Export-Import

A B S T R A C T This study seeks to review the literature on the exporting challenges and problems of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in this era of globalization. Besides, we identify gaps in the literature and provide directions for future research. This review would serve as a basis to understand the research gaps, opportunities, and undertake new research projects based on the propositions and the future research agenda outlined. We synthesize the findings and analyze different dimensions, which in turn would facilitate further research as well as the growth of small firms in the long run.

The Covid-19 pandemic has been (and still is) causing detriments on the world economy, all production sectors and individual economies. Firmly interconnected transnational economies have been thrown off balance by this global health crisis through the spread of virus and thrown into an economic crisis. Due to this pandemic crisis paralyzing national economies, countries suddenly had to diverge from their economic targets and objectives of sustainable development. Countries that have imposed quarantines and lockdowns based on the recommendation of the World Health Organization, not only the consumption levels have declined, but also the consumption habits have changed in general. This decline in consumption and uncertainty in turn has brought production sector to a halt, causing either a restrain in their production activities or reduction in their production capacities. Along with these developments in the field of economy, the foreign trade activities of countries have been directly affected. The decline in demand as well as the reduced levels of production and consumption due to pandemic-related conditions, certain variations have been observed in the imports and exports of countries. This study analyzes the impact of Covid-19 on international trade by delving into the quantitative data on imports and exports in the period of 2018-2021.

Knowledge is the most important resource and learning is the most
important process to advance the level of development and technology
within particular regions or countries. There are, of course, several ways in
which countries can increase their technological levels. One of the most
important ways is by exporting. This is called ‘learning by exporting’ in
the relevant literature. Studies conducted in this area show that exporting
not only contributes to technological learning and productivity, but also
exports are important for obtaining the kind of knowledge that cannot be simply gathered from the domestic market. It is through this type of
economic interaction that gives rise substantial increases in the various
levels of innovation. A unique study of these economic realities is Turkey.
Although the amount of exports from Turkey is increasing, the regions
where exports are sent are changing significantly. Specifically, the rate of
total exports with Near and Middle Eastern countries has continued to
increase over the last decade. In sum, the rate of decline in exports to
developed countries (like OECD and EU countries) is being replaced by
exports to developing and underdeveloped countries...

This appendix lists New Zealand plant species stocked and available in Australian nurseries, over time. Raised in a large New Zealand garden full of native trees, plant lover Stuart Read was perhaps hard-wired to notice kiwi plants in Australian gardens. Over time he's pieced together a pattern of waves of fashion in their planting and popularity, reflecting scientific and horticultural expansionism, commercial and familial networks and connections across the Tasman. Stuart will examine a range of NZ plants found in old and younger Australian gardens, try to tease out some of the means by which they got here and why they remain popular.

The aim of this study was to explore the integration between financial markets of India and Pakistan with the help of economic cooperation among them. Monthly data from the period of January 2002 to December 2012, was applied for this stud, the data of Monthly stock price index and Trade was used. The results highlighted that there is cointegration between the two stock markets in short run, and as we have used 11 years data it is not appropriate to conclude the long run relationship on this basis, although the Johansen Cointegration test proves the presence of two cointegrating vectors. Therefore we may conclude that there is direct cause and effect relationship between stock markets of India and Pakistan with respect to trade and if the hindrances in trade are removed the financial markets will perform much better than now. Trade between India and Pakistan is of great importance for the development of both the nations as well as the regional development. There are ample opportunities available for the investors as well, they can reduce risk and earn higher returns by investing in each other's markets. 1. Introduction Financial Markets integration is a process of merging two or more markets and the risk associated with the financial assets, having comparable maturity across various markets. The process of integration is facilitated by the uninterrupted access of participants to various market segments. Today's financial markets are witnessing the transactions by the investors and portfolio managers across markets domestic, regional or international, this became possible with the increased flow of information, technological advancement, globalization and financial sector reforms. Centrals banks across the world has also made efforts to make their markets financially integrated, mainly after the experience of the Asian Crisis of 1990's which gave the Asian Economies severe shocks, therefore now the financial markets are more integrated as compare to previously isolated markets. It is commonly believed that the developed nations are more financially integrated as compare to the emerging economies but the financial sector reforms in emerging economies has allowed the removal of restrictions over pricing of financial assets, which is assumed to be one of the most important factors of integration. Flow of capital across borders has increased dependence on savings of other nations, as foreign investors invest in other countries market where they find low risk and higher return on their investments, and supplement their domestic savings. The advancement in information technology and communication has reduced the opportunities grabbed by the arbitrages and thereby easing the mobility of funds across borders.

Kompleksitas struktur perdagangan AS-Cina membuat kita tidak bisa langsung menyimpulkan bahwa perang dagang ini hanya akan mengalihkan keuntungan dari Cina ke AS dan hanya merugikan perusahaan-perusahaan Cina yang bergantung pada pasar AS. Konsumen dan perusahaan di kedua negara yang secara tidak langsung terkait dengan pasar AS dan Cina juga akan terpengaruh. Kenaikan biaya produksi yang dimulai oleh kenaikan tarif dapat terus bertambah sebelum mencapai konsumen.

The present article tries to measure the import intensity of Indian manufacturing sector and to highlight the vulnerability of our manufacturing output and exports. The article is divided into four sections. Section I provides information on foreign country's share of value addition in exports of different products of our economy. Section II analyses the trade pattern of top 10 manufacturing product imports towards India. Section III deals with calculations of import intensity of our manufacturing sector. Twelve manufacturing products were selected to calculate the imported raw materials consumed, imported capital goods, forex spending on interest, dividend and royalty, export earnings as per cent of total sales, etc. The findings stood in favourable terms with the existing literature. Although the export of Indian manufacture has increased manyfold after liberalisation, the imported raw material content of Indian manufacturing has been ever increasing over the years. Section iv explains the concluding remarks of the study. The major contributor to the increase in share of imports was fuels and mineral oils, which was followed by precious pearls and stones. The forex spending on interest rate were higher for automobiles, non-electrical machinery, textiles and construction. Permanent steps needed to curb the unproductive imports of luxury items and promote only exports of products with higher domestic value added for imported items.

İnternet, uluslararası ticaretteki sınırların çoğunu ortadan kaldırmak için kullanılabilecek muazzam bir teknolojidir. İnternet teknolojisi sayesinde bir alıcının dünyanın herhangi bir yerinde bulunan bir ürünü edinebilmesi kolaylaşmıştır. Öte yandan internet, işletmelerin yabancı pazarlara girişini hızlandırmaktadır. İşletmeler böyle bir imkânı mümkün olduğunca etkin şekilde değerlendirirlerse pazarlama faaliyetlerini arttırabilirler.
Kurumsal web sitesi, bir işletmenin uluslararasılaşma sürecini etkileyen bir unsurdur. Genellikle alıcılar, kendine yakın hissettikleri işletmelerle iletişime geçmektedirler. Bu yüzden kurumsal web sitesindeki dil, kültür, renk, tasarım vb. etkenler önem teşkil etmektedir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de ihracat yapan işletmelerin kurumsal web sitelerini ne ölçüde uluslararasılaştırdıklarını araştırmak ve ihracat yapan firmaların kurumsal web siteleri arasında farklılıklar olup olmadığını tespit etmektir. Çalışmanın birinci bölümü uluslararasılaşmayla ilgili kavramları içermektedir. İkinci bölümde elektronik ticarete ve kurumsal web sitelerine değinilmiştir. Son bölümde ise ihracat yapan işletmeleri inceleyen bir uygulama yapılmıştır. Uygulamada işletmelerin kurumsal web siteleri içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Çapraz tablo analizi ve ki-kare testiyle ihracat yapan işletmelerin kurumsal web siteleri arasında farklılık olup olmadığı belirlenmiştir. 
Yapılan çalışma sonucunda Türkiye’de ihracat yapan işletmelerin kurumsal web sitelerinin uluslararasılaşma düzeylerinin yetersiz olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca geleneksel sektörlerde ihracat yapan işletmeler ile geleneksel olmayan sektörlerde ihracat yapan işletmelerin kurumsal web siteleri arasında kayda değer bir farklılık saptanmamıştır. -
Internet is a wonderful technology that can be used to remove most of borders on international trade. Thanks to internet technology, buying a product that be anywhere in the world have been easy for a person. On the other hand, internet accelerates the entrance of companies into foreign markets. Companies can improve their marketing activities if they evaluate such an opportunity as effectively as possible.
Corporate website is an element that affects an enterprise's internationalization process. Generally, buyers communicate with businesses that they feel close to themselves. Therefore, factors such as language, culture, color and design in corporate websites are important.
The purpose of this study is to explore what is the internationalization level of corporate websites of exporting companies in Turkey and to determine whether there is any difference between corporate websites of exporters. In the first part of the study, internationalization concepts were expressed. In the second part, electronic commerce and corporate websites were mentioned. In the last part, a study was carried out which examines exporters. In research, corporate websites of businesses were analyzed by content analysis method. Whether or not exporters have differences between corporate websites were determined by cross-tabulation analysis and chi-square test.
It has been observed that the level of internationalization of corporate websites of exporting companies in Turkey is insufficient. Furthermore, no significant difference was found between corporate websites of companies that export in traditional sectors and corporate websites of companies that export in non-traditional sectors.

La empresa NOA nació en Armenia, Colombia, en el año 1987 inicialmente bajo el nombre
de Lalo Pan S.A.S. Se dedica a la producción y comercialización de productos de bollería. A lo
largo de los años, NOA ha desarrollado un amplio portafolio de productos, entre ellos se encuentran
los panderitos, alfajores, suspiros y galletas sabor a coco, limón, canela, vainilla, mantequilla y café.
Actualmente, NOA goza de reconocimiento a nivel local por su trayectoria e innovación en los
productos comercializados, siendo destacados por la cámara de comercio del departamento.
La creación del Plan Exportador de NOA se da por la necesidad de la empresa de explorar
nuevos mercados debido a la actual coyuntura económica que están atravesando los países debido a
la pandemia por el virus COVID-19. El objetivo es hacer posibles alianzas estratégicas
internacionales que permitan beneficiar a ambas partes y así incursionar en el mercado
internacional.
El presente trabajo es elaborado como opción de grado del pregrado en Administración de
Negocios Internacionales de la Institución Universitaria EAM, en el cual se desarrolla una
propuesta de plan exportador para la empresa NOA. En este, se realizan diferentes estudios y a
través de sus conclusiones se sugieren la implementación de diferentes estrategias comerciales, las
cuales se plantearon a partir del análisis de la competencia, de la realización de un estudio de
mercado, financiero, económico, legal, administrativo y ambiental, con el fin de dar cumplimiento
al objetivo general y los objetivos específicos que pretenden.
Palabras Clave: Comercio, Internacionalización, Distribución, Logística.

Do export sanctions cause export deflection? Data on Iranian non-oil exporters between January 2006 and June 2011 shows that two-thirds of these exports were deflected to non-sanctioning countries after sanctions were imposed in 2008, and that at this time aggregate exports actually increased. Exporting firms reduced prices and increased quantities when exporting to a new destination, however, and suffered welfare losses as a result.

The study aimed to explore the impact of investment decision making on financial performance of the textile industry from managers perceptions. The Indian textile industry is the second largest industry in the world, after China. After agriculture, textiles play a major role in the country’s economy, in terms of exports. Textile is providing the second-highest employment opportunities in India. Tamil Nadu is also making the highest contribution in the total domestic production, consumption and exports, after Maharashtra, Haryana and Gujarat. As is well-known, the Indian economy had faced the crunch due to the impact of meltdown on exchange rate volatility, interest rate changes, raw material cost fluctuation, import restrictions, demand for export, worker’s shortage and competitive products with modern innovations. Researchers concentrated only on the factors impacting investment decision in the textile industry and found the different perception among the finance manager and CEO using Independent sample test.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the interaction between organizational structure dimensions and intellectual capital components. In order to achieve this aim, a comprehensive literature survey was conducted and then a set of hypotheses developed within which the conceptual model of the research was tested using data obtained from 126 exporters operating in Aydın. According to the results obtained from the study, it has been determined that organizational structure dimensions affect intellectual capital and components at different levels and significance. In the face of fierce competition, business managers should take into account the elements of centralization, hierarchical order and division of labor. Managers should also create a more agile and flexible structure and attach importance to specialization.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively explore marketing issues for foreign industrial companies of large, small and medium size entering emerging markets (EMs), particularly transition economies in Eastern Europe. The vast majority of current studies about emerging markets focus only on defining suitable strategies related to large consumer goods corporations.

Design/methodology/approach
The research adopted a multiple case study approach. Five Italian companies belonging to different business-to-business industries that have entered emerging countries in Eastern Europe were selected for investigation.

Findings
Empirical analysis uncovered recurring issues related to: institutional factors causing market uncertainty and instability; difficulties in building a sales network; a need for product adaptation to guarantee satisfactory performance; choices related to communication, branding and trade fairs; and considerations about competition and first mover advantage. Results can be interpreted as an extension of the analysis of institutional voids by Khanna and Palepu (1997).

Research limitations/implications
The study is based on the analysis of five case studies of companies operating in specific emerging markets, namely in Eastern Europe Countries (EEc) Further research based on different samples and different emerging countries is needed before generalizing results.

Practical implications
The study shows that the main institutional void affecting business-to-business companies entering emerging markets (EEc) is the lack of locally developed sales and after-sales networks. This institutional void slows the entry process of business-to-business companies in EMs. Given these constraints, from the perspective of business-to-business SMEs, it may be fruitful to pursue niche positioning in EMs.

Originality/value
The study analyzes emerging markets opportunities and entry strategies from the business-to-business marketing perspective, uncovering the most critical issues.

Los puntos de control fronterizos son centros de condensación de cargas y personas en donde convergen numerosos sectores e intereses, nacionales e internacionales, y toda iniciativa que procure agilizar los flujos internacionales, debe prestarles prioritaria atención.
La Gestión Coordinada de Fronteras (GCF) precisamente implica la coordinación de los Servicios Públicos y del Sector Privado con el objetivo de mejorar el control fiscal, la seguridad fronteriza y la facilitación del comercio, así como el tránsito de personas, en un marco de eficacia y eficiencia en el uso de los recursos.
En el presente artículo se analiza dicha situación con todas las fronteras terrestres de la República Argentina, incorporando asimismo un Mapa Infográfico de localización.

The “National Export Strategy (NES)” was first introduced by the Clinton Administration in 1993 and has continued through to the current administration of Obama to become a complete strategic system. To systematically evaluate the strategic and comprehensive effect of NES, this paper builds an evaluation model and index system with the methods of Analytic Hierarchy Process and Time Series Principal Component Analysis for the time period 1993-2012. The empirical study shows the positive and persistent effect of NES on export expansion, as well as job creation, trade rebalancing and trade liberalization. The study shows a limited and weakening effect on enhancing the international competitiveness, thus restricting the rising of overall strategic effect of NES. The study also illustrates that the current NEI as the core of export strategy of Obama’s Administration acts stronger than the previous strategies applied generally, but with a fast decreasing growth rate of export, whether the strong, sustainable and positive performance can be achieved in the near future, is still facing uncertainty.

KRA-CLEARING AND FORWARD GUIDE BOOK 2019 BY AINEYA NAFF KENNEDY

ABSTRACT
The idea of writing this guide book is to help the Kenya shipping Companies, the Kenya Clearing and Forwarding agents and the KRA officials to have a quick chart guide on the processes of lodging their vehicles, containers and cars using the Old system. The guide book has detailed steps for lodging documents in the system till you finish the process and it is through this process where you will be able to get documents like IDF, KEBS CD, KEBS RADIATION certificate, Entry E slip and NTSA Vehicle plate Number and log book.

DEDICATION
I fully dedicate this document to my big sister Esther Aineya who have been for the past 20 years as from to date 09-0ct 2019 been doing clearing and forwarding to help her reduce her office and paper work expenses.

AUTHOR
BBA, CPA AINEYA NAFF KENNEDY
Bachelors of Business Administration-Accounting option
PHONE: +254723458593/0787164298
EMAIL: [email protected]
Website: https://www.linkedin.com/in/kennedy-aineya-0178ba44/
Blog: https://ueab.academia.edu/NaffAineya
BOOK LINK: https://payhip.com/b/l9f3

Political events that occurred in Turkey between 2013-2017 showed a strong influence on the fluctuation of exchange rates and the loss of value of the Turkish Lira in general. During the same period, especially in 2016 and 2017, Turkish- German relations deteriorated, and the tensions impacted the trade relations between the two countries in 2017. This thesis investigates the impact of floating exchange rates and of the German-Turkish economic cooperation in times of strained bilateral political relations between 2013-2017 on the business operations of two German companies operating in the automotive sector in Turkey. The chosen companies are Daimler AG, operating in Turkey as Mercedes-Benz Türk, and Volkswagen AG, represented in Turkey by Doğuş Otomotiv. This thesis identifies the impacts of political events on foreign exchange rates in Turkey and analyzes the effects of the deteriorated Turkish-German relations on the bilateral economic cooperation. General developments and trends of the Turkish automotive sector are explored to position the two companies within the sector. To investigate the business operations of the companies, Daimler AG's investments in Turkey, sales, production and export figures are discussed, and the balance sheets of Doğuş Otomotiv’s consolidated financial reports are analyzed with ratios. Other influences are distinguished with the help of expert interviews. This thesis concludes that between 2013-2017, floating exchange rates negatively affected the sales of Daimler AG, but not the company's investment decisions. The currency fluctuations had a negative impact on Doğuş Otomotiv’s business operations but could be controlled by the company's risk management strategies. Negative effects of Turkish-German relations on the operations of either company could not be found.

Jabwood, a wood trading company with four branches in Lebanon owned by the Jabado family, is contemplating international expansion into new markets — specifically, Saudi Arabia and China — to compensate for a decline in revenues. This case examines the macroeconomic environment of Lebanon, China and Saudi Arabia as well as the wood industry in those countries. The characteristics of a successful international expansion are considered. In addition to identifying the criteria of attractiveness for each country, the case requires a decision on a market entry strategy that would ensure a successful expansion for the company. Given the risks and tradeoffs in each country, Jabwood has to decide whether it should expand in either market or both and on the mode of entry it should adopt to increase its chances of success.
Learning Objective:
• This case is appropriate for use in an international business course or a strategic management course at an undergraduate or graduate level to introduce market entry strategy.
• The case can help the student develop research as well as analytical skills using both macro- and microeconomic methods in order to understand the elements of internationalization.
• The case helps students develop awareness of how political, economic and social factors effect decisions of expansion through internationalization.
• It teaches students how to quantify and weigh all factors in the business environment according to their relevance to the industry and the company when considering expansion through internationalization.
• It enhances students’ ability to evaluate viable entry modes and select optimal solutions to business expansion in international markets.

Kovid-19 süreci gerek dünya genelinde gerekse Türkiye'nin ekonomi üzerinde etkisi kaçınılmaz olmuştur. Ülkelerin uluslararası ticaret faaliyetlerinde daralma meydana gelmiştir. Salgın tüm dünyayı etkisine altına almış ve salgının bitmesi yönünden belirsizlikler devam etmektedir. Ülkeler tarafından salgınla mücadele etmek için birçok önlemler, kısıtlamalar uygulanmış ve bu doğrultuda ülke ekonomilerinde daraltıcı etki meydana gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Kovid-19 sürecinin Konya İhracatına etkisini tespit etmektir. Çalışmada 2019 Ocak-2021 Haziran dönemlerini kapsayan aylık ihracat verileri analiz edilmiştir. Kovid-19 sürecinin Konya ihracatına etkisi, Makine ve aksamları, otomotiv endüstrisi, savunma ve havacılık sanayi, iklimlendirme sanayi, Hububat, bakliyat mamulleri, çelik, kimyevi maddeler ve mamulleri gibi sektörel açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre pandeminin ülkemizde ve Konya ilinde ihracat faaliyetlerini nisan ve mayıs aylarında en çok etkilendiği değerlendirilmiştir. Pandeminin etkisi ülkemizde ilk çeyrekte görülmemesine rağmen ikinci çeyrekte bu etki çok yüksek seviyede gerçekleşmiştir. Konya ihracat bakımından değerlendirildiğinde, makine ve aksamları ihracatının mayıs ayında % 25 oranında düşme, otomotiv endüstrisinin ihracatının mayıs ayında %35 oranında düşme, iklimlendirme sanayisi ihracatının mayıs ayında %42 oranında düşme, hububat, bakliyat mamulleri ihracatının mayıs ayında %37 oranında düşme, kimyevi maddeler ve mamuller ihracatı mayıs ayında % 4 oranında düşme, çelik ihracatında mayıs ayında %53 düşme meydana gelmiştir ve savunma ve havacılık sektörü pandemi döneminde yükselişe geçen sektör konumundadır.

Demand for chemicals and homologous raw materials, which in Bangladesh is rising steadily for decades, has prominent growth prospect by 2030 propelled by the country's economic growth engine. Industrial sector's contribution into the country's GDP is growing. Expansion of industry grossly implies an increase in import of capital machineries and chemical raw materials.

Until very recently all wholesale energy trades in the Romanian market were conducted on the centralized markets operated by OPCOM SA (“OPCOM”). This meant that bilateral agreements concluded outside the centralized Romanian market were banned, with the exception of small electricity producers. With the new changes of the Romanian legislation, as of 19 May 2020, producers of electricity are allowed to conclude bilateral agreements outside the centralized markets, “at negotiated prices and with the observance of the competition rules, in order to trade the electricity from the new production capacities put into operation after 1 June 2020.” Nevertheless, even after such change, the CJEU is faced with a case concerning a restrictive interpretation of the Romanian legislation which turned to be against Article 35 and 36 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (“TFEU”).

This case note analyzes the opinion of Advocate General (“AG”) Campos SánchezBordona and the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) on Case C-648/18 between Autoritatea Naţională de Reglementare în Domeniul Energiei (“ANRE”) and Societatea de Producere a Energiei Electrice în Hidrocentrale Hidroelectrica SA (“Hidroelectrica”). Section 2 briefly establishes the factual background and the legal issue. Section 3 and 4 describe the AG opinion and the decision of the CJEU respectively. Section 4 entails some comments and briefly discusses the role of the CJEU regarding the admissibility, focusing more on the indistinctly applicable measures having equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions (“MEQR”) on exports, and transparency and ensuring supply as justifying grounds.

Este estudio pretende adentrarse en el comercio internacional del sector cultural, centrándose, en este caso, en los productos audiovisuales y más en concreto en las series. Utilizaremos la serie El Ministerio del Tiempo como ejemplo porque supone uno de los casos de mayor éxito internacional de un producto audiovisual español a nivel de series y que puede servirnos como caso paradigmático. Además, nos da pie a mostrar e introducir los nuevos modos de distribución audiovisual a través de internet como es el VOD.

El objetivo general de esta Propuesta de Negocio es la formación de una empresa agroindustrial que se dedique a la producción de una modalidad “nueva” de uva de mesa con característica de exportación cuya demanda esté asegurada por que se trabaja bajo el sistema de “royalti”.

El Perú tiene una diversidad de climas y suelos que son una ventaja competitiva con respecto a otros países de la región que hacen atractivo y ventajoso invertir aquí, es en ese contexto que vemos en los últimos años un crecimiento en la cantidad de hectáreas que se dedican a la siembra de uva de mesa (Red Globe, Thompson entre otras), al igual que el Perú otros países también han visto en la uva de mesa una excelente oportunidad de negocio, orientando sus productos al mercado Norteamericano, Europa y en menor medida Asia.

El reto principal de esta Propuesta de Negocio es buscar diferenciarnos de los demás productores de uvas de mesa local, al trabajar una modalidad “nueva” llamada Arra 15; y por qué nos hemos enfocado en este tipo de uva, por que el 80% de la uva de mesa que se siembra en el Perú es Red Globe y la tendencia a nivel mundial es la misma, lo que trae como consecuencia una sobre producción y una caída del precio.

Cocoa Samoa Ltd (‘CSL’) is a Samoan registered company that utilizes climate-smart and sustainable practices to rescue the Samoan cocoa industry, exploit the looming shortage of cocoa globally, and produce cocoa and chocolate products for Pacific Rim markets. CSL has formed a consortium of cocoa industry stakeholders including: cocoa growers; cocoa bean roasters; end-users (customers); chocolate makers; branding, marketing and sales forces; bio-energy and civil engineering; project management staff; sustainable landscape managers; as well as strategic planners. CSL uses ‘sustainable entrepreneurship’1 to recapture Samoan national food security in a renowned industry trying to come back from natural and economic disasters. Our initiative will significantly increase export earnings for Samoa and create downstream socio-economic returns, including an increase in Samoan GST revenues. Our aim is to create a new brand of Samoan cocoa and chocolate brand for markets in Australia-New Zealand and the Pacific Coast of the United States of America (USA), and eventually in Northern Germany.

Readers of this thesis will be presented with an analysis of Twitter use for marketing purposes within the context of the real estate industry. Other theses have covered the use of Twitter and similar tools over a wide range of products and services but none have taken as in-depth of a look into a specific industry as does this thesis. The data and findings will be most useful to real estate firms and agents but, because the scope covers the industry as a whole, it might be transferable to other industries of similar structure.

SUMARIO: I.- Introducción. II.- El Acuerdo de Facilitación del Comercio. Antecedentes históricos. Evolución. III.- Principales aspectos. IV.- El rol de las Aduanas en su desarrollo e implementación. V.- Beneficios. VI.- La Facilitación del Comercio en el MERCOSUR. VII.- El Acuerdo de Facilitación del Comercio en cada Estado Parte del MERCOSUR. VIII.-  Conclusiones.
Comenzó la cuenta regresiva para que entre en vigencia el Acuerdo de Facilitación del Comercio (AFC) suscripto por los países miembros de la Organización Mundial de Comercio (OMC) en la ciudad de Bali (Indonesia) en el mes de diciembre de 2013. Los cuatro Estados Parte fundadores del MERCOSUR han presentado su voluntad de adherir en la denominada Categoría A.
El Acuerdo contiene disposiciones para agilizar los despachos aduaneros y el flujo internacional de mercaderías, transparencia y difusión de los regímenes aduaneros, cooperación entre todos los organismos nacionales que intervienen en los procesos de importación y exportación de bienes y pautas sobre asistencia técnica y creación de capacidades, entre otras cuestiones. ...

Our sincere thanks go to Course Instructor "Zakia Binte Jamal" showed immense interest and enthusiasm to help us analyze and bring out an outcome of this marketing plan. Without her help we could not do the project properly. We would also like to thanks some of our friends and well-wishers as they were always with us and helping us to understand different term related to our project.

The study was designed to focus on the effect of glass ceiling on women employees in hospital sector of Karaikudi district in Tamil Nadu. The conceptual framework was outlined was to identify how various factors of glass ceiling affects organizational performance. After reviews, the study was proceeded with following factors; Psychological, Individual, functionality, and Organizational. The correlation analyses illustrated that there was a positive relationship among considered variables. Hence regression analysis was performed to find an expression for the same. The result of regression illustrated the organizational performance of women employees were the functions of individual and functionality factor. Further path analysis demonstrates there exists mediating effect, i.e., individual factor influencing functionality factor and functionality factor, in turn, influencing organizational performance significantly over the direct effect of an individual factor on organizational performance.

This paper explains the process by which El Sewedy Company in Egypt decided to expand internationally by examining several modes of entry and choosing the best choice to expand in Russia and Kazakhstan.
The results confirm that the expansion for El Sewedy is challenging whether in Russia or Kazakhstan. Currently, El Sewedy’s strategy is to deal through distributors to minimize risk; these distributors are mostly working in Kazakhstan given their easy connections and access there. The best solution for El Sewedy to expand is to trade high voltage and medium voltage cables in Kazakhstan as well as the trade of high voltage cables in Russia. Whether it is trading, exporting or a joint venture, El Sewedy’ intentions are clear in its willingness to access the Russian and Kazakhstani markets, due to their richness and most of all their location as a central trade area in the region.

Conceptually elimination or reduction of trade barriers through a Regional Trading Arrangement would increase export and import in the region. Trade diversion would take effect and make member countries buy each other goods and services that become cheaper. Open regionalism is another regionalism concept in which the parties involved promise to extend lower tariffs concession not only to member countries but also to other trading parters. This will hinder member countries to reap the benefit of trade diversion. This study examines the effect of Regionalism (afterAFTA was fully effective) and Open Regionalism (after Open Regionalism was fully effective for more developed APEC members) on ASEAN-5 countries’ export. Using ARIMAX model, the results show that regionalism has a significant yet negative effect on Malaysia and The Philippines and a positive significant effect on Singapore, whereas it is not significant for Indonesia and Thailand’s exports. Open regionalism is shown to be not significant for Indonesia, Thailand, and The Philippines exports but it has a negative significant impact for Singapore and Malaysia’s exports.

The purpose of this report was to examine Guinness, an existing business that is already international, and the implications of expansion into additional international markets; specifically the country of Nigeria (Guinness Nigeria, Plc.).  The primary product “Guinness” beer was selected as the vehicle.
    The company originated in Ireland in 1759 and began exporting early on.  However, their first independent brewery built outside of Ireland and Great Britain was in Nigeria in 1963.  Research was conducted to determine how the company localized operations in Nigeria from Ireland, and created additional international markets, whether or not it was successful, and how Team S&P would or would not do it differently.  Research for this report included a review of current literature on the topic of globalization, including Government circulars and future trend reports.  Additional research was conducted with the use of peer reviewed journals, professional and government organizational websites, and collegiate text.
    The major findings indicate that while there is a current rapid expansion toward globalization, largely through the use of modern technology, some pioneering companies proved to be forward thinking and set the initial international business model.  However, before this model became viable for all international trade, some significant challenges were faced. The company used a process-driven approach and standardization in key areas. Issues such as Culture, Politics, Economics and Location were of primary consideration, and robust structures were necessary for implementation into a new market.
    Furthermore, research indicated that a web of companies is intricately intertwined in various locations of the globe to perform brewing and distribution, and asset holding.  Research also found that the company was highly successful in branching out into multiple worldwide markets with this alcoholic beverage, in spite of varying social and religious beliefs and systems, and diverse political and economic climates.
    Guinness has been highly successful in sourcing capital where it is the cheapest, production where it is most cost effective and sales where they are most profitable.  Each country’s competitive advantage has been useful in the production of goods and services to produce and deliver Guinness on a global scale.
    The information included in this report was provided by an eclectic, highly qualified Team.  Contributing team members include:
• Terrence Smith, District Business Manager – Pfizer, Inc. – Fifteen years Business and Management experience in sales, training and development. B.S. Healthcare Administration, University of Alabama.
• Mark Susor, VP Transportation – UPS – Thirty five years Operational and Engineering Management, Logistics, Supply Chain and Customer Technology Solutions. B.B.A. Finance, Toledo.
•  James “Mick” Piper, District Business Manager – Pfizer, Inc. – Twenty years Leadership, Finance, Marketing, Sales. B.A. Communications – Minor, Marketing, St. Louis University.
• Traci Santillanes, CFE – Sr. Internal Auditor – SBTGC – Thirty years Business Management, Accounting, Insurance, Regulation experience. B.S. Accounting, Rasmussen College.