External Economics

The aim of this research paper is to present a critical analysis of territorial organizational design (TOD), as partnership between the private and public sectors within a territory. To share resources and to manage restraints conjointly are the key words of TOD. Based on external economies in links with local public goods, TOD take into partnership a multitude of heterogeneous and non-hierarchical networks, within the problematic of governance.

Résumé
Acteurs publics et privés s'engagent de plus en plus dans des démarches de design organisationnel territorial (DOT), qui ont pour objet l'utilisation partenariale de ressources communes ou la gestion collective de contraintes. Fondé sur des économies externes liées à la disponibilité locale de biens collectifs, le DOT repose sur des réseaux hétérogènes et non hié-rarchisés et s'inscrit dans les procédures de gouvernance territoriale.

The use of cellular phones is now ubiquitous through most of the adult global population and is increasingly common among even young children in many countries (e.g. Finland, where the market for smart phones is nearly saturated). The basic operation of cellular phone networks demands widespread human exposure to radio-frequency radiation (RFR) with cellular phone base stations providing cellular coverage in most areas. As the data needs of the population increase from the major shift in the source of Internet use from personal computers to smart phones, this coverage is widely predicted to increase. Thus, both the density of base stations and their power output is expected to increase the global human RFR exposure. Although direct causation of negative human health effects from RFR from cellular phone base stations has not been finalized, there is already enough medical and scientific evidence to warrant long-term liability concerns for companies deploying cellular phone towers. In order to protect cell phone tower firms from the ramifications of the failed paths of other industries that have caused unintended human harm (e.g. tobacco) this Current Issue summarizes the peer-reviewed literature on the effects of RFR from cellular phone base stations. Specifically the impacts of siting base stations are closely examined and recommendations are made for companies that deploy them to minimize their potential future liability.

The human capital development of a country is measured using health and education. The need to provide healthy and competent manpower for nation development has been at the forefront of policy makers especially in developing countries. There have been public outcries over the poor funding of health and education sectors in Nigeria. Though, there are a lot of literatures on the impact of government expenditure on economic growth but consensus has not been reached from empirical findings about the nature of the relationship. It is on this note the study examined the impact of government sectoral expenditure on economic growth using evidence from ARDL approach. The study used secondary data sourced from CBN statistical bulletin from 1981-2017. The study adopted ARDL and bound testing econometric approach. The ARDL short run result revealed that government health expenditure (GHEXP) has inverse and insignificant effect on economic growth (RGDP). In addition, government education expendi...

Este libro analiza críticamente el fenómeno multifacético de la integración regional en África, a partir de una revisión documental y de las experiencias de los autores –en su calidad de académicos, investigadores y nativos del continente africano–.
La obra busca resignificar y reorientar los procesos y las estrategias de integración regional en África, así como dialogar en torno a las posturas y los conocimientos sobre el lugar y el devenir de dicho continente en el sistema internacional. Además, este trabajo pone de manifiesto las recomposiciones y reestructuraciones internas, al igual que las prácticas y saberes domésticos o endógenos. En este sentido, hace un aporte significativo en los estudios de las relaciones internacionales y de los estudios africanos, con el propósito de motivar el análisis, los debates y las reflexiones sobre estos asuntos, hechas desde áreas de conocimiento como las relaciones internacionales, las ciencias políticas, el derecho, la sociología y la antropología, entre otras.

Countries are showing interest in accumulating foreign
reserves to ensure macroeconomic stability. There has been some debate
whether to beef up the level of nations’ foreign reserves or make it lower,
especially in developing countries like Nigeria. Whereas some argue that
the foreign reserve determines the country’s rating in the global market,
others hold opposing views. In this light, this paper examined the interactive
influence of foreign reserve (FRS) on some macroeconomic variables such
as: economic size (GDP); trade; level of capital inflows (KFL); exchange
rate (EXR); and inflation. Analyzing secondary data from CBN statistical
bulletins (1970–2007), the econometric results obtained from cointegration
test, vector error correction (VEC) within the framework of autoregressive
distributed lags (ARDL) revealed the following: (1) existence of a longrun
relationship between the variables and two cointegrating equations;
(2) possibility of convergence of the variables from the short run to the
long run with slow speed of adjustment. It is thus the conclusion of this
paper that accumulation of large foreign reserves is not very productive
in Nigeria due to its inability to induce some of the macroeconomic
variables.
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This study investigates the short and long-runimpact of human capital development on economic growth in Nigeria using time series data sourced from the central bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin, 1981 to 2016. The study employedAugmented Dickey-Fuller techniques to examine the unit root property of the variables followed by Autoregressive Distributive Lag Model (ARDL) to determine long run relationship or cointegration. The findings from the ARDL model indicates thatthere is a long-run relationship. In the long-run, life expectancy and public expenditure on health are found to have a significant positive impact on economic growth. While in the shortrun, life expectancy, gross capital formation, primary school enrolment and recurrent expenditure on health haveapositive impact on economic growth. On this note, the study recommended that the government should design and support scheme that enhances primary school enrolment, more budgetary allocation to the health and education sector and ensure efficient utilization. There is a need to improve health care facilities in the country and motivate the healthcare personnel with good remuneration to guarantee increased productivity in the sector and the country as a whole.

The economic situation of Romania has significantly improved since its full membership of the European Union; however its competitiveness remains at a low level compared to the EU average. Based on the international competitiveness lists, the trading activity and position of Romania as a middle-ranking country strengthened, yet the lack of institutions and infrastructure is still a severe problem. Therefore, one of the main objectives of the current social-democratic government is to create an economically stable country image in order to contribute to the FDI inflows, increase the visibility of the Romanian companies abroad and to overcome stereotypes associated with the country. The national brand building is aimed at promoting domestic brands beyond the region’s borders, with stimulating export performance in addition to creating a stable presence of domestic companies in international markets. The aim of the study is to assess Romania’s foreign economic indicators, competitiveness, and – based on these macro-indicators – to look at how trade could grow using branding to support Romanian exports in goods.

Analyse d'un article intéressant sur les externalités dans le cadre d'un mini projet en microéconomie à l'Ecole Supérieure de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information de Tunis.
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