinus ponderosa) had been promoted as an important economic activity in Patagonia, but nowadays there is an increasing interest for the establishment of mix Pinus + Nothofagus plantations instead of monospecific Pinus stands and for using Pinus plantations as refugee for assisted Nothofagus migration. The main objective of this work was to explore the structure of different fungal communities in the rhizosphere of N. alpina with different genetic diversity (high, intermediate, and low) implanted under a native Nothofagus forest and a P. ponderosa plantation. Fingerprinting based on Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis revealed differences in the structure of the rhizosphere fungal communities. Some relationships between N. alpina genetic diversity and composition of rhizosphere fungal communities were observed. In the native forest, one of the provenances (intermediate genetic diversity) was associated with the highest richness of Basidiomycetes and total fungi. In addition, individual genetic parameters of N. alpina specimens implanted in the native forest significantly correlated with Ascomycetes richness. It was also found that Basidiomycetes were the dominating fungal taxa in the native forest, and Ascomycetes in the P. ponderosa plantation. Factors as soil physicochemical characteristics and the dominant forestry species, which provide different quantity and quality of litter inputs and are associated with different ectomycorrhizal fungi, seemed to be the main factors determining this significant difference between the native forest and the plantation. Beyond highlighting the potential of applying soil fungi as bioindicators, our study contributes to understanding the relationship between host genetics and rhizosphere fungi. This information is relevant not only for conservation and restoration programs, but also for taking management decisions related with sustainable forestry and domestication of native tree species.

This paper provides a historical perspective on the development of forest genetic resources (FGR) in Zimbabwe. We narrate the introduction and improvement of FGR for deployment in industrial plantations based on exotic pine and eucalypt species and describe interventions in managing FRG in indigenous forests and farming areas. The introduction of exotic FGR to underpin plantation forestry was supported by tree breeding and improvement strategies, some of which have been tried only in Zimbabwe. Interventions in indigenous forests by the Forest Research Centre (FRC) were reinforced by international support that advocated for development projects with a community focus and improved outcomes for rural livelihoods. This narrative reflects on forest research and development in the country, its success and shortfalls, and provides lessons on forest management in a developing country with a modern industrial forest sector and an indigenous forest resource that has potential to improve livelihoods, and at the same time having intrinsic vulnerabilities that are leading to its degradation.

COVID-19 has dramatically affected every landscape on Earth, and the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) forest biodiversity is also affected by the local inhabitants and immigrants during the pandemic scenario, as they are still dependent upon the procurement of raw materials for their socioeconomic upliftment. The research aimed to determine the indeterminate sex ratios in M. esculenta by implying a stratified random sampling procedure with proportional allocation. Forest surveys were conducted during 2018-2020 and quadrats (each with an area of 400 m 2) were laid in various forest strata across the northwestern Himalayas (Uttarakhand, India). The anthropogenic stress encountered by this species was also observed and analysed to reveal the threats obstructing its perpetuity. To analyse and assess the impact of human intervention on the female trees of M. esculenta, a General Linear Model (GLM) was applied. Results revealed a ratio of 1.45 (Male:Female) was obtained, indicating the prevalence of a male-dominant population of M. esculenta across the northwestern Himalayas. The ANOVA (p = 0.008) suggested magnified anthropogenic stress upon females (average damage on female trees per 400 m 2 (Ŷ) = 0.64 ± 0.751) in 2020, where the estimator revealed an overall damage of 50.02% in the surveyed areas. The study provides a scenario defining the detrimental impact of lockdown on species-specific diversity levels in the Himalayas. It also suggests that managing and unearthing the sex ratio of already depleting resources is the key step for in situ and ex situ conservation programmes in M. esculenta.

Climate change posed a significant challenge in the West African Sahel, a region identified as one of the most vulnerable to climate change globally. Despite this vulnerability, the role of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in addressing climate change impacts has been underexplored. This study aimed to compile and analyze existing research highlighting the contribution of NTFPs in addressing climate change effects in the West African Sahel. The methodology employed in this study involved a systematic review of available data, drawing from various sources such as Google Scholar, Google, Z-library, Mendeley, and ResearchGate, covering the period from 2010 to 2023. The analysis revealed two primary categories of NTFPs based on their composition and societal utility: NTFPs of plant origin and NTFPs of animal origin. NTFPs made up approximately 3% of West Africa's GDP, with a significant impact on rural areas. They served as a crucial source of income for rural households in the Sahel, with some families earning up to USD 200 per month, constituting a substantial portion of their total income. The study identified various NTFPs and their roles in climate action in the West African Sahel. Examples included the leaves of baobab (Adansonia digitata), gum from Acacia senegal, Vitellaria paradoxa, and honey. These NTFPs enhanced community resilience by promoting food and nutrition security, income generation, and land conservation. Moreover, the study underscored the vital socioeconomic role of NTFPs in strengthening community resilience and their significant contributions to carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. Consequently, this review paper recommended the inclusion of NTFPs in the climate change policies and programs of the West African Sahel.

uring the development of this project we want to obtain an operational standardization of solar dryer that is located in the Hacienda La Cosmopolitan. During field work we found that the standardization process is required, especially with respect to the seed´s drying from cocoa, looking like high potential economic benefits product. To make this activity efficient, registration was necessary, variables such as temperature, time and humidity over a period of time one day to be able to abstract relevant information of climate behavior in that area. The temperature and humidity were measured with a device designed for that purpose and the information provided by the device in the temperature variable is corroborated by a maximum and minimum thermometer. According to the dryer´s state, it was redesigned in order to maximize space, provide better heat distribution, control humidity and standardize the process.

El presente trabajo es la primara aproximación acerca del papel de las plantas con órganos de almacenamiento subterráneos comestibles (POAS) en la Patagonia, desde una perspectiva temporal y espacial, al integrar datos etnohistóricos y etnográficos actuales ligados al uso de las POAS. El 75 % de las 54 fuentes analizadas mencionan el uso de POAS en la alimentación humana de la Patagonia. Las POAS silvestres comestibles registradas ascienden a 51 especies, siendo mayor el conjunto de POAS con raíces comestibles. La estepa y zonas ecotonales resultaron las de mayor riqueza de POAS, probablemente vinculado a adaptaciones ecológicas de éstas a la aridez en el primer caso, como a la alta diversidad relativa que presentan los ecotonos, en el segundo. El registro etnohistórico mostró discontinuidades marcadas, siendo pocas las especies presentes por más de un siglo, destacándose la continuidad documental de A. tuberosa desde el siglo XVIII al presente, así como la incorporación reciente de...

Fungi are one of the most important soil microorganisms due to their abundance and the importance of the ecosystem processes they carry out, like decomposition, nutrient cycling, and the establishment of biological interactions such as mycorrhizas. Fungi can be used as bioindicators because they are highly sensitive to alterations in their surroundings, thus being useful for monitoring ecological changes and effects of human activity on natural ecosystems. Nothofagus alpina (raulí) is an ecologically and economically important species of South American temperate forests. It is currently included in domestication and conservation programs, and provenance trials have been installed in different ecosystems of Patagonia. These trials are ideal for studying how tree genetics might influence the associated microbiota. Afforestation with fast-growing exotic conifers (mainly Pinus ponderosa) had been promoted as an important economic activity in Patagonia, but nowadays there is an increasing interest for the establishment of mix Pinus + Nothofagus plantations instead of monospecific Pinus stands and for using Pinus plantations as refugee for assisted Nothofagus migration. The main objective of this work was to explore the structure of different fungal communities in the rhizosphere of N. alpina with different genetic diversity (high, intermediate, and low) implanted under a native Nothofagus forest and a P. ponderosa plantation. Fingerprinting based on Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis revealed differences in the structure of the rhizosphere fungal communities. Some relationships between N. alpina genetic diversity and composition of rhizosphere fungal communities were observed. In the native forest, one of the provenances (intermediate genetic diversity) was associated with the highest richness of Basidiomycetes and total fungi. In addition, individual genetic parameters of N. alpina specimens implanted in the native forest significantly correlated with Ascomycetes richness. It was also found that Basidiomycetes were the dominating fungal taxa in the native forest, and Ascomycetes in the P. ponderosa plantation. Factors as soil physicochemical characteristics and the dominant forestry species, which provide different quantity and quality of litter inputs and are associated with different ectomycorrhizal fungi, seemed to be the main factors determining this significant difference between the native forest and the plantation. Beyond highlighting the potential of applying soil fungi as bioindicators, our study contributes to understanding the relationship between host genetics and rhizosphere fungi. This information is relevant not only for conservation and restoration programs, but also for taking management decisions related with sustainable forestry and domestication of native tree species.

• Forest restoration projects can derive great benefit from integrating climate modeling, functional trait analysis and genetic considerations in the selection of appropriate tree species and sources of forest reproductive material, for their critical importance for the delivery of ecosystem services and the viability and adaptive capacity of restored forests. • Targets in restoration projects are not only quantitative but also qualitative. There is need for political commitment to create demand for good quality forest reproductive material of native species through regulatory frameworks and resource allocations. • User friendly knowledge-based decision making tools need to be developed and mainstreamed to assist emerging restoration practitioners with the choice of tree species and sources of forest reproductive material. • Countries need to increase experimental field setups such as provenance and progeny trials for native species to validate decision tools and apply adaptive management under climate change. • Seed supply systems for restoration need to be diversified by involving and training stakeholders at different levels of society.

： Calorific values of plants are important indices for evaluating and reflecting material cycle and energy conversion in forest ecosystems. Based on the data of Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana) in southern China, the calorific values (CVs) and ash contents (ACs) of different plant organs were analyzed systematically using hypothesis test and regression analysis in this paper. The results show: (i) the CVs and ACs of different plant organs are almost significantly different, and the order by AFCV (ash-free calorific value) from the largest to the smallest is foliage (23.55 kJ/g), branches (22.25 kJ/g), stem bark (21.71 kJ/g), root (21.52 kJ/g) and stem wood (21.35 kJ/g); and the order by AC is foliage (2.35%), stem bark (1.44%), root (1.42%), branches (1.08%) and stem wood (0.33%); (ii) the CVs and ACs of stem woods on top, middle and lower sections are significantly different, and the CVs are increasing from top to lower sections of trunk while the ACs are decreasing; (iii) the mean GCV (gross calorific value) and AFCV of aboveground part are larger than those of belowground part (roots), and the differences are also statistically significant; (iv) the CVs and ACs of different organs are related, to some extent, to diameter, height and origin of the tree, but the influence degrees of the factors on CVs and ACs are not the same. Key words：Gross calorific value, Ash-free calorific value, Ash content, Hypothesis test, Regression analysis, Pinus massoniana

A simple and efficient cryopreservation protocol for coconut zygotic embryos has been developed. Embryos were inoculated in Petri dishes on medium containing 3.2 M glucose, which were placed in hermetically closed containers containing 80 or 160 g silica gel for 48 or 24 h. Moisture content of embryos at the end of this treatment varied between 0.25 and 0.65 g g −1 DW, depending on the accession. Embryos were then transferred for cryopreservation by rapid immersion of cryotubes in liquid nitrogen. After rapid re-warming, embryos were transferred to culture medium containing Eeuwens mineral elements for germination. This protocol was applied to ten accessions representative of coconut genetic diversity, with germination percentages of cryopreserved embryos between 13.7% and 74.7%.

† Background and Aims Preservation of cultivar purity creates a particular challenge for plants that are self-incompatible, require insects for cross-pollination, and have easily germinating seeds and vigorously spreading rhizomes. As the fields must be planted with mixed populations, and a balance must be maintained between the cultivars to achieve effective pollination, methods for field monitoring of the relative density of different cultivars must be practical. Furthermore, a DNA-based method is needed for cultivar verification in the collections and outside of the growing season. The aim of this study was to develop both types of methods for Rubus arcticus (arctic bramble). † Methods Morphological parameters were measured from six cultivars grown on three farms. Observations from the flowers and fruits included: petal and sepal number, flower diameter, arrangement of petals, size of calyx in relation to corolla, fruit weight, yield and soluble sugars. Observations from the leaves included: width and height of middle leaflet, shape of the base of terminal leaflet, shape of terminal leaflet, leaf margin serration and fingertip touch. The applicability of simple sequence repeat (SSR) or microsatellite DNA markers developed for red raspberry was tested on eight arctic bramble cultivars. † Key Results and Conclusions Morphological and molecular identification methods were developed for R. arcticus. The best morphological characteristics were the length-to-width ratio of the middle leaflet and leaf margin serration. A particular characteristic, fingertip touch, was shown by electron microscopy to be related to the density and quality of the leaf hairs. Red raspberry SSR marker no. 126 proved to be applicable for differentiation of the eight arctic bramble cultivars tested. These identification methods are critical to secure the maintenance and management of R. arcticus. However, the challenges faced and approaches taken are equally applicable to other species with similar biology.

Las especies introducidas generalmente son vistas como elementos disruptivos de una naturaleza prístina idealizada. Sin embargo, a través del estudio de las percepciones y prácticas locales en torno a frutales de origen eurasiático en distintos enclaves de Argentina (NOA y NEA respectivamente) se observa que las mismas son elementos constitutivos de ese estado considerado original. Mediante la metodología etnobotánica se relevaron las etnoespecies presentes, prácticas y saberes asociados con representantes del género Prunus en el noroeste y Citrus en el nordeste de Argentina. El análisis etnohistórico permitió identificar las especies introducidas y rutas de acceso, en tanto que la metodología ecológica fue útil para estudiar las poblaciones espontáneas de estos frutales. Se han identificado 9 etnoespecies (divididas en dos grupos de etnovariedades) de duraznos y 8 etnoespecies (que incluyen 27 etnovariedades) de cítricos presentes en las áreas mencionadas, las cuales son expresivas...

Les essais chêne-liège FAIR 202 offre à la communauté scientifique un matériel vivant UNIQUE dénominateur commun pour basé recherche TRANSNATIONAL, MULTI/ INTERDISCIPLINAIR et AVANCÉ sur des sujets comme la sélection, amélioration génétique, adaptation aux changements globaux (usage de l’eau, eficace photosyntetique, variabilité dans retention de CO2, etc), consanguinité et diversité génetique, susceptibilité aux insects et maladies, mechanisms de formation et qualité du liège et la respective GENOMIQUE -.http://www.rencontre-medsuber.com/dmediafiles/biblio/2011oral19.pdf

La provincia de Santa Cruz cuenta con una superficie de 243.943 km², es la segunda con mayor extensión territorial del país, luego de la provincia de Buenos Aires. De acuerdo a su extensión presenta un bajo grado de ocupación-8,8 % de la superficie-con una población de 273.964 habitantes según resultados del Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010, lo que arroja una densidad poblacional de 1,1 habitante por km 2. El 96 % de los habitantes de la provincia habitan en centros urbanos consolidados durante el siglo xx mediante políticas de impulso a la explotación de los recursos naturales. Esto dio lugar a un sistema de asentamientos de dispersa localización que dificulta la comunicación dentro del territorio provincial. La población actualmente se concentra en 14 ciudades, 6 comisiones de fomento y algunos asentamientos. Según datos del Programa de Asistencia Técnica para el Desarrollo del Sector Minero Argentino, el Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria y el Consejo Agrario Provincial, el 99,6 % del territorio de Santa Cruz está distribuido en explotaciones agropecuarias (EAPs) de más de 2.500 ha. Las EAPs con superficies menores a 100 ha están ubicadas en el oeste de la provincia, en la zona cordillerana o en espacios periurbanos, y son denominadas catastralmente, en los municipios de la zona, como "chacras". El área abordada en este artículo se ubica en el sudoeste santacruceño sobre el lecho cordillerano,

Products and services provided by trees in forests and farmland support the needs and promote the wellbeing of hundreds of millions of people in the tropics. Value depends on managing both the diversity of tree species present in landscapes and the genetic variation within these species. The benefits from trees and their genetic resources are, however, often not well quantified because trade is frequently outside formal markets, there is a multiplicity of species and ways in which trees are used and managed, and genetic diversity within species is frequently not given proper consideration. We review here what is known about the value of trees to rural communities through considering three production categories: non-timber products harvested from trees in natural and managed forests and woodlands; the various products and services obtained from a wide range of trees planted and/or retained in smallholders' agroforestry systems; and the commercial products harvested from cultivated tree commodity crops. Where possible, we focus on the role of intra-specific genetic variation in providing support to livelihoods, and for each of the three production categories we also consider wider conservation and sustainability issues, including the linkages between categories in terms of management. Challenges to 'conventional wisdom' on tree resource use, value and management-such as in the posited links between commercialisation, cultivation and conservation-are highlighted, and constraints and opportunities to maintain and enhance value are described.

ÖZET: Karışık meşcereler ülkemiz ormancılığı için önemli meşcere yapılarıdır. Ülkemizde karışık meşcereler çoğunlukla verimli ormanlardır ve verimli ormanların üçte birini oluşturmaktadırlar. Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) ile Anadolu karaçamı [Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe] doğal karışık meşcereleri Toros dağlarında ekonomik ve biyolojik çeşitlilik bakımından önemli karışımlardır. Yarı ışık ağacı olan Anadolu karaçamı gençlikte gölgeli ortam tercih etmektedir. Kızılçam, meşcerede her durumda ışık isteği yüksek olan ağaç türlerinden birisidir. Bu çalışmada kızılçam ve Anadolu karaçamı karışık meşcerelerinde ağaç türlerinin biyolojik bağımsızlığa ulaşma yaşları tespit edilerek, uygun gençleştirme yönteminin belirlenmesine katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla Isparta Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü alanlarında, değişik özellikte meşcere kuruluşuna sahip karışık meşcerelerden 20 adet örnek alan seçilmiştir. 300 kızılçam ve 300 Anadolu karaçamı olmak üzere toplam 600 ağaçta biyolojik bağımsızlığa (50, 75 ve 100 cm boya) ulaşma yaşı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kızılçam bireyleri 50 ve 100 cm boya 5 ve 11 yılda, Anadolu karaçamı bireyleri ise 9 ve 13 yılda ulaşmaktadır. Ayrıca 80 cm boya ortalama ulaşma süresi kızılçamda 8, Anadolu karaçamında ise 10 yıldır. Kızılçam-Anadolu karaçamı karışık meşcerelerinde gerçekleştirilecek doğal gençleştirme çalışmalarında, Anadolu karaçamına kızılçama göre 2 yıl yaş-boy üstünlüğü vermek, kararlaştırılan meşcere kuruluşlarının tesisine yardımcı olacaktır.

En la Pampa argentina son escasos los casos documentados de productores agroecológicos. En el campo "Monte Callado", pampa austral, un productor familiar desarrolla desde 2001 una experiencia agroecológica inspirada en la agricultura natural de Fukuoka. Aquí caracterizamos sus principales aspectos ecológico-productivos y socio-económicos, y evaluamos preliminarmente su grado de autonomía (período 2014-2018). Se utilizó información cartográfica, entrevistas y se relevaron indicadores de biodiversidad. Se determinó un alto grado de diversificación e integración de subsistemas, y rasgos que favorecen la viabilidad socioeconómica. Se registraron 11 cultivos extensivos, 31 hortícolas y 18 frutales. Cuenta con ganado vacuno para cría e invernada, aves, cerdos y vacas lecheras. No se utilizaron agroquímicos. La producción intensiva se destina mayormente al autoconsumo. La harina de trigo es la principal salida del sistema y principal ingreso monetario. La alta autosuficiencia alimentaria, el bajo uso de insumos externos y la comercialización directa en canales cortos son rasgos de una alta autonomía. Este caso evidencia la conveniencia del modelo agroecológico en pampa austral.

Twenty five candidate plus clumps of Dendrocalamus strictus were collected from 7 locations of Tamil Nadu and assembled in the mother nursery at Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam. Studies were undertaken during 1997-1999 in the mother nursery at six months after planting to estimate genetic divergence through principal component analysis. Principal component analysis grouped 25 clones into 5 non-overlapping clusters. The maximum intra-cluster distance of 2.53 was observed within the cluster IV. The maximum inter-cluster distance of 6.89 was observed between cluster I and cluster II. Maximum cluster mean performance was observed in cluster IV.

Etik Beyan | Ethics Statement Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde etik ilkelere uyulmuştur | Ethical principles were followed during the preparation of this study Etik Kurul Belgesi | Ethics Committee Approval Makale, Etik Kurul Belgesi gerektirmemektedir | Article does not require an Ethics Committee Approval.

Thirty four candidate plus clumps of Bambusa bambos were selected from 17 locations of Tamil Nadu and assembled in the mother nursery at Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam. Studies were undertaken in the mother nursery at six months after planting to elicit information on the correlation and path coefficients of Bambusa bambos. The characters leading shoot length, average shoot length, number of internodes per shoot, average internodal length, average culm diameter, leaf length and leaf width were found to be positively correlated with number of culms. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the average internodal length, leading shoot length, average shoot length, leading shoot diameter, average culm diameter have both direct and indirect effect on number of culms at six months after planting.

Magyarországon az akác (Robinia pseudoacacia) az egyik legfontosabb állományalkotó egzóta fafaj. Jelentôsége sok más országban is növekszik. Új szelekciós program eredményeként nyolc akácklónt állítottunk elô klónkísérletek és magtermesztô ültetvények létesítése céljából. A tanulmányban mikroszaporítással elôállított akácklónok fiatalkori növekedését és törzsminôségét vizsgáltuk két klónkísérletben homoki termôhelyeken. Tízéves korban az 'MB17D3/4', az 'MB17D3/10', valamint a 'PV 201E2/4' jelû klónok bizonyultak a legígéretesebbeknek a minôségi fatermesztés számára. A szövettenyésztéses szaporítási eljárás megfelelô eszköznek tekinthetô kiváló minôségû egyedek klónos elszaporítására, új távlatokat nyitva a kiválasztott genotípusok gyors és tömeges klónozására.

SZAKMAI BESZÁMOLÓ Citokininek hatásvizsgálata alma in vitro hajtásregenerációjában Kutatási programunknak két fő célkitűzése volt: 1. Különböző citokininek hajtásregenerációban játszott szerepének szerv-illetve szövetszintű vizsgálata hat almafajta (nemes és alany) esetében. 2. Különböző alma genotípusok jellemzése molekuláris markerekkel. Szakmai beszámolónkban is e felosztás alapján ismertetjük az elvégzett kutatómunkát és annak eredményeit.

Efecto del manitol y el nitrato de plata en la conservación in vitro 167 ARTÍCULO CORTO Efecto del manitol y el nitrato de plata en la conservación in vitro de la malanga (Xanthosoma spp.) Mannitol and silver nitrate effect of taro (Xanthosoma spp.) in vitro conservation

Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) under grant number 2010/254-772 awarded me with a generous research grant which enabled me to travel to my study area and implement my dissertation research successfully. I also received conference travel grants from both the MPC and FZS which allowed me to present some of my research findings at prestigious conferences. Additionally, I received an imagery grant from the DigitalGlobe Foundation which enabled me to perform land cover analysis, thus making my research more interdisciplinary. Other funding sources from the UMN which contributed to my education include the Institute on the Environment (IonE), The Council of Graduate Students (COGS), Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Development (IPID), and the Department of Natural Resources Science and Management. These funds enabled me not only to complete my doctoral studies successfully but also to develop vi professionally in natural resources science and management and other related fields. I am forever grateful for this support. Once again, my deepest appreciation goes to all for being part of my journey during my doctoral studies. Not only do I feel that I gained quality relationships with everyone who has been part of my life, but also that they all became like friends and family. During six intensive and demanding academic years, I have enjoyed celebrating Christmas, Thanksgiving, and many other celebrations with many of them. As we say in my native language, "Asanteni sana na Mungu awabariki"-Thank you very much and may the Lord God bless you! vii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my parents and siblings. Their love and support have always been the backbone for my persistence in longing for greater achievements.

Dedico este texto a los gauchos indómitos, 1 entre los que se encuentran según mi propio panteón, Juan Carlos Garavaglia, y a mi tía Anita Bugallo que en mi infancia me mostró en su pago de Los Toldos, lo maravilloso de la vida buscando los huevos de las gallinas. 1. Tomo prestada esta caracterización del libro de Ezequiel Adamovsky de reciente publicación.

During our country-wide fish faunistic surveys several pike individuals were collected, which can be charecterised by stripped (non-dotted) body pattern, and their scale number on the lateral line is lower than it is indicated at the E. lucius. These features are similar to those detected at the newly described Esox species from French and Italian waters. Therefore the existence of a distinct pike clade is supposed from the Carpathian waters. To clear the phylogenetic and taxonomic position of this supposed new clade, age determination and comprehensive morphometric and genetic researches are needed. Kivonat Az országos léptékű halállomány-felméréseink során számos esetben fogtunk atipikus megjelenésű csukákat. Az egyedek mintázata és oldalvonalbeli pikkelyszáma eltért az E. lucius fajnál megadottaktól, viszont nagyban hasonlóak az olasz és francia vizekből újonnan leírt csukafajokéhoz. Emiatt egy különálló csuka klád jelenlétét valószínűsítjük a magyar vizekből. Ugyanakkor a csoport eredetének, illetve filogenetikai és taxonómiai helyzetének tisztázására célzott morfológiai, kormeghatározási és genetikai vizsgálatok lesznek szükségesek

evergreen broad-leaved tree. The species is long lived (200–250 years), commonly growing to a height of 15–20 m but it can reach 25 m under ideal conditions. Stem diameter at breast height can reach more than 200 cm. The bark is up to 20 cm thick, porous and furrowed, with deep longitudinal fissures. The thick dermal system protects the trees from forest fires. Leaves are alternate, simple and with the margin entire or with 4–7 pairs of acute teeth. They fall during the second year (13–23 months after leaf flush). Cork oak is wind pollinated and has predominantly separate male and female flowers on the same plant. Male inflorescences are long, pedunculate and arise from the axillary buds of the previous year’s branches. Female EUFORGEN

The topic of great interest for the national public education in Morocco and the international community because it addresses an issue from a forest which is considered the largest cork oak forest plains in the world but unfortunately who knows many difficulties for the rescue and conservation. Also, it is time that senior officials out of their ivory tower and think about the role of the forest in the socioeconomic development of local people and maintaining quality environment. The article starts after a diagnosis of the situation with a few suggestions to consider in the design of any development strategy that would save the forest of Maâmora foundering.

Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’nin ilk orman amenajman planının düzenlendiği Hendek Mustafa Şeref Bey Ormanı için 1917-2015 döneminde yapılan sekiz orman amenajman planının teknik ve yapısal değişimlerinin karşılaştırmalı olarak ortaya konulmasıdır. Bu değişimler; planların dayandığı yasal düzenlemeler, haritaların oluşturulması ve envanter yöntemleri ile planlama ilkeleri ve faydalanmanın düzenlenmesi bakımlarından değerlendirilmiştir. Planlar, ilk amenajman planı, istikşafı planlar, kat’i planlar, yaş sınıfları metoduna göre klasik ve ekosistem tabanlı planlar olmak üzere beş kategoriye ayrılmıştır. Planlamaların farklı dört kanun ve altı alt mevzuata göre yapıldığı belirlenmiştir. Plan ünitesinde sınırlar ve alan yedi kez önemli değişikliğe uğramıştır. İç taksimatı oluşturmada üç temel haritalama tekniği kullanılmıştır. Örnekleme yöntemi olarak bölmecik alan değerlendirmesi, tecrübe şeritleri, sistematik ve rastgele örnekleme kullanılmıştır. Amenajman metodu olarak yaş ve çap sınıflar...

São descritos alguns aspectos evolutivos e conceituais da domesticação de plantas e sua relação com a agricultura e com a agrossilvicultura, alguns fatores que estabelecem e vinculam a fitodomesticação com os sistemas agroflorestais e suas possibilidades culturais, assim como contextos brasileiros e argentinos em relação ao tema.

Bu çalışma, yarı dairesel mikrohavza su hasadı tekniği ile toprağın su tutma kapasitesini iyileştirici bazı uygulamaların zeytin fidan gelişimine etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Deneme tesadüf blokları deneme deseninde kurulmuş olup fidanların dikimi 2014 yılı Kasım ayında, yarı dairesel (kaş) tipi mikrohavza su hasadı seddeleri ise 2015 yılı Mayıs ayında yapılmıştır. Deneme konuları; A Kontrol konusu: Dar çukura yöresel dikim, B konusu: Taşlardan ayıklanmış toprağa dikim (1x1x1 m'lik fidan çukuruna), C konusu: B konusu toprağına 50 kg O.G. (organik materyal) eklenmiş fidan çukuruna dikim. D konusu: C konusu toprağına 250 gr polimer (su tutucu) ilave edilmesi, E konusu: C konusu toprağına 500 gr polimer ilave edilmesi ile oluşturulmuştur. Konu toprakların nem içerikleri 25 cm ve 75 cm derinliğe yerleştirilen nem sensörleriyle saatlik olarak toprak nemleri ölçülmüş ayrıca yağış, hava sıcaklığı, nispi nem ve rüzgâr hızı deneme alanına kurulan meteoroloji istasyonu ile ölçülmekte ve internet ortamında izlenmektedir. Denemenin 1. yılı sonu 2015 yılı Ekim ayında ölçülen fidan gövde çapları kesit alanı istatistik analize tabi tutulmuş ve konular arası fark %95 güvenle önemli bulunmuştur. Buna göre konuların ortalama fidan gövde çap kesit alanları sırasıyla, D: 133.09 mm 2 , E: 105.48 mm 2 , C: 98.98 mm 2 , B: 94.27 mm 2 ve A konusu 77.95 mm 2 olmuştur. 2016 yılı sonunda da fidanların gövde kesit alanları arasındaki fark istatistiki olarak %95 güvenle önemli olurken, D konusu 459.98 mm2 ile yine ilk sırada yer almış bunu sırasıyla B: 445.14. mm2, E: 432.94 mm2, C: 404.35 mm2 ve A konusu 206.67 mm 2 takip etmiştir. Projenin iki yılı sonunda zeytin fidanların gövde kesit alanı artışı istatistiksel olarak önemli çıkmış olup D konusu ilk sırada yer almıştır. Yörede yeni dikilen zeytin fidanların sulama olmadan yetişmediği dikkate alındığında mikrohavza su hasadı tekniğinin ve toprağın su tutma kapasitesini iyileştirici etmenlerin fidan gelişimine olumlu etkileri olmuştur.

Although the main goal of traditional farming is to produce food, it can play an important role in conservation of genetic resources. This paper reports a study, which explored the diversity of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars grown by farmers and their preferences for different cultivars. The possibilities of using farms as sites for conserving genetic resources are discussed. The data for the study were collected from personal interviews that involved randomly selected date palm farmers in the Northern State and River Nile State, Sudan. Ordered and binary logit models were used to account for possible factors influencing the diversity of cultivars grown by farmers and preferences for different cultivars, respectively. The results showed that the cultivars grown by the respondents vary widely. On average, the Northern State respondents grew twice the number of cultivars as those in the River Nile State. Of all the date palm cultivars, the Barakawi was the most preferred. The diversity of the cultivars grown by the respondents and their preferences were mainly influenced by factors, such as farm location, drought, uses of date palm, years of farming experience, education, income from date palm and household size. The findings will help in designing a more sustainable date palm breeding program, as well as a genetic resources conservation strategy.

uring the development of this project we want to obtain an operational standardization of solar dryer that is located in the Hacienda La Cosmopolitan. During field work we found that the standardization process is required, especially with respect to the seed´s drying from cocoa, looking like high potential economic benefits product. To make this activity efficient, registration was necessary, variables such as temperature, time and humidity over a period of time one day to be able to abstract relevant information of climate behavior in that area. The temperature and humidity were measured with a device designed for that purpose and the information provided by the device in the temperature variable is corroborated by a maximum and minimum thermometer. According to the dryer´s state, it was redesigned in order to maximize space, provide better heat distribution, control humidity and standardize the process.

Jelen tanulmány a Pilis délnyugati lábánál levő homoki gyertyános-tölgyeseinek (Corydali pumilae-Carpinetum) és cseres-tölgyesek (Fraxino orno-Quercetum cerridis) társulási viszo­nyait mutatja be 10-10 cönológiai felvétel alapján. A gyertyános-tölgyesek faji összetételére a Fagetalia ele­mek viszonylag magas aránya jellemző. Lokálisan nevezetes fajai a Veratrum nigrum, a Piptatherum virescens, a Primula veris, a Scilla vindononensis, a Lilium martagon és a Sorbus aria agg. A nevezetes ritka­ságokat az Aconitum vulparia, a Galanthus nivalis, az Epipactis helleborine agg., az Omphalodes scor­pioides, a Geranium lucidum, a Berberis vulgaris, a Sorbus domestica és a Waldsteinia geoides képviseli. A cseres-tölgyesekre elsősorban a Quercetea pubescentis-petraeae s.l. elemek magas aránya jellemző. Lokálisan jellemző fajai az Anthericum ramosum, a Digitalis grandiflora, az Iris variegata, a Piptatherum virescens és a Primula veris. Egyéb nevezetes ritkaságok az Achillea distans, a Dictamnus...

Karışık meşcereler ülkemiz ormancılığı için önemli meşcere yapılarıdır. Ülkemizde karışık meşcereler çoğunlukla verimli ormanlardır ve verimli ormanlarının üçte birini oluşturmaktadırlar. Bununla birlikte, bu meşcerelerde ormancılar tarafından yapılan gençleştirme çalışmaları saf meşcereler kadar başarılı değildir. Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) ile Anadolu karaçamı [Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe] doğal karışık meşcereleri Toros dağlarında ekonomik ve biyolojik çeşitlilik bakımından önemli karışımlardır. Anadolu karaçamı ışık isteyen bir ağaç türü olması yanı sıra gençlikte gölgeli ortam tercih etmektedir.  Kızılçam, meşcere de her durumda ışık isteği yüksek olan ağaç türlerinden birisidir. Bu yüzden kızılçam ve Anadolu karaçamı karışık meşcereleri aynı yılda gençleştirilememektedir. Bu çalışma ile kızılçam ve Anadolu karaçamı karışık meşcerelerinde ağaç türlerinin biyolojik bağımsızlığa ulaşma yaşları tespit edilerek, uygun gençleştirme yönteminin belirlenmesi amaçlan...

Biografía de los autores Claudio Bertonatti: Museólogo, naturalista y docente. Doctor honoris causa de la Universidad Maimónides e investigador de su Centro de Ciencias Naturales, Ambientales y Antropológicas. Hizo dos posgrados: uno en Management Ambiental y otro en Jardines Botánicos Históricos.