Family Functioning

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Purpose: This study examined differences in smoking prevalence and differences in associations between family functioning, self-image and adolescent smoking behavior among four Asian-American subgroups. Methods: Statistical analyses were conducted on responses about their smoking behaviors from 1139 students who self-identified as Chinese-Americans, Filipino-Americans, Korean-Americans, and Vietnamese-Americans. Results: Significant differences in the prevalence of ever-tried smoking and 30-day smoking were found across subgroups, but there were no overall gender differences. Korean-American adolescents reported the highest lifetime smoking and 30-day smoking rates, followed by Vietnamese-and Filipino-Americans. Chinese-Americans reported the lowest smoking rates. There were also differences in the associations between smoking and family functioning and self-image across the four subgroups. High family functioning was inversely associated with smoking for Chinese-and Korean-American adolescents, but not for Filipino-and Vietnamese-Americans. On the other hand, high self-image was associated with decreased risk of smoking for Filipino-and Vietnamese-Americans, but not for the other two subgroups. Conclusion: Findings of this study demonstrate that family functioning and self-image varied across Asian-American subgroups. This suggests the need to understand etiological differences between the groups as well as potential implications for prevention cessation programs.

Background and Objectives: Due to the quick development and widespread use of mobile phones and its various effects on the interaction and communication, it is important to study its negative effects on the health of cellphone users. The overall aim of the present study was to investigate cellphone overuse as a predictor of sleep quality as well as anxiety and depression among college students. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlation study was carried out on all the students of Kharazmi and Payam-e-Noor universities of Karaj during 2014-2015 school years and the sample consisted of 240 persons who were selected by multistage cluster sampling. For data gathering, questionnaires such as cellphone over use scale (COS), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) were used. Data analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation and multiple regressions (stepwise) methods with SPSS 21 software and 0.01 P value. The results of regression showed that the variable of cellphone over use and the variance of sleep quality, anxiety and depression were respectively 0.31% and 0.14%, which predicted and were positively and significantly (r = 0.56, P < 0.01; r = 0.38, P < 0.01) correlated with sleep quality, anxiety and depression. Conclusions: The variable of cellphone overuse can predict and cause changes in sleep quality, anxiety and depression among students and psychotherapists can control these factors to enhance the quality of life and mental health of them.

Resumo: As definições de família se originaram sob a influência de diversos aspectos sociais e culturais, estes são instáveis e modificáveis ao longo do tempo. Os bolsistas do Programa de Iniciação à Docência, do curso de Ciências Biológicas (PIBID), realizaram uma pesquisa em uma escola pública do município de Canoas/RS, no ano de 2016, com o objetivo de compreender as percepções de família dos educandos e promover o debate sobre as novas organizações familiares. Para coleta de dados foram realizados desenhos da família e roda de conversa. Os desenhos revelaram a existência de diferentes configurações familiares, tanto do modelo tradicional quanto do modelo de família monoparental. Foi observada a concepção de família quanto à convivência, à rede de parentes que se relacionam e também à qualidade da relação. A percepção das crianças sobre a família pode ajudar educadores a entender como o sistema familiar pode influenciar a percepção do mundo.

Introduction Antoni Kepinski created the concept of information metabolism and used it to describe main psychiatric disorders in a series of monographs. Multi-axial schema of psychotherapeutic diagnosis was made based on that concept. Aim of this study is to present this schema to describe mental state of a person with schizophrenia. Axis I Borders (psychosis evaluation); Axis II Self-control - assessment of dysfunctional believes and internal conflicts; Axis III Functional structures - personality traits; Axis IV Energetic resources; Axis V Abilities to incorporate new information - abilities to cope with stress; Axis VI Abilities to eliminate useless data - defense mechanisms Material and method. Mental state description with designed structured interview and diagnostic tool to assess most of axes: - Axis I - Object Relations and RealityTesting Inventory; Axis II - General Self Efficacy Scale; Axis III - Temperament and Character Inventory; Axis V - The Coping Inventory of Stressf...

Objective To longitudinally assess the relationship of behavioral problems, intellectual functioning, and family functioning in children with sickle cell disease (SCD). Method The study sample included 222 children enrolled in the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease (CSSCD). The study protocol included intellectual evaluation and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the children, and mothers completed the Child Behavior Checklist and Family Environment Scale. At least two complete sets of measures were obtained across four assessment points over the study period of 9 years. Results Intellectual functioning declined, but family functioning and behavior problem scores did not change significantly. Consistent behavior problems were reported by mothers for 9% of the children. The risk of consistent behavior problems was not related to MRI classification, gender, education level of mother, or age of the child but significantly increased with higher baseline levels of family conflict and decreased with higher baseline full-scale IQ. An increase in behavior problems was associated with an increase in family conflict. Conclusions Maternal appraisal of family conflict is a risk factor for the small subgroup of children with SCD with consistent mother-reported behavior problems and a salient intervention target for fostering adaptation.

Objective To examine longitudinal relations between early adolescent family conflict and late adolescent psychosocial adjustment, and the moderating role of low birth weight. Methods Three groups of adolescents (48 with birth weight <750 g, 46 with birth weight 750-1499 g, and 51 term-born controls) and their parents completed ratings of family conflict at age 11 (Time 1). Parent, teacher, and youth reports of psychosocial functioning were obtained at ages 11 and 17 (Time 2). Results Birth weight moderated the relationship between Time 1 adolescent-perceived conflict and change in adolescent behavioral functioning. For adolescents with histories of <750 g birth weight, adolescent-perceived conflict predicted less adaptive changes in teacher-reported total behavior problems and externalizing problems. Conclusions Small disruptions to the parent-child relationship have negative implications for the later well-being of adolescents with extreme levels of low birth weight. Clinical attention to resolving early adolescent conflict may promote adaptive adjustment.

Children between 1 and 14 years of age and their families were assessed several weeks after diagnosis and again a year later using standardized measures of child behavior, parental mental health, and family functioning. Immediately after diagnosis, the children and both parents exhibited mild symptoms of psychological distress but these had largely resolved at 12-month follow-up. The impact of IDDM diagnosis on family functioning varied with informant, SES, and the age of the child, with an overall tendency for families to become less flexible over the year. Findings suggest that most children and their parents exhibit satisfactory individual adjustment after a period of initial stress but family functioning is affected in complex ways. Serial follow-up of the cohort is planned to establish whether the current findings are predictive of longer term outcome.

This study investigates the impact of social networks and influencers on family functioning, with a particular focus on how these external influences affect family communication and economic stability. We explore the associations between family members' purchasing behaviors-prompted by influencers-and the communication patterns within families, specifically between parents and children. A quantitative questionnaire was used to examine how products and services promoted by influencers affect family dynamics and communication patterns concerning social networks. Family functioning was assessed using the McMaster Family Functioning Scale, supplemented by the Economic Strain Scale to evaluate financial stress within families. The sample comprised 93 respondents, with significant correlations found between parent-child communication about social networks and family roles. Economic strain emerged as a key factor influencing both social network usage and interactions with influencers. The results underscore that increased family communication predicts higher social network usage within families, while economic strain plays a pivotal role in influencing both the consumption of social network content and interactions with influencers. The findings suggest that social networks and influencers have a profound effect on family functioning, often impairing family dynamics and overall well-being. Economic strain and diminished communication appear to exacerbate the negative impacts, highlighting the need for greater awareness of the potential risks posed by these external influences on families.

This article presents long-term effects of a randomized trial evaluating 2 standardized, manual-based prevention strategies for families with parental mood disorder: informational lectures and a brief, clinician-based approach including child assessment and a family meeting. A sample of 105 families, in which at least 1 parent suffered from a mood disorder and at least 1 nondepressed child was within the 8-to 15-year age range, was recruited. Parents and children were assessed separately at baseline and every 9 to 12 months thereafter on behavioral functioning, psychopathology, and response to intervention. Both interventions produced sustained effects through the 6th assessment point, approximately 4.5 years after enrollment, with relatively small sample loss of families (Ͻ14%). Clinician-based families had significantly more gains in parental child-related behaviors and attitudes and in childreported understanding of parental disorder. Child and parent family functioning increased for both groups and internalizing symptoms decreased for both groups, with no significant group differences. These findings demonstrate that brief, family-centered preventive interventions for parental depression may contribute to long-term, sustained improvements in family functioning.

Family health determines and it is determined by family´s capacity to function effectively as a biosocial unit in a given culture and society. The main of study has been to test reliability and construct validity of an instrument to asses the Self-perception of Family Health Status. We validated its content by an on-line Dephi panel with experts. We surveyed 258 families in them homes or in primary health centres from Seville, Spain. We administered the instrument that has five Likert scales: Family climate, Family integrity, Family functioning, and Family resistance. We tested reliability by Cronbach Alpha and construct validity by exploratory factor analysis. The five scales obtained values α between 0.73 for the Family Climate and 0.89 for Family Integrity. They showed evidence of one-dimensional interpretation after factor analysis, a) all items got weights r&gt;0.30 in first factor before rotations, b) the first factor explained a significant proportion of variance before rotat...

Życie w czasie pandemii spowodowanej wirusem SARS-CoV-2 stało się trudniejsze. Codzienne funkcjonowanie wymaga wprowadzenia zmian, respektowania nowych zasad, sprostania większym wymaganiom. Została naruszona równowaga między potrzebami, działaniami i warunkami. Obiektywnie i subiektywnie trudne wydarzenia stanowią istotne wyzwanie życiowe, są źródłem doświadczania trudnych emocji i psychofizycznych objawów stresu. Interesujące jest to, że część osób, pomimo utrudzenia, przeciążenia, zagrożenia, a nawet deprywacji, pozostaje zaangażowana w swoje życiowe role rodzinne i społeczne, a także przyjmuje role nowe, np. pomagając innym. W obliczu ogromnych obciążeń, a nawet strat, osoby te pozostają twórcze, zaangażowane i pełne nadziei. Dotychczasowa analiza naukowa była koncentrowana głównie na nieuleganiu stresowi, z podkreśleniem znaczenia percepcji stresu i różnic indywidualnych. Sytuacja pandemiczna potwierdza konieczność większego zwrócenia uwagi na zainteresowanie pozytywne: twórczego funkcjonowania w obliczu stresu. W badaniach naukowych potwierdzone jest znaczenie zyskiwania zróżnicowanych zasobów dla kształtowania potencjału odporności psycho-społeczno-fizycznej. Badacze dowodzą, że osoby,

Objectives Various factors can have a role in predicting police forces' mental and spiritual health. This study aims to assess whether the general health and spiritual well-being of police forces in Iran can be predicted by metacognitive beliefs with the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategies. Methods This is descriptive/correlational study using structural equation modeling (SEM). The study population includes all the employees of the Tehran Police Commands in 2023. Participants were 294 employees of the police headquarters in Tehran, Iran, in 2023, who were selected using a convenience sampling method. Spiritual well-being scale (SWBS), general health questionnaire (GHQ), metacognition questionnaire (MCQ), and cognitive emotion regulation strategies questionnaire (CERQ) were used to collect data. SPSS v.22 and Amos v.24 were used for data analysis. Results Based on the fit indices, the fit of the initial SEM model was not acceptable (RMSEA=0.07, CFI=0.88, GFI=0.87), because the path between metacognitive beliefs and spiritual well-being was not significant (P>0.05). After removing this path, the model's fit was acceptable (RMSEA=0.06, CFI=0.90, GFI=0.91). The direct and indirect paths between metacognitive beliefs and general health were significant (P<0.01). Also, the indirect path between metacognitive beliefs and spiritual well-being through CER strategies was significant (P<0.01). Conclusion The metacognitive beliefs in Iranian police forces can significantly predict their general health and spiritual well-being directly or indirectly through CER strategies.

For 19 years, she has been involved in the Australian Temperament Project, an internationally-recognised longitudinal study following a large representative sample of Victorian children from infancy through childhood and adolescence, which has addressed many issues concerning children's social, emotional and educational development. Together, Ann Sanson, Dr Jan Nicholson, Associate Professor Judy Ungerer and Professor Stephen Zubrick formed the working group which took primary responsibility for writing the initial proposal for LSAC to the Department of Family and Community Services.

Purpose Colombia presents with one of the largest armed conflicts in the world. Children exposed directly or indirectly to armed conflicts live the emotional footprints left by war. This paper aims to identify mental health problems among children survivors of Colombia’s armed conflict and associated factors. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional study with (n = 80) children aged 7 to 11 years (M = 9.8 years; SD = 1.4) was conducted using the Child Behavior Checklist, Family APGAR and MOS social support survey adaptation to children. Linear regression analyses were also performed with emotional and behavioral problems as the outcomes and related factors as the predictors. Findings Clinical levels of emotional and behavioral problems were found in 56.3% of children. Internalizing problems (63.7%) were more common than externalizing problems (51.2%). Older children had greater emotional problems at the trend level, and those with higher functioning families had lower emotional...

Background: A considerable body of research concludes that the polygamous family structure has an impact on children&#39;s and wives’ psychological, social and family functioning. Aims: The present study is among the first to consider within the same ethnoracial community such essential factors as family functioning, life satisfaction, marital satisfaction and mental health functioning among women who are in polygamous marriages and women who are in monogamous marriages. Method: A sample of 352 Bedouin-Arab women participated in this study: 235 (67%) were in a monogamous marriage and 117 (33%) were in a polygamous marriage. Results: Findings reveal differences between women in polygamous and monogamous marriages. Women in polygamous marriages showed significantly higher psychological distress, and higher levels of somatisation, phobia and other psychological problems. They also had significantly more problems in family functioning, marital relationships and life satisfaction. Conclu...

The objective of this study was to examine the association between family environment and suicidal ideation among youth with bipolar disorder. Subjects included 446 bipolar (BP) youth (age 7-17) enrolled in the Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth study. Current suicidal ideation, family functioning and family stress were assessed at intake. BP youth with current suicidal ideation reported more conflict with their mother and less family adaptability. Ideators endorsed more stressful family events over the prior year and higher rates of specific familial stressors. Clinicians treating bipolar youth should consider family stress when conducting suicide risk assessment. Treatment goals may include enhancing family communication and addressing issues of loss.

The main objective of this study was to determine the pattern of change in family function, resources, coping and distress over the first year following the birth of a sick newborn. This study involved 152 two-parent families of infants who required intensive care at birth. Well validated questionnaires were administered: in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and at 3-, 6-and 12-months post-discharge. The results indicated that most changes occurred in the time period from NICU to 3-months: 1) both mothers and fathers showed a significant decline in family function (p < 0.0001); 2) mothers showed a significant decrease in resources (p ¼ 0.03); and 3) both mothers and fathers showed a significant decrease in distress scores (p < 0.0001). There was only one significant change from 3 to

Background: In children and adolescents with a depressive disorder, predicting who will also go on to exhibit suicide-related behaviors (SRBs), including suicide attempt or self-harm, is a key challenge facing clinicians. Aims: To investigate the relative contributions of depressive disorder severity, hopelessness, family dysfunction, and perceived social support to the risk of suicide-related behaviors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of a group of 10–16-year-olds with major depressive disorders and dysthymic disorder. Results: Child-rated depressive disorder symptom severity emerged as the greatest predictor of risk. Hopelessness and family dysfunction were also significant predictors of SRBs. In combination these variables were strong predictors, accounting for 66% of the variance. This is a cross-sectional study design, rather than longitudinal, therefore risk prediction over time was not possible. Conclusions: Understanding the child and adolescents depressive disorde...

This longitudinal study examined how a multimethod (youth report, parent report, direct observation) assessment of family relationship quality (cohesion and conflict) in adolescence (age 16 -17) predicted growth and maintenance of effortful control across ages 17, 22, and 23 years old, and, ultimately, subjective well-being, emotional distress, and aggressive behavior in emerging adulthood (23). A diverse sample of 792 youth at age 17 and their families, and youth at ages 22 and 23, were studied to examine family cohesion and conflict and the growth and maintenance of effortful control as predictors of emerging adult social and emotional health. Results indicated that family cohesion and conflict during late adolescence and mean-level effortful control at age 22 each served as unique pathways to emerging adult adjustment. These findings underscore the importance of family functioning during adolescence and the maintenance of effortful control into emerging adulthood for understanding adjustment during the emerging adulthood period.

This longitudinal study examined how a multimethod (youth report, parent report, direct observation) assessment of family relationship quality (cohesion and conflict) in adolescence (age 16 -17) predicted growth and maintenance of effortful control across ages 17, 22, and 23 years old, and, ultimately, subjective well-being, emotional distress, and aggressive behavior in emerging adulthood (23). A diverse sample of 792 youth at age 17 and their families, and youth at ages 22 and 23, were studied to examine family cohesion and conflict and the growth and maintenance of effortful control as predictors of emerging adult social and emotional health. Results indicated that family cohesion and conflict during late adolescence and mean-level effortful control at age 22 each served as unique pathways to emerging adult adjustment. These findings underscore the importance of family functioning during adolescence and the maintenance of effortful control into emerging adulthood for understanding adjustment during the emerging adulthood period.

The fundamental didactic base of the discipline Culinary Arts & Meal Science at Örebro University, Sweden is the theoretical model of culinary meal experiences, the Five Aspects Meal Model, FAMM . The model was originally inspired by the Michelin Guides assessment criteria. The aim of this descriptive paper is to list to what extent the FAMM model appears and to map out how and where the model is presented. The material has been collected by means of a database search using the keywords FAMM and Five Aspects Meal Model and sorted and categorized according to type of publication or document and year of publication. In total 108 documents were found. These contained 26 reviewed articles, the first in 2002, and also seven doctoral theses, as well as material from thirteen book chapters. Twenty-one undergraduate theses were also found. There was one official document from 1997 and from 2010-2012 a total of eleven official documents. FAMM is used both as a theoretical framework and support for practical application in meal planning in the public and private meal sector. In 2011-2012 the FAMM model was used in several official documents from local authorities, county councils, government departments. There is now a focus on how to create a dining experience, in the same way as in the restaurant sector, and how to achieve happy and satisfied guests. Maybe this has something to do with "the gastronomic revolution" in Swedish society? It might also be a sign that the development of university education in the gastronomic sphere has been an important factor in changing the focus away from nutritional aspects and towards pleasant experiences in the context of public meals in Sweden.

The goal of the Smart* project is to optimize home energy consumption. As part of the project, we have designed and deployed a "live" system that continuously gathers a wide variety of environmental and operational data in three real homes. In contrast to prior work, our focus has been on sensing depth, i.e., collecting as much data as possible from each home, rather than breadth, i.e., collecting data from as many homes as possible. Our data captures many important aspects of the home environment, including average household electricity usage every second, as well as usage at every circuit and nearly every plug load, electricity generation data from on-site solar panels and wind turbines, outdoor weather data, temperature and humidity data in indoor rooms, and, finally, data for a range of important binary events, e.g., at wall switches, the HVAC system, doors, and from motion sensors. We also have electricity usage data every minute from 400 anonymous homes. This data corpus has served as the foundation for much of our recent research. In this paper, we describe our data sets as well as basic software tools we have developed to facilitate their collection. We are releasing both the data and tools publicly to the research community to foster future research on designing sustainable homes.

Validation of risk and needs assessment instruments used to predict, and reduce, recidivism and misconduct is of ethical, practical and scientific importance. We argue for a focus on variable (i.e. changeable over time) risk factors, and that validation begins with establishing construct validity. The Finnish Risk and Needs Assessment Form, in Finnish Riski-ja tarvearvio (RITA), is a semi-structured interview form adapted from the Offender Assessment System used in England and Wales and consists primarily of variable risk factors. In this study, we examined the construct validity and internal reliability of RITA. The results suggest that the original RITA sections do not provide an adequate statistical model for describing the relationship between scored questions, and we, therefore, offer an improved model. In our proposed model, several scores are influenced by more than one dimension of risk and the dimensions correlate with each other considerably. We suggest that the dimensions that can be measured with RITA are Problems managing economy, Alcohol problems, Resistance to change, Drug abuse and associated behaviour, Aggressiveness and Employment problems. All factors except Drug abuse and associated behaviour had very good internal reliability. We propose this new model to be used in future research with, and in development of, RITA.

Aggression is a critical issue in life, and the problems arising from it are significant reasons for referring children and adolescents for psychological help. This term describes various behaviors such as rudeness, argumentativeness, physical fights, destruction of personal property, conflict, and cruelty. It is believed that violence and physical aggression in children are precursors to other antisocial behaviors in the spectrum of aggressive behaviors. Anger is an intense and gratifying emotional response that prepares the individual to face potential dangers and can create problems in interpersonal relationships and overall life quality.

In the context of the accelerated transformation of social economies and urbanization, mental health issues among rural children have become increasingly prominent. This study aims to develop a risk factor assessment index system by examining risk factors across three levels: family, school, and society. At the family level, it encompasses parent-child relationships, economic status, educational approaches, and familial structural integrity; at the school level, it addresses resource allocation in education, academic pressure, cultural environment, and mental health education; at the societal level, it considers support systems, cultural perceptions, media and internet environments as well as economic development. The constructed index system is grounded in principles of scientific rigor, comprehensiveness, operability, and dynamism—rendering it both specific and holistic—and can be evaluated through diverse methodologies such as surveys and interviews. Consequently, collaboration among families, schools, and society is essential to safeguard the mental health of rural children by formulating intervention strategies while enhancing monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to foster their healthy development.

Adolescence is a transitional period for adult roles and greater responsibilities, decision making and independence. Thus, support and guidance are needed to navigate through. The family constitute adolescents first environment to provide emotional support for a smooth transition. The crisis in the English-speaking Regions of Cameroon has left many families functioning in a disintegrated manner thereby making life for the adolescents difficult particularly in terms the educational advancement of adolescents almost impossible. Disintegration has come about due to displacement, separation or death of one of the parents. This study had two objectives, which were to find out how parental support and family communication affects the educational advancement of adolescents in Cameroon. The convergent parallel design and mixed method approach were used. The sample was 389 students (127 male and 262 female) selected by the simple and purposive sampling techniques. Questionnaires were for students, and interview guide for 12 parents were used for data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was gotten using content validity index and Cronbach Alpha coefficient for reliability. Findings revealed that lack of parental support negatively impact on educational advancement at(r-value=-.246**, p-value 0.000<0.05) and family communication significantly affects educational advancement of adolescents (r-value=-.214**, p-value 0.001<0.05). The adolescents have the zeal to further their studies but lack the required support from parents. Parental support is needed for cognitive, emotional and moral development of adolescents. The government of Cameroon should resort to dialogue to end the crisis so that families can regain peace and live happily and integrated.

To explore the characteristics of mental health and its relevant factors amongadolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. Methods One thousand four hundred and thirty nine middle school students were selected by stratified random sampling from 5cities in Guangdong Province. They were investigated with Middle School Students’ Mental Health Scale(MSSMHS), and aself-compiled questionnaire on the influencing factors of adolescent mentalhealthduring COVID-19 pandemic.Results First, the total scores of MSSMHS was(133.80±35.68).There were 667 normal students (46.35%), as well as 491 mild(34.12%), 189moderate(13.13%), 83 severe(5.77%), and 9 extremely severe(0.64%) psychological disorders.Second,The results of multiple linear stepwise regressionanalysis showed that the total score of MSSMHSwaspositively predicted by 5 factors such as understanding of the epidemic, whether the epidemiccoping measures are reasonable, regularity of learning and life, adaptability to blended learning, and father's work pressure(β= 0.079~0.306, all P<0.10); and negatively predicted by the following five factors, like gender, relationshipwith mother, father's occupation, whether the family have COVID-19 severe patients, and the duration of each physical exercise (β=-0.067 to -0.296, all P<0.10).ConclusionDuring the COVID-19 epidemic, the mental health of adolescents declined significantly. Physiological characteristics, health education,family environment, family education methods and learning adaptability may be the main influencing factors of adolescents' mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic.

The issue of internet addiction among rural children is increasingly conspicuous. This study endeavors to scrutinize the influence of family functioning on internet addiction among rural children by investigating the nexus between family functioning and the configuration of this network, predicated on the establishment of a network delineating symptoms of internet addiction among rural children. A longitudinal study was conducted on 1029 rural children, employing convenience sampling at two distinct time points. The findings reveal a statistically significant negative correlation between family functioning and internet addiction among rural children. Furthermore, rural male children exhibit notably higher scores of internet addiction compared to their female counterparts. Within the network depicting the association between family functioning and internet addiction, symptoms of internet addiction such as 'withdrawal' emerge as salient features. Consequently, while attending to the ramifications of family functioning on internet addiction among rural children, it is imperative not only to consider gender disparities but also to prioritize the recognition and mitigation of symptoms of internet addiction such as "withdrawal" among rural children.

In the second half of the twentieth century, the late Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson led a sect of ultra-Orthodox Jews who are known as Lubavitch Hasidim. Over the course of his life, Rabbi Schneerson underwent profoundly difficult personal hardships. Born in the Russian empire in 1902, he lived through pogroms, two world wars, a typhus epidemic, the persecution and exile of his father, violent political revolutions, the murder of his brother, grandmother, and other relatives by the Nazis, and a life of childlessness ). Yet due to being steeped in thousands of years of traditional Jewish teachings, Rabbi Schneerson developed what Kalmenson (2019) describes as a "positivity bias," which he cultivated by "actively seeking the positive aspect or opportunity in any given situation, believing deeply in God's ultimate goodness and immanent presence, and living with purpose, responsibility, and meaning" (p. 19). Although Jewish teachings throughout the ages are vast and the lived experiences of Jews varied, it is helpful to frame them through the prism of the "positivity M. Schiffman (*) • S. Brooks

But praise and reproof are more effectual upon free-born children than any such disgraceful acts [such as whipping]; the former to incite them to what is good, and the latter to restrain them from that which is evil. (Plutarch, 110 CE [1927]) Correct thy son, and he shall give thee rest; yea, he shall give delight unto thy soul. (Proverbs 29:17, King James Version) Relatively little is known about day-to-day childrearing activities of the ancient world. Much of what we do know comes from religious texts or the musings of philosophers, such as Plato, Plutarch, and Confucius. The picture that emerges is strongly class-based, with free people instructed to focus on the education of their children's minds and spirits. Slave and servant families were either ignored or considered barbaric in the way children were treated. For example, Plutarch's On the Education of Children discussed the children of upper-status Roman citizens as "inherently impressionable … constantly shaped to a desired end with appropriate incentives towards, and rewards for, good behavior" (Bradley, 2013, p. 19). Corporal punishment was to be avoided; it was suitable only for slaves and servants. Moreover, parents were warned to keep their children away from "evil men" who would lead them to "drunkenness", "slothfulness", and "lasciviousness" (Plutarch, 110 CE [1927]). This view of parenting is reminiscent of Locke's blank-slate view of human nature, wherein young people must be taught in all ways to become productive citizens. Yet slave families were viewed more in terms of the Hobbesian natural man: nasty and brutish. The rise of Christianity subtly changed these general views of parenting ). An emphasis on teaching children to avoid sin emerged; this often required the use of corporal punishment and isolation of the sexes (Chrysostom, 407 CE [1986]). Spanking and whipping were used frequently to correct misbehaviors. Moreover, during the Protestant Reformation there was an emphasis on training children to be virtuous, deferential to authority figures, and selfless . The best methods for accomplishing this were debated, though, since the source of human nature was an evolving concept. Yet physical punishment remained a common tool for keeping children in line. By the colonial period in North America, various disciplinary measures were normative. Calvinists, who argued that original sin and depravity infected all, relied on physical means of discipline. A goal of this parenting approach was to "break the will" of children so they would learn to obey their elders, and, indirectly, their God . Yet a developing standard among others emphasized affection more than strict discipline in the rearing of the young. This was influenced in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by Continental philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke. Although Locke (1693) advocated firm control by parents of their children, he also advised against severe punishment, dishonesty, or any means of socializing youth that might lead them away from developing a genteel and honest manner. In one of his best-known works, Emile, Rousseau (1762 [1979]) argued that

The objective of the study investigates the Perception of family functioning in patients diagnosed with HIV treated in the Hospital Regional Honorio Delgado Espinoza of Arequipa, 2017. The descriptive and design research was descriptive, comparative, the sample is 100 patients, was administered the questionnaire on family functioning of Garcia and Liberato (2013), was subjected to predictive validity, using the Spearman Brown &quot;rs&quot; correlation coefficient test, and Pearson&#39;s &quot;r&quot; correlation coefficient, where a value of rs = 0.936 was obtained. Cronbach&#39;s alpha reliability of α = 0.809, which indicates that the questionnaire is highly reliable. The results indicate that there is an average level of family functioning perceived in patients. 94% of patients present a medium level and 6% a low level. In the dimension of communication is low, there being a 74% and a 26% average. In the Problem Solving dimension, it is presented at a low level, at 74% and 26% o...

Based on the responses of 5,557 Chinese secondary students in Hong Kong, the relationship among hopelessness, perceived family functioning and suicidal ideation was examined in this study. Results showed that while hopelessness had a positive relationship with suicidal ideation, perceived global family functioning had a negative relationship with Chinese adolescent suicidal ideation. Different dimensions of family functioning were differentially related to suicidal ideation, with conflict and harmony, parental concern and parental control showing stronger prediction of adolescent suicidal ideation than did mutuality and communication. It was further found that family functioning moderated the relationship between hopelessness and adolescent suicidal ideation. The present study underscores the importance of family functioning in the psychological well-being of Chinese adolescents. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

This study reports on a triangulation strategy for assessing family interaction, involving family members, their therapist and coders independently viewing videotapes. Utilizing a standardized scale, the Beavers-Timberlawn Model of Family Competence, the study found weak agreement between paired assessments within the family triad, and within the therapist-coder dyad. I n addition, more complex scaling techniques such as composite "family scores" or discrepancy scores between family member dyads added no predictive power. The findings suggest that a l i m i t of concordance" may exist when comparing varying raters' assessments of a given family, and that methodological andlor scaling strategies designed to maximize agreement may be both fruitless and diversionary. This paper is a revision of a presentation made a t the Annual Program Meeting of the National Council on Family Relations, San Francisco, CA, November, 1984. The authors would like to express their appreciation to Margaret Groves and Beth Marshall, MSWs, who assisted in an earlier version of this paper. The research was partially supported by a grant from the Division of Crime Prevention and Justice of the Commonwealth of Virginia (Grant #: 78-A4476).

justment of children and adolescents with SCD is similar to that for children with other chronic illnesses. There is an increased risk for adjustment problems, but good adjustment is also possible (Thompson et al., 1994) and internalizing problems are more frequent than externalizing problems (Thompson, Gil, Burbach, Keith, & Kinney, 1993). Studies are now seeking to identify the factors and processes associated with the within-group variability in adjustment for children with chronic

W Ws st tę ęp p: : Rak gruczołu krokowego to najczęstszy nowotwór układu moczowo-płciowego mężczyzn. Wybór formy leczenia jest uzależniony w dużej mierze od skutków ubocznych proponowanej terapii. C Ce el l p pr ra ac cy y: : Celem pracy była ogólna ocena jakości życia chorych na raka gruczołu krokowego w trakcie radioterapii radykalnej. M Ma at te er ri ia ał ł i i m me et to od dy y: : Badaniem objęto 26 mężczyzn w wieku 53-86 lat (mediana 69 lat), poddanych radioterapii radykalnej metodą konformalną, w warunkach szpitalno-hotelowych, z rozpoznaniem raka gruczołu krokowego. Leczenie prowadzono z zastosowaniem fotonów X generowanych w przyspieszaczu liniowym, średnio 5 dni w tygodniu z przerwą 2-dniową. Średni całkowity czas leczenia wynosił 6,5 tyg. (co stanowiło średnio 33 frakcje). Średnia dawka promieniowania wynosiła 66 Gy. Aby zbadać wpływ radioterapii na ogólną jakość życia pacjentów z rakiem gruczołu krokowego, oceniono jakość życia przed leczeniem (grupa A1), a następnie pod koniec terapii (grupa A2). W badaniu wykorzystano standaryzowany kwestionariusz EORTC QLQ-C30 (wersja 3.0) dla chorych onkologicznych, opracowany przez Europejską Grupę Badającą Jakość Życia. W Wy yn ni ik ki i: : W trakcie radioterapii, spośród wszystkich sfer funkcjonowania, istotnemu zaburzeniu uległo funkcjonowanie społeczne. Najbardziej uwidoczniło się zaburzenie życia rodzinnego-u 19,23% w grupie chorych po leczeniu (średnia punktowa dla grupy A1 wyniosła 1,46, a dla grupy A2-1,92). Na skutek objawów zmęczenia badani najbardziej potrzebowali odpoczynku, pod koniec leczenia często 23,08%, a bardzo często 3,85% mężczyzn. Istotne znaczenie w tej sferze miały zaburzenia snu występujące w grupie A2 u 15,38%, a bardzo często u 11,54% chorych. Globalna ocena jakości życia korelowała z obniżoną oceną stanu zdrowia. Średnia punktowa globalnej oceny jakości życia dla grupy przed leczeniem wyniosła 5,07 i dla grupy A2 4,62. W Wn ni io os sk ki i: : Radioterapia chorych na raka gruczołu krokowego hospitalizowanych we wczesnym okresie nie zaburzała większości sfer funkcjonowania. Do końca leczenia pacjenci zachowali wyjściową aktywność fizyczną, funkcje poznawcze, emocjonalne i pełnienia ról życiowych. Podczas leczenia chorzy odczuwali zmęczenie, mieli problemy ze snem i potrzebowali częściej odpoczynku. Znamiennie zaburzone było funkcjonowanie społeczne, szczególnie życie rodzinne. S Sł ło ow wa a k kl lu uc cz zo ow we e: : rak gruczołu krokowego, radioterapia, hospitalizacja, ogólna jakość życia, badanie prospektywne.

The Child Attitude Toward Illness Scale (CATIS) is an established measure of how CSHCN perceive the impact of chronic conditions on their lives. We tested the psychometric properties of the CATIS adapted for use with siblings (CATIS-S) of youths with spina bifida (SB), a complex congenital birth defect. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tested the factor structure of the CATIS-S in a sample of 208 adolescent siblings of youths with SB. Construct validity was ascertained by evaluating relationships between the CATIS-S and measures of psychosocial functioning. CFA yielded a 12-item two-factor solution comprised of an Emotion subscale ( = 0.85) and Social subscale ( = 0.76). Construct validity was indicated through significant associations between CATIS-Emotional and self-concept (r = 0.30, p &lt; .001) and parent-perceived SB severity (r = −0.17, p = .01), as well as CATIS-Social and sibling conflict (r = −0.26, p &lt; .001), behavior problems (r = −0.37, p &lt; .001), and self-conce...

Se plantea establecer la relación entre el funcionamiento familiar y las habilidades sociales en estudiantes universitarios, la investigación es de tipo descriptiva-relacional, no experimental con una muestra de tipo probabilístico. Se aplicó la escala familiar de cohesión y adaptabilidad faces III, una escala de habilidades sociales y una encuesta breve de violencia intrafamiliar utilizando la técnica de la encuesta, de manera colectiva, se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS- 21 a través de tablas de distribución de frecuencias y la aplicación de la prueba estadística chi cuadrado de Pearson. En el análisis de los resultados el funcionamiento familiar en los estudiantes en general es alto y las habilidades sociales tiene un nivel bajo. Cabe resaltar que los estudiantes con y sin violencia tienen un nivel alto en la autoexpresión en situaciones sociales y decir no y cortar interacciones y que los que tienen violencia sobresalen con niveles altos en expresión de enfado, decir no y h...

U hrvatskom je društvu u tijeku značajna transformacija s izrazitim društvenim rasloja­ vanjem, te varijabla socio-ekonomski položaj postaje vjerojatno mnogo važnija nego što je bi­ la prije. Logično je tako očekivati da če socio-ekonomski položaj pojedinca ili obitelji imati uskoro daleko veći utjecaj na različite oblike ponašanja i dinamiku odnosa u obitelji i na obi­ telj kao agens socijalizacije nego što je imao prije. Istodobno, ne postoje ni teorije, a niti istraživanja o djelovanju socio-ekonomskoga položaja obitelji na obiteljske i socijalizacijske varijable u hrvatskome društvu. Članak daje pregled teorija i istraživanja kako bi prikazao, opisao i objasnio djelovanje socio-ekonomskoga položaja na obiteljske i socijalizacijske vari­ jable u međunarodnome iskustvu. Glavni je cilj rada da opisivanjem i objašnjavanjem stra­ noga iskustva, bez pretenzija generalizacije na naše uvjete, ponudi pretpostavljene odnose tih varijalbi u našim uvjetima te potakne domaća istraživanja na ...

Childcare policy was an important issue in the recent election campaign. The parties' various childcare proposals all took account of the experience of Quebec's universal childcare system. They differed sharply, however, on whether Quebec's model should be emulated, as in the Liberal and NDP platforms, or avoided, as with the Conservatives' recommendation that childcare funding should go directly to parents, who might choose at-home care. All families in Quebec have access to provincially subsidized childcare, at an out of pocket cost of $7 per day. While there have been bumps along the wayqueues for access and costly labour problems, for example -the system is very popular. We analyzed the impact of Quebec's program on work choices, family functioning and children's well-being and found some positive and some strikingly negative outcomes. 1 What is best for children and parents? While we do not presume to provide the answer, our work does offer some fresh evidence from the childcare front for parents and policymakers to consider. Our study is based on data drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth. 2 Our national sample of over 33,000 children covers newborns to 4-year-olds during the years from 1994 to 2002. The survey contains information on childcare use, parental labour market behaviour, and children and family health and behavioural measures. We compare the outcomes for children in Quebec to those of children in other parts of Canada, who act as a control group against whom to evaluate what we see in Quebec. We compare Quebec and the rest of Canada before and after the program was introduced in 1997. To measure the e-brief

The first aim of this study was to examine the association between different dimensions of family functioning and dysfunctional eating in a sample of Italian adolescent boys and girls. The second aim was to investigate whether gender moderates the relationship between family functioning and dysfunctional eating. Seven hundred and twenty seven adolescents (500 boys and 227 girls) with ages ranging from 15 to 18 years completed a survey of self-report measures. Findings from hierarchical multiple regression analysis suggested that aspects of family functioning such as flexibility, cohesion, disengagement, enmeshment, rigidity and chaotic were related to dysfunctional eating in adolescents. Additionally the results indicated differences between boys and girls, in particular dysfunctional eating in adolescent boys seemed to be more affected by dimensions of enmeshment and disengagement than dysfunctional eating in girls. This research highlights the important role of various aspects of ...

This study analyzed the impact of dissimilarities in illness perceptions between parents and adolescents, school support, and family functioning on quality of life of adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). A total of 100 adolescents diagnosed with T1D for at least 1 year and a primary caregiver participated in the study (N=200). Adolescents answered the Diabetes Quality of Life and the School Support Questionnaire, and parents answered the general functioning subscale of the Family Assessment Device. Both answered the Brief-Illness Perception Questionnaire, regarding the adolescents' diabetes. The interception effect of dissimilarities regarding identity and concerns perceptions toward diabetes, between parents and adolescents, and school support in the relationship between family functioning and quality of life was significant and explained 27% and 32% of the variance, respectively. The results showed a negative relationship between family functioning and quality of life when school support was low and dissimilarities in identity and concerns perceptions were high. Therefore, to increase quality of life of adolescents with T1D, intervention programs should include family, teachers, school staff, and peers to improve their knowledge of diabetes and support to adolescents.

Purpose To investigate, in adolescents referred for psychiatric services, the associations of initial self-esteem and family functioning with level and change of quality of life (QoL) over a 3-year period, over and above the effect of their emotional problems. Methods Of 1648 eligible 13-18 years old patients attending the child and adolescent psychiatric clinic (CAP) at least once, 717 (54.8% females) were enrolled at baseline (a response rate of 43.5%). Self-and parent reports on the McMaster Family Assessment Device were obtained. Adolescents reported self-esteem on the Rosenberg Scale, and emotional problems on the Symptom Check List-5. Adolescents completed the Inventory of Life Quality in Children and Adolescents (ILC). After 3 years, 570 adolescents again completed the ILC, and for 418 adolescents parent information was available. The longitudinal analysis sample of 418 adolescents was representative of the baseline sample for age, gender, emotional problems, and QoL. We used modified growth-model analysis, adjusted for SES, age, gender and time of contact with CAP, where residual variances for ILC at baseline and follow-up were fixed to 0. Results A poorer family functioning at baseline, reported by parents, was significantly associated with worsening QoL during the 3 years follow-up period (p = 0.001). Conclusions Parents have important knowledge about their families that may reflect long-term influences on QoL development in adolescent psychiatric patients. Health care providers and policy makers should optimize treatment outcomes by addressing family functioning in adolescents with emotional problems.

BACKGROUND: While a move away from non-disclosure and secrecy toward more openness is demonstrated in the changing practices of donor insemination worldwide, scholars and practitioners continue to debate the effects of disclosure versus secrecy. This study examines if an association exists between adult donor offspring's perceptions of their parents' use of topic avoidance to maintain secrecy, and their perceptions of their family's functioning. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design, a convenience sample of 69 young adult donor offspring completed a demographic questionnaire, a topic avoidance scale relative to each of their rearing parents, and the Beavers Self Report Family Instrument. RESULTS: There was a moderate significant inverse correlation between family functioning and topic avoidance in general, as well as for donor insemination-related topics, for both mothers (r 5 20.55, r 5 20.40, respectively, P 0.01) and fathers (r 5 20.53, r 5 20.50, respectively, P 0.01), even after controlling for demographic variables. Disclosure by both parents jointly was associated with higher family functioning than disclosure under other circumstances. CONCULSIONS: While this study is limited by the convenience sampling, the correlational design and measuring offspring's subjective perceptions, findings suggest that the information about donor conception should not be held secret from offspring and that the parents should disclose jointly.

The present study examined the relationships of (a) changes in adolescent-reported family functioning and (b) changes in identity confusion to onset of substance use and sexual behavior in a sample of 250 Hispanic adolescents from immigrant families. Adolescents were followed for 3 years. Results indicated that adolescents whose identity confusion scores increased over time were most likely to initiate cigarette use, alcohol use, and sexual behavior during the course of the study. Adolescents whose identity confusion scores remained stable over time were less likely to initiate, and adolescents whose identity confusion scores decreased over time were least likely to initiate. The data were consistent with the proposition that initial levels of and changes in family functioning appeared to be responsible for these associations. Implications for identity research and intervention are discussed. The development of a positive sense of identity in adolescence can help to inhibit or offset the genesis or maintenance of problem behavior (e.g., Marsiglia, Kulis, &

To examine moderating effects of family functioning and social support on the relationship of child-related stressors to caregivers' psychological adaptation in a sample of caregivers of children with a chronic illness. Method: Participants were 67 caregivers of children and adolescents with sickle cell syndromes. We conducted MANOVAs and subsequent effect size calculations to determine if family functioning would buffer the effects of caring for difficult-to-manage children with this illness. Results: Findings supported a moderator effect of family functioning on the association of children's externalizing behavioral problems to caregivers' symptoms of hostility. Greater levels of cohesive and adaptive family functioning buffered the potential detrimental effects of caring for children perceived as hard to manage. No significant associations were obtained between measures of caregivers' psychological adaptation and the severity of their children's disease. Conclusions: We make recommendations for family systems interventions, particularly for caregivers of children with behavior problems.