Family and Fertility Planning

Family planning (FP) is an important strategy in promoting maternal and child health. It improves health through adequate spacing of birth, avoiding pregnancy at high-risk maternal age and high parity. It is often used as a synonym for birth control, however. It does have a wider view, dealing with birth control, reproductive health, as well as premarital and pre conception counseling (1). Despite the fact that contraceptive usage has increased over a period of time, there exists a Knowledge Attitude and Practice-gap regarding contraception (2, 3). The reasons for not using any family planning methods are lack of knowledge and education, religious belief and fear of side effects. Family planning has two main objectives; firstly, to have only the desired number of children and secondly, proper spacing of pregnancies (4). The widespread adoption of family planning represents one of the most dramatic changes of the 20th century. The growing use of contraception around the world has given couples the ability to choose the number and spacing of their children and has tremendous life saving benefits. Yet despite the impressive gains, contraceptive use is still low and the need for contraception is high in some of the world's poorest and most populous places(5). Family planning is not only focused on the planning of when to have children and use of birth control. Rather, in a broad view, it includes sex education, prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), preconception counseling and management, and infertility management (6). Family planning offers a positive view of reproductive life and enables people to make informed choices about their reproduction and well-being (7).

I show how couples can go beyond the [misnamed[ hypothalamic Fight of Flight Mode  to mature an innate, crossculturally referenced perineum-spinal-heart-hypothalamic-cerebral-puberty-of-entheogenic-hormonal-potencies. I name this co-created maturity and its Wittgensteinian “Form of Life”:  Coentheogenesis that renders all conceptions as Conscious and most abortions as Obsolete, toward a DNA-epigenetic World Family Identity of a "shared-generative-gender-mystery." 
See serotonergic aspects of xylemic maturity at
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0302283805003106  with 143 citations of this article, to date.
See also  https://post.edu/blog/science-love-impacts-brain/ 
https://www.fcs.uga.edu/docs/ELEVATE_00e_Factsheets.pdf
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Population increase has become a thing of great concern for economic planners, demographers and even
government agents. As world population moves towards 5.9 billions, the per capital production of money basic
commodities is falling, for instance the recent global food shortage is an evidence (Population Report, 2006). The
effort to raise incomes and living standard is falling in many countries like Nigeria, particularly where population is
growing most rapidly and where family planning is not fully practiced.
The world population has been growing rapidly since the 1960s to reach close to 7 billion today, and future
projections show that the world will exceed 8, 9 and 10 billion by 2023, 2041 and 2083, respectively [Rosenberg M
(2012)]. This remarkable development in population is a product of increasing fertility and the unprecedented
decline in death rates among the developing countries due to improved medical and health care facilities [Manali
(2012)]. In 2009, fertility rate was reported to be 2.5 worldwide, 2.2 in America and Asia, 1.6 in Europe, 4.6 in
Africa, 6.4 in DRC, 4.6 in Kenya, and 5.25 in Nigeria. Nigerian population density grew from 321 people per square
kilometer in 2002 to 416 in 2012, the highest in Africa. This makes Nigeria the third most densely populated
country in the world, after South Korea and Rwanda [World Bank. Report on contraceptive prevalence (% of
Women ages 15-49) in Africa].
The rate at which the world population is growing creates a great concern to the international community. It is
this reason that the United Nations held a number of conferences to discuss measures to control world
population growth. The most influential conference was the 1994 International Conference on Population and
Development (ICPD) held in Cairo; the conference reached an agreement on the urgent need to control global
population growth. Among others, the 20 year ICPD Program of Action declared Family Planning Methods use as
one of the critical approaches to be initiated by United Nations member states as a way of regulating world
population. In 2009, contraceptive level was 62 in the world, 75 in America, 66 in Asia, 70 in Europe, 82 in
Oceania, 29 in Africa, and 21 in Sub-Saharan Africa [Bankole (2011)].

Unmet need merupakan salah satu konsep penting yang dimanfaatkan untuk pengembangan kebijakan KB. Unmet need adalah persentase wanita yang saat ini tidak menggunakan metode kontrasepsi dan tidak ingin anak lagi atau menunda kehamilan, tetapi tidak menggunakan kontrasepsi modern. Ada delapan jenis kontrasepsi modern yang harus diketahui oleh Pasangan Usia Subur (PUS) yaitu: Vasektomi yaitu Metode Operasi Pria (MOP), Tubektomi yaitu Metode Operasi Wanita (MOW), Implan, Alat kontrasepsi dalam Rahim (AKDR), suntikan, pil, kondom, amenore laktasi.

Complex analysis of current situation of family planning, birth control and abortion trends in Samoa. As a small country situated in the Oceania with around 140 000 inhabitants that gained the independence in 1997 is still struggling with social issues. According to newest data as one of the most religious Christian counties consider family as important part of social life. Although big families are part of the cultural structure of the country it is essential to discuss the lack of family planning and birth control knowledge especially among young part of the population. Government social programs that tends to help young people in the subject of starting family are insufficient and often poorly exercised.

It has been almost fifteen years since emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) have been made available over the counter in India. There have been concerns about the overuse/misuse of ECPs and the probability to replace regular contraceptive methods. This article presents various facets of the use of emergency contraceptive pills in India and highlights the importance of potential research to prevent its misuse.

Objective: The prevalence of child undernutrition in South Asia is as high as in Sub-Saharan African countries. The unmet need for family planning also is quite high. In previous literature, the biodemographic relationship of family planning, particularly birth order and birth spacing, and nutritional status of children have been assessed separately. The aim of this study was to work on the hypothesis that the planning of births comprising timing, spacing, and number of births improves child undernutrition, especially in the areas with high prevalence of stunting and underweight. Methods: We used recent Demographic and Health Survey data from four selected South Asian countries. Binary logistic regression models were applied to estimate the adjusted percentage of stunting and underweight by identified independent factors. Results: Findings suggested that after controlling for other socioeconomic factors, children in the first birth order with >24 mo of interval between marriage and first birth have a lower risk for stunting (20%; p < 0.01) and underweight (14%; p < 0.05), respectively, than other scenarios of the planning of births. The probability of child undernutrition is lower among children born with >24 mo of birth spacing than its counterpart in all birth orders, but the significance of birth spacing reduces with increasing birth orders. Conclusion: Appropriate planning of births using family planning methods in countries with high birth rates has the potential to reduce childhood undernutrition. Thus, the planning of births emerges as an important biodemographic approach to eradicate childhood undernutrition especially in developing regions like South Asia and thereby to achieve sustainable development goals by 2030.

The massive spurt in rural labor migration has led to urbanization in contemporary India. While research on gendered migration of informal labor focuses on male-outmigration and views women as &amp;quot;passive followers,&amp;quot; this study draws on the narratives of women domestic workers in Delhi to explore how they emerge as breadwinners within their households and how this sudden transformation of employment status impacts their position in their households. Further, it reimagines empowerment as an intimate engagement process for the women involving constant renegotiations of unequal power relations, gendered roles, responsibilities, beliefs, and values. Thereby, I examine how female domestic workers construct their identities in a socio-cultural environment where choices are limited for them.

The massive spurt in rural labor migration has led to urbanization in contemporary India. While research on gendered migration of informal labor focuses on male-outmigration and views women as &amp;quot;passive followers,&amp;quot; this study draws on the narratives of women domestic workers in Delhi to explore how they emerge as breadwinners within their households and how this sudden transformation of employment status impacts their position in their households. Further, it reimagines empowerment as an intimate engagement process for the women involving constant renegotiations of unequal power relations, gendered roles, responsibilities, beliefs, and values. Thereby, I examine how female domestic workers construct their identities in a socio-cultural environment where choices are limited for them.

Background: Injectable contraceptives are fast becoming the method of choice among women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Specifically, the subcutaneously administered depotmedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-SC) is gaining traction as a convenient, private and effective method to address unmet need for family planning (FP). The objective of this study was to determine the trend in DMPA-SC use in Nigeria. Methods: Data was extracted from the National Health Management Information System (NHMIS) FP register on DMPA-SC uptake in public health facilities and through community-oriented resource providers (CORPS) in 10 Nigerian states. The linear trend model was adopted in data analysis based on lowest measure of dispersion and/or highest adjusted coefficient of determination (R 2). The statistical significance was determined at 5%. Results: There was an upward trend in the use of DMPA-SC among clients who received the service through health providers, CORPS and self-injection in the 10 project states over a period of 12 months (August 2019-July 2020). In addition, the linear trend model showed that for every unit increase in months, the average number of women expected to use DMPA-SC through health providers, CORPS and self-injection will increase by 1308.3 (Yt = 3799.7 +1308.3*t), 756.73 (Yt = −1030.8 +756.73*t) and 77.864 (Yt = −159.7 +77.864*t) respectively. In all models, the adjusted coefficient of determination was 99.9% which showed good model fitness. The results also showed that the number of DMPA-SC clients varied across the project states with Niger (32,988) and Oyo (31,511) states reporting the highest number of clients over the period of 12 months. Conclusion: There was an increasing use of DMPA-SC and self-injection among clients over time. Health facility and community-based FP programs should be strengthened to ensure improved access to FP services.

Background: Family Planning (FP) contribute to reductions in fertility, unwanted pregnancies, and maternal death. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge and utilization of FP methods by women in Dobi Community Gwagwalada Abuja. Methodology: A cross-sectional study of women of reproductive age (15-49) in Dobi. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and utilization of FP methods were collected from the 217 subjects selected by multi-stage sampling technique. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 23 and presented in tables and figures. Chi-square test of significance was applied and p-value set at < 0.05. Results: Findings showed that, 65 (31.1%) of the respondents were aged 16-20 years, 145 (69.4%) were married and 43 (20.6%) had no formal education. Seventy two (72.7%) had good knowledge of family planning methods; the commonest source of information was clinic 134 (64.1%). The most commonly known FP were male condom 167 (79.9%) and injectable 158 (75.6%). A total of 55 (26.3%) respondents used a FP method; the commonest were injectable 42 (20.0%) and implant. Fear of contraceptive side effects 152 (72.8%) and desire for more children 121 (57.9%) were the most frequently given reason for non-use of FP. Age group of respondents. Educational level and source of information were all significantly associated with level of knowledge and utilization of FP methods. Conclusion: Knowledge of Family Planning Methods was high among the women in this study, yet their utilization was poor. Adequate health education, guidance and counselling should be carried out by health workers to dispel fears and encourage higher contraceptive use among women of child bearing age.

O Método de Ovulação Billings (MOB) é um dos métodos considerados moralmente lícitos pela Igreja Católica para o planejamento familiar (PF). Desde o papa Pio XII, passando por Paulo VI, com a mal compreendida carta Encíclica Humanae Vitae, João Paulo II e, recentemente, Francisco, com Amoris Laetitia, a Igreja incentiva o uso dos ritmos de fertilidade para o exercício de uma parentalidade responsável. Apesar do peso dos pronunciamentos pontifícios, poucos católicos parecem conhecer a fundo o ensino da Igreja em relação à doutrina sobre a sexualidade conjugal e, particularmente, sobre métodos lícitos e eficazes para o justo espaçamento ou cessamento das gestações. Assim, é a passos lentos que o MOB torna-se conhecido e aceito por alguns fiéis católicos. Também não é pouco o número de fiéis que desconhecem ou não aceitam o MOB, até mesmo com certa carga de preconceitos. A pesquisa objetivou investigar, em campo, o conhecimento e a aceitabilidade do ensino moral católico a respeito dos métodos de PF e o conhecimento, aceitabilidade e uso do MOB por fiéis católicos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, envolvendo levantamento bibliográfico e de campo, aprovada pelo CEP do Hospital Municipal São José (Joinville/SC), sob o parecer 2.654.010, de 14/05/2018. Foram avaliados 47 questionários de fiéis católicos de uma Paróquia da Diocese de Joinville/SC, atualmente casados e em idade fértil, sem quadro de esterilidade definitiva. A coleta de dados aconteceu em junho de 2018, por meio de questionário composto por perguntas fechadas com múltiplas respostas. A apreciação dos dados foi realizada com o auxílio do software Microsoft Excel 2010 e SPSS Statistics 24, inicialmente com a análise descritiva da amostra. Para verificar as associações entre as variáveis, utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado, considerando-se nível de significância (α) de 0,05 e nível de confiança de 95%. A pesquisa apontou que a frequência de participação dos fiéis entrevistados não interferiu, estatisticamente, nem no conhecimento, nem na aceitabilidade do ensino moral do Magistério católico sobre os métodos de PF. Além disso, a frequência de participação na Igreja Católica não contribui, também, para adquirir mais conhecimento sobre o MOB e um sentimento mais significativo de confiança no método. Mais ainda, a frequência de participação não interferiu para que os fiéis fizessem uso do MOB (nenhum dos entrevistados declarou-se usuário do método). Por outro lado, existe uma correlação estatística positiva entre participação e aceitabilidade do MOB, isto é, quanto maior a frequência de participação na Igreja maior é a aceitabilidade do MOB. Em síntese, os resultados indicaram que os fiéis mais participantes não demonstram ter um maior conhecimento do MOB, sinal da limitada divulgação do método no meio pesquisado. Esse fator leva-os a desconfiar do método. Contudo, a pesquisa evidenciou que os fiéis mais participantes possuem uma sensibilidade maior para aceitar o MOB. Em relação ao uso do MOB, ou de qualquer outro método natural, os resultados assinalam quanto o discurso católico e a prática dos fiéis está em dissintonia. Ademais, os dados demonstram a necessidade de um projeto pastoral que vise não apenas à divulgação dos benefícios do MOB e no esclarecimento das muitas dúvidas dos fiéis, mas também na formação dos fiéis em relação ao significado mais profundo do ensino da Igreja Católica em relação aos métodos de PF e à escuta dos desafios e angústias dos fiéis em relação ao tema. No campo científico, a pesquisa contribui ao expor novos dados, tão escassos ao tratar desse assunto específico no meio cristão católico. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Método de Ovulação Billings. Planejamento familiar. Moral familiar.

Billings Ovulation Method – BOM, based on knowledge about cervical mucus and its relation to female fertility, is one of the methods considered morally licit by the Catholic Church for family planning - FP. From Pope Pius XII, through Paul VI, to the misunderstood Encyclical Humanae Vitae, John Paul II, and recently Francis, with Amoris Laetitia, the Church encourages the use of knowledge of fertility rhythms to exercise responsible parenting. Despite this, few Catholics know well the teaching of the Church about the doctrine on conjugal sexuality and, particularly, on licit and effective methods for the fair spacing or cessation of gestations. This work intended to analyze and understand the Catholic doctrine that underlies the morality of the natural methods of FP, aiming to review the literature concerning the BOM and to investigate in the field the degree of knowledge, acceptability and use of this method by Catholics of a parish of Diocese of Joinville/SC. In addition, it was intended to verify how much the moral teaching of the Magisterium regarding the methods of FP is known and accepted by the faithful; verify whether regular participation in the community influences on knowledge, acceptability and use of the BOM; to verify if the benefit "is in accordance with the moral teaching of the Catholic Church" stands out for the other benefits in choosing the BOM. It is an exploratory and descriptive research, involving a bibliographical and field survey, with questionnaire application. As for the approach, it is a qualitative and quantitative research. It was used 47 questionnaires of Catholics, currently married and of fertile age, without permanent sterility. Data were evaluated using Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS Statistics 24 software. The Chi-square test was used to verify the associations between the variables, considering a level of significance (α) of 0.05 and a confidence level of 95%. The research pointed out that the frequency of participation of the faithful did not statistically interfere neither in the knowledge nor in the acceptability of the moral teaching of the Catholic Magisterium about the methods of FP. In addition, the frequency at Church did not contribute to gaining more knowledge about the BOM and a more significant sense of confidence in the method. Moreover, the frequency of participation did not interfere with the faithful using the BOM (none of the interviewees declared themselves to be users of the method). On the other hand, there is a positive statistical correlation between participation and acceptability of the BOM, that is, the greater the frequency at Church, the greater the acceptability of the BOM. In summary, the results pointed to the limited publication of the method in the researched environment. This factor leads Catholics to mistrust the method. However, the more participating faithful have a greater sensitivity to accept the BOM. In addition, the result of the use of the BOM pointed out how much the Catholic discourse and the practice of the faithful are in without tuning. The need for a pastoral project that seeks not only to publicize the benefits of the BOM and to clarify the many doubts, but also in the formation about the deeper meaning of the teaching of the Catholic Church in relation to methods of FP and listening to the challenges and anxieties of the faithful about the theme. In the scientific field, this research contributed to expose new data, so scarce about this subject in the Christian Catholic environment.

Background: Unintended pregnancy is an important public health issue in developing countries like India because of its association with adverse social and health outcomes. Emergency Contraception (EC) is a safe and effective way to prevent unplanned pregnancy. The objectives of this study were to assess the attitude, practices and do the need assessment of emergency contraception among the married women of 18 to 45 years in an urban area of Delhi. Methods: It was a community based cross sectional study, done in an urban locality in Central Delhi. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to take the interview of eligible females. Results: 83.2% of the study subjects had favourable attitude towards the use of emergency contraception in future, if need arises. There was siginificant association of attitude with age, parity and contraceptive usage. Only 9% of the study subjects had ever used EC. Most of them, purchased emergency contraception from a chemist. I pill was found to be the most common EC used by the study subjects. The practice of EC was found to be associated with education, contraceptive usage and having knowledge about EC. Conclusion: Government health facilities were the first choice of study subjects for receiving the information and getting emergency contraceptive pills. However the unavailability of the emergency contraceptive pills at health centres and long waiting time in government health facilities were found to be the reasons for not going to the government health facilities for getting the emergency contraceptive pills.

Reproductive decision-making and fertility patterns change with time and place, and are influenced by contemporary societal factors. In this paper, we have studied biosocial aspects of reproductive decision-making over time and generations in a Nordic setting. The aim was to explore intergenerational changes and influences on decision-making, especially regarding precon- ditions to first birth. Twenty-six focus group interviews were conducted in southern Sweden, including a total of 110 participants aged 17–90 years. The analysis of the interviews resulted in six themes: (i) ‘Providing security – an intergenerational precondition’; (ii) ‘A growing smorgasbord of choices and requirements’; (iii) ‘Parenthood becoming a project’; (iv) ‘Stretched out life stages’; (v) ‘ (Im)possibilities to procreate’; and (vi) ‘Intergenerational pronatalism’. Our findings reflect increasing expectations on what it means to be prepared for parenthood. Despite increasing awareness of the precariousness of romantic relationships, people still wish to build new families but try to be as prepared as possible for adverse events. The findings also show how increasing life expectancy and medical advancements have come to influence people’s views on their reproductive timeline.

On May 22, 2006, the State of Wisconsin submitted a Citizen Petition with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and, on July 24, 2006, submitted a Supplement to that Petition. The State of Wisconsin sought a switch of Plan B®, an emergency contraceptive drug approved in 1999 for sale and use on a prescription basis, to over-the-counter status and a similar switch regarding any drugs equivalent to Plan B® from prescription. The State of Wisconsin, based on relevant scientific research cited in those submissions, sought that switch to OTC status for all menarchal women regardless of age. Eight years later, in the Tummino case filed in the US District Court for the Eastern District of New York, FDA was ordered to make a successor to Plan B® (Plan B® One-Step) available over-the-counter without any age restrictions.

Introduction: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) affects many women of child bearing age and rates of voluntary childlessness (VC) exceed those of the general population by far. The factors surrounding VC remain incompletely understood.
Methods: Female members of the patient organisation Crohn’s and Colitis UK aged 18-45 years were invited to complete an online questionnaire collecting data on demographics, disease characteristics, pregnancy specific disease-related knowledge (CCPKnow) and childlessness status.
Results: 1324 women (mean age 33 years) completed the survey. 776 (59%) were diagnosed with from Crohn’s disease (CD), 496 (38%) with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 4% with IBD-U. 40% had children (14% pre-diagnosis (I); 26% post-diagnosis (II)),  36% planned to have children at some stage (III), 7% reported fertility problems (IV) and 17% were classified as voluntarily childless (VC). VC was associated with poorer CCPKnow scores (5.98 vs 7.47 in (III); p<0.001), older age (35y vs 28y in (II); p<0.001), unemployment (9.7% VC; p<0.001), being single (34.5% VC; p<0.001, not seeking medical advice (p<0.001), and diagnosis of CD (19.3% vs 13.9% UC; p=0.015). Women with VC had more hospital admissions (mean 2.85 vs 2.17 (III); p=0.03) and surgical interventions (mean 1.27 vs 0.65 (III); p<0.001) Conclusion: The aetiology of VC in women with IBD is multifactorial. Women’s choice regarding children appears related to disease burden. VC is also associated with poor knowledge (CCPKnow) and women may stay childless unnecessarily. Patient education programmes could help to reduce the rate of VC in women with IBD through correcting misconceptions and alleviating patient concerns.

For nearly five decades, family planning has been the cornerstone of a worldwide strategy to slow down population growth. But the uptake of family planning does not match the amount of funds and programs directed at family planning usage.
This study focused on assessing family planning decision among pregnant women in the Kwabre East District. The study design was cross-sectional. The sample size was 200 females with ages between 19-49 years and questionnaires were used to interview them. The data collected were entered and analyzed using Excel spreadsheet and S.P.S.S. version 16. 
The results of the study showed that there was a low patronage of family planning service provided by the various outlets constituting 80%. Seventy seven percent indicated that their spouse always disapproved the used of family planning. The study also indicated that 81% of the respondents did not have the right to go for family planning service. The study showed that 58% of the respondents were of the view that, they were not ready to use family planning after childbirth.
It is therefore recommended that, tackling family planning issues from socio economic perspective will have effective remedy for women with respect to decision making. Improving women access to family planning service from private facilities to avert services provision deficiency in the country is recommended. Also there is the need to integrate and spearhead the promotion of reproductive health rights issues.