Fish Sauce

In a number of Southeast Asian countries and China, fish sauce and soy sauce produced at the industrial level are fortified with iron. Unfortunately, the food producers and regulatory agencies implementing fortification programs do not always have the capacity to monitor the programs on an ongoing basis. To assess a new portable device for the quantitative measurement of iron content of fortified sauces that could be used to control fortification levels. The linearity, detection limits, and inter- and intraassay variability of this device were assessed on fish sauce and soy sauce fortified with ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, and sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA); the accuracy of the results was determined by comparing them with the results obtained by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Measurements required a minimum incubation time of 1 hour for iron sulfate or iron fumarate and 24 hours for NaFeEDTA. Linearity of the results ranged from 2 to 10 mg iron/L for...

Buduk is a fish sauce prepared by fermenting fresh small fish with various ingredients such as sugar,roasted rice, vinegar or wine. This study was aimed to assess the physicochemical and microbiologicalproperties of commercial buduk in the Province of West Kalimantan. The Buduk had pH 5-55, moisture52.35%, salt 1.96%, titrated acid 10.80%, free amino nitrogen 1.83 mmol/g, free fatty acid 17.96%, ethanol0.95%, total of mesophilic bacteria 4.81 log CFU/g and lactic acid bacteria 2.09 CFU/g, but no pathogenicbacteria detected. Each commercial buduk showed different physicochemical properties probably causedby variation in recipe of each producer. The microbiological properties did not significantly different but theTMAB found more than the threshold value indicating

O território algarvio constitui uma realidade geográfica individualizada e diversificada, uma vez que se encontra bem delimitada pelo mar, a sul, e pela serra, a norte. Não foi por mero acaso que a posição estratégica no caminho das rotas marítimas entre o Mediterrâneo e o Atlântico influenciasse a escolha da cidade de Ossonoba. O registo de achados, epígrafes e as várias intervenções arqueológicas efectuadas na malha urbana da cidade de Faro ao longo de mais de um século permitem-nos ter uma ideia, ainda que escassa, da extensão e topografia da cidade romana de Ossonoba. Para a realização deste trabalho foi utilizado o suporte digital para a informação espacial, os chamados SIG (Sistemas de Informação Geográfica), cuja implementação permitiu obter um circuito da outrora cidade de Ossonoba, delimitando a paisagem urbana da cidade bem como das respectivas edificações romanas descobertas até então.

Gadir/Gades, fue, sin dudas, la ciudad portuaria más importante del Mediterráneo Occidental en diacronía, desde momentos fenicios arcaicos hasta al menos época antonina o primo-severiana. Estudios de los últimos años han permitido la actualización de nuestro conocimiento sobre su sistema portuario, cuya síntesis, con nuevos datos, se presenta en estas páginas. En primer lugar, se analizan los embarcaderos romanos conocidos en la bahía, que son dos actualmente (“Los Cargaderos”, de época flavia, una plataforma en el saco interior de la bahía realizada con ánforas reutilizadas; y el “Depósito de Tormentas”, una zona de interconexión de la costa norte de la isla Antipolis -actual San Fernando- con el litoral entre época tardopúnica y el Alto Imperio). Y en segundo término, analizando y discutiendo las evidencias del puerto principal de Cádiz, tan importante en el comercio de redistribución atlántico-mediterráneo. Por un lado, los datos aportados por las fuentes clásicas (Estrabón básicamente), que aluden al famoso Portus Gaditanus construido por Cornelio Balbo el menor en la zona continental, y a un dique existente en el puerto urbano, desde el cual Posidonio estudió las mareas. En segundo término, las evidencias arqueológicas conocidas, antiguas y recientes, que permiten aproximarnos a la antigua fisonomía del puerto y de sus infraestructuras terrestres asociadas: desde el importante faro (o faros) de Cádiz, conocido por grafitos de época tardorromana (s. V d.C.) y citado recurrentemente por fuentes medievales cristianas e islámicas (ss. VIII-XIV); pasando por algunas excavaciones preventivas que han permitido verificar la existencia de orillas monumentalizadas entre las islas (resultado de la llamada cura riparum); al hallazgo reciente del llamado Testaccio haliéutico de Gades, un vertedero periurbano gestionado por el municipium, muy vinculado a los menesteres portuarios. Especialmente relevantes son las investigaciones geoarqueológicas de los últimos años bajo el Edificio Valcárcel, frente a la playa de La Caleta, que han permitido renovar el conocimiento de la paleotopografía del archipiélago, manteniéndose actualmente el carácter insular de la ciudad a lo largo de toda la Antigüedad, con las estructuras portuarias a ambos lados del estrecho interinsular que separaba la isla mayor (Cotinusa) de la menor (Eritía); y habiendo descubierto la existencia de un importante archivo sedimentario muy profundo (entre 25 y 50 m de profundidad bajo la rasante actual) plagado de evidencias arqueológicas y ecofactos, en fase de estudio actualmente.

This paper aims at analyzing some of the epigraphic evidence of women mobility in the provinces of Britannia, and in the Hispanic provinces of Lusitania and Baetica. Epigraphic evidence from these regions of the Roman Empire will be compared, so as to determine whether or not there are any major differences and specificities to the patterns of migration of women in these places. The end goal of this essay being to provide further enquiry and consideration on female mobility, on women's lives, and thus on provincial Roman society overall. Whereas travelling in large numbers, according to epigraphic evidence, and doing so mostly through marriage, the women of the Roman period have not deserved the same attention by historians, as their male counterparts, for quite some time; something which has changed in the last couple of decades. Transversally through the entire Roman period, and according to the current evidence, women of diverse social standings, and origins in the Empire, have left marks of their dislocations through letters, the more than occasional ex votum, as well as epitaphic and celebratory sources, among others. This study aims at looking at a few of these pieces of evidence in the roman provinces of Britannia, Baetica and Lusitania, under a comparative framework; the ultimate goal being to understand whether there are any real differences in migration patterns, and in the lives of female migrants in Hispania and the northern part of the Empire, across different chronological phases. In looking at the written evidence of a few women, and attempting to find similarities and distinctions in both social status, religious practices, family and interpersonal relationships, this paper hopes to draw a localized contribution to the mapping of female movement in the Roman period. The state of research on female mobility There is among the authors who have researched female mobility a consensus that men were usually more mobile than women, given the social constraints to female mobility, such as the ones of domesticity and stability, present all through the classic and late periods. (Stephen Castles, Hein de Haas, and Mark J. Miller, 1993: 8-9).

The Nido del Cuervo site (Águilas, Spain) has traditionally been interpreted as one of just a few Late Republican Roman lead ingot carrying wrecks, due to the exceptional discovery of 15 Roman ingots at the site. Although the remains were never published, the original excavation report indicated a consistent cargo of Dressel 1C and Dressel 28 amphorae and suggested that the ship sank around 60-50 BC. This study involves the review of all the unpublished preserved remains recovered from the site, with the caveat that no section of a ship's hull has been documented, and challenging the assumption that these amphorae were part of the cargo of a single ship. Much of the materials thought to be Republican are, in fact, Imperial or Late Roman. The reinterpretation of the context suggests that some of the materials may belong to a late 1st-century BC wreck.

No conjunto da obra pioneira de cartogra a arqueológica do Algarve realizada por Estácio da Veiga, o tema da produção de preparados de peixe constituiu um elemento destacado, sobretudo por se tratar de um tema habitualmente pouco explorado. O facto de o Algarve viver nos meados e segunda metade do séc. XIX um período de particular orescimento das pescas explicará a atenção que o autor lhe concedeu. Legou-nos um levantamento extenso de locais com unidades de produção de preparados de peixe de época romana que, no entanto, presumia remontarem a épocas anteriores. No essencial, a perspectiva de Estácio da Veiga era a da existência de uma longuíssima tradição de exploração de recursos marinhos, que os romanos se tinham limitado a aproveitar e continuar. Esta interpretação, que atravessa outros domínios da sua obra, insere-se no paradigma romântico / nacionalista de rejeição do período romano, entendido como um hiato entre os primitivos lusitanos e os portugueses de época medieval, igualmente presente em outros autores da sua época. Contudo, a dimensão positivista da sua obra, manifestada sobretudo nos métodos, constitui um inestimável legado, pelo volume de informação concreta, devidamente registada e cartografada. Apresenta ainda interessantes interpretações sobre as causas da destruição de muitas das unidades de produção de preparados de peixe, atribuídas a causas naturais abrasão marinha, na senda das propostas da moderna geologia, e não a terramotos e outras catástrofes, como habitualmente se fazia.

In this 180-day study, commercial Protex 51FP enzyme effects as a starter culture on anchovy fish sauce fermentation were investigated. Three fish source fermentation groups, including a control group (the anchovy with 25% of salt addition), E group (the anchovy with 25% of salt and 1% of Protex 51FP addition), and E (-s) group (the anchovy with 1% of Protex 51FP and after 6 hours with 25% of salt), were compared. The fish sauce fermentation groups were sampled, packed into glass jars (10 liters), and covered by a lid at ambient temperature (22 - 30°C) for 180 days. Three commercial fish sauces were also included as nutritional references. The results showed that the addition of Protex 51FP achieved positive results of total nitrogen content and amino acids compared to the control samples (p<0.05). These values were competitive with commercial product figures. Total amino acids in 8000mg/100ml fish sauce were significantly higher than those in the control. There were rich in esse...

Arte e Arqueologia e Ciências do Património ___________________________________________________ RESUMO A edificação do Castelo de Cacela na época medieval islâmica esteve intimamente relacionada com a relação estratégica do lugar, com a navegabilidade do antigo rio de Faro, actualmente integrado no sistema lagunar da ria Formosa e com a proximidade e acesso ao rio Guadiana. A actividade portuária colocou o castelo de Cacela na rede de navegação do golfo ibero-marroquino, tendo atingido o seu momento mais alto de crescimento demográfico no período almóada, a partir da segunda metade do século XII até à conquista cristã. O castelo de Cacela foi conquistado pelas milícias da ordem de Santiago em 1238-1240, acção que isolou o território algarvio dos restantes reinos muçulmanos ibéricos. O Algarve foi integrado no reino de Portugal após a queda de Faro em 1249. Desde então, o progressivo assoreamento do sistema lagunar, influenciado pela actividade humana, reduziu a navegabilidade nos esteiros, tendo consequências na actividade portuária de Cacela, cuja função foi alterada para a vigilância costeira.

Resumo: O estudo da coleção malacológica recuperada na campanha arqueológica de 1998, no vicus maritimae Cerro da Vila, demonstra que a pesca de bivalves seria mais rentável do que a de gastrópodes. Entre o séc. I e meados do II d.C. a Fábrica I (UA.H) focou a sua atividade essencialmente no processamento de Ostras-redondas e Amêijoas-boas. Esta especialização alterou-se a partir do reinado de Antoninus Pius, quando se iniciou a produção em larga escala de preparados marinhos centrados no berbigão. Argumenta-se que, a percentagem residual de gastrópodes atestada no acervo conquífero romano do Cerro da Vila, não permite sustentar a proposta sobre a produção de purpurae sugerida para a Fábrica III (UA.J). O modelo económico centrado na captura e processamento de moluscos, aliado à manufatura de preparados como o garum, liquamen, muria, allec ou laccatum, permitiu fixar população e recursos económicos transformando o modesto núcleo piscícola num dos entrepostos comerciais secundários mais importantes do centro sul lusitano.

The current investigation focuses on the rare epigraphic attestations of negotiatorii allecarii. Trying to distinguish why this occupational title is attested only in the context of Germania Inferior, we analyse the etymology of the word and its evolution into late antique and medieval Latin, the specificities of the allec trade, and the merchants' attestations within the context of the region's and the province's occupational epigraphy. The conclusions lead to placing the rare attestations of this trading specialization at the intersection of local consumption and epigraphic habits alike.

Fish bone assemblages are described that were recently discovered in the storage area of two rooms, dated to the 7th century AD, from the monastery of Bawit, Egypt. The species composition, the reconstructed sizes of the fi sh and the fi nd contexts show that this material represents pickled fi sh (salsamenta). In one case this product was made of medium-sized Clarias catfi sh, whereas another assemblage, found inside an amphora, consisted of small-sized fi sh, mainly cyprinids and alestiids. The latter product was stored in a Late Roman ...

This synthesis undertakes the diachronic analysis of palaeocontents of the amphorae produced in the south of the Iberian Peninsula in Antiquity. This includes Punic finds in the coastal areas and Turdetanian containers in the interior regions and the major fluvial valleys, the direct forerunners of the economic growth and agricultural boom experienced in the conventus Gaditanus and the Guadalquivir valley from the 1st century BC onwards.

The roman city of Balsa is mentioned in classical literary sources (Pliny, N.H., 4, 116-118; Mela, 3,7; Ptl. Geog. 2, 5,2; Marc. 2,13; It. Ant. 426, 1; Raven. 306, 10) and in the epigraphy collected in the areas of the Torre d' Aires farm and in the ancient Quinta das Antas, near Luz de Tavira, on the banks of the Ria Formosa. The site was definitively identified with this location in 1866, by the Portuguese archaeology pioneer Estácio da Veiga. Extensive excavations were carried out at the site, namely in the northern necropolis of the town. Estácio da Veiga collected there very significant and reference archaeological finds in Portuguese Roman archaeology. Only more than a century later, archaeological excavations were once again carried out at the Quinta da Torre d' Aires, where some badly preserved ruins of the ancient city were found. In parallel, the archaeological finds that were mainly deposited in the National Museum of Archaeology were gradually studied. Due to their variety and richness, Balsa became more and more a reference in national archaeology. The agricultural activities in the field and the mobilization of land inevitably led to the destruction of some parts of the city, amplifying in the media an image of a remarkable city, almost mythical, of which little was known, and which was being destroyed according to economic interests. An illusory memory of the city was built, culminating with the publication, in 2007, of the book "Balsa, Cidade Perdida" (Balsa, Lost City), which, based on very scarce archaeological evidence, reconstitutes the city of Balsa as a regional mega city 47 hectares in size. From 2019, a scientific project led by the University of Algarve is created, with the aim of demystifying the idea of a great "lost city", sometimes destroyed, sometimes hidden, and which fundamentally aimed to clarify questions about the urbanism of the city, to know its real size and topography, as well as to evaluate what the subsoil still preserved.
The relevance of Balsa as well as its maritime nature is immediately demonstrated by the rich and varied remains which have been accumulating since the 19th century. If fieldwork on the land where Balsa was located has been very scarce, making the knowledge and interpretation of the site difficult, the study of its remains gives us a relatively developed idea about the commercial dynamics and daily life of this port city from the end of the 1st century BC until the 6th-7th centuries. The epigraphic data and the diversified origin of its finds reveal a population strongly connected to the Mediterranean maritime trade, while the ceramic studies show the profile of consumption and supply markets. The great development of this municipium of the Flavian period is centred between the middle of the 1st century and the 2nd century. We do not know what happened in the last third of the 2nd century, where the archaeological record reveals a catastrophic period with the collapse of many public buildings and massive destruction. In the 3rd century, there is a certain resurgence with the reconstruction of buildings which reuse materials from previous constructions, although many buildings are not rebuilt. The economic profile of the city, more than before, is very much based on the fish processing industries that occupy vast areas, including areas relatively close to the forum. From the middle of the IV century this activity loses dynamism, although the city remains with some population in the following centuries to the end of the Roman Empire.
In recent years within the framework of the project led by the University of Algarve Balsa, searching the Origins of Algarve (SAICT-ALG/39581/2018), extensive non-invasive geophysical prospection works through GPR and geomagnetism were carried out. Simultaneously archaeological excavations were carried out which allowed to know the limits of the Roman city, better understand its urban structure and the degree of preservation of its remains. It is thus known that the city has a dimension that does not exceed 10 hectares, surrounded by several villae whose vestiges were in the past confused with the urban area. The forum was located at the hill nowadays occupied by the houses of the Quinta da Torre d' Aires and relatively near the port. From this civic center, the city developed mainly to the east in an extension of about 400 meters along the lagoon system of the Ria Formosa. The circus mentioned in the epigraphy was located at this limit, about 200 meters north of the lagoon system. To the west, the maximum extension was 300 meters, along the ridge line and the slope that descends into the Ria Formosa.  In this western limit, a late necropolis was identified, which extends towards the main necropolis of the city, which serves as its northern limit.

The study was conducted to produce fish sauce from small freshwater fishes like Kholisa (Colisa fasciatus), Tit punti (Puntius ticto), Jat punti (Puntius sophore), Tengra (Mystus vittatus), Taki (Channa punctatus), Gutum (Lepidocephalichthys guntea), Guchi (Macrognathus pancalus), Veda (Nandus nandus), and Bujuri (Mystus tengara) by using different concentrations of salt (25% as Treatment-I, 30% as Treatment-II and 35% as Treatment-III). Fishes were fermented for 9 months by the combined action of microorganisms and enzymes present in fish tissue and viscera in presence of salt. During fermentation the initial protein content in fish was 15.17% which were nearly digested and liquefied at the end of fermentation. Crude protein content on the basis of total nitrogen were found to be 14.58, 13.88 and 12.63% in Treatment-I, II and III respectively while the highest ash content in fish sauce was 22.97% in Treatment-III. Initial Total Volatile Base Nitrogen in fish was 1.92 mg/100g, which...

The study was conducted to produce fish sauce from small freshwater fishes like Kholisa (Colisa fasciatus), Tit punti (Puntius ticto), Jat punti (Puntius sophore), Tengra (Mystus vittatus), Taki (Channa punctatus), Gutum (Lepidocephalichthys guntea), Guchi (Macrognathus pancalus), Veda (Nandus nandus), and Bujuri (Mystus tengara) by using different concentrations of salt (25% as Treatment-I, 30% as Treatment-II and 35% as Treatment-III). Fishes were fermented for 9 months by the combined action of microorganisms and enzymes present in fish tissue and viscera in presence of salt. During fermentation the initial protein content in fish was 15.17% which were nearly digested and liquefied at the end of fermentation. Crude protein content on the basis of total nitrogen were found to be 14.58, 13.88 and 12.63% in Treatment-I, II and III respectively while the highest ash content in fish sauce was 22.97% in Treatment-III. Initial Total Volatile Base Nitrogen in fish was 1.92 mg/100g, which...

The roman city of Balsa is mentioned in classical literary sources (Pliny, N.H., 4, 116-118; Mela, 3,7; Ptl. Geog. 2, 5,2; Marc. 2,13; It. Ant. 426, 1; Raven. 306, 10) and in the epigraphy collected in the areas of the Torre d' Aires farm and in the ancient Quinta das Antas, near Luz de Tavira, on the banks of the Ria Formosa. The site was definitively identified with this location in 1866, by the Portuguese archaeology pioneer Estácio da Veiga. Extensive excavations were carried out at the site, namely in the northern necropolis of the town. Estácio da Veiga collected there very significant and reference archaeological finds in Portuguese Roman archaeology. Only more than a century later, archaeological excavations were once again carried out at the Quinta da Torre d' Aires, where some badly preserved ruins of the ancient city were found. In parallel, the archaeological finds that were mainly deposited in the National Museum of Archaeology were gradually studied. Due to their variety and richness, Balsa became more and more a reference in national archaeology. The agricultural activities in the field and the mobilization of land inevitably led to the destruction of some parts of the city, amplifying in the media an image of a remarkable city, almost mythical, of which little was known, and which was being destroyed according to economic interests. An illusory memory of the city was built, culminating with the publication, in 2007, of the book "Balsa, Cidade Perdida" (Balsa, Lost City), which, based on very scarce archaeological evidence, reconstitutes the city of Balsa as a regional mega city 47 hectares in size. From 2019, a scientific project led by the University of Algarve is created, with the aim of demystifying the idea of a great "lost city", sometimes destroyed, sometimes hidden, and which fundamentally aimed to clarify questions about the urbanism of the city, to know its real size and topography, as well as to evaluate what the subsoil still preserved.
The relevance of Balsa as well as its maritime nature is immediately demonstrated by the rich and varied remains which have been accumulating since the 19th century. If fieldwork on the land where Balsa was located has been very scarce, making the knowledge and interpretation of the site difficult, the study of its remains gives us a relatively developed idea about the commercial dynamics and daily life of this port city from the end of the 1st century BC until the 6th-7th centuries. The epigraphic data and the diversified origin of its finds reveal a population strongly connected to the Mediterranean maritime trade, while the ceramic studies show the profile of consumption and supply markets. The great development of this municipium of the Flavian period is centred between the middle of the 1st century and the 2nd century. We do not know what happened in the last third of the 2nd century, where the archaeological record reveals a catastrophic period with the collapse of many public buildings and massive destruction. In the 3rd century, there is a certain resurgence with the reconstruction of buildings which reuse materials from previous constructions, although many buildings are not rebuilt. The economic profile of the city, more than before, is very much based on the fish processing industries that occupy vast areas, including areas relatively close to the forum. From the middle of the IV century this activity loses dynamism, although the city remains with some population in the following centuries to the end of the Roman Empire.
In recent years within the framework of the project led by the University of Algarve Balsa, searching the Origins of Algarve (SAICT-ALG/39581/2018), extensive non-invasive geophysical prospection works through GPR and geomagnetism were carried out. Simultaneously archaeological excavations were carried out which allowed to know the limits of the Roman city, better understand its urban structure and the degree of preservation of its remains. It is thus known that the city has a dimension that does not exceed 10 hectares, surrounded by several villae whose vestiges were in the past confused with the urban area. The forum was located at the hill nowadays occupied by the houses of the Quinta da Torre d' Aires and relatively near the port. From this civic center, the city developed mainly to the east in an extension of about 400 meters along the lagoon system of the Ria Formosa. The circus mentioned in the epigraphy was located at this limit, about 200 meters north of the lagoon system. To the west, the maximum extension was 300 meters, along the ridge line and the slope that descends into the Ria Formosa.  In this western limit, a late necropolis was identified, which extends towards the main necropolis of the city, which serves as its northern limit.

Budu is a famous Malaysian fish sauce, usually used as seasoning and condiment in cooking. Budu is produced by mixing fish and salt at certain ratio followed by fermentation for six months in closed tanks. In this study, four commercial brands of Budu were analyzed for their chemical properties (pH, salt content and volatile compounds). The pH of Budu samples ranged from 4.50-4.92, while the salt (NaCl) content ranged between 11.80% and 22.50% (w/v). For tentative identification of volatile flavor compounds in Budu, two GC columns have been used, DB-WAX and HP-5MS. A total of 44 volatile compounds have been detected and 16 were common for both columns. 3-Methyl-1-butanol, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, dimethyl disulfide, 3-(methylthio)propanal, 3-methylbutanoic acid and benzaldehye have been identified as the aroma-active compounds in Budu due to their lower threshold values.

This historiographical article focuses on the migration of Andalusians to the Algarve between c. 1810 and 1914. In the first part, the main causes and migratory factors are addressed, as well as the main municipalities of origin and destination of these emigrants are identified. It is also attempted to find out which were the decades in which these migratory flows intensified the most. In a second part, the trail of these Andalusian emigrants living in the Algarve is followed, identifying which businesses and industries were most dedicated to in the municipalities of Loulé and V.R.S.A., as well as the technological innovations they imported and implemented in the region, thus contributing to the Algarve industrial revolution of the late 19th century. It also analyzes their socio-economic and socio-political status in the two Andalusian colonies in the municipalities of Loulé and V.R.S.A.

Florian Hermann (Philipps-Universität Marburg) - Felix Teichner (Philipps-Universität Marburg) - Joao Pedro Bernardes (Universidade do Algarve) - Ricardo Soares (Câmara Municipal de Vila do Bispo), Boca do Rio (Algarve, Portugal) – A center of export oriented garum production on the shore of roman Lusitania. Located in the extreme southwest of Iberia, the area of Sagres includes several small fishing ports and archaeological sites (as those around the palaeoestuary of Boca do Rio). These sites still preserve records and elements of a long fishing tradition, as well as from its Atlantic and Mediterranean influences, and the geo and bio-indicators of ancient coastal cataclysms. Through a transdisciplinary fieldwork and an integrated research, the autors seek to clarify the coexistence of these fishing populations with the geo-coastal dynamics and with the communities of seafarers. On the shores of the old lagoon and paleoestuary of Boca do Rio, archaeological research detected an intense fishing and saline occupation with more than two thousand years, whose locations alternate between the beach and the interior lands. In these sites, it is possible to observe the evolution of the instruments and fishing gear. Concomitantly, Boca do Rio natural characteristics yield exceptional conditions for the observation of coastal geodynamics and their effects on the local communities. Moreover, in the surrounding region, the geo-indicators of ancient coastal cataclysms and their consequences are very well preserved. In addition, geo-sedimentological research has demonstrated the frequent invasion of the paleoestuary by high-energy marine events, such as the 1755 Tsunami, whose impact and destructive force can be measured.

A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. Avaliação municipal da vulnerabilidade a inundação por tsunami Autor(es):

O presente artigo estuda os ritmos da vida económica dos núcleos urbanos de Ossonoba (Faro), Balsa (Quinta de Torre de Ares) e Baesuri (Castelo de Castro Marim), desde o séc. ii a.C. até ao séc. vii d.C. Partindo de uma base documental muito diversificada, constituída sobretudo pelos conjuntos de cerâmica de mesa importada e de produtos alimentares transportados em ânforas, sem esquecer igualmente a leitura crítica das fontes escritas, dos dados epigráficos e numismáticos, procurou-se estabelecer o faseamento da importação e consumo nestes núcleos urbanos do Algarve romano, analisando-se igualmente diversos aspectos da própria produção agrícola e artesanal de âmbito local e regional. Os padrões de importação dos três núcleos urbanos são comparados entre si, de forma de obter elementos sobre a dinâmica evolutiva do território algarvio, sendo igualmente confrontados com os dados de outras regiões, procurando-se integrar o sul da Lusitania no quadro das relações (económicas, políticas,...

O sítio arqueológico dos Salgados localiza-se junto à margem esquerda da ribeira de São Lourenço, aproximadamente a 400 m para SE do dique do Ludo. Administrativamente pertence à freguesia de Almancil, concelho de Loulé, a algumas dezenas de metros da linha divisória entre este concelho e o de Faro (Fig. ). A área com os vestígios arqueológicos situa-se junto a um pequeno olival circundado por um vasto pinhal e pomar de citrinos, sob as coordenadas 7° 59' 27'' Long. W e 37° 02' 53'' Lat. N. Neste local observam-se inúmeros materiais cerâmicos de cronologia romana à superfície e num corte existente no terreno. Tendo este arqueosítio sido identificado, ocasionalmente, na sequência de um percurso pedestre em Março de 2004, por um grupo de alunos da Universidade do Algarve que deu conhecimento ao Prof. Doutor João Pedro Bernardes, e verificando-se estar o sítio inédito, surgiu a oportunidade e o incentivo para a realização do presente artigo. Para além do objectivo de dar a conhecer o sítio dos Salgados pretende-se, também, esboçar o quadro do aproveitamento do antigo estuário da Ribeira de São Lourenço na época romana, e apresentá-lo no contexto do litoral algarvio numa perspectiva de influência, ligação e até de dependência directa do porto de Gades, à luz das descobertas realizadas recentemente. O porto de Gades, com o qual o de Ossonoba manteve estreitas relações, funcionou como a grande placa giratória que ligava o extremo do ocidente mediterrânico ao centro do Império Romano e ao Norte de África.

En verano de 2019 fue descubierto en Ses Fontanelles (suroeste de Mallorca) un pecio romano con un cargamento de ánforas. Una excavación de urgencia ha sacado a la luz aproximadamente un tercio de los materiales, que están siendo estudiados. Este artículo se centra en las inscripciones (tituli picti) que presentan las ánforas (mayoritariamente Almagro 51C), un hallazgo excepcional dado su elevado número, además de por el tipo de escritura. Analizamos y relacionamos la paleografía con otros rótulos anfóricos en particular y documentos epigráficos en general; asimismo asociamos los tituli con el contenido de los envases a nivel arqueológico y aproximamos un estudio prosopográfico de los antropónimos que aparecen en dichos tituli. Finalmente, ponemos en relación los datos del cargamento con los de otros pecios imperiales. Al ser cuantitativamente el corpus de epigrafía anfórica pintada más importante de Hispania, el pecio se revela como una pieza clave para poder comprender con mayor n...

Geophysical surveys, field walking prospections and archaeological excavations recently carried out and still ongoing under the project, “Balsa, searching the origins of Algarve”, have allowed us to know more about this ancient city, namely by assessing what is still preserved and / or what it will have been destroyed, the extension of the city, some of its urban and topographic realities or, definitively eliminating hypotheses of archaeological realities that, evidently, never existed. Based on a multivariate methodology and using different technologies and specialists, the results of the work already carried out allowed us to attest that the city is smaller than was supposed, extending along a narrow strip along the Ria Formosa; they also allowed to know the orientation of the urban plan, the location and extent of its main necropolis, the location of the forum, as well as some aspects of the way the city has evolved

A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. Avaliação municipal da vulnerabilidade a inundação por tsunami Autor(es):

This interesting titulus beta was published by the author (Funari 1991: 70) but is absent in RIB. The letters are exactly one Roman inch height. Montanus was a mercator known at Rome before AD 50 (cf. CIL XV 3670-l) and the shape of the letters indicates that they refer to the same entrepreneur. It is difficult to reconcile the palaeographical identification with the fact that Vindolanda was founded by Agricola in the late 70s, as well as with the probable contextual date of AD 110-120. It could be old stock in the first years of the governorship of Agricola, when Montanus could have continued as a tradesman. The inscriptions published by Dressel (1978:table XV, n.15) are remarkably like this one from Vindolanda we should pay attention to future findings which could confirm a very early occupation of the area. Contextual date: AD 1 OO-120 Other Contextual Dates: AD 154 (CIL XV, 3693) 7 9 91

Within the pioneer work of Algarve’s archaeological cartography undertook by Estácio da Veiga, the Ancient Fish salted industry issue plays a relevant role, for it was not a fashionable subject in his times. The peculiar XIX century’s Algarve economic conjuncture, with a growing and successful fishing industry might explain the reason why he had paid such an attention. His huge survey of Algarve’s coastal areas produced several sites recognition with fissh processing factories dating from Roman times. Nevertheless, Estácio da Veiga thought that all the remains of that powerful Ancient industry dated from an earlier period which continued to be used in Roman times. He worked within XIX century’s Romantic / Nationalist paradigm, which despise the Roman period, seen just as an historic intermission between the Lusitanian ancestor’s ages and the medieval Portuguese times. That point of view is actually conspicuous in Veiga’s works, as in other authors of that period. But, the positivist...

Underwater excavations of the Tantura F shipwreck in the Dor/Tantura lagoon, Israel, which dated to the local early Islamic period, exposed the remains of amphorae with tens of thousands of fish remains. Taxonomic identification exhibited the preponderance of tiny cichlids (Cichlidae). Moreover, elements of the entire skeleton were represented in the assemblages. We therefore concluded that the amphorae were probably filled with fish sauce. We discuss the possible origins of the fish sauce, whether local or imported. These finds are important as they provide clear evidence that Dor was populated during the Islamic period and probably continued to be an important port along trade sea routes.

This synthesis undertakes the diachronic analysis of palaeocontents of the amphorae produced in the south of the Iberian
Peninsula in Antiquity. This includes Punic finds in the coastal areas and Turdetanian containers in the interior regions and the major
fluvial valleys, the direct forerunners of the economic growth and agricultural boom experienced in the conventus Gaditanus and the
Guadalquivir valley from the 1st century BC onwards. The study focuses on the areas where amphorae were produced and on the main
products they contained (olive oil, salt preserves and wine), and specific examples are used to illustrate the status quaestionis for each
amphora family or type, as the amount of available evidence is overwhelming and cannot all be presented here. Special attention is
paid to complex and less well understood issues. Direct and indirect evidence for the content of amphorae in Hispania Ulterior/Baetica

Roman Amphora Contents. Reflecting on the Maritime Trade of Foodstuffs in Antiquity. In honour of Miguel Beltrán Lloris. Proceedings of the Roman Amphora Contents International Interactive Conference (RACIIC) (Cadiz, 5-7 October 2015), Edited by Darío Bernal-Casasola, Michel Bonifay, Alessandra Pecci and Victoria Leitch, Roman and Late Antique Mediterranean Pottery 17, Archaeopress, Oxford, 2021.

Abstract: Recovering garum sauce has been a multidisciplinary project. Many researchers from different disciplines have been
involved in this work, such as biologists, archaeologists, chemists, zoologists and many others. Garum sauce was a very popular and
valuable food in the Roman era. However, its production process is still unknown, and few remains have been found in the ancient
world. The aim of this study was to implement a technical approach to determine the preparation methods for ancient garum. The
study starts from remnants of the last garum from Pompeii in AD 79. The archaeometric studies, combined with archaeological
research and experimental archaeology methods have increased our knowledge of the contents and allowed us to develop a
production method for this type of fish sauce

The utilization of Lankauas (Pyramidata Blume merr) in fermented Indian oil sardines (Sardinella longiceps) was conducted to determine its effect to fermentation period and the physical attributes of the fish sauce and bagoong. Three (3) different formulations were prepared and the amount of liquid hydrolysed from the formulation was observed daily. Likewise, the nutritional value or chemical constituents and halophilic yeast were determined. The raw materials are highly nutritious and have paramedic effect. Result of sensory evaluation was analysed through Friedman two-way analysis of variance by ranks (ANOVA). It was found out that the best treatment or formulation was Treatment 1 a mixture of fish with 25% salt and 5% of lankauas added per kilo of fish. Utilization of lankauas to Sardinella longiceps shortened the fermentation period to 60 days and improved the quality and enhanced the flavour and odour. Protein and mineral content of fish sauce (patis) and Fish paste (bagoong) w...

The Atlantis Project consisted of undersea mapping activities deep water surveysthrough the use of remotesensing systems, mainly side-scan sonar, and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). The results of these investigations culminated in the discovery of three shipwrecks, named Messina 1, 2 and 3. Messina 1 lies at a depth of 93 m, and consists of a low mound of mixed amphorae. Five complete examples were recovered for further study. Upon closer examination, the typologies point to a connection between the North African area and the Iberian Peninsula. The aim of this brief report is to provide a better understanding of the origin and type of the ship's cargo.