Family Law

The paper is part of a collaborative research organized by the International Association of Youth and Family Judges and Magistrates (AIMJF/IAYFJM) on child participation in family and protection matters. The article explains the legal, institutional and procedural aspects of child participation in the Justice System in Argentina.

This article explores the practise of monogamy in customary marriage within the Samin community in Larikrejo, Kudus, rooted in the principle of bojo siji kangge saklawase. The uniqueness of this customary marriage practise is evident in the reflection of the values of Samin society, passed down through generations by their ancestors. Its significance becomes more pronounced considering the prevalence of polygamous practises in customary marriages across various regions of Indonesia. Despite the allowance of polygamy within certain limits by state law, the Samin community chooses to uphold their customary marriage traditions. This article presents the findings of field research involving four key informants and direct observations of customary marriage practises as the primary source. The research reveals that the practise of monogamy within Samin community marriages reflects the embodiment of the bojo siji kangge saklawase principle, manifested through a solemn pledge to one wife made by prospective grooms during the paseksen stage, the final step in the customary marriage ceremony following nyumuk (betrothal) and pasuwitan (marriage contract). The obligation to make this pledge aims to prevent potential conflicts within Samin families. This monogamous practice aligns with the principles of monogamy and the objectives of marriage in state law, creating harmony and stability within the family institution. This study provides in-depth insights into the unique relationship between local values and state regulations amidst the challenges of modernisation and ongoing social changes. Artikel ini mengeksplorasi praktik monogami dalam perkawinan adat di komunitas Samin, Desa Larikrejo, Kudus, yang berakar pada prinsip bojo siji kangge saklawase. Praktik perkawinan adat ini unik, karena merefleksikan nilai-nilai kehidupan masyarakat Samin yang diwariskan secara turun temurun oleh nenek moyang mereka. Signifikansinya semakin penting mengingat maraknya praktik poligami dalam perkawinan adat di berbagai daerah Indonesia. Meskipun hukum negara mengizinkan poligami dalam batas tertentu, komunitas Samin memilih mempertahankan tradisi perkawinan adat mereka. Artikel ini merupakan hasil penelitian lapangan dengan melibatkan empat informan kunci dan observasi langsung terhadap praktik perkawinan adat sebagai sumber primer. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa praktik monogami dalam perkawinan di komunitas Samin mencerminkan pengamalan prinsip bojo siji kangge saklawase, termanifestasi dalam janji setia pada satu istri yang diikrarkan oleh calon mempelai laki-laki pada tahap paseksen, langkah terakhir dalam prosesi perkawinan adat setelah nyumuk (lamaran) dan pasuwitan (akad nikah). Kewajiban mengucapkan janji tersebut bertujuan untuk mencegah terjadinya konflik dalam keluarga di kalangan komunitas Samin. Praktik monogami ini sejalan dengan asas monogami dan tujuan perkawinan dalam hukum negara, menciptakan harmoni dan stabilitas dalam institusi keluarga. Studi ini memberikan wawasan mendalam mengenai relasi yang unik antara nilai-nilai lokal dan regulasi nasional di tengah tantangan modernisasi dan perubahan sosial yang terus berkembang.

A gyakorlatban és a közvéleményben igen sok félreértés jelent meg – az utóbbi napokban is – azzal összefüggésben, hogy a munkakör betöltésére való alkalmasság (alkalmatlanság) mennyiben függ össze a keresőképesség (keresőképtelenség) társadalombiztosítási következményeivel. A fogalmak keverednek egymással, annak következményeként, hogy más jogterületekhez kapcsolódnak (társadalombiztosítási jog, munkajog, munkavédelem).

A vitáknak (és az akár eltérő jogértelmezéseknek) a napokban megjelent friss Alkotmánybírósági határozat és az elmúlt időszakban felmerülő gyakorlati esetek újra aktualitást adnak. A szerző először ismerteti az egészségileg alkalmatlanná váló munkavállalók helyzetére jelentős hatást gyakorló alkotmánybírósági határozatot, majd elemzi a munkakörre való alkalmatlanság és a keresőképtelenség elbírálásának szabályozási, illetve díjazási rendszerét, végül néhány ponton javaslatot tesz a jogalkotó beavatkozásának lehetőségére.

Scotland can help the UK fix its disastrous system of benefits for disabled people The new powers that look set to be devolved to Scotland include major changes for disability policy. Until now, Holyrood's involvement in this area has been restricted to the NHS and social care – and the latter only indirectly through local government funding, since Scotland's 32 local authorities make their own decisions about exactly what social care they will offer to disabled people. Under Westminster's new plan, Holyrood will also have substantial control over disability and carers' benefits. In line with what was proposed by last autumn's Smith Commission, Scotland will be given control over the likes of the Disability Living Allowance, the Attendance Allowance, the Carer's Allowance, Personal Independence Payments and Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit. These represent the group of benefits that are related to personal care. By giving powers away to Scotland, the U...

U radu autorica obrađuje neka pitanja pomorskog prava u Paškom statutu iz 15. st., Dopunama mjesnih zakona koje se nalaze u Crvenom upisniku i Paškom kaznenom statutu uspoređujući ih s ostalim statutima dalmatinske pravne regije. U uvodnom dijelu navode se vrela koja su utjecala na razvoj pomorskog prava. U središnjem dijelu rada obrađena su neka pitanja pomorskog prava: položaj brodskog osoblja, vlasništvo nad brodom, ugovor o koleganciji, kao i odredbe koje izravno ne spadaju u pomorske, ali s njima imaju izravne veze, kao npr. odredbe carinske naravi u vezi s prijevozom soli. Pored mnogih sličnosti pomorskog prava s ostalim dalmatinskim komunama, posebice zadarskom, postoje i različitosti kao odraz autonomije srednjovjekovnih gradova: primjerice normiranje kaznenih djela u vezi s morem u šestoj knjizi statuta i u Paškom kaznenom statutu. Osim utjecaja mletačkog prava, Zadarskog i Šibenskog statuta, zapaža se sličnost i sa statutima otočnih komuna (Lastovo, Mljet). Ključne riječi: pravna povijest, pomorsko pravo, Paški statut, 15. st. 1. Uvod Pag nije bio značajnije pomorsko središte niti se isticao u pomorstvu. Smještaj Paga bio je od presudne važnosti za njegov razvoj. Upućen je na veze s naseljima uz velebitsko Podgorje, kroz Paška vrata, koje su za tadašnje brodove u vrijeme bure bila nepristupačna. U tom je kanalu najznačajniji položaj imao Senj, kuda je išao promet sa zaleđem. 1 Stoga broj pomorskopravnih odredbi u Paškom statutu nije velik. Nesumnjiv je utjecaj mletačkog pomorskog prava na istočnojadranske statute.

The question of providing due recognition to E-Wills is not a new one. As industries across the world increasingly rely upon technology during the global outbreak of COVID-19, it should come as no surprise that legal professionals have renewed their interest in the present topic. However, at the outset, we must view the present situation with a simultaneous sense of both caution and excitement. If we keep the technological dangers apart (in arguendo), the present situation opens the door for courts to intervene and to bring about a sudden overhaul of the anciin Family and Succession Law regime in commonwealth nations. But on the other hand, numerous hurdles exist-namely with regard to the recording and testing of the genuineness of an E-Will, for example. India, the most populous and judicially overburdened of them all) move into the uncharted territory of recognizing E-Wills as a necessity. Further, this article addresses how the courts can retain their active role and thus obviate the needfor a legislative process (presumably, a hushed ordinance) in order to formalize the inclusion of digital methodology.

This Study, according to cognitive - behavior approach, tries to investigate the role of relationship beliefs and relationship skills in couples' marital satisfaction. To do so, 160 persons (80 couples) from Tabriz were selected. After establishing the motivation for participation in the research and getting their informed consent, they we re asked to fill out Relationship Beliefs Questionnaire (RBQ), Mor - adi's marital relationship skills questi - onnaire and marital satisfaction questi - onnaire (ENRICH).

U.S. Supreme Court Justices have often expressed regret about their most consequential rulings and opinions. Chief Justice Earl Warren lamented his 1955 Brown v. Board of Education opinion ordering desegregation “with all deliberate speed”—ambiguous phrasing that ultimately enabled delays in integration. Justice Lewis Powell recanted his 1986 opinion in Bowers v. Hardwick, which upheld a Georgia law criminalizing same-sex intimacy. In Grutter v. Bollinger, Justice Sandra Day O’Connor predicted that affirmative action policies would no longer be needed twenty-five years later—a prediction she later acknowledged was mistaken. These examples, among others discussed in this article, illustrate that judicial regrets are frequent and poignant, spanning several areas of law. 

Despite their significance, judicial regrets remain largely unexplored in American legal scholarship. This Article addresses this phenomenon by drawing on multidisciplinary research on regret, previously unpublished judicial survey data, and judicial case studies. It examines how the law might better account for judicial regret and underscores insights about law and judging that stem from deeper understandings of it. Because judicial regret can catalyze legal reforms, rectify past harms, and influence legal interpretations, this article proposes ways to incorporate it into constitutional interpretation and the treatment of precedent. By contemplating the legal and normative significance of this neglected judicial emotion, this article aims to help the legal community avoid collectively discounting regret.

El presente artículo examina la posición de los acuerdos pre y posmatrimoniales en el ordenamiento jurídico chileno, en orden a establecer si, dados los cambios sociales y jurídicos acaecidos en los últimos decenios, es posible considerar que las posibles objeciones de orden público respecto de dichos acuerdos han desaparecido o, al menos, se han debilitado; y en consecuencia, si ellos pueden ser actualmente celebrados válidamente.

Each individual is social emotional individual. The need for better connectivity for development is necessary. The source of the connection acquires even after birth with dependence on other individuals. From the very beginning the child needs someone who will take care of him and further its development. The first and most important link between the children's birth is in their family, both for emotional and social development. Parents are those related to children and take their education and care for proper growth and development of the children. In this context, the research aimed to examine how and how much the family is connected and affects on social and emotional development of children

ABSTRAK KHI berperan sebagai aturan yang diberlakukan di Pengadilan Agama yang mengatur hal ihwal terkait hukum perdata umat muslim Indonesia. Pasal 115 dan Pasal 123 KHI mengatur terkait keharusan melangsungkan perceraian di Pengadilan Agama, sehingga berkonsekuwensi terhadap perceraian yang tidak dilakukan di Pengadilan Agama, yakni tidak mengakibatkan perceraian. Namun demikian, mayoritas ulama di Indonesia masih berpegang teguh pada aturan-aturan yang terdapat di dalam kitab-kitab fikih, sehingga eksistensi Pengadilan Agama bukan merupakan syarat sah atas ikrar talak. Hermeneutika el-Fadl dalam hal ini memiliki peluang besar untuk dijadikan sebagai pisau analisis dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami esensi keabsahan hukum talak yang dijatuhkan di luar Pengadilan Agama berdasarkan sudut pandang pemahaman hukum Islam; Untuk memahami kandungan isi Pasal 115 KHI; Untuk memahami dan mengaplikasikan teori hermeneutika el-Fadl pada ranah hukum Islam; Untuk meng...

This book critically examines the constitutional position and contribution of the Bangladesh Parliament during the fifty years of its existence. Examining the institution through a “Westminster” lens, the book unearths how and why it behaves in an (un)Westminster, rather say the "Eastminster”, way. This book is the first of its kind attempting a separation of powers and checks and balances inspired analysis of the Parliament vis-à-vis Bangladesh's government, judiciary, and the people. It explains how its internal democracy deficit arising from the country's undemocratic political parties denies the Bangladesh Parliament, its rightful place within the country's constitutional design. The introductory chapter dealing with the Parliament's constitutional design, Chapter 1, is followed by an introduction to the organisation, powers, and processes of the Bangladesh Parliament, Chapter 2. The next three chapters examine the Parliament's horizontal relationship with the Executive, Chapter 3, and Judicial branches, Chapter 4, and its vertical relationship with its electorate, the People, Chapter 5. Chapter 3, Parliament and the Government, assesses the Bangladesh Parliament's capability to enforce the collective and individual ministerial responsibilities, the potentials and hurdles of parliamentary procedure in influencing and shaping the government's legislative proposals, the strengths and weaknesses of the parliamentary committees in scrutinising the government, and the nature and quality of opposition and backbench participation in the parliamentary processes. Initially, the Chapter considers the modern developments in the Ministerial Responsibility Convention and its contemporary critiques in the UK. It then tests the doctrine's utility in Bangladesh's parliamentary practices. Next, the Chapter evaluates the legislative procedure of the Bangladesh Parliament and examines how the parliamentary opposition could use the parliamentary procedures in politics sensitive ways, the Politics of Procedure, to influence the government's legislative programs. The Chapter then deals with the role of parliamentary committees in enforcing executive accountability. This part evaluates whether Bangladesh's parliamentary committees distribute or trade constituency benefits for the MPs or supply quality information, scrutiny, and expertise to the House. This part also considers whether the multi party or coalition governments significantly empower the committees and how partisan cartelisation of the committees impacts their scrutiny power. The next section of the chapter examines how Bangladesh's political party system fares within Anthony King's party modes of executive legislature relation and Edmund Burke's delegate and trustee modes of representation. King's theory is applied to evaluate Bangladesh's inter party and intra party parliamentary behaviour, and Burke's theory is utilised to examine the nature of Bangladeshi MPs representative functions. Chapter 4 considers the Parliament's relationship with the judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, SCB. Bangladesh is a constitutional supremacy where the written rules and principles of the Constitution limit the legislative and judicial branches. Under the Constitution, the legislature and judiciary are locked in a chain of mutual deference, comity, and accountability. However, the lived reality of Bangladesh's parliament-judiciary relationship suggests that the Parliament's role in ensuring judicial accountability and the judiciary's role in keeping the Parliament within its constitutional boundaries are shaped by the antagonistic tune of the country's Strong Form of Judicial Review. In this context, the two constitutional branches often transgress each other's boundaries. The last part of the Chapter then considers whether a Democratic Dialogue Model of Judicial Review could be an alternative route to explore. Chapter 5 evaluates the Parliament and its members' vertical and political accountability to their electorate, the people. Chapter 6 identifies the political and attitudinal problems that resist the Bangladesh Parliament's institutionalisation. This chapter offers a history, attitude and institution-sensitive explanation of why major reform initiatives attempted in distinct phases of Bangladesh's political history have failed to uplift the institutional stature of the Parliament. Chapter 7 revisits the issues identified in chapters 1 to 6 and tries to make an overall argument as to how Bangladesh's three distinctive Eastminster Traits, selective dictatorship within the government, patriarchal, dynastic and clientelist political selection within the political parties, and an illiberal antagonistic two-party system, control the Parliament's performance and contribution within the country's constitutional system.

ROFESSOR Joseph W. McKnight and I were colleagues for fifteen years. On one occasion prior to his death, as he passed by me in the hallowed halls of Storey at the Dedman School of Law at Southern Methodist University, he asked, "What's new with you young lady?" With excitement, I informed him that I was finally nearing the end of my theological doctoral work. With a diplomatic pause, raised eyebrows, and a bit of quip in his voice, he asked me why in the world I wanted a theological doctorate.

in MASCULINITIES AND THE LAW: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH 25, 29 (Frank Rudy Cooper & Ann C. McGinley eds. , 2012) ("Consistent with the hierarchical relationships among men and the general dominance of men over women, there is a dominant masculinity that reinforces who is at the top of the masculine heap."). 3 For a thoughtful essay on the consequences of thinking of men and women apart from each other, see Nancy Levit, Separate Silos: Marginalizing Men in Feminist Theory and Forgetting Females in Masculinities Studies (Feb. 8, 2010) (unpublished manuscript), available at .

in MASCULINITIES AND THE LAW: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH 25, 29 (Frank Rudy Cooper & Ann C. McGinley eds. , 2012) ("Consistent with the hierarchical relationships among men and the general dominance of men over women, there is a dominant masculinity that reinforces who is at the top of the masculine heap."). 3 For a thoughtful essay on the consequences of thinking of men and women apart from each other, see Nancy Levit, Separate Silos: Marginalizing Men in Feminist Theory and Forgetting Females in Masculinities Studies (Feb. 8, 2010) (unpublished manuscript), available at .

The political attention paid to moral values - in the context of the high profile fights over abortion, homosexuality, and abstinence education - has developed over the past quarter century in ideological terms as though race and class no longer existed. In fact, the changing understandings that attend family formation reflect a long term shift in the pathways to middle class life which has created a new technocratic elite - an elite that invests heavily in both men and women’s advanced degrees, and has remade family life to its advantage. The success of the new model, which we call the “blue family paradigm,” and the sexual revolution at its core undermines what had once been consensus support for traditional values (which we will call “the red family paradigm”), and for the structure of family life following from abstinence to courtship to marriage. The result of the tensions between these family ideals has been a moral backlash. In this Article, we highlight the tensions between ...

Guardianship in marriage is important. In Article 19 of the KHI it is stated that a marriage guardian is a pillar that must be fulfilled so that the bride and groom can get married. However, basically there is no official regulation from the Ministry of Religion on how to determine marriage guardians at the Religious Affairs office. KUA as an institution responsible for all Islamic religious affairs, including marriage, has a tough task in determining marriage guardians for girls born from marriages outside of their parents' marriage. This must require caution and thoroughness in order to avoid mistakes. Therefore, researchers are interested in further researching how the implementation of the determination of marriage guardians in the KUA of North Padangsidimpuan Regency and what is the basis of the KUA of North Padangsidimpuan District in determining marriage guardians in cases of child marriages out of wedlock. The research used in this research is field qualitative research,...

La familia de crianza es una institución jurídica que en el sistema jurídico colombiano se adscribe a la iusteoría del antiformalismo. Esto se justifica al considerar que la Constitución Política colombiana de 1991 establece un marco regulatorio en torno a la definición de familia, en el cual la jurisprudencia constitucional ha asumido el rol de reglamentarla desde interpretaciones auténticas. Así, se ha construido una línea jurisprudencial que da cuenta de un precedente uniforme, el cual reconoce los lazos afectivos como una fuente de derecho. Por lo tanto, a través de un enfoque de investigación hermenéutico crítico, este artículo evidencia cómo los sentimientos establecen alcances y vacíos jurídicos en torno a una modalidad de familia disruptiva.

A comprehensive outlook of marriage and divorce in the 21st century. This book looks at marriage from different cultures around the world and the realities and challenges faced by couples. It looks at the perspective of marriage from the Bible and the causes of the rising tide of divorce in the 21st century

Blurb: In the given political atmosphere, telling the truth uncomfortable to the dispensation isn't an easy task. A row has erupted over the remarks Amit Shah made in Parliament regarding Ambedkar during the Constitution debate. Context: row has erupted over the remarks Amit Shah (Union Home minister) made in Parliament regarding Ambedkar during the Constitution debate.

Martesa e një personi madhor me një të mitur sipas Kodit të Familjes së Republikës së Shqipërisë është një çështje e ndjeshme dhe komplekse, e cila rregullohet nga ligje të rrepta për të mbrojtur të drejtat dhe interesat e fëmijëve. Kodi i Familjes, si një dokument ligjor themelor, përcakton kushtet dhe procedurat për lidhjen e martesës, duke theksuar moshën minimale të lejueshme dhe duke parashikuar sanksione për shkeljet e dispozitave ligjore. Deklarata Universale e të Drejtave të Njeriut, Konventa për të Drejtat e Fëmijës dhe Konventa Evropiane për të Drejtat e Njeriut janë instrumente ndërkombëtare që mbrojnë të drejtat e fëmijëve dhe garantojnë zhvillimin e tyre të shëndetshëm fizik, mendor dhe social. Këto konventa e njohin fëmijërinë si një periudhë të veçantë që kërkon mbrojtje të veçantë dhe ndalojnë çdo formë të shfrytëzimit dhe abuzimit ndaj fëmijëve. Në nivel kombëtar, shumica e shteteve kanë ratifikuar këto konventa dhe kanë përshtatur legjislacionin e tyre për të harmonizuar me standardet ndërkombëtare. Kodi Penal i Republikës së Shqipërisë, për shembull, përmban dispozita specifike që ndalojnë dhe sanksionojnë veprimet që dëmtojnë zhvillimin e fëmijëve, përfshirë këtu edhe martesën e hershme. Kushtet Ligjore për Lidhjen e Martesës sipas Kodit të Familjes te Republikes se Shqiperise. Kodi i Familjes së Republikës së Shqipërisë përcakton qartë se mosha minimale për lidhjen e martesës është 18 vjeç. Neni përkatës thekson se vetëm personat madhorë, që kanë mbushur moshën 18 vjeç, kanë të drejtë të lidhin martesë. Kjo dispozitë synon të sigurojë që të dy bashkëshortët të jenë emocionalisht dhe financiarisht të pjekur për të marrë një vendim kaq të rëndësishëm si martesa. Megjithatë, Kodi i Familjes parashikon një përjashtim të veçantë nga ky rregull i përgjithshëm. Në rrethana të jashtëzakonshme, gjykata mund të lejojë lidhjen e martesës edhe për një person që ka mbushur moshën 16 vjeç. Ky përjashtim aplikohet vetëm kur ka arsye të forta dhe të justifikuara, të cilat duhet të vërtetohen para gjykatës. Disa nga arsyet e mundshme përfshijnë shtatzëninë e të miturës ose lindjen e një fëmije. Është e rëndësishme të theksohet se edhe në këto raste të veçanta, gjykata duhet të marrë parasysh interesin më të lartë të fëmijës. Kjo do të thotë që gjykata duhet të vlerësojë nëse martesa është

ملخص البحث
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن مقاصد الشريعة الإسلامية أصولا وفروعا. ومن المعلوم أن مقاصد الشرع موجودة مع النص من أول الأمر، والعالم هو الذي يكشف عن مقصد الشرع بالملاحظة والتفكير والتحرير، ثم يحكم في المسألة التي يريد حكمها. ولهذه الاعتبارات كلها فقد انتبه العلماء منذ وقت مبكر إلى أهمية المقاصد الشرعية في الحركة الفقهية، فتناولوها بالشرح والبيان، وكتبوا فيها العديد من الكتب، منهم: الإمام الغزالي الذي كتب عن المقاصد في عدة مؤلفاته خاصة في "المستصفى"، والإمام ابن تيمية الذي كتب عنها  في مؤلفاته المختلفة، والإمام الشاطبي الذي كتب عنها في "الموافقات"، والإمام ابن عاشور الذي كتب عنها في كتاب مستقل وهو "مقاصد  الشريعة الإسلامية"، وغيرهم كثير من العلماء المعاصرين. ولكنهم اهتموا بأصولها  ولم يكتبوا في فروعها مؤضحا. وقد حاولت في هذا البحث أن أوضح فروعها المستنبطة من الأصول. ولاشك أن لهذا الموضوع أهمية بالغة في هذا الباب. 
الكلمات المفتاحية:
مقاصد، والشريعة، وأصول المقاصد، وفروع المقاصد، والأسباب، والغايات والأهداف.

This article does not focus on the genealogy of rulers, but on the habits and laws of the first Frankish dynasty and confined to the Low Countries. Having taken over the public law from the Romans, the Merovingians kept to their common laws including racial separation where each one accused is judged according to their own set of rules with monetary punishment following the damage done. Also covered are property rights and donations as well as the family inheritance law with the Salian succession as a special case. Two annexes handle about the blood feud between Fredegonde and Brunhilde, and arianism or the theological nature of Christ.

Th e fi ft h conference of the Commission on European Family Law (CEFL) on 'Family Law and Culture in Europe: Developments, Challenges and Opportunities' was held in Bonn in August 2013 in collaboration with the University of Bonn and the Käte Hamburger Center for Advanced Study in the Humanities 'Law as Culture', which aims to contribute to an understanding of the cultural dimension of law and the promotion of the research on law from the perspective of the humanities. Th e participation of more than 200 participants from around 33 countries made the conference a valuable experience and fostered a stimulating discussion during the three conference days. Th e discussions were introduced by eminent conference speakers from all over Europe. Additionally, twelve young researchers from eight diff erent countries were selected aft er a call for papers. Th ey presented their research in four parallel working groups which addressed Cross-Border Family Relationships, Transnational Families, Th e (Un-)Wanted Child, and the Relationship Breakup. Th eir papers are also included in this volume. Th e book consists of fi ve parts. It starts with four presentations of the CEFL Principles on Property Relations between Spouses. Part 2 examines the breakup of (non-)formalized relationships with special reference to unmarried cohabitation and the current debate on its legislation. It also addresses alternative instruments of confl ict resolution in family law like the Irish collaborative law approach. Part 3 analyses the interdependence between legal, social and biological parenthood. It also deals with the problems of cross-border surrogacy as well as mechanisms for the anonymous relinquishment of children and baby boxes. It ends with a contribution on legal issues concerning stepfamilies. Part 4 addresses the legal aspects on international family relationships and contains a critical view on the 2011 Proposal for a Regulation on jurisdiction, applicable law and the recognition and enforcement of decisions in matters of matrimonial property regimes. It also analyses the notion of 'habitual residence' in European family law and refers to the criteria of nationality and domicile as a connecting factor for private international law questions regarding same-sex relationships. Finally, Part 5 reveals interesting aspects of transnational families such as the EU citizenship. It also reports about recent research on the eff ects of the new Moroccan Family Code on Moroccan nationals living abroad. Th e last contribution on family sociology explores the question why and to what extent culture matters in family law either as a constraint or as a condition. Moreover, it Preface vi Intersentia

Turkey was the first country to reform Muslim Family Law, and the idea emerged in 1915. Legislation of new laws to complement Islamic law on a large scale was carried out by the Ottoman rulers in the 10th/16th century AD. produce qanun . The Turkish Civil Law further elevates the status of women, especially the prohibition of polygamy, the freedom for wives to file divorce claims for certain reasons, as well as equality in inheritance. The reform of Islamic law in the format of family law legislation began in 1917 with the ratification of The Ottoman Law of Family Rights (Law on family rights) by the Turkish Government. The reform of family law in Turkey is a milestone in the history of family law reform in the Islamic world and has had a major influence on the development of family law in other countries.

Emphasizing the important impact of family dynamics, legal frameworks, and access to gender-a irming treatment, this study provides a thorough review of the junction between gender dysphoria and suicidality. Using a mixed-methods approach, incorporating psychological records, structured questionnaires, and in-depth interviews this study illustrates how maternal gatekeeping, high-conflict divorces, and legal impediments aggravate psychological misery among transgender people. The results highlight urgent legal changes, inclusive mental health policies, and easily available medical treatments are needed to lower suicide risk. Advocating longitudinal research to investigate the causal relationships between family support, legal access, and mental health outcomes, this study o ers empirical data to aid therapists, legislators, and attorneys in creating supportive environments for gender-diverse populations.

Can the State intervene in family life? Arguments for State intervention in family life usually contend with arguments that emphasise the right of the family to integrity and freedom from State encroachment. Studies have shown that there is a no-end debate on this issue. In view of that, this paper examines the justification of State intervention in family matters from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence. For this reason, several Shariah principles and rulings are analysed to justify the state intervention and its limitations. As this writing is a conceptual paper, the method used primarily is based on library research, where references comprise extensive literature in the form of books, journal articles, relevant statutes, verses from the Quran and the traditions of the Prophet and his companions. It is found that, being the highest authority entrusted by Allah SWT to sustain the order of the community particularly the family institution, the state has the right to intervene i...

involved in concluding a marriage take up. In this contribution, we investigate what happens when the concept of an Islamic marriage, which had developed in the early days of Islam in the Middle East, travels to contemporary Europe. More specifically, our focus is on how converts to Islam in the Netherlands understand and engage with two conditions of an Islamic marriage, that is the marriage guardian (wali) and the dower (mahr). Whereas those born and raised in a Muslim family often have some habitual knowledge about these aspects of an Islamic marriage, the wali and the dower are utterly new concepts to converts. Our analysis of how converts to Islam in the Netherlands try to understand, signify, and engage in practice with the wali and the dower is part of our long-term research with women converts to Islam in the Netherlands, all of whom self-identify as observant Muslims. Whereas they do not commit to a particular school of Islamic thought, they have, to various extents, been inspired by the Islamic revival. Aspiring to live a Muslim life, they attempt to follow "correct or pure Islam" that is not tainted by cultural customs. From 2014 on, Moors and Vroon-Najem worked together to explore how these women entered into marriage (Moors, de Koning, and Vroon-Najem 2018; Moors and Vroon-Najem 2019). 2 Central to our project are topical life story interviews, centering on how to find a spouse and enter into marriage (Bertaux 1981), that we conducted with forty women converts, mostly from 2015 to 2019. We also interviewed eight religious authority figures, both converts and born Muslims, to whom converts often turned for advice. Next to this, our fieldwork included participant observation at the conclusion of marriage contracts, attending lectures and courses on how to enter into a Muslim marriage, and many informal conversations with the various parties involved in these marriages. Both authors have been involved in conceptualizing the project, have done fieldwork, that includes joint interviews with our interlocutors, and have worked together in analyzing the material. Our interlocutors, both women converts and religious authority figures, underlined that the significance of the wali and the dower was hard to understand for converts. Whereas there is now a considerable literature on conversion to Islam, how converts enter into a Muslim marriage has not drawn much attention and their engagements with the wali and the dower have been almost completely overlooked in academic research. 3 Yet as these issues do matter to the converts themselves, this raises a host of questions: How do these women converts understand and signify the wali and the dower? How active are they in selecting a wali and what do they expect from him? How do they discuss the dower and what do they actually receive? How do religious authority figures see the tasks of a wali and what advice do they give about the dower? How do the women converts respond to their advice? In the following we start with briefly contextualizing the wali and the dower as institutions that have emerged historically in the Middle East and have

Prefácio

Em um mundo onde a violência de gênero permeia as esferas mais íntimas da sociedade, a Lei Maria da Penha emerge como um farol de justiça e proteção.
Partindo dessa percepção, este livro realiza um mergulho profundo nas complexas teias legais e culturais que envolvem a violência doméstica, oferecendo uma análise multifacetada e comparativa de sua aplicação e implicações em diferentes contextos geográficos e sociais.
Escritores estrangeiros contribuem fornecendo uma visão detalhada do contexto da violência doméstica em Angola, explorando a tensão entre cultura e lei, e traçando paralelos e contrastes com o cenário brasileiro. A comparação estende-se ao tratamento jurídico da violência doméstica em Portugal, proporcionando uma perspectiva rica e diversificada sobre como diferentes sistemas legais abordam o mesmo flagelo social.
Os autores brasileiros também nos brindam com análises ricas e variadas. A aplicabilidade dos alimentos compensatórios no divórcio, à luz de um julgamento com perspectiva de gênero, por exemplo, nos leva a refletir sobre a justiça restaurativa e as nuances de proteção em situações de violência. As medidas protetivas de urgência e o princípio do contraditório são analisados minuciosamente, destacando as complexidades e desafios inerentes à aplicação imediata da justiça. O feminicídio, combatido ferozmente no âmbito da violência de gênero, é esmiuçado com atenção ao olhar do Superior Tribunal de Justiça e à natureza da qualificadora. A compreensão do Protocolo de Julgamento com Perspectiva de Gênero como política pública surge como um pilar fundamental na efetivação de direitos e na proteção das mulheres. A violência institucional, a correlação entre a Lei Maria da Penha e a Lei Henry Borel, e as inovações trazidas pela Lei Federal nº 14.713/2023, abordam a constante evolução do direito frente à necessidade de amparo e justiça.
E a obra continua fornecendo importantíssima contribuição para todos os que se interessam pelo tão intrigante quanto sensível tema da violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher. Ao revisitar a presunção de vulnerabilidade e a mudança de jurisprudência sobre a necessidade de prova da subjugação feminina, um texto desafia pressupostos e busca reavaliar práticas jurídicas. A incompatibilidade da guarda compartilhada em casos de violência doméstica e familiar é outro tópico crucial que é enfrentado de forma cuidadosa e empática, enquanto o silêncio mortal da violência indireta contra crianças e adolescentes à luz do STJ revela as sombras que persistem e a urgência de uma resposta jurídica eficaz.
Por fim, o debate sobre gênero, corpos e sexualidade, especialmente no contexto das personalidades LGBTQIAPN+, a revogação das medidas protetivas de urgência, o combate no parlamento à violência contra a mulher e a análise dos grupos reflexivos para homens autores de violência trazem à tona a interseccionalidade das lutas por justiça e igualdade.
Enfim. Este compêndio não é apenas uma análise legal da violência doméstica e das formas de seu combate no âmbito nacional e internacional; é um chamado à ação, uma reflexão profunda e um convite à mudança. Que ele sirva, portanto, como uma ferramenta de conhecimento e como um impulso para continuarmos a lutar pela erradicação da violência de gênero em todas as suas formas.
Parabéns à editora Foco, aos autores e aos coordenadores Rui Portanova, Rafael Calmon e Gustavo D’Alessandro pela riquíssima obra.

Brasília, 2024.

Ministro Rogerio Schietti Machado Cruz

La gestation pour autrui n'est pas autorisée par la loi en France mais se pratique dans d'autres pays en Europe ou dans le monde. Il existe une grande disparité dans le cadre légal entre les pays qui conduit à un véritable tourisme de procréation parce que les couples se déplacent pour obtenir ce qui n'est pas autorisé dans leur pays, en particulier la gestation pour autrui. Notre travail présente les disparités du cadre juridique de l'aide médicale à la procréation, les situations qui permettent à des couples franc ¸ais d'accéder à cette technique à l'étranger et les difficultés du retour en France pour faire reconnaître la nationalité Franc ¸aise et la filiation à l'enfant né à l'étranger. Des décisions récentes de la Cour de cassation ont confirmé que la modification de l'état civil de l'enfant n'était pas possible. La description de la situation en République Tchèque et en Ukraine montre que ces pays souhaitent limiter et encadrer, sur leur territoire, l'accès des étrangers à ces techniques.

The right to non-discrimination for all children is established in international human rights law. International children's rights law further provides for the common responsibility of parents for the maintenance of their children. African customary law and common law have always made a distinction between children born in and out of wedlock so far as the duty to maintain them is concerned. The resilience of this customary and common law approach is evident in statutory provisions of the countries discussed in this article. This is despite international obligations under children's rights treaties ratified by these countries. On the face of it, the distinction of responsibility based on marital status seems harmless. However, in view of gender inequities and resource distribution between men and women in society, such a distinction has serious implications for the rights of affected children.

In this modern era, the technology is increasing rapidly as we can feel it. However, technological progress does not always run on the Shari'ah corridors, and even sometimes technological advances lead to the moral decadancy. In term of religion, there are many new things which basically did not exist in the past. Therefore, ijtihad is required. Here the experts' fatwas are needed. The results of the ijtihad of the clerics are outlined in the fatwa, but in Indonesia the fatwa law products are not a source of positive law in Indonesia. The approach method used in this writing is normative juridical by collecting legal materials with library research methods. The analysis technique used in this writing is descriptive-analytical and content analysis. Based on the research and discussion in this paper, it thus can be concluded that fatwas are not binding legal force so that fatwas are not obligatory to be followed, except in certain conditions. In Indonesian positive law, the fa...

El objeto de este working paper es contribuir a la discusión sobre una reforma en profundidad de las legítimas, tanto en derecho español como en derecho catalán, que contribuya tanto a dotar al causante de mayor libertad de testar como a asegurar que el principio de solidaridad intergeneracional se manifieste en aquellas circunstancias que realmente lo requieren. Así, se propone, tras un análisis de derecho comparado y el uso de las estadísticas más relevantes, no una legitima alimenticia a modo de un derecho de alimentos sucesorios, sino una legítima de cuota fija cuyos beneficiarios sean únicamente los menores de veinticinco años, los incapacitados y discapacitados. This working paper aims at contributing to the debate on a reform in depth of the compulsory share both in Spanish law and in Catalan law. The system should guarantee freedom of testation but also the intergenerational solidarity between relatives in such situations where its concretion is really needed. The author comparatively scrutinises the European laws of succession and the most significant statistics in Spain. On this basis, the proposal denies to shape the compulsory share as a right of alimony. Instead, a fixed share only in favour of descendants is to be preferred, provided that the descendants are aged under 25 years, incapables or disabled.

L'objecte d'aquest working paper és contribuir a la discussió sobre una reforma en profunditat de les llegítimes, tant en dret espanyol com en dret català, que contribueixi a dotar el causant de major llibertat de testar, així com a assegurar que el principi de solidaritat intergeneracional es manifesta en les circumstàncies que realment ho requereixen. Així, després d'una anàlisi de dret comparat i l'ús de les estadístiques més rellevants, no es proposa una llegítima alimentària a mode d'un dret d'aliments successoris, sinó una llegítima de quota fixa els beneficiaris de la qual siguin únicament els menors de vint-i-cinc anys, els incapacitats i discapacitats. This working paper aims at contributing to the debate on a reform in depth of the compulsory share both in Spanish law and in Catalan law. The system should guarantee freedom of testation but also the intergenerational solidarity between relatives in such situations where its concretion is really needed. The author comparatively scrutinises the European laws of succession and the most significant statistics in Spain. On this basis, the proposal denies to shape the compulsory share as a right of alimony. Instead, a fixed share only in favour of descendants is to be preferred, provided that the descendants are aged under 25 years, incapables or disabled.

La historia de las ideas en torno al socialismo argentino se ha concentrado preferentemente -y sin duda con buenas razones-en la figura y en la obra de Juan B. Justo. Aún más, es el periodo fundacional y la etapa de consolidación del Partido Socialista los que parecen haber atraído la atención de los investigadores (2). Si a esto le sumamos la relativa debilidad de una tradición de historia de las ideas políticas argentinas del siglo xx, acaso tengamos una explicación más precisa, aunque no una justificación, para el olvido en que ha caído el pensamiento político y jurídico de Carlos Sánchez Viamonte (3). Estas páginas no pueden pretender cubrir esa laguna; a lo sumo, podrán contribuir a retener la atención sobre la obra, proteica, de un pensador que Ezequiel Martínez Estrada podía, en los cuarenta, parangonar con (1) Esta investigación, comenzada en el invierno porteño de 1995, sólo pudo finalizarse en el segundo semestre de 1998, con el apoyo, en y desde Buenos Aires, de Hernán Camarero y Gabriel Macaggi, que la alimentaron con discusiones y sugerencias bibliográficas. (2) Así, entre los trabajos recientes, S. BERENSZTEIN:

Hines, who clarified and simplified my thoughts. i. For a detailed analysis of sibling statistics, see infra part III. Although siblings may have their rights resolved as part of other hearings to determine custody, wardship, parental severance, or adoption, statutes do not provide specific hearings to determine the scope of siblings' association rights. 10. 42 U.S.C.A. § 673 (6)(B)(C)(2)(A). App. 1993) (holding that "the law requires the trial court make an 'independent' determination of the relevant criteria . . . for each child in a multichild permanent custody proceeding"). In Arkansas Dep't of Human Servs. v. Couch, 832 S.W.2d 265, 266-68 (Ark. Ct. App. 1992), the appellate court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by separating siblings into 1994]

This paper will revolve around the law on representative suits, the mandatory requirement to obtain leave of court, notice of representative suit, consent of persons sought to be represented, pre-requisites for a representative suit, rationale for a representative suit, and lastly, the exceptions to the rule in Order 1 Rule 8 of the civil procedure rules, notably, the public interest litigation provided for under Article 50 (2) of the constitution of the Republic of Uganda.

La ricerca del senso da attribuire alla parola ‘dolo’ nella impugnazione del testamento impone di verificare se, e in quale misura, le norme dettate in materia di dolo contrattuale risultino applicabili al dolo testamentario. La soluzione negativa – anche con riguardo all’interpretazione analogica, pure astrattamente ammissibile – discende dall’essere stato disciplinato, il dolo testamentario, per tutelare interessi diversi da quelli avuti di mira con riferimento a quello contrattuale.
Nell’accertamento del dolo che causa l’annullamento del testamento, il legislatore ha inteso assegnare rilievo all’estraneità della disposizione rispetto a quella che il de cuius avrebbe confezionato ove avesse avuto una corretta percezione della realtà: con il precipuo fine di tutelare la purezza della volontà testamentaria, e in assenza di una controparte che possa reclamare un affidamento, l’art. 624, co. 1, cod. civ. consente di annullare la disposizione, che semplicemente sia dipesa da una falsa rappresentazione dei fatti indotta dall’azione perturbatrice altrui anche in assenza di una macchinazione, senza prevedere conseguenze afflittive e mantenendo in capo al chiamato la possibilità di succedere ab intestato o in virtù di un testamento diverso. Ai fini dell’impugnazione del testamento per dolo, allora, occorre avere riguardo non soltanto ai raggiri e agli artifizî, ma anche alla reticenza e alla menzogna, fino ai consigli e alle sollecitazioni. Per altro verso, il dolo idoneo ad annullare il testamento non necessariamente costituisce causa di indegnità, poiché l’art. 463, n. 4), cod. civ. – che a differenza dell’art. 624 cod. civ. determina una conseguenza afflittiva, escludendo il chiamato dalla successione – postula in capo al deceptor una responsabilità, che consegue all’attività fraudolenta attraverso la quale egli ha orientato il testatore.
Il contegno che induca nel testatore la erronea rappresentazione è accertato, di regola, con l’ausilio di elementi presuntivi, valutati alla luce di ogni circostanza rilevante, incluse l’età e le condizioni psicofisiche del de cuius. Il ragionamento presuntivo, tuttavia, non può spingersi a determinare un’inversione dell’onere probatorio, costringendo l’istituito a dimostrare che l’attribuzione non sia da ricondurre a una volizione artificialmente deviata: tale inversione non soltanto risulterebbe priva di sostegno normativo, ma, da un lato, condurrebbe a esigere la prova di un fatto negativo; dall’altro, inevitabilmente, inciderebbe sulla libertà di testare.

The search for the meaning to be attributed to the word ‘malice’ in the will contest makes it necessary to ascertain whether, and to what extent, the rules dictated for contractual malice are applicable to testamentary malice. The negative solution – also with regard to analogical interpretation, which is also abstractly permissible – derives from the fact that testamentary malice has been regulated to protect interests other than those targeted by reference to contractual intent.
The lawmaker assigned prominence, in ascertaining the malice causing the annulment of the will, to the extraneousness of the disposition from that which the de cuius would have crafted had he or she had a correct perception of reality: with the primary purpose of protecting the purity of the testamentary will, and in the absence of a counterparty who could claim reliance, Article 624, para. 1 of the Italian Civil Code allows for the annulment of the disposition, which simply depended on a misrepresentation of the facts induced by the disruptive action of others even in the absence of a machination, without providing for afflictive consequences and maintaining in the hands of the called upon person the possibility of intestacy succession or succession by virtue of a different will. For the purposes of contesting a will on the grounds of malice, then, it is necessary to have regard not only to deception and artifice, but also to reticence and lying, even to advice and solicitation. On the other hand, malice apt to annul the will does not necessarily constitute a cause for unworthiness, since Article 463, no. 4) of the Italian Civil Code – which, unlike Article 624 of the Civil Code, determines an afflictive consequence, excluding the person called from the succession – postulates in the deceptor a responsibility, which follows from the fraudulent activity through which he or she directed the testator.
The demeanor that induces the misrepresentation in the testator is ascertained, as a rule, with the help of presumptive elements, evaluated in light of all relevant circumstances, including the age and psychophysical condition of the testator. Presumptive reasoning, however, cannot go so far as to result in an inversion of the burden of proof, forcing the devisee to prove that the attribution is not to be attributed to an artificially misdirected volition: such an inversion would not only be without normative support, but, on the one hand, would lead to the demand for proof of a negative fact; on the other hand, it would inevitably affect the testamentary freedom

Moral damages for hiding paternity: towards the enhancement of the parent-child relationship RESUMEN: En las dos últimas décadas ha comenzado a plantearse la posibilidad de indemnizar el daño moral causado en casos de ocultación de la paternidad. Aunque este planteamiento ha recibido cierta acogida en un sector de la doctrina y la jurisprudencia menor, el Tribunal Supremo ha negado la posibilidad de resarcir este daño al amparo del art. 1902 del Código Civil. Se pueden suscitar, sin embargo, situaciones que escapan de los planteamientos del alto tribunal en su sentencia de 2018, lo que lleva a reconsiderar sus razonamientos en el presente trabajo, sin perjuicio de que el art. 1902 del Código Civil no sea, posiblemente, la vía adecuada para encauzar el resarcimiento.

In a surrogacy procedure, a woman consents to carry a pregnancy for another woman, intended mother, who for some reason cannot conceive. Surrogacy may be traditional or gestational. When the surrogate mother’s egg is used to produce the embryo, the method is called traditional surrogacy. In contrast, gestational surrogacy is performed by transferring embryos created via in vitro fertilisation using the eggs of a donor or the intended mother. In traditional surrogacy, since the surrogate mother’s egg is used, she is not only the biological mother but also the genetic mother. In gestational surrogacy, when the reproductive cells of a couple who wants to have a child are used, the intended mother will also be the genetic mother. In the case of egg donation, the genetic mother refers to a woman other than both the surrogate and intended mother.

Although surrogacy is legally prohibited in many countries, due to the increasing infertility rate all over the world, those who want to have a child make agreements with surrogate mothers in countries where this method is permitted, which deepens legal problems. At this point, the first problem to be faced at the time of childbirth is the issue of legal parentage. It is a generally accepted principle in countries where surrogacy is prohibited that the woman who gives birth is the mother. Whether individuals who come from these countries and want to have a child in a foreign country where surrogacy is legal can attain legal parental status will affect many legal issues, such as citizenship, family life, establishing personal relationships, custody, maintenance, and inheritance, which are of great importance to the child. Therefore, in the case of international surrogacy, the legal framework under which legal parentage will be established is of utmost importance.

Because of different regulations and approaches among countries regarding surrogacy, problems arising from international surrogacy have been the subject of European Court of Human Rights’ (ECtHR) judgments over time. In the ECtHR judgments, the issue is generally evaluated within the scope of the right to respect for private and family life guaranteed under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Besides, it is seen in the judgments that when determining whether this article has been violated, the right to respect for private life takes precedence over the right to family life. In this regard, it is observed that the violation is ruled in terms of the child’s right to respect for his/her private life rather than the prospective parents’ right. 

As a rule, the ECtHR leaves a wide margin of appreciation to States both in the regulation of surrogacy and in the recognition of a child-parent relationship established in another country. However, since the child-parent relationship constitutes an essential aspect of the child’s identity, the ECtHR narrows its margin of appreciation when assessing, on a case-by-case basis, the violation of the child’s rights under Article 8 due to the lack of formal recognition of family ties. When it comes to children, protecting their best interests is always a priority, and since genetic ancestry forms an important part of a child’s identity, it is particularly important to protect the best interests of the child when one of the prospective parents is also a genetic parent.

It has been observed that some national courts in Spain, Germany and France, under the influence of ECtHR judgments, have begun to find solutions to legal parentage issues arising from surrogacy on a case-by-case basis, considering the principle of the best interests of the child. However, it is unclear whether courts in other countries where this practise is prohibited will adopt this approach. Therefore, recognising the increase in international surrogacy practises and the complexity of private international law problems arising from these practises, The Hague Conference on Private International Law began to work on a private international law instrument.

Turkey is also a country in which surrogacy is expressly prohibited by law. However, the legality of surrogacy in neighbouring countries, especially in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, as well as Greece, Ukraine, and Georgia, strengthens the possibility of problems arising in Turkey due to international surrogacy. The law applicable to the legal parentage of a child born through this method must be determined according to Article 16 of the Turkish International Private and Procedural Law (MÖHUK). However, since this provision reflects the approach in which the mother is always identifiable, it is highly ambiguous in terms of how well it can serve to protect the best interests of the child born through surrogacy. Because this article, which is regulated under the assumption that the egg belongs to the woman giving birth, and the sperm fertilising the egg belongs to the husband of the woman giving birth, does not have a structure that can ensure the establishment of parentage between the intended parents and the child. Therefore, considering that the Hague Conference’s work will take time to become finalised and applicable, and the prevention of the establishment of legal parentage between the child and the intended parents may result in violation of Article 8 of the ECHR, it would be appropriate to resolve the issue of legal parentage arising from international surrogacy with a paragraph to be added to Article 16 of MÖHUK.

Treść: -1. Problem duszpasterski i prawny. -2. Akt urodzenia dziecka adoptowanego w prawie polskim. -3. Przepisy krajowych konferencji episkopatu o odnotowaniu adopcji w księdze ochrzczonych. -4. Propozycje przyjęcia stosownej regulacji w Polsce. Adopcja (w prawie polskim: przysposobienie), czyli orzeczenie sądu, na mocy którego tworzy się pomiędzy stronami taki stosunek rodzinno prawny, jaki istnieje między rodzicem a dzieckiem 1 , jest w doktrynie katolickiej uważana za jedną z form apostolstwa rodzinnego 2 i konkretny przejaw realizacji "Ewangelii życia" 3 , zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do tych małżeństw, które nie mogą radować się własnym potomstwem 4 . Dlatego instytucja ta winna cieszyć się szacunkiem

Kanon 1071 § 1 Kodeksu Prawa Kanonicznego wymaga zezwolenia ordynariusza miejsca na asystowanie przy zawarciu małżeństwa osób znajdujących się w sytuacjach uznanych przez ustawodawcę za specyficzne i wymagających poddania projektu małżeństwa specjalnej kontroli. Dlatego ustanawia się zakaz asystowania przy zawieraniu małżeństw w pewnych okolicznościach (zakaz ten dotyczy duchownego, nie zaś nupturientów), aby poprzez wstrzymanie zwyczajnych działań zmierzających do zawarcia małżeństwa i obowiązkowe odniesienie się do ordynariusza miejsca sytuacja mogła zostać oceniona z większą niż zwykle uwagą i ostrożnością. Tę swego rodzaju procedurę prewencyjną stosuje się wówczas, gdy okoliczności zawarcia konkretnego małżeństwa wskazują na kolizję pomiędzy projektem danego małżeństwa a prawami innych osób lub na pewne -przynajmniej hipotetyczne -zagrożenie, które należy poddać szczególnej ocenie organu wyższego niż proboszcz (lub inny kompetentny duchowny), który w normalnych warunkach może samodzielnie zadecydować o dopuszczeniu kandydatów do zawarcia małżeństwa 1 .

Przedmiotem artykułu są obowiązki duszpasterza w przygotowaniu do zawarcia małżeństwa kanonicznego kogoś, kto wcześniej pozostawał w małżeństwie cywilnym z inną osobą, a po rozwodzie cywilnym pragnie zawrzeć małżeństwo z kimś innym. Omówione zostały następujące zagadnienia: 1) stwierdzenie stanu wolnego takiej osoby, 2) problem zobowiązań naturalnych, jakie zaciągnęła w poprzednim związku oraz 3) wpływ doświadczenia nieudanego związku cywilnego na pojmowanie małżeństwa i konsens małżeński.

The article deals with the topic of domestic violence against women by describing the current state of affairs of the Italian social and cultural context as well as the dangerous influence of media and the actions of the welfare system. The need of disclosure and protection of the women victims of violence is also enlightened. A further aim of this contribution is to discuss some principles for the clinical and therapeutic listening and treatment directed to services and shelters since this form of violence is generally underestimated, silenced, and denied. It finally introduces some principles of institutional mediation and re-negotiation of emotional bonds that refer to the Neapolitan Centro per le Famiglie's experience.

This article introduces the role of 'happiness' in judicial reasoning within family law cases across European jurisdictions, with a particular focus on Italy, France, and England. It highlights how, traditionally indifferent or hostile towards emotions, the legal system has evolved to integrate emotions like happiness into legal reasoning, particularly in family law. The study underscores the increasing recognition of diverse family structures and how the law now often accounts for emotional well-being in decisions involving marriage, parenthood, and child custody. Judicial decisions, although rarely explicit in recognizing happiness as a legal concept, frequently use it as an implicit factor in determining outcomes related to children's best interests, the welfare of families, and individual emotional fulfilment. The analysis also delves into how courts balance the pursuit of happiness with legal obligations, using happiness both as a persuasive tool and, occasionally, as a rational justification for legal conclusions. The study examines how courts in different jurisdictions invoke happiness to maintain consistency, protect emotional well-being, and confer legitimacy upon family law norms, offering insights into how emotions shape judicial reasoning in family disputes.