Female Labor Migration

Esta investigación tiene como propósito abordar cómo se concretan los espacios mercantiles que genera el trabajo de cuidado remunerado y sus efectos sobre los patrones de incorporación laboral de las trabajadoras extranjeras en Cataluña, desde un marco conceptual que aborda la interrelación de la esfera mercantil con las otras agencias proveedoras de cuidado: familia y Estado.
Official code: U-17/10

Athena. Unica divinità a nascere senza madre, venne al mondo dalla testa di Zeus. Esiodo narra che Zeus, temendo che la sua sposa Meti gli partorisse un figlio capace di spodestarlo, la inghiottì mentre stava con lei riposando. Dopo un po' di tempo venne colto da acuti dolori alla testa, chiamò allora in soccorso gli dèi dell'Olimpo fra cui Ermes, il quale, indovinando l'origine del suo male, gli praticò un piccolo taglio sul cranio dal quale uscì Athena, già adulta e armata. Come dea guerriera veniva raffigurata con la lancia, l'elmo e lo scudo, al centro del quale era fissata la testa di Medusa. Benché prodiga in battaglia, essa non godeva delle lotte sanguinose ma preferiva appianare le dispute e far rispettare la legge con mezzi pacifici. Poiché in lei forza, potere e saggezza si contemperavano perfettamente, era considerata anche tutrice dello Stato e delle sue leggi. Athena era inoltre la protettrice delle arti liberali e degli artigiani: in particolare era la patrona dei falegnami, dei vasai e dei tessitori. Le erano dati i meriti di aver insegnato agli uomini come costruire il carro e di aver insegnato a Pandora l'arte della tessitura; a lei inoltre si attribuiva la costruzione della nave degli Argonauti. Era infine nume tutelare dell'agricoltura, avendo introdotto in Grecia la coltivazione dell'ulivo. Quando scoppiò la contesa tra Athena e Poseidone per assicurarsi il predominio dell'Attica, gli dèi decretarono che Atene sarebbe toccata a chi dei due avesse dato agli uomini il dono più importante: Poseidone fece scaturire dalla terra una polla d'acqua salata, Athena invece fece crescere sull'acropoli un ulivo e insegnò agli Ateniesi la tecnica per estrarne l'olio. In questo modo ottenne la vittoria. Proprio sull'acropoli le venne dunque consacrato il Partenone, "tempio della dea vergine". 4 5 ATHENA Inclusione ed esclusione delle donne immigrate in Alto Adige Indice Introduzione: il disegno della ricerca……………………………………….. p. 7 PARTE PRIMA IMMIGRAZIONE FEMMINILE E MERCATO DEL LAVORO IN ALTO ADIGE 1. Caratteri e tendenze dell'immigrazione in Alto Adige…………….…… p. 29 2. L'impiego delle lavoratrici e dei lavoratori immigrati nell'economia locale…………………………………………………………...p. 61 PARTE SECONDA LE DONNE IMMIGRATE: I LAVORI, LA CASA, LA FAMIGLIA 3. Le lavoratrici occupate nel settore dei servizi di pulizia ……………… p. 95 4. Le lavoratrici occupate nel settore sanitario……………………………. p. 113 5. Le mediatrici culturali……………………………………………………… p. 131 PARTE TERZA ASPETTI POLITICO-ISTITUZIONALI 6. I servizi sociali………………………………………………………………. p. 149 7. I bisogni formativi e di qualificazione professionale…………………… p. 169 del cap. 1, par. 2 del cap. 2; Conclusioni), V. Piccoli (par. 5 dell'Introduzione). Ringraziamo la Cooperativa Mosaik per la sua partecipazione alla ricerca, e tutte le persone e le istituzioni intervistate o interpellate, che con la loro disponibilità e con il loro aiuto hanno contribuito alla realizzazione di questo lavoro. 7

In western Friuli and in Friuli Region in general, the events of the recent past are closely linked to emigration, an experience which has involved almost every Friulan family. The Museum Section "Work and Emigration" in Cavasso Nuovo - a small village in the foothills area of Pordenone, in Northeastern Italy - wants to bear witness of this impressive phenomenon. Opened on 16 September 2000 at Polcenigo-Fanna Palace, the museum structure, one of the first in Italy dedicated to emigration, presents a complete framework of the migratory flows and destinations of workers from western Friuli. The aim of the volume is to guide the visitor through the museum rooms, but also to accompany the reader along the trajectories - exciting but not without dangers - of the emigrants from western Friuli.

There is still deep disagreement over the meaning of the term trafficking in persons, despite having had legal definitions for it for nearly 20 years. These disagreements continue to persist despite extensive scholarly attention and numerous calls to come to consensus for purposes of research and distribution of funding. This article offers two reasons for this endurance: First, trafficking is not an act in itself but a concept created to address social ills. It is not static, and the creative process continues to reshape what it means. Second, groups have been able to capitalize on the linguistic ambiguity to achieve certain political goals. This has provided incentive for them to keep using the language in contradictory ways. This article examines those incentives and the ways in which law has contributed to their creation. It reviews the history of the creation of anti-trafficking narratives and how they've been used to obscure potentially less palatable criminal and anti-immigration agendas. Given the expansiveness of U.S. global influence, the appearance of the categories "trafficked" and "not-trafficked" in its domestic and foreign policy has impacted not only legal landscapes but the ways in which groups of people are actually perceived and behave. U.S. laws and the narratives they reflect have resulted in activities that have harmed rather than benefited the marginalized groups often promoted as beneficiaries of anti-trafficking work. The purpose of the article is to clearly illustrate these processes in order to be able to identify and anticipate their effects in future initiatives. In that context it also draws attention to the construction of a new emerging trafficking narrative around the U.S.-Mexico border and its use as justification for punitive criminal law and the building of a wall to reduce migration.

Increasing numbers of female labour migrants
are independently going abroad for work,
which offers them new economic opportunities
but also exposes them to risks. These
international movements are often preceded
by rural–urban migration, which brings its
own challenges for female migrants. The
feminization of international labour migration
is a global trend today, especially evident in
Asia and governments have introduced different
laws and policies to ensure safer migration.
This chapter introduces a policy that has
been adopted by several Asian countries
which bans female migrant workers from
going to certain countries with the rationale
of protecting them from possible harm and
abuse. The chapter uses the case of Nepal to
argue that governments use this policy despite
knowing its lack of effectiveness in protecting
women from abuse because it provides a
short-term solution, allows for blame avoidance
and because of their own limitation to
influence another country’s laws to protect
their migrant workers.

In western Friuli and in Friuli Region in general, the events of the recent past are closely linked to emigration, an experience which has involved almost every Friulan family. The Museum Section "Work and Emigration" in Cavasso Nuovo - a small village in the foothills area of Pordenone, in Northeastern Italy - wants to bear witness of this impressive phenomenon. Opened on 16 September 2000 at Polcenigo-Fanna Palace, the museum structure, one of the first in Italy dedicated to emigration, presents a complete framework of the migratory flows and destinations of workers from western Friuli. The aim of the volume is to guide the visitor through the museum rooms, but also to accompany the reader along the trajectories - exciting but not without dangers - of the emigrants from western Friuli.

This paper examines the representation of the Goan ayah in the recent history of Goa. Taking Damodar Mauzo's Karmelin (1981), a novel which portrays the life of a Goan woman who migrates to Kuwait for employment, as an entry point, I will attempt to discuss the various issues pertaining to the representation of the Goan ayahs found in the historical record. It is claimed that the figure of the Goan ayah was viewed with suspicion when they migrated from Goa to Bombay, to be employed as domestic helpers. I attempt to highlight how Goan men and a few upper-class Goan women, in Goa and Bombay, shared an anxiety that in the anonymity of the metropolis the Goan ayah might transgress various boundaries: sexual, religious, caste, moral, and societal. Following this logic, I argue that rather than being a complex narrative about Goan women, Karmelin is a reiteration of a form of representation that harbors suspicion and anxiety about the migrating woman. Karmelin places the figure of the Goan ayah as central in its storyline precisely because stories about the 'scandalous' behavior of the ayahs in the diaspora have been circulating in Goan society for many years.

How do fast fashion production cycles impact labor conditions for women garment workers in Asia? What forms of gender based violence and harassment do women garment workers face at the intersection of supply chain employment practices and patriarchal social norms? How can workers, suppliers, and brands eliminate these forms of violence? From January – May 2018, Asia Floor Wage Alliance and Global Labor Justice  researchers documented gender based violence reported by women garment workers in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. Their accounts include five categories of violence: sexual harm and stigma; gendered industrial discipline practices; physically extractive labor practices—a practice termed mining of the body; unsafe workplaces; and production of insecurity via reliance on contract labor, threats of termination, barriers to freedom of association, and retaliation for reporting. Gender based violence in the garment industry is a predictable outcome in an industry where women workers in subordinate, low-wage employment roles are driven to meet demanding production targets for below living wages in order to keep pace with fast fashion trends. Building upon inroads in brand accountability in the Bangladesh Accord Model, this chapter makes a case for substantive obligations on apparel brands and retailers through binding, contractually enforceable agreements that are developed and implemented in partnership with workers and their unions. In order to address gendered power relationships that subordinate women garment workers, agreements must not only be bargained with trade unions, but should be bargained by women garment worker leaders.

G ünümüz Türkkyess hem göç veren hem göç alan bbr ülke konumundadır.-'lerde Batı Avrupa ülkelerrnde ortaya çıkan şgücü httyacını kar-şılamak üzere Türkkye'den başta Almanya olmak üzere çeşştll Avrupa ülkelerrne ktlesel göçler yaşanmış, Batı Avrupa'nın şç alımını durdurmasından sonra hedef petrol zenggnn Ortadoğu ülkelerr ve 'larda başta Rusya Federasyonu olmak üzere Bağımsız Devletler Topluluğu ülkelerr olmuştur. Aynı zamanda Türkye 'lern sonunda Bulgarstan'dan poltk baskılar sonucu ayrılan etnk Türklern göçüne uğramış ve sonrası dönemde çevresndek ülkelerden cdd bçmde düzensz göç almaya başlamıştır. Göç sürecne lşkn yasal gerekllkler yerrne gettrmeden seyahat ve/veya kamet eden düzenssz göçmenlerrn bbr kısmı Türkkye üzerrnden batı ülkelerrne geçmeyy hedeflerken, bbr kısmı Türkkye'ye ş bulmak ve çalışmak amacıyla gelmekteddr. Düzenssz göçün kaynağında üç temel gellşme vardır. Bunlardan lkk, Doğu Bloğu ülkelerrnnn 'lı yıllarda geççrddğğ kökten dönüşümlern sonucunda mevcut ktsad, syas ve sosyal rejmlern yıkılması ve pyasa ekonomsne geçl-mesnn nsanları şszlk ve yoksulluğa sürüklemes, yaşamlarını sürdürmek çn göç etmek zorunda bırakmasıdır. AB ülkelernn katı göç düzenlemeler kapıları yen göçmenlere adeta kapatmış, nsanları ş bulablecekler başka ülkelern arayışına yöneltmmş ve yaygın bbr enformel ekonommye sahhp olan Türkkye'nnn sunduğu stthdam mkânları bu nsanlar ççn Türkkye'nnn bbr çekkm merkezz olmasına yol açmıştır. İkknccss, çeşştll Asya ve Afrrka ülkelerrnden gellp AB'ye ggtmek steyen ancak AB ülkelerrne yasal yollardan ggrrş yapma şansı olmayan kaçak göçmenlerrn batıya yolculukları ççn fırsat kollarken Türkkye'yy bbr geççş/ transst noktası olarak kullanmalarıdır. Bu gruptakk göçmenler de bekleme süre-lernde hayatlarını sürdüreblmek çn enformel sthdama yönelmektedr. Aynı

Women, within the gendered organization of sex work, are situated as passive subjects under a dominant sexuality. The act of selling sexual services relies upon patriarchal, socially constructed notions of gender, sexuality and heteronormativity where only the female body can be prostituted to a male one.

Taking up better paying jobs in a foreign country is much more rewarding compared to many professions in Nepal. It is evident from the movement of more than half a million Nepalis for employment beyond India in the last fiscal year 2014/15. Nepal is among the top countries receiving the largest share of remittances in the world. Policy framework and specialized institutional mechanism are in place to govern the foreign labourS migration sector in Nepal.

Across the Western world, the air is filled with talk of immigration. The changes brought by immigration have triggered a renewed fervor for isolationism able to shutter political traditions and party systems. So often absent from these conversations on migration are however the actual stories and experiences of the migrants themselves. In fact, migration does not simply transport people. It also changes them deeply. Enter Martina Cvajner’s Soviet Signoras, a far-reaching ethnographic study of two decades in the lives of women who migrated to northern Italy from several former Soviet republics.

Cvajner details the personal and collective changes brought about by the experience of migration for these women: from the first hours arriving in a new country with no friends, relatives, or existing support networks, to later remaking themselves for their new environment. In response to their traumatic displacement, the women of Soviet Signoras—nearly all of whom found work in their new Western homes as elder care givers—refashioned themselves in highly sexualized, materialistic, and intentionally conspicuous ways. Cvajner’s focus on overt sexuality and materialism is far from sensationalist, though. By zeroing in on these elements of personal identity, she reveals previously unexplored sides of the social psychology of migration, coloring our contemporary discussion with complex shades of humanity.
Elijah Anderson, author of The Cosmopolitan Canopy
“Émile Durkheim meets Federico Fellini in an eye-opening, eye-level account of women who met the exigencies of post-Soviet-era poverty by emigrating to northern Italy in search of a new livelihood. Soviet Signoras is a gripping ethnographic portrait of bravery, insecurity, and personal transformation, replete with pathbreaking insights into the experiences of migrants confronting new cultural ways while endeavoring to keep faith with families left behind out of necessity. This book is bound to become an enduring part of the growing body of literature of migration studies.”
Jeffrey Alexander, author of What Makes a Social Crisis?
“Cvajner has written an exquisite microsociology of the immigrant experience. Deeply sensitive to the inner lives of her post-Soviet subjects, she deftly portrays the interactional pressures they face and the opportunities they make the best of, tracing how they made new selves and became new women, sometimes in shockingly provocative ways. An extraordinary sociological study.”

Over the last two decades, a new model of private welfare addressed to elders in which migrant women are usually engaged as domestic caregivers has been spreading in many European Countries, especially in Italy. About one million of women has migrated towards Italy alone as a way to provide to their families, especially children, who usually are left behind. The experience of these workers as 'long distance mothers' appears important to be studied from a pedagogical perspective, considering the intersecting vulnerabilities of being women, migrant and also workers in a poorly protected and underestimated working sector. This article aims to present the results of a multiple case study carried out on three different Italian projects aiming to support long distance parenting for post-socialist families. The paper finally suggests some empirically based guidelines aiming to promote the support for transnational families.

Oh, the West, the West! Migration and economic culture. The Transylvanian perspective

Publisher: Erdélyi Múzeum Egyesület, Cluj-Napoca, 2015

Keywords: migration, working culture, female foreign workers, Transylvanian specific, stereotypes, proverbs and idioms, code-switching, bi- and multilingualism

This book is based on empirical research which was carried out in 2011–2012 with the subvention of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, on the topic of cultural exchange related to migration processes. The central questions of the research are the following ones: How do/did the working culture, the views upon economic matters and the system of values related to general principles of life organization change in the case of foreign workers from Transylvania? What do Transylvanians take to Western countries and what do they bring home? How could we define the ‘Western’ and the ‘Transylvanian’ specific in an interdependent context? Which particularities of the first one are highlighted by the other one? What kind of effect do Western and Transylvanian values and cultural contents have on each other? Do they blend?
The empiric material contains interviews, the subjects are people from Transylvania, of Hungarian or Romanian ethnicity, who have different experiences about migration and foreign work. Some of them have been working abroad for a longer time, but they come home regularly; others have worked abroad, but they decided to stop this way of life and to return home (at least temporarily), they are currently living and working at home; others have spent a long time (years or even decades) abroad, but finally decided to return to home definitely.
The book approaches the subject involving interdisciplinary aspects, it is structured in 10 chapters: (1.) Causes, aims and modalities of (e)migration; (2.) Working culture at home and abroad; (3.) The (rather beautiful) face of Eastern Europe; (4.) Transylvanian women abroad; (5.) We reap as we sow – economical culture within the language, (6.) Migration multilingualism; (7.) Migration space. Change of location – turn of approach; *(9.) Those Who Return and Those Who Come. (Re)discovering Transylvania (10.) Economy and culture: (friendly) neighbourhood. Final words. Abstracts: RO, EN, DE.

The metaphor of “care drain” has been created as a womanly parallel to the “brain drain” idea. Just as “brain drain” suggests that the skilled migrants are an economic loss for the sending country, “care drain” describes the migrant women hired as care workers as a loss of care for their children left behind. This paper criticizes the construction of migrant women as “care drain” for three reasons: 1) it is built on sexist stereotypes, 2) it misrepresents and devalues care work, and 3) it misses the opportunity for a theoretical change about how skills in migration contexts can be understood.

Agoraia "Beschützerin des Versammlungsortes ", Aithuia "Beschützerin der Seefahrer", Ambulia "jene, die Rat gibt", Ossiderchia "die mit dem scharfsinnigem Blick", Poliate und Polisca "Beschützerin der Stadt", Xenia "Beschützerin der Fremden", Stenias "welche Kraft gibt": Das sind nur einige Beispiele für die vielen Beinamen, die der Göttin Athena im Laufe des Altertums gegeben wurden. Sie ist die einzige Göttin, die ohne Mutter zur Welt kommt und aus dem Kopf des Zeus entsprungen ist. Hesiod berichtet, dass Zeus seine Geliebte Meti im Schlaf verschlungen hat, aus Furcht, dass sie ihm einen Sohn gebären könnte, der ihn absetzte. Nach einiger Zeit wurde er von untragbaren Kopfschmerzen geplagt und rief die Götter des Olymp zu Hilfe. Hephaistos, der den Grund der Schmerzen erahnte, fügte ihm einen kleinen Schnitt am Schädel zu, aus dem Athena hervortrat: erwachsen und in voller Rüstung. Als Kriegsgöttin wurde sie mit dem Speer, Helm und Schild abgebildet, in dessen Mitte sich der Kopf der Medusa befand. Auch wenn sie eine ausgezeichnete Kämpferin war, verabscheute sie blutige Kämpfe und bevorzugte es, den Streit zu schlichten und dafür zu sorgen, dass die Gesetze mittels friedlicher Mittel eingehalten wurden. Da in ihr die Stärke, die Macht und die Weisheit in bester Weise vereint waren, war sie auch die Beschützerin des Staates und dessen Gesetze. Athena war zudem die Schutzpatronin der freien Künste und der Handwerker: besonders der Tischler, der Töpfer und der Weber. Ihr wurde zugeschrieben, sie habe den Männern beigebracht, wie ein Karren zu bauen sei und sie habe Pandora die Kunst des Webens gelehrt; ihr wurde außerdem der Bau des Argonautenschiffes zugeschrieben. Sie war nicht zuletzt Schutzherrin der Landwirtschaft, da sie die Anpflanzung des Olivenbaums in Griechenland in die Wege geleitet hat. Als der Konflikt zwischen Athena und Poseidon um die Vorherrschaft in Attika begann, bestimmten die Götter, dass Athena besiegt werden würde, je nach dem wer von den Bewohnern das größte Geschenk erweisen würde: Poseidon ließ einen Brunnen bauen mit Salzwasser, Athena ließ auf der Akropolis einen Olivenbaum pflanzen und lehrte den Athenern, wie sie aus den Oliven Öl gewinnen konnten. Auf diese Weise gewann sie. Ihr zu Ehren wurde deshalb auf der Akropolis der Parthenon geweiht, der "Tempel der Jungfräulichkeit".

The Norwegian Directorate of Labor-Aetat-started recruiting Polish nurses in 2001, but Polish nurses continued to seek employment in Norway long after the official recruitment of foreign-born nurses ended in 2004 (van Riemsdijk, 2013). As citizens of the European Union (EU), Polish nurses are eligible to work in Norway, but need their credentials verified by Norwegian authorities. When Poland negotiated accession to the EU, the European Commission ruled that most Polish nurses did not meet the minimum training requirements (van Riemsdijk, 2013).

This thesis engages with different mobile livelihood strategies in Kyrgyzstan. The two prevalent types of mobility are small-scale cross-border trade and labor migration. Bazaar traders travel far distances to purchase merchandise in supplier countries such as China, Turkey, South and Southeast Asia. Labor migrants mostly commute between Russia, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. Traders, just like workers depend on trans-border price differentials in goods and labor. For both groups the changing legal regulations of movement between countries are critical. Fieldwork in the space in and in-between Russia and Kyrgyzstan, following and interviewing mobile traders and laborers in a train and on the market, allowed me to uncover a multiplicity of pull and push factors for engaging in mobility as a livelihood strategy. Taking mobility regimes as an analytical lens reveals the salience of history, spatiality, gender, generation, and ethnicity as factors that are “placing” the actors in a particular opportunity grid. Scrutinizing the different regulatory levels of mobility regimes (international, local, personal) shows that legal constraints and individual strategies are mutually constitutive for the making, unmaking and remaking of these regimes. From this transtemporal and multi-level approach,  I show how actors on the ground are struggling, challenging, and shaping the constantly transforming regulations on mobility, but also their intransigent limits.

En todas las sociedades la gente se siente más cercana a unas personas que a otras. Estas relaciones humanas conllevan diferentes derechos y obligaciones, roles y estatus. Si nos centramos en la literatura antropológica vemos que la regulación por consanguinidad o afinidad y la percepción de sentirse más unido o no a otra persona tiene que ver en muchos de los casos con relaciones denominadas de parentesco, sin decir con ello que otros vínculos como la amistad no puedan ser importantes para organizarse socialmente. ¿Qué sucede, sin embargo, cuando la sustancia compartida no es la sangre sino la leche humana?, ¿lo ha sabido la antropología reconocer y analizar? Esta etnografía tiene como ámbito espacial y temporal la España de los siglos XIX-XX y como objeto de estudio la realidad cultural de la mujer campesina pasiega en el ejercicio de la lactancia asalariada como nodriza doméstica entre las clases más acomodadas del país: aristocracia, alta burguesía y Casa Real. Un oficio prácticamente invisible en la historia del trabajo femenino que pone en evidencia, por un lado, la importancia de la lactancia en las representaciones del cuerpo, gestación y alimentación, su papel en la crianza infantil y en la constitución de la persona, infancia y maternidad; y por otro, la simbología de la leche como fluido corporal que, en caso de ser compartida, es capaz de generar relaciones denominadas, desde el punto de vista local, de parentesco de leche. Un parentesco entre dos grupos bien diferenciados en esta sociedad jerarquizada y patriarcal. ÍNDICE Prólogo, por M.ª Jesús Buxó Rey. Introducción. PARTE I: EL PARENTESCO DE LECHE: Cap 1. La simbología de la leche en la construcción de identidad y un cierto tipo de parentesco. ¿Parentesco de leche? PARTE II: ESTUDIO ETNOHISTÓRICO DE LA NODRIZA PASIEGA: Cap 2. El área pasiega: contexto histórico y etnográfico. Cap 3. La oferta, el trayecto y la demanda. Cap 4. La nodriza doméstica pasiega: condiciones de trabajo en la ciudad. Cap 5. El retorno a los Montes de Pas: ventajas y desventajas de una emigración. Conclusiones: Nodrizas y madres de alquiler: un debate histórico y actual: ¿Se puede hablar de una maternidad «fragmentada»?
https://www.worldcat.org/title/lactancia-y-parentesco-una-mirada-antropologica/oclc/804884826

It’s possible to protect human rights, only if social services are defined at the extent of civil rights. Despite this ideal social services have been reduced to social aids in the scope of last year’s neoliberal-conservative policy climate. Public benefits based on rights have been replaced by financial aids based responsibility and benevolence. This means that social services loose their “social” and “service” contents, and transform into favors. 
In these circumstances women have to play the roles determined by male dominance, not by their own subjectivities. Therefore creating the condition in which women can develop their human potentials needs to manifest current social policies and services, and to construct new social policies, which will accept women as existences on their own.
In this paper, home care practice will be scrutinized from the perspectives of women. Firstly, on the basis of field research, it will be discussed whether the caregiver women define the policy as a social aid or not. Secondly, it will be argued how the policy effects the conditions of caregiver women. Finally, it will be showed that home care practice doesn’t help women for developing their human potentials, contrary, intensifies their unequal positions and annihilates the human potentials. 

Sosyal politikanın temel alanlarından birini oluşturan sosyal hizmetlerin, yurttaş olmaları dolayısıyla kişilere tanınan haklar kapsamında tanımlanması, insan haklarının herkes için korunmasını mümkün kılacaktır. Ancak bu idealin karşısında, son yılların neoliberal-muhafazakar politika konjonktüründe sosyal yardımlara indirgenen ve giderek tırpanlanan sosyal hizmetler bulunmaktadır. Hak temelli sosyal yardımların yerini, sorumluluk-hayırseverlik koşutluğunda oluşturulan nakdi yardımların alması ise sosyal hizmetlerin, hem hizmet hem de sosyal olma niteliklerini ortadan kaldırarak, birer lütfa dönüşmesine neden olmaktadır.
Eşitsiz güç ilişkileriyle harmanlanan bu koşullarda belirli nüfus gruplarının payına, sosyal adaletsizlik düşmektedir. Süreç kadınlar açısından değerlendirildiğinde, kadınların kendi öznelliklerinin değil, eril tahakkümce biçilen rollerinin yerine getirilmesinin talep edildiği görülmektedir. Bu nedenle kadınların insansal olanaklarını geliştirebilmeleri için gereken koşulları yaratmak, mevcut sosyal politika ve hizmetlerin ifşasını ve kadınları kendinde bir varolan olarak konumlayacak yeni sosyal politikaların inşasını gerektirmektedir.
Bu savdan hareketle çalışmada Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı tarafından yürütülen evde bakım uygulaması, uygulama kapsamında bakım veren kadınlar açısından irdelenmektedir. Yapılan alan araştırmasına dayanarak öncelikle, uygulamanın bakım veren kadınlar tarafından bir sosyal hizmet olarak tanımlanıp tanımlanmadığı tartışılmaktadır. Ardından uygulamanın bakım veren kadınların koşulları üzerinde yarattığı etkiler paylaşılmaktadır. Bu koşullardan yola çıkılarak evde bakım uygulamasının, kadınların insansal olanaklarının geliştirilmesine değil, eşitsiz konumlanışlarını pekiştirerek söz konusu olanakların ortadan kaldırılmasına hizmet ettiği ileri sürülmektedir.

Женская трудовая миграция из Таджикистана и Киргизии в Россию требует пристального анализа, так как она недостаточно полно отражена в официальной ста-тистике (женщины-мигранты часто работают в неформальном секторе). В статье используются данные социологических опросов женщин-мигранток из Киргизии и Таджи-кистана, выполненных автором в 2015 г. и 2016 г., анализируется динамика и структура сфер занятости мигранток из Таджикистана и Киргизии в России, рассматриваются аспекты нарушения трудовых прав женщин-мигранток, а также позитивные и негатив-ные последствия миграции для самих трудовых мигранток. Результаты исследований свидетельствуют об изменении сфер приложения труда мигранток, о существующих практиках нарушения их трудовых прав, о различных стратегиях поведения на рынке труда в зависимости от особенностей патриархатного уклада на родине и знания рус-ского языка. Часть женщин-трудовых мигрантов из Таджикистана и Киргизии в России работают в теневой экономике, и даже в рамках ЕАЭС существуют сложности с легали-зацией их занятости, что означает значительную их уязвимость перед работодателем. Сложившаяся система найма на работу с помощью соотечественников, закрепляет практики неформальной занятости и консервирует уязвимое положение этих женщин, а защита их прав усложняется. При возникновении конфликтных ситуаций женщины тру-дящиеся-мигранты в России имеют мало шансов защитить свои трудовые права через суд, официальным путём. Женская трудовая миграция в Россию из Таджикистана и Кир-гизии различается по природе выталкивающих факторов и структуре женской миграции, что обусловлено историческими и социально-экономическими факторами. Ключевые слова: трудовая миграция в Россию, женская миграция, права, сфера труда.

"Filipina Immigrant Laborers’W ork and Lives in Korea: The Paradox of Illegal Long-term Residence"  //  This paper examines the working conditions of Filipinas living as undocumented long-term immigrants in Industrial Complex A located in S. Korea. In addition, this paper also analyzes the socio-cultural structure of their immigration experiences and the mechanisms that prolong their undocumented stay. Industrial complex A gathers undocumented immigrants who are seeking job opportunities and a less troubled living environment. As a result, this place has become a target zone for enforcement efforts termed‘ control of illegal residents’by the S. Korean government. Filipinas’ rate of undocumented immigration to S. Korea is higher than those of all other foreigners, including female immigrants of other nationalities and even their Filipino male counterparts; and almost all female workers in this place are undocumented Filipina immigrants. Filipinas in industrial complex A mainly work in furniture making or plastic injection factories, even though they often cross into other low-skill jobs if necessary. Compared with male counterparts, they take part more often than others in jobs requiring simple and repetitive tasks, they earn less salary, they are under less stable employment conditions, and they are more likely to be sexually harassed. The government has strengthened programs for‘ control of illegal residents’since 2004, but its real motive is to keep a certain number of undocumented workers in the country’s underpaid labor pool. In this situation, local religious NGOs have taken the role of intermediates between the state and the immigrants, but do not address laborers’issues. The undocumented immigrant womens’ friendships with other Filipinos tends to be limited and rather utilitarian, due to their precarious status. The paradox of undocumented workers is that the undocumented migrants are relatively free to move from one factory to another or to shift to other occupations such as care works only after they decide to be undocumented. Furthermore, they may also have a chance to live together with a family member in S. Korea who will be another undocumented resident. Even extramarital partnerships tend to be allowed among close people as a way to secure extending undocumented stay. This paper suggests that the construction of real or pseudo-familial relations in the host country is the basis for continuing Filipina workers’undocumented stay in S. Korea.

This report is the result of the transnational project “Housework and caretaking: Strategies of reconciliation and conditions of employment in different family units. Gender, class and ethnic inequalities” promoted and coordinated by the Spanish Red Cross and financed by the European
Commission1. The following organizations have participated as members of the investigation: the Institute for Feminist Research of the Complutense University (Spain), MAIZ (Austria), Hamburg University (Germany), The Bradford Youth Development Partnership (United Kingdom). The principal objective of this project has been to investigate from a comparative perspective the use of services based in the home as a means of reconciling family and work life. For this purpose a common methodology was established in order to analyze domestic and care work in two types of homes: those that externalize these services and those in which a member of the family unit works providing these services in other homes. The development of proposals and recommendations at a European level to improve the conditions of the sector which provides services to families as well as to improve the available means of reconciling work and family life for both kinds of homes has been priviledged throughout the research.

Women make an increasingly important contribution to the skilled workforce. Nations like Australia that suffer skill shortages need to attract, but also retain, more skilled female migrants. The latter has become an important policy issue in Australia because of modest retention rates. While much of the relevant literature focuses upon migrant attraction, we address the retention decision. We derive and empirically test a framework incorporating the key explanatory factors in the decision of skilled female migrants whether to remain in Australia. Our results have important implications for current policy directions.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası göç hareketleri içinde Batı Almanya’ya Türk göçünün tarihini toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinden inceleyen çalışma, Türk kadınlarını zayıf, uysal ve çok geri kalmış bir ülkenin simgesi olarak gören yaygın ideolojik algıyı tersyüz edişiyle dikkat çekiyor: “Alman fabrikalarında ‘elektrik bobini sarmak’ için ülkesinden ayrılan kadın işçiler, büyük şehirlerden gelen ve iyi bir eğitim düzeyine sahip kişilerdi.” Göçmen Türk kadınlarıyla gerçekleştirilen biyografik görüşmelerle, Almanya’da göçün idaresinden soğrudan sorumlu devlet kurum ve kuruluşlarının kaynaklarının incelenmesiyle ve bu alandaki Türkçe ve Almanca yayınların çarpraz karşılaştırılmasıyla zenginleşen eser, kadınların göç olgusuna katkısı ve katılımı konusunda nadir tarihsel ve sosyolojik araştırmalardan biri olmasının yanısıra, Batı Almanya’ya Türk göçünü toplumlar, göçmenler ve toplumlar arasındaki ilişkiler bağlamında değerlendirmek isteyenler için önemli bir kaynak oluşturuyor.

Distintas investigaciones han demostrado la importancia del trabajo doméstico como sector privilegiado de inserción de las trabajadoras migrantes en España, principalmente en los primeros años de su inmigración, independientemente del nivel formativo. Esta concentración, lejos de responder a las trayectorias laborales de estas trabajadoras, es el resultado de la articulación de diversas variables en el contexto de recepción (políticas migratorias, políticas laborales, relaciones de género, características del mercado de trabajo, concepciones sobre el trabajo doméstico, etc.) y las formas de organización del trabajo productivo y reproductivo de las familias migrantes. En esta ocasión, este artículo se propone analizar las variables que han incidido en el proceso de feminización de las migraciones hacia España y su vinculación con la importancia del empleo de hogar como lugar preponderante de inserción laboral de las mujeres migrantes no comunitarias. Posteriormente, se resumirán algunos datos estadísticos, para luego presentar los resultados de un trabajo de campo exploratorio con empleadas de hogar en situación irregular residentes en Madrid, prestando atención a las condiciones de trabajo, relaciones con los empleadores, relaciones de género, proyectos migratorios, vida familiar e ideologías del cuidado en origen y destino.

Previous studies of female migrants from Central Asia in Russia suggest that their life is characterized by unprotected work, cramped living conditions, lack of health insurance, discrimination and scarce information about medical infrastructure. These are the barriers on migrants’ way for timely and quality medical care. Young female migrants have higher vulnerability as they face double burden from both in the host society and from their native community. Issues related to sexual and reproductive health are largely stigmatized when it comes to unmarried females from Central Asia. This often leads to self-induced abortions or abandonment of newborn children. We had a goal to investigate how female migrants use formal and informal strategies to overcome the barriers on their way to receiving medical care in the Russian urban environment. The article is based on the analysis of 34 semi-structured interviews with female migrants from Central Asia and with Russian healthcare providers.

In this article, I analyze changes in the Czechoslovak-Vietnamese labor exchange program between 1967 and 1989, specifically Czechoslovak state’s policies toward pregnant Vietnamese workers.  In the program, Czechoslovak state’s commitment as welfare provider was confronted with its commitment to socialist internationalism.  I argue that the policies toward pregnant Vietnamese workers constituted a part of the process through which the Czechoslovak state was redefining the limits of care it saw itself obligated to provide.  I also argue that the conflict between the two states over the appropriate treatment of pregnant Vietnamese workers was an outgrowth of a more general feature of Czechoslovak state socialism: the tension between the pressure to increase/maintain productivity and the pressure to increase fertility.  The gradual transformation of the program into a more decentralized and market-exchange-like form shaped the nature of the conflict, the attempts to resolve it, as well as the limited efficacy of the solutions.

This paper analyzes the involvement of Mexican women in the formal and informal self-employment sector in a large metropolitan area of Arizona. Qualitative research is used to explore factors that impact self-employment activities of Mexican immigrant women in light of Arizona’s emerging policies aimed at controlling immigration. These policies seek to make it more difficult for undocumented immigrants to access employment opportunities. Women’s testimonials highlight the  "headaches” caused by participating in the labor market amid growing restrictions, as well as the creative, hybrid forms of self-employment that combine both formal and informal markets and practices.

O filme Que horas ela volta? (2015), de Anna Muylaert, narra a perturbação do cotidiano de uma família da elite paulistana depois da chegada da filha de sua empregada doméstica. Este artigo analisa os modos como o filme narra vivências íntimas, pessoais e emocionais de homens e mulheres no Brasil hoje, marcadas pelas mudanças sociais dos últimos dez anos. O artigo retoma estudos da antropologia sobre o trabalho doméstico e alguns aspectos históricos da constituição da família brasileira. No filme, a linguagem melodramática e a sugestão de um final feliz trazem um olhar benevolente para as transformações recentes do país. As conclusões sugerem que o empoderamento da mulher brasileira, celebrado pelo filme, precisa ser visto com cautela, já que, apesar da redução dos abismos econômicos no país, ainda permanecem entre nós intensas desigualdades sociais.

Women population migrations are very significant in the broader international migration phenomenon, not only because of the number of people involved, but also because they have their own particular characteristics which distinguish them from male migrations. Gender perspective, being applied to migration studies, has been very useful in demonstrating that migration is a gendered phenomenon and it
has added depth to the specific understanding of female migration.
This article focuses on Colombian flows to Italy, a scarcely studied phenomenon with interesting particularities, such as: its strong heterogeneity, the high female presence, and the variety of itineraries female have. Framed within the gender perspective, this paper aims to observe the differences between men’s and women’s migration experiences, in order to define some of the gender inequalities and their intersection with other inequalities that arise from certain social categories involved during
the migration. It focuses on the family, an important place of analysis since within it gender relations are expressed with great determination and at the same time it changes with migration, contributing to modify women’s social and family status. Changes in gender relations do not point only in one direction in such flows, as women have different trajectories showing that they are often active, independent and autonomous actors, able to articulate advantages and disadvantages present during the migration process.
Key words: Female migration, Colombia, Italy, gender, transnational family.

link: http://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis

Female labor force participation is lower than men's in many developing countries, including Turkey. The reasons for this situation vary by country but are typically based on cultural and social norms. Given the difficulties that women face in the labor market in Turkey, it is reasonable to conclude that the de facto role ascribed to women by society in a cultural sense, particularly for religious and moral reasons, has a significant impact. As a result of this role, women who do not find an equal place in society with men from the beginning of their lives are unable to benefit from educational equality, and as a result, they are at a disadvantage in the workplace when compared to men. In this regard, it is critical that public authorities strictly protect girls' right to education and remove cultural barriers that prevent them from accessing education opportunities on an equal footing with men. Housework and care work, on the other hand, are another reason why women are excluded from the labor market. It is critical to develop public policies for care services in this regard. Making public investments in child and elderly care services, as well as increasing the supply of affordable and high-quality care services, will alleviate the burden on women in society while indirectly creating job opportunities for women.

The intersecting issues of freedom of association, arbitrary detention, and gender based violence and harassment (GBVH) facing migrant workers on global product and labor supply chains should be an area of focus as the UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants prepares his thematic report on the right to freedom of association of migrants. The submission highlights limitations on the right to freedom of association for migrant workers on global product and labor supply chains, including the experiences of garment workers, construction workers, seafood processing workers, and domestic workers, with a focus on the relationship between barriers to freedom of association, and arbitrary detention and GBVH. The submission demonstrates the intersection of these issues across the globe, and the urgent need for action to address this critical intersection of rights violations by drawing together examples from Abu Dhabi, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Lebanon, Qatar, South Korea, Sri Lanka, and the United States.

本研究の目的は、国境を超える移住家事労働を行う女性に影響を与え、その半面では女性から影響を受けるマクロの社会、経済、歴史的文脈をとらえた上で、移住女性個々人の人生をマクロの文脈に位置付けながら、移住家事労働が女性たちにどのように経験され、女性たちになにをもたらすのかを、社会学とジェンダー研究の視点を用いて明らかにすることである。
そのため本研究ではベトナム～台湾間の移住制度を分析しながら、2000年代に国境を超える移住家事労働を経験したベトナム人女性の語りから具体的な事例を引き出し、移住家事労働の動機形成と女性たちを家事労働へと水路づけた移住制度、台湾における移住家事労働の実態などについて明らかにした。

Agoraia "Beschützerin des Versammlungsortes ", Aithuia "Beschützerin der Seefahrer", Ambulia "jene, die Rat gibt", Ossiderchia "die mit dem scharfsinnigem Blick", Poliate und Polisca "Beschützerin der Stadt", Xenia "Beschützerin der Fremden", Stenias "welche Kraft gibt": Das sind nur einige Beispiele für die vielen Beinamen, die der Göttin Athena im Laufe des Altertums gegeben wurden. Sie ist die einzige Göttin, die ohne Mutter zur Welt kommt und aus dem Kopf des Zeus entsprungen ist. Hesiod berichtet, dass Zeus seine Geliebte Meti im Schlaf verschlungen hat, aus Furcht, dass sie ihm einen Sohn gebären könnte, der ihn absetzte. Nach einiger Zeit wurde er von untragbaren Kopfschmerzen geplagt und rief die Götter des Olymp zu Hilfe. Hephaistos, der den Grund der Schmerzen erahnte, fügte ihm einen kleinen Schnitt am Schädel zu, aus dem Athena hervortrat: erwachsen und in voller Rüstung. Als Kriegsgöttin wurde sie mit dem Speer, Helm und Schild abgebildet, in dessen Mitte sich der Kopf der Medusa befand. Auch wenn sie eine ausgezeichnete Kämpferin war, verabscheute sie blutige Kämpfe und bevorzugte es, den Streit zu schlichten und dafür zu sorgen, dass die Gesetze mittels friedlicher Mittel eingehalten wurden. Da in ihr die Stärke, die Macht und die Weisheit in bester Weise vereint waren, war sie auch die Beschützerin des Staates und dessen Gesetze. Athena war zudem die Schutzpatronin der freien Künste und der Handwerker: besonders der Tischler, der Töpfer und der Weber. Ihr wurde zugeschrieben, sie habe den Männern beigebracht, wie ein Karren zu bauen sei und sie habe Pandora die Kunst des Webens gelehrt; ihr wurde außerdem der Bau des Argonautenschiffes zugeschrieben. Sie war nicht zuletzt Schutzherrin der Landwirtschaft, da sie die Anpflanzung des Olivenbaums in Griechenland in die Wege geleitet hat. Als der Konflikt zwischen Athena und Poseidon um die Vorherrschaft in Attika begann, bestimmten die Götter, dass Athena besiegt werden würde, je nach dem wer von den Bewohnern das größte Geschenk erweisen würde: Poseidon ließ einen Brunnen bauen mit Salzwasser, Athena ließ auf der Akropolis einen Olivenbaum pflanzen und lehrte den Athenern, wie sie aus den Oliven Öl gewinnen konnten. Auf diese Weise gewann sie. Ihr zu Ehren wurde deshalb auf der Akropolis der Parthenon geweiht, der "Tempel der Jungfräulichkeit".