Fatty acid profile

Partial bladder outlet obstruction results in progressive loss in contractile and specific cellular and subcellular membrane functions. There is evidence that ischemic activation of proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes play a major role in the etiology of bladder dysfunction secondary to partial outlet obstruction. The specific aims of the current study were to determine the fatty acid profiles in normal rabbit bladder smooth muscle and mucosa and to determine the effect of partial outlet obstruction on the distribution and content of free and total fatty acids. Fatty acids were isolated by extraction from obstructed and normal bladder smooth muscle and mucosal homogenates, and samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. All samples contained palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids. A 100% increase in total fatty acid concentration was observed in the obstructed bladder muscle tissue relative to normal bladders, although the concentration of total arachidonic acid remained constant in the two groups. Significantly higher levels of free arachidonic acid were observed in the obstructed bladder muscle group compared to the normal group. No changes were observed in fatty acid concentrations or distributions in bladder mucosa. These data show that fatty acid composition is altered as a result of bladder obstruction and support the idea that obstruction increases the activity of lipase activity and/or decreases acyl transferase activity.

Background-Fish oil, a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, has never been used as the sole source of lipid in clinical practice for fear of development of essential fatty acid deficiency, as it lacks the believed requisite levels of linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid. The objectives of this study were to establish biochemical standards for fish oil as the sole fat and to test the hypothesis that fish oil contains adequate amounts of omega-6 fatty acids to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency. Methods-Forty mice were divided into two groups that were either pair fed or allowed to eat ad libitum. In each group, four subgroups of five mice were fed 1%, 5%, and 10% fish oil diets by weight or a control soybean diet for nine weeks. Blood was collected at four time points and fatty acid analysis was performed. Food intake and weight status were monitored. Results-All groups but the pair fed 1% fish oil group gained weight and the 5% fish oil group showed the highest caloric efficiency in both pair fed and ad libitum groups. Fatty acid profiles for the 1% fish oil group displayed clear essential fatty acid deficiency, 5% fish oil appeared marginal, and 10% and soybean oil diets were found to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency. Conclusion-Fish oil enhances growth through higher caloric efficiency. We established a total omega-6 fatty acid requirement of between 0.30% and 0.56% of dietary energy, approximately half of the conventionally believed 1% as linoleic acid. This can presumably be attributed to the fact that fish oil contains not only a small amount of linoleic acid, but also arachidonic acid, which has greater efficiency to meet omega-6 fatty acid requirements.

The objective of this study was to evaluate near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a tool to predict the physicochemical composition of breast meat samples of laying hens fed 4 different diets, a control and 3 diets enriched with different sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: marine origin, extruded linseed, and ground linseed. Furthermore, NIRS was used as a tool to classify meat samples according to feeding regimen. Samples were analyzed chemically for DM, ash, protein, lipids, and fatty acid profile. Absorption spectra were collected in diffuse reflectance mode between 1,100 and 2,498 nm every 2 nm. The calibration results for the 72

The traditional approach to biochemical identification of marine fresh isolates requires considerably long culture preparation times and large quantities of expensive materials and reagents, and the results are not very reliable. On the other hand, taxonomy tests based on DNA composition, although sensitive and reliable, require long execution times and high costs. A method is presented for the classification of fatty-acid profiles, extracted from marine bacteria strains, at genus level based on supervised artificial neural networks. The proposed method allows the correct identification of all patterns belonging to the training set and almost all patterns belonging to the test set. Moreover, a quantitative measure of the importance of each fatty acid for bacterial classification is also achieved. This measure allows the determination of a cluster of fatty acids to be controlled with greater care. The results show that the proposed method is reproducible and rapid, so that it can be routinely used in the marine microbiology laboratory to identify fresh isolates. T HE MARINE environment is being given increasing attention by biotechnologists in as much as marine microorganisms play an important role in pollution [3], biodeterioration of immersed material [8], biogeochemical processes, and disease . Moreover, marine bacteria comprise a comparatively unlimited reservoir of commercially valuable compounds such as: enzymes, single cell protein, and pharmaceutical compounds . In the last 20 years bacterial taxonomy has obtained increasing success by using biochemical, genetic, and molecular biology concepts. However, marine fresh isolates are still notoriously difficult to identify. The major difficulties found in the traditional approach to biochemical identification are the need for an easily cultivable strain, the considerably long time required for the preparation of cultures, the need for large quantities of expensive materials and reagents, and, finally, the low reliability of results. Possibly, the reason stems from the lack of correspondence between the biochemical features reported in literature for the type strains and the results obtained in Manuscript

ABSTRACTBackground.  The lipopolysaccharide of Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in colonization and pathogenicity. The present study sought to compare structural and biological features of lipopolysaccharides from gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. not previously characterized.Materials and methods.  Purified lipopolysaccharides from four gastric Helicobacter spp. (H. pylori, Helicobacter felis, Helicobacter bizzozeronii and Helicobacter mustelae) and four enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. (Helicobacter hepaticus, Helicobacter bilis, ‘Helicobacter sp. flexispira’ and Helicobacter pullorum) were structurally characterized using electrophoretic, serological and chemical methods.Results.  Structural insights into all three moieties of the lipopolysaccharides, i.e. lipid A, core and O‐polysaccharide chains, were gained. All species expressed lipopolysaccharides bearing an O‐polysaccharide chain, but H. mustelae and H. hepaticus produced truncated semirough lipopolysacc...

Maximum lipid production (66% w/w dry wt) in Rhodotorula glutinis IIP-30 utilizing glucose in a fed-batch fermentation under N-limiting conditions at 30~ was at pH 4. At pH 3, 5 and 6, the lipid contents were 12%, 48% and 44%, respectively. There was only a small change in the fatty acid profile over the pH range examined, although the ergosterol content decreased by a third as the pH increased.

Rhodotorula glutinis is known to produce fat when cultivated under nitrogen-limiting conditions. Economically, molasses is an ideal substrate, however, due to the presence of nitrogen in molasses, the lipid yield obtained is much lower than that obtained from glucose or sucrose. Higher yields were obtained using molasses in a fed batch fermentation supplemented with glucose or sucrose during the lipid accumulation phase. The fatty acids profile of the lipids thus produced, using a very simple and economical medium, was similar to that obtained from glucose and sucrose.

Este experimento teve como objetivo principal avaliar as alterações no perfil de ácidos graxos do leite decorrentes do fornecimento de diferentes níveis de óleo de girassol (OG) para vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dietas completas à base de capim-elefante. Doze vacas da raça Holandesa receberam quatro níveis de OG na dieta (0; 1,3; 2,5 e 3,7% da MS) em delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos níveis de OG sobre o consumo de MS, a produção de leite ou os teores de sólidos do leite. Por outro lado, o perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) do leite foi amplamante modificado com a inclusão de OG na dieta, e observou-se redução (P<0,0001) dos teores dos AG de cadeia curta e média, elevação dos teores de ácido oleico (P<0,0001), dos isômeros de ácido linoleico conjugado, em especial do ácido rumênico (P<0,0001) e da relação entre os ácidos graxos hipo e hipercolesterolêmicos (P<0,0001). Apesar da maior ingestão diária de ácido linoleico (P<0,01) com o aumento do nível de OG na dieta, sua concentração na gordura do leite não foi alterada. Isso indica extensiva bio-hidrogenação ruminal deste AG no rúmen, o que é compatível com o aumento (P<0,0001) da concentração de ácido esteárico e dos AG C18:1 trans, especialmente do vacênico, na gordura do leite. Em geral, os resultados observados no presente estudo indicam que a inclusão de até 3,7% de OG em dietas completas de vacas leiteiras à base de capim-elefante promove melhoria da qualidade nutricional da gordura do leite, sem comprometimento do desempenho produtivo dos animais.

The physicochemical, microbiological and organoleptic characteristics and fatty acid compositions of Turkish yayik butter made from yoghurt were studied. Yayik butters were produced experimentally from goats', ewes' or cows' milk. Statistically, the differences between the physicochemical characteristics of yayik butters were generally significant. Streptococcus thermophilus counts (log cfu/g) of the butters produced from goats', ewes' and cows' milk were determined as 5.93 ± 0.04, 5.42 ± 0.17 and 6.30 ± 0.14, respectively. In addition, the Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus counts of the butters were 5.73 ± 0.10, 5.20 ± 0.14 and 5.80 ± 0.14, respectively. In this research, fatty acid compositions of yayik butters were determined by the gas-liquid chromatography method. The contents of saturated fatty acids (%), monounsaturated (%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (%) were found to be 73.88 ± 0.62, 21.20 ± 0.94 and 1.44 ± 0.01, and in goats' yayik butter, 69.10 ± 0.36, 20.22 ± 0.76 and 2.96 ± 0.06 in ewes' yayik butter, 67.06 ± 0.30, 24.01 ± 0.84 and 1.34 ± 0.01 in cows' yayik butter, respectively. The yayik butter made from goats' milk had the most acceptable organoleptic characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Gallbladder cancer is a common neoplasm of biliary tract, with an unknown etiology. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was carried out to evaluate the changes in the membrane fatty acid profile and saturation index in patients with gallbladder cancer. The study sample consisted of 50 newly diagnosed cases of gallbladder cancer and 50 patients undergoing cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis were recruited as controls. The fatty acid estimation was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Statistical analysis was carried out by student &#x27;t&#x27; test and one-way ANOVA. Pearson&#x27;s correlation coefficient was also obtained. RESULTS: A significant lowering of erythrocyte membrane stearic acid (p = 0.000), arachidonic acid (p = 0.001), and saturation index (p = 0.001) was observed in patients with gallbladder cancer compared to controls. A significant inverse relation was observed between stearic and oleic acid (r = -0.269 p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Resul...

Skates (Raja rhina) have recently become a small commercial fishery in Alaska and along the western United States coast. Most of the skate byproduct is discarded or made into meal; therefore, there is opportunity to enhance the utilization for skate byproducts. The objective of this research project was to chemically characterize longnose skate livers. Livers from five long nose skates, caught off the coast of Kodiak, Alaska, were obtained immediately after the fins (called ''wings'') had been removed by a commercial processor. Each liver was subjected to the following analysis: proximate composition, minerals, amino acids, a-tocopherol, protein gel electrophoresis, fatty acid profiles, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and biogenic amines (BA). Livers were composed of lipid (49.6%), moisture (41.0%), protein (10.9%) and ash (0.8%). High levels of a-tocopherol were found in the livers (142 mg/g oil). Fatty acid profile indicated that the lipids extracted from livers contained high concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (16.0%) and docosahexaenoic acid (17.7%). Average TBARS values were low at 1.5 mg malondialdehyde/g oil, indicating low levels of lipid oxidation. The lysine content as percent of total amino acids on a weight basis was 6.1% and methionine content was 2.8%. Analysis of BA found putrescine (31 mg/kg liver) and spermine (85 mg/kg liver) present. Preliminary results suggest long nose skate livers as an abundant source of n-3 fatty acids and amino acids.

We evaluated the usefulness of cellular fatty acid analysis for the identification of corynebacteria. Therefore, 219 well-characterized strains belonging to 21 Corynebacterium species were analyzed with the Sherlock System of MIDI (Newark, DE). Most Corynebacterium species have a qualitative different fatty acid profile. Corynebacterium coyleae (subgroup 1), Corynebacterium riegelii, Corynebacterium simulans, and Corynebacterium imitans differ only quantitatively. Corynebacterium afermentans afermentans and C. coyleae (subgroup 2) have both a similar qualitative and quantitative profile. The commercially available database (CLIN 40, MIDI) identified only one third of the 219 strains correctly at the species level. We created a new database with these 219 strains. This new database was tested with 34 clinical isolates and could identify 29 strains correctly. Strains that remained unidentified were 2 Corynebacterium aurimucosum (not included in our database), 1 C. afermentans afermentans, and 2 Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum. Cellular fatty acid analysis with a self-created database can be used for the identification and differentiation of corynebacteria.

The shelf-life of refrigerated cat®sh ®llets was determined at 2°C, to simulate retail conditions, using two types of packaging materials, vacuum packing (VP) and oxygen permeable packaging (OPP). Methods and Results: Representative samples (n 5) from both types of packaging methods were drawn at random every 2 d until a microbiological count of 10 6 cfu g )1 was reached. Samples were pooled and screened microbiologically using standard methods. Fatty acid analyses of total lipids, neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid fractions were also conducted, to determine at which point the ®sh was regarded as spoiled and which packaging method provided a longer shelf-life. OPP limits storage to a maximum of 4 d (aerobic plate count of 8á2 ´10 5 cfu g )1 ), whereas VP extends the shelf-life of the ®llets to between 6 and 8 d (aerobic plate count of 9á2 ´10 4 cfu g )1 and 1á66 ´10 6 cfu g )1 , respectively). Similarly, coliform counts increased with time; however, packaging material had no statistical in¯uence thereon. Conclusions: Until d 13, when the experiment was terminated, no deterioration in lipid composition of the various fractions was noted. Signi®cance and Impact of the Study: An extended shelf-life microbiologically-speaking, for potential processors, could thus be obtained by using VP instead of OPP.

Orobanche dominae El Mokni (section Orobanche L.) is described and illustrated as a new species to science, endemic to central-eastern Tunisia, North Africa. The new species is known only from a single population within olive groves of Mahdia area, where it grows on sandy loam soil and parasiting on the Tuniso-Libyan endemic Onopordum espinae Bonnet. It is a medium almost brownish-purple plant characterized by a precocious and very short blooming period. It has a cylindrical, long inflorescence with erecto-patent and long sized flowers. The corolla exhibits varying colors along with short and long glandular hairs in addition to an almost glabrous style on the lower part. The macromorphological features suggest a closer relationship of this new species to the members of the subsections Minores Teryokhin and Speciosae Novopokr., in particular with Or. crenata Forssk., Or. minor Sm., and Or. artemisiae-campestris Gaudin s.l. (so far the only known Orobanche that was mentioned parasitiz...

The hydrothermal-vent gastropod Alviniconcha hessleri from the Alice Springs deep-sea hydrothermal field in the Mariana Back-Arc Basin in the Western Pacific houses an intracellular bacterial endosymbiont in its gill. Although enzymatic analysis has revealed that the endosymbiont is a sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotroph using the Calvin-Benson cycle for the fixation of carbon dioxide, the phylogenetic affiliation of, and the trophic relationship of A. hessleri with, the chemoautotrophic endosymbiont remains undetermined. A single 16S rRNA gene sequence was obtained from the DNA extract of the gill, and phylogenetic analysis placed the source organism within the lineage of the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria that consists of many chemoautotrophic endosymbionts of marine invertebrates. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed the bacterium densely colonizing the gill filaments. The fatty acid profile of the symbiont-free mantle contains the high level of the 16:1 fatty acid originating from the endosymbiont, which indicates that the endosymbiont cells are digested by, and incorporated into, the host. Compound-specific carbon isotopic analysis revealed that fatty acids from the gastropod tissues are all 13 C-depleted relative to the gastropod biomass. This fractionation pattern is consistent with chemoautotrophy based on the Calvin-Benson cycle and subsequent fatty-acid biosynthesis from 13 C-depleted acetyl coenzyme A. The results from the present study are clearly different from those from our previous study for A. aff. hessleri from the Indian Ocean that harbors a chemoautotrophic endosymbiont belonging to the epsilon subdivision of the Proteobacteria, which mediates the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle for carbon fixation. Thus, it is concluded here that two lineages of chemoautotrophic bacteria, phylogenetically distinct at the subdivision level, occur as the primary endosymbiont in one hostanimal type, which is unknown for the other metazoans.

Salinity gradient in a rearing tank was formed by pumping bracki Salinity gradient in a rearing tank was formed by pumping brackish water sh water (22 ppt) from the surface and seawater (34 ppt) from the bottom (22 ppt) from the surface and seawater (34 ppt) from the bottom at the same at the same time (Fig. ). Control rearing tanks were aerated at 300 mL/min. time (Fig. ). Control rearing tanks were aerated at 300 mL/min. Fish were Fish were reared until day 23. reared until day 23. We hypothesized that this fluctuation is due to the differences We hypothesized that this fluctuation is due to the differences in the rearing environment, in the rearing environment, such as water flow and light intensity in the rearing tanks, and such as water flow and light intensity in the rearing tanks, and examined the different flow examined the different flow field and light intensities on the larval performance of this sp field and light intensities on the larval performance of this species. ecies. 3 different experiments were conducted from hatching to settleme 3 different experiments were conducted from hatching to settlement (juvenile), and growth nt (juvenile), and growth and survival of fish were compared. and survival of fish were compared. Newly hatched larvae were stocked into 1 kL cylindrical black ta Newly hatched larvae were stocked into 1 kL cylindrical black tank ( nk (Ø Ø130 cm, 70 cm depth) 130 cm, 70 cm depth) at a density of 12000 larvae/tank. Fish were reared at the same at a density of 12000 larvae/tank. Fish were reared at the same temperature (25 temperature (25 C), C), water exchange rate (100 %/day) and feeding regime (Olsen et al. water exchange rate (100 %/day) and feeding regime (Olsen et al. 2003(Olsen et al. ). 2003).

Freshwater fish species possess higher capability to utilize plant based oils as dietary lipid source due to their ability to biosynthesize highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) to meet requirements needed for growth and development. However, there is paucity in knowledge on the requirement for dietary HUFA in freshwater broodstock during active spawning stage. We conducted a study on the effect of different levels of dietary HUFA on fry production, tissue fatty acid profiles and mRNAs expression of desaturase and elongase genes in female swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri), a freshwater viviparous poeciliid. Three isonitrogenous experimental diets utilizing different ratio of squid oil and linseed oil (100% squid oil, 1:1 squid oil:linseed oil and 100% linseed oil) as lipid source were formulated and fed to female swordtails for 26 weeks. Spawning was carried out every 30 days. Results showed that diet containing mixture of squid and linseed oil as lipid sources (dietary n-3 HUFA 2.2% dry matter) resulted in significantly highest number of fry production. In general, fatty acid profiles of liver, muscle and oocyte reflected profiles of respected experimental diets. Utilization of linseed oil as sole lipid source significantly lowered deposition of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) in all three tissues, which probably affected reproduction performance. Deposition pattern of ARA in oocyte and fry also indicated the importance of this fatty acid in swordtail reproductive activities. Our results also showed increased expression of desaturase mRNA with increasing levels of dietary linseed oil in liver and muscle. This is also observed in hepatic and muscle elongase expression patterns. We also showed for the first time, regulation of desaturase transcriptional expression in ovary by dietary fatty acid profile. There was however no clear pattern in ovary elongase expression between the three diets. Collectively, this study showed that female swordtail benefits from inclusion of dietary HUFA during reproductive stages, despite possessing the ability to increase transcription of desaturase and elongase during low dietary HUFA provision. However, excessive dietary HUFA could result in imbalanced ratios of HUFA, which could impair reproductive processes.

We conducted a study to investigate the effect of different levels of dietary highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) on tissue fatty acid profiles and reproductive performance in female zebrafish. In addition, the mRNA expression of desaturase and elongase genes in liver, muscle and ovarian tissues were also analysed. Three isonitrogenous experimental diets utilizing different ratios of squid oil and linseed oil which were SO (100% squid oil), SLO (1:1 squid oil:linseed oil) and LO (100% linseed oil) as lipid sources were formulated and fed to female zebrafish for 12 weeks. Spawning was carried out twice weekly during the experimental feeding period. Results showed that fatty acid profiles of liver, muscle, ovary and egg reflected profiles of the corresponding dietary treatment. In general, increasing levels of dietary linseed oil lowered deposition of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) in all tissues. Liver fatty acid profile implied increasing biosynthesis activities during feeding of low dietary HUFA diets, which was supported by increased expression of hepatic desaturase and elongase mRNAs. However, the increased HUFA biosynthesis activities were unable to compensate for the inferior hepatic ARA, EPA and DHA levels of fish fed diet LO. In muscle and ovary tissues, relatively lower concentrations of ARA and EPA were also obtained with diet LO. There was no significant difference in EPA and ARA levels in eggs, which imply accumulation of EPA and ARA in eggs. We also showed an increasing trend of ovarian desaturase and elongase gene expression during low dietary HUFA levels. Highest egg production and hatching rate was obtained with diet SLO, which strongly suggests the need for both inclusion and balanced ratio of dietary n-3 and n-6 unsaturated fatty acids by spawning females. Collectively, this study shows that female zebrafish reproduction benefits from the supply of dietary HUFA during reproductive stages, despite possessing ability to increase transcription of desaturase and elongase in various tissues during low dietary HUFA intake.

The aim of this study was to compare some somatic indexes, chemical-nutritive characteristics and the contents of some metals (Pb, Cu, Cr and Zn) in the whole body and fillet from caught and reared sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo). The fish came from three different conditions: reared in marine cages (R), captured in a natural lagoon (L) and in the Mediterranean sea (S). Thirty fish per group, divided into three weight categories (100±15.3, 200±18.7 and 300±20.4g), were used for the trial. Reared sharpsnout seabream showed higher amounts of celomatic fat (3.41%, 2.43%, 0.21%, respectively for R, L and S) and total lipid (13.86%, 11.23% and 5.06% respectively for R, L and S), and lower moisture (64.14%, 65.54%, 71.53%) and protein (17.73, 19.03 and 19.17%) than those caught in the lagoon and sea. The whole body of reared fish contained lower amounts of lead (0.70, 0.75 and 0.97mg/kg, respectively for R, L and S), copper (0.15, 0.38, 0.25mg/kg) chrome (2.19, 3.52, 3.77mg/kg) and higher zinc contents (63.47, 53.42, 47.31mg/kg) than caught fish. Fatty acids from sharpsnout seabream fillets showed a high lipid quality as confirmed also by low values of Thrombogenic index (0.36, 0.30 and 0.22, respectively for L, S, R) and Atherogenic index (0.47, 0.42 and 0.33, respectively for L, S, R). Reared sharpsnout seabream showed lower saturated fatty acid values (26.44%, 32.21%, 34.85%, respectively for R, S, L) and higher oleic acid amount (21.61%, 19.15%, 11.99%, respectively for R, L and S). The subjects captured in the sea had a higher arachidonic acid content (5.44%, 1.76%, 0.59%, respectively for S, L, R). In the weight categories, the 100g subjects, showed higher incidence of viscera (VSI: 4.32%, 3.12% and 2.92%, respectively for 100, 200 and 300g) and liver (HIS: 2.20%, 1.97%, and 1.77%, respectively for 100, 200 and 300g), higher moisture (69.49%, 67.03%, 64.69%) and lower lipid rate (7.64%, 10.18%, 12.32%).

Dietary arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) supplementation on larval performance, tissue fatty acid profiles, resistance to hypersaline stress and expression of Na + /K + ATPase mRNA was studied in black sea bass Centropristis striata from the first feeding through metamorphosis at 24 days post-hatching (d24ph). Thirty 15-L aquaria were stocked with d1ph yolksac stage larvae at 100 ind/L. Salinity (34 g/L), temperature (22°C), photoperiod (18L:6D), light intensity (1000 lx), diffused aeration (100 mL/min) and D.O. (N5 mg/L) were held constant. Non-viable microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata was maintained at 300,000 cells/mL as background. To evaluate the effects of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) supplementation, live prey, rotifers Brachionus rotundiformis and Artemia sp., was enriched with emulsions containing 10% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and five different levels of ARA (0, 6, 8, 10 and 12% total fatty acids, TFA). In a sixth treatment, live prey was enriched with a premium commercial fatty acid booster (26% DHA, 0% ARA). Rotifers were fed from d2 to d20ph at 10-23 ind/mL, while Artemia were fed from d18 to d22ph at 0.5-3 ind/mL. On d24ph, larval fatty acid profiles reflected dietary levels, and no significant (P N 0.05) differences in larval growth (notochord length, wet and dry wt.), survival (range = 24.3-32.7%), or hypersaline stress resistance (ST-50 = 27.1-31.8 min) among treatments were evident. However, larvae fed diets supplemented with ARA (6-12% TFA) demonstrated a significant (P b 0.05) increase in Na + /K + ATPase mRNA 24 h after a sublethal salinity (43 g/L) challenge, whereas larvae fed 0% ARA and the commercial diet (devoid of ARA) showed no significant increase. The results suggested that dietary supplementation with ARA at 6-12% promoted the adaptive physiological responses to hypersalinity stress and hypo-osmoregulatory ability in black sea bass larvae.

Avocado oil has generated growing interest among consumers due to its nutritional and technological characteristics, which is evidenced by an increase in the number of scientific articles that have been published on it. The purpose of the present research was to discuss the extraction methods, chemical composition, and various applications of avocado oil in the food and medicine industries. Our research was carried out through a systematic search in scientific databases. Even though there are no international regulations concerning the quality of avocado oil, some authors refer to the parameters used for olive oil, as stated by the Codex Alimentarius or the International Olive Oil Council. They indicate that the quality of avocado oil will depend on the quality and maturity of the fruit and the extraction technique in relation to temperature, solvents, and conservation. While the avocado fruit has been widely studied, there is a lack of knowledge about avocado oil and the potential ...

The aim of the research was to evaluate embryo composition and changes in egg yolk fatty acid composition during embryonic development as a function of incubation temperature and age of breeders. Eggs obtained from a common breeder stock at 3 ages: 32 (younger), 42 (mid age), and 65 (older) wk were divided into 2 groups and placed into 2 incubators: the control and the second where eggs were heat-acclimated (HA) at 38.5°C for 6 h daily from d 10 to 18 of incubation. Body composition of embryos and chicks were measured on d 14, 18, and at hatch, respectively. Fatty acid profiles of yolk and residual egg yolk sac of chicks were analyzed before incubation and at hatch, respectively. Moisture content of embryos was highest on d 14 and then decreased regardless of parental age and incubation temperature.

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) creates a disposal problem. The large amounts generated, combined with the high phenol and chemical oxygen demand concentrations, are the main difficulties in finding a solution for the management of these wastewaters. We investigated the short-term effect of spreading OMW on the soil surface of an olive grove on the soil microbial communities. Analyse of ester-linked fatty acid methyl ester (EL-FAME) were used to assess variation in soil microbial community structure after agronomic application of OMW. EL-FAME analysis showed significant shifts of specific groups of fatty acids 30 days after application of OMW to a field of olive trees at rates of 0 (control soil), 30, 60, 100, and 150 m 3 ha À1 of OMW. In particular, the branched saturated fatty acids indicative of Grampositive bacteria decreased and the unsaturated fatty acids commonly found in Gramnegative bacteria and fungi increased. The fungal/bacterial ratio measured increased significantly with increasing OMW. Lower cy19/18:1v7c and cy17/16:1v7c ratios were found in the amended soil than the control soil, and we interpret that as an indication that nutrient availability may be more limiting in the control soil. Similarly, the relative abundances of monounsaturated fatty acids increased with added OMW, and this is consistent with the presence of high substrate availability in OMW-treated soil. Principal Components Analysis of the FAME profiles showed discrimination between the control soil and OMW amended soil. Differences in fatty acid profiles between OMW-treated soil and control soil suggests that amendment of soil with OMW favors specific groups of organisms. To our knowledge, this is the first report of alterations in the FAME profile in soils due to agronomic application of OMW.

The fatty acid profile of vegetable oils (VOs), together with the poor ability of marine fish to convert polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), lead to important changes in the nutritional value of farmed fish fed VO, which include increased fat and 18:2n-6 and reduced n-3 HUFA. Echium oil (EO) has a good n-3/n-6 balance as well as an interesting profile with its high content of unusual fatty acids (SDA, 18:4n-3 and GLA, 18:3n-6) that are of increasing pharmacological interest. The effects of substituting 50 % of dietary fish oil (FO) by EO on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) enterocyte and hepatocyte lipid metabolism were studied. After 4 months of feeding, cell viability, total lipid contents and lipid class compositions were not affected by EO. The cells clearly reflected the fatty acid profile of the EO showing increased SDA, GLA and its elongation product 20:3n-6, and only minorly decreased n-3 HUFA compared to other VO. Metabolism of [1-14 C]18:2n-6 and [1-14 C]18:3n-3 was also unaffected by EO in terms of total uptake, incorporation, β-oxidation and elongationdesaturation activities.

structure of Sebastes mentella in the North Atlantic revealed by chemometry of the fatty acid profile in heart tissue. e ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61: 113e126. Chemometric analysis of fatty acid profile in the heart tissue of redfish (Sebastes mentella, Travin 1951) from 11 locations in the waters off Norway, Faroe Islands, Iceland, and from two strata at different depths in the Irminger Sea revealed the presence of four separate stocks in the North Atlantic Ocean. The investigation has, statistically, shown: (i) a clear distinction between S. mentella on the Faroe Plateau and S. mentella in the deeps southwest of the Faroe Bank and on the Wyville Thomson Ridge; (ii) a relationship between S. mentella inhabiting the Faroe Plateau and the Norwegian Sea; and (iii) two significantly distinct stocks of S. mentella dwelling on the Icelandic Plateau. The chemometric method, consisting of methanolysis, gas chromatography of the resulting fatty acid methyl esters, and multivariate statistical treatment of the analytical data, has a discriminating power high enough to differentiate at stock level and individual level.

Pistachio flour obtained from oil industry was nutritionally characterized for use as food ingredient in functional foods. Proximal composition, jointly with mineral content, amino acids and fatty acid profile were studied. In addition, different components present in this food ingredient have been analyzed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal properties of proteins were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. This flour presented high mineral content such as potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium. Moreover, high amount of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleic and linoleic were found. Secondary structure of proteins mainly was formed by parallel b-sheet and a-helix. In the by-product, pistachio protein is in a native state and is able to be denatured at temperatures higher than 100°C. Therefore, food processing of this ingredient can affect the structure of components.

Pistachio flour obtained from oil industry was nutritionally characterized for use as food ingredient in functional foods. Proximal composition, jointly with mineral content, amino acids and fatty acid profile were studied. In addition, different components present in this food ingredient have been analyzed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal properties of proteins were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. This flour presented high mineral content such as potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium. Moreover, high amount of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleic and linoleic were found. Secondary structure of proteins mainly was formed by parallel b-sheet and a-helix. In the by-product, pistachio protein is in a native state and is able to be denatured at temperatures higher than 100°C. Therefore, food processing of this ingredient can affect the structure of components.

A rational use of native cyanobacteria for diverse biotechnology purposes requires the study of the local abiotic factors that could potentially affect their normal growth. The present study deals with the herbicide bentazon (0.75, 1.5 and 2 mM)-induced changes in lipid profile and antioxidative defense system parameters related to oxidative stress in the rice field cyanobacterium strain Nostoc muscorum UTAD N213 grown under laboratory conditions for 72-h. Results indicate that the 72-h exposure of the strain to increasing bentazon concentrations caused: (1) a decrease of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs); (2) an increase of the saturated FAs; and (3) a decrease of the unsaturation index. The activities of all of the antioxidant enzymes except for glutathione reductase showed a significant increase upon bentazon exposure in a time-and concentration-dependent manner. When compared to untreated controls, the oxidized glutathione content increased by 42, 79 and 119% with 0.75, 1.5 and 2 mM bentazon, respectively, whereas the reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio decreased by 32, 50 and 61%, respectively. The accumulation of proline in cells after herbicide exposure might prevent bentazon-induced production of reactive oxygen species and functions as a protecting agent against oxidative damage.

The present study was to investigate the effectiveness of using digested dairy manure as a nutrient supplement for cultivation of oil-rich green microalgae Chlorella sp. Different dilution multiples of 10, 15, 20, and 25 were applied to the digested manure and algal growth was compared in regard to growth rate, nutrient removal efficiency, and final algal fatty acids content and composition. Slower growth rates were observed with less diluted manure samples with higher turbidities in the initial cultivation days. A reverse linear relationship (R 2 = 0.982) was found between the average specific growth rate of the beginning 7 days and the initial turbidities. Algae removed ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and COD by 100%, 75.7-82.5%, 62.5-74.7%, and 27.4-38.4%, respectively, in differently diluted dairy manure. COD in digested dairy manure, beside CO 2 , proved to be another carbon source for mixotrophic Chlorella. Fatty acid profiles derived from triacylglyceride (TAG), phospholipid and free fatty acids showed that octadecadienoic acid (C18:2) and hexadecanoic acid (C16:0) were the two most abundant fatty acids in the algae. The total fatty acid content of the dry weight increased from 9.00% to 13.7% along with the increasing dilution multiples. Based on the results from this study, a process combining anaerobic digestion and algae cultivation can be proposed as an effective way to convert high strength dairy manure into profitable byproducts as well as to reduce contaminations to environment.

Glycerides in eight commercial potato crisps were identified after conversion to fatty acids. The profiles were analysed and compared, with regard to 14 fatty acids, by use of a gas chromatographic method. Results showed that the fatty acid profile is quite variable among brands and depends on the type of oil used in the frying process. To provide a means of identifying the frying oil correctly, brands were classified into three groups depending on the main fatty acid present. After the first analysis samples were stored at room temperature in the dark and analysed again 1 and 3 months later.

Moina sp. is an important feed for larval and post-larval rearing of aquaculture species. Preservation of Moina sp. using various preservation agents and techniques is known to be less time-consuming procedure in maintaining large number of feed in hatchery management. Hence, this study was carried out to determine the changes of fatty acid (FA) composition of Moina sp. preserved at 5, 10 and 20% in glycerol (GLY), ethylene glycol (EG), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 1 to 3 months (M1-M3). Moina sp. without cryoprotectant agents stored at-40°C as controls. Saturated fatty acid (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), ∑ ω6 and ∑ ω3 of Moina sp. preserved with 5, 10 and 20% GLY decreased with prolonging storage. FA of Moina sp. preserved with 5, 10 and 20% EG showed a significant reduction only after M3. Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and PUFA of Moina sp. preserved with 5, 10 and 20% DMSO increased significantly (p<0.05) after M3. Moina sp. preserved in 5% DMSO maintain the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) level, which could be a potential method for longterm preservation.

Background/Aims: Fatty acid (FA) composition varies over the course of the day and during lactation. The aim of this study was to evaluate FA composition and its compositional stability in human milk, from day 7 to week 16 of lactation. Methods: Human milk was collected from all feedings over 24 h at day 7 and weeks 4, 8, 12 and 16 of lactation in 31 lactating women. FAs were analyzed through gas chromatography. Comparisons were made with analysis of variance. Results: Total monounsaturated FAs decreased from 33.04 ± 2.58% wt/wt at day 7 to 31.48 ± 3.32% wt/wt at week 16 of lactation, much at the expenses of the decrease in the major monounsaturated FA found in human milk, oleic acid. Main polyunsaturated FAs n-6 and n-3 showed fluctuations from day 7 up to week 16 of lactation, but with no statistical significance. Arachidonic acid significantly decreased from transitional to mature milk. Conclusions: The FA profile obtained throughout the study time points presented very low level...

The aim of this study was to evaluate maternal and fetal lipid profile in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) pregnancies with and without preeclampsia (PE). Thirteen normal pregnancies studied during the third trimester (control M) and 29 at elective cesarean section (control CS) were compared with 18 pregnancies complicated by IUGR (IUGR only) and with seven pregnancies complicated by both IUGR and PE (IUGR-PE). Total plasma fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were determined in maternal and fetal plasma. Nutritional intake was analyzed. IUGR only mothers had lower percentage of linoleic acid (LA) and higher arachidonic acid (AA) than controls, partly explained by higher AA dietary intake. Higher levels of NEFA were observed both in IUGR only and in IUGR-PE mothers whereas triglyceride levels were increased in IUGR-PE mothers only. In IUGR-PE fetuses, LA and AA were significantly decreased, whereas triglyceride and NEFA concentrations were significantly increased compared with normal fetuses. In conclusion, IUGR only is associated with altered fatty acids profile not completely accounted by dietary changes. We hypothesize that the differences observed in IUGR with PE for triglycerides and other lipids could be related to a difference in maternal phenotype.

To determine whether the composition of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) could be modified in the fetus by maternal dietary fatty acids, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed semipurified diets that differed only in the non-vitamin lipid component. The diets contained either 10 g palm, sunflower, olive or fish oil (FOD)/100 g diet. A total of 5–6 rats were studied in each group. At day 20 of gestation, corresponding to 1.5 days prior parturition, the fatty acids in maternal adipose tissue were closely related to the fatty acid composition in the corresponding diet. An important proportion of arachidonic acid (AA) appeared in maternal liver and plasma, although it was lower in the FOD than in the other groups. Except for saturated fatty acids, the proportion of individual fatty acids in the placenta correlated linearly with that in maternal plasma. Also, PUFA in fetal plasma and liver showed significant correlations with PUFA in maternal plasma. Again, AA showed the lowe...

The effect of desiccation on lipid content, fatty acid composition and the antioxidative enzymic capacity was investigated in seeds of Telfairia occidentalis, harvested at physiological and agronomic maturity. Seeds were dried at 5 and 28 o C, environments that induced different drying and metabolic rates. Desiccation of seeds was associated with decreased antioxidative enzymic capacity (of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase), and thus increased likelihood of free radical attack and decreased viability (germinability). Agronomically mature seeds contained predominantly saturated fatty acids (tridecanoic), with very low levels of the major fatty acids of edible oilseeds (palmitic, stearic or the unsaturated C18 fatty acids). There was increased accumulation of the mono-unsaturated (oleic) and polyunsaturated (linoleic) fatty acids when seeds were dried at 28 o C and moisture contents have reduced to about 42 % or lower. In contrast, seeds dried at 5 o C maintained high levels of saturated fatty acids and lower levels of monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Results suggest the need to develop different post-harvest protocols for seed storage, and for processing T. occidentalis to 'improve' the seed fatty acid profile as an oilseed for human and animal food.

Multipurpose production of hemp has led to renewed interest for this crop cultivation, especially for human nutrition. To date, no information about the influence of nitrogen source on hemp seed quality is available. Hemp is also used for food and beverages due to its nutritional characteristics. This further use of hemp has led to an increase in hemp-grown areas. Therefore, it is important to get more information on the role of nitrogen on the quality production as well as to evaluate the environmental impact of the cultivation technique. In this work, we evaluate the influence of nitrogen source (i.e., NH4NO3 and urea) on the seed fatty acid composition of an edible hemp as well as on the environment in terms of soil N2O emission. Nitrogen source modified seed quality very little. Even if characterized by a lower acidic profile, seed from plants grown under urea and NH4NO3 had a ω-3/ω-6 ratio (0.3) within the optimal range from the nutritional standpoint, being considered as the o...

A study to optimize the use of oleoresin rosemary extract, sage extract, and citric acid in refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palm olein during deep‐fat frying of potato chips was performed using response surface methodology. Results showed that the natural antioxidants used in this study retarded oil deterioration, as evidenced by retention of fatty acid profiles. The linoleic to palmitic (C18∶2/C16∶0) ratio was chosen as the parameter for optimizing the use of natural antioxidants in RBD palm olein during deep‐fat frying. Linoleic (R2=0.946) and palmitic (R2=0.825) acids were found to be the most important dependent variables, giving highest R2 values to various antioxidant treatments after 25 h of frying. All three antioxidants had independent significant (P&lt;0.05) effects on the C18∶2/C16∶0 ratio. In fact, significant effects on the C18∶2/C16∶0 ratio of RBD palm olein were also given by a second‐order form. A combination of 0.076% oleoresin rosemary extract, 0.066% sage ...

The present study aims to determine the effect of feeding system for Iberian pigs during the fattening period on tissue fatty-acid composition and rheological properties. Twenty-four Iberian barrows of the same age with an average initial liveweight of 100.2 kg were randomly distributed into three groups of eight pigs each. One group was fed under free-range conditions for 117 d. The other two groups were fed in confinement either with acorns from Quercus rotundifolia or a concentrate diet. Differences on subcutaneous backfat fatty-acid composition were found among feeding systems with the outer layer of backfat in concentrate-fed pigs containing more SFA and total n-6 and less MUFA, directly reflecting dietary fatty-acid composition. The longissimus dorsi intramuscular neutral lipids (NL) of free-range pigs contained higher C18:1 n-9, MUFA and lower SFA proportions than those fed with acorns or the concentrate diet. The liver NL in pigs fed acorns in confinement contained higher C18:1 n-9, MUFA and lower SFA proportions than those fed a concentrate diet or in free-range. Subcutaneous fat from pigs fed the concentrate diet was higher in hardness than those fed acorns in confinement or in free-range, while adhesiveness was higher in pigs fed acorns in confinement than in the remaining groups of pigs.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) enrichment for finishing heavy fatty pigs on performance, carcass traits and fatty acid composition in subcutaneous and intramuscular fat (IMF), including CLA main isomers concentration. Forty castrated Iberian × Duroc pigs, half males and half females, with 120 (± 2.83) kg live weight were used. Pigs were fed experimental diets containing two levels (0 and 1%) of CLA. No effect of CLA was observed on backfat thickness or IMF concentration. In subcutaneous backfat, dietary CLA increased the C16:0, C18:0, c9,t11-CLA , t10,c12-CLA and saturated fatty acids (SFA) proportion and decreased those C18:1 n-9, C18:2 n-6, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) proportions and MUFA/SFA and C18:1 n-9/C18:0 and C16:1 n-7/C16:0 ratios. In the IMF, dietary CLA increased C16:0, SFA, c9,t11 and t10,c12 proportions and reduced C18:1 n-9 and MUFA, MUFA/SFA and C18:1 n-9/C18:0 ratios, but showed no effect on C18:2 n-6 and PUFA proportion. Subcutaneous backfat fatty acid profile was affected by gender, but no gender effect on intramuscular fatty acid profile was observed. CLA isomer accumulation was lower in heavy pigs compared to the lean genotype probably as a consequence of the higher carcass fat concentration in the former.

Influencia de agua de desecho de desalación para el cultivo de Arthrospira platensis. Perfil de ácidos grasos. En la región nordeste de Brasil, debido a la elevada salinidad de los acuíferos, existe la necesidad de utilizar procesos de desalación. Sin embargo, estos procesos generan residuos con alta concentración salina, con significativo impacto ambiental. El objetivo de este trabajo fue el cultivo de Arthrospira platensis en tres medios de cultivo diferentes: medio de Paoletti, medio de agua salinizada y medio de agua de desecho obtenida en el proceso de desalación de acuíferos. Las microalgas fueron cultivadas en laboratorio, con condiciones controladas, en fotobiorreactores de 4 L, a 30±1°C y periodos de 12 horas de claridad/oscuridad con iluminación de 140 µmol•m-2 •s-1 e inyección constante de aire (0,5 L•L-1 •min-1). Fue verificado el efecto de los diferentes medios en la concentración celular, productividad, contenido total de lípidos y perfil de ácidos grasos. La mayor concentración celular, así como la productividad máxima fueron encontradas en el medio de agua de desecho de desalación, 4,954 (±0,554) g•L-1 y 0,225 (±0,042) g•L-1 •día-1 respectivamente. En relación a los lípidos totales, se encontraron valores de 4,54% en el medio de agua de desecho de desalación y 4,69% en el medio de agua salinizada. En cuanto a los ácidos grasos, se obtuvieron altos índices de ácidos grasos saturados con ambos tratamientos. Con relación al ácido γ-linolénico, se encontró en un 13,09% en el medio de agua de desecho de desalación y en un 11,95% en el medio de agua salinizada. PALABRAS-CLAVE: Acidos grasos-Agua de desecho de desalación-Arthrospira platenses.

This study examined the effects of feeding an essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) diet either without fat or with added hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) on fatty acid profiles in rats. Both diets induced equivalent biochemical evidence of EFAD reflected by the triene/tetraene ratio in plasma phospholipids within 2 weeks. However, the HCO diet led to larger increases of 16:1n7 and 18:1n9 in muscle but smaller increases in fat tissue and plasma triglycerides than the fat-free diet, suggesting greater increases in hepatic de novo lipogenesis with the latter. In addition, the HCO diet led to larger decreases of some 18:3n3 metabolites, particularly 22:6n3, in muscle, fat and brain tissues than the fat-free diet, presumably related to lesser stimulation of elongation and desaturation. Thus, these secondary effects of an EFAD diet on fatty acid metabolism can be modified by the saturated fat in the diet while the primary impact of both diets on development of EFAD is unaffected.

Background-Fish oil, a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, has never been used as the sole source of lipid in clinical practice for fear of development of essential fatty acid deficiency, as it lacks the believed requisite levels of linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid. The objectives of this study were to establish biochemical standards for fish oil as the sole fat and to test the hypothesis that fish oil contains adequate amounts of omega-6 fatty acids to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency. Methods-Forty mice were divided into two groups that were either pair fed or allowed to eat ad libitum. In each group, four subgroups of five mice were fed 1%, 5%, and 10% fish oil diets by weight or a control soybean diet for nine weeks. Blood was collected at four time points and fatty acid analysis was performed. Food intake and weight status were monitored. Results-All groups but the pair fed 1% fish oil group gained weight and the 5% fish oil group showed the highest caloric efficiency in both pair fed and ad libitum groups. Fatty acid profiles for the 1% fish oil group displayed clear essential fatty acid deficiency, 5% fish oil appeared marginal, and 10% and soybean oil diets were found to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency. Conclusion-Fish oil enhances growth through higher caloric efficiency. We established a total omega-6 fatty acid requirement of between 0.30% and 0.56% of dietary energy, approximately half of the conventionally believed 1% as linoleic acid. This can presumably be attributed to the fact that fish oil contains not only a small amount of linoleic acid, but also arachidonic acid, which has greater efficiency to meet omega-6 fatty acid requirements.

Traditional food products are often considered beneficial and healthy Foods. Timahdite sheep breed is the main sheep breed raised in the middle-Atlas in Morocco. The breeding of this local rustic breed plays a crucial socio-economic role in this mountain area. Indeed, it generates a significant economic input for the rural population and plays a role of valuing natural resources in forest areas. Little information is available on Timahdite sheep meat produced in a traditional production system. This study aimed to provide more insights on the quality and nutritional value of Tamahdite’s sheep meat, which is in the process of being labeled “Protected Geographical Indication” as a protected product from the Middle Atlas. The longissimus lumborum is used for meat analysis and quality parameter determination. Analyses of amino acid composition show that this meat has a high protein value with a protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score of 325.09 and EAA index of 162.20. The fatty...