Eucalyptus

Comparative genetic mapping in interspecific pedigrees presents a powerful approach to study genetic differentiation, genome evolution and reproductive isolation in diverging species. We used this approach for genetic analysis of an F 1 hybrid of two Eucalyptus tree species, Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill ex Maiden.) and Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.). This wide interspecific cross is characterized by hybrid inviability and hybrid abnormality. Approximately 20% of loci in the genome of the F 1 hybrid are expected to be hemizygous due to a difference in genome size between E. grandis (640 Mbp) and E. globulus (530 Mbp). We investigated the extent of colinearity between the two genomes and the distribution of hemizygous loci in the F 1 hybrid using high-throughput, semi-automated AFLP marker analysis. Two pseudobackcross families (backcrosses of an F 1 individual to non-parental individuals of the parental species) were each genotyped with more than 800 AFLP markers. This allowed construction of de novo comparative genetic linkage maps of the F 1 hybrid and the two backcross parents. All shared AFLP marker loci in the three singletree parental maps were found to be colinear and little evidence was found for gross chromosomal rearrangements. Our results suggest that hemizygous AFLP loci are dispersed throughout the E. grandis chromosomes of the F 1 hybrid.

Fertilization of Eucalyptus plantations using sewage sludge on unfertile tropical soils represents an alternative to using mineral N and P fertilizers. A 44-month field experiment was conducted to study the effects of increasing application of sludge, and its interactions with mineral N and P fertilizers, on wood volume. Four rates of sludge (0, 8, 15 and 23 Mg ha À1 , dry base), N (0, 47, 95 and 142 kg ha À1) and P (0, 28, 56 and 84 kg ha À1 of P 2 O 5) were combined in a 4 Â 4 Â 4 factorial scheme in a totally randomized block design. Response surface and age-shift modeling was used to establish an initial recommendation for mineral fertilization of the Eucalyptus plantations treated with sludge and to analyze the implications of increased growth on the duration of the forest cycle in a tropical climate. The results showed that from 8 to 44 months after planting, the sludge application (with or without N and P) yielded a statistically larger wood volume (P < 0.05), compared to ...

We investigated whether the degree of light inhibition of leaf respiration (R) differs among large Eucalyptus saligna grown in whole-tree chambers and exposed to present and future atmospheric [CO2] and summer drought. Associated with month-to-month changes in temperature were concomitant changes in R in the light (Rlight) and darkness (Rdark), with both processes being more temperature dependent in well-watered trees than under drought. Overall rates of Rlight and Rdark were not significantly affected by [CO2]. By contrast, overall rates of Rdark (averaged across both [CO2]) were ca. 25% lower under drought than in well-watered trees. During summer, the degree of light inhibition of leaf R was greater in droughted (ca. 80% inhibition) than well-watered trees (ca. 50% inhibition). Notwithstanding these treatment differences, an overall positive relationship was observed between Rlight and Rdark when data from all months/treatments were combined (R 2 = 0.8). Variations in Rlight were also positively correlated with rates of Rubisco activity and nitrogen concentration. Light inhibition resulted in a marked decrease in the proportion of light-saturated photosynthesis respired (i.e. reduced R/Asat). Collectively, these results highlight the need to account for light inhibition when assessing impacts of global change drivers on the carbon economy of tree canopies.

The frequency of hybridization in plants is context dependent and can be influenced by the local mating environment. We used progeny arrays and admixture and pollen dispersal analyses to assess the relative importance of pre-mating reproductive barriers and the local demographic environment as explanations of variation in hybrid frequency in three mapped hybrid zones of Eucalyptus aggregata and E. rubida. A total of 731 openpollinated progeny from 36 E. aggregata maternal parents were genotyped using six microsatellite markers. Admixture analysis identified substantial variation in hybrid frequency among progeny arrays (0-76.9%). In one hybrid zone, hybrid frequency was related to pre-mating barriers (degree of flowering synchrony) and demographic components of the local mating environment (decreasing population size, closer proximity to E. rubida and hybrid trees). At this site, average pollen dispersal distance was less and almost half (46%) of the hybrid progeny were sired by local E. rubida and hybrid trees. In contrast, at the other two sites, pre-mating and demographic factors were not related to hybrid frequency. Compared to the first hybrid zone where most of the E. rubida (76%) and all hybrids flowered, in the remaining sites fewer E. rubida (22-41%) and hybrid trees (0-50%) flowered and their reproductive success was lower (sired 0-23% of hybrids). As a result, most hybrids were sired by external E. rubida ⁄ hybrids located at least 2-3 km away. These results indicate that although pre-mating barriers and local demography can influence patterns of hybridization, their importance can depend upon the scale of pollen dispersal.

The pattern of morphological variation in isolated, lowland populations of Eucalyptus pauciflora was analysed phenetically using multivariate classification and ordination techniques. The main aim was to discover how variable were the lowland populations in the context: (1) of the physiological and morphological variation in the species at higher altitudes; and, (2) o f the scattered nature of these sites, which are possibly relics from a wider distribution during the last glaciation. Outgroups were used as aids to interpreting the patterns. A dult morphology showed little variation at lowland sites, although some small differences were observed, and some populations showed signs of recent hybridisation with E. obliqua and E. radiata. Within the total range of E. pauciflora however, seedlings showed two form s with the lower altitude populations possibly showing the ancestral condition. An equivocal large population at Wartook Reservoir, Grampians, suggested that introgression between E. pauciflora and E. willisii has occurred in the past, resulting in a stable intermediate form.

The leaf skeletonizer Uraba lugens Walker (Lepidoptera: Nolidae), an Australian species, locally known as "gumleaf skeletonizer," is well established in New Zealand. This insect has the potential to become a serious pest of forestry and amenity eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.) and is the focus of a long-term management program. The use of synthetic chemical or biological insecticides is one possible control method within an integrated control program. A series of doseÐresponse trials were conducted using laboratory bioassays to test the efÞcacy of several insecticides against U. lugens: pyrethroids, spinosad, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki Berliner (Btk) and an insect growth regulator, Mimic. Pyrethroids and spinosad proved highly effective against U. lugens larvae, achieving 100% mortality after 3Ð 6-d exposure. The performance of Btk was lower against gregarious skeletonizing larvae compared with solitary chewing larvae. When good coverage of the target foliage is achieved, Ͼ90% mortality is possible with Btk. Mimic performed poorly against U. lugens compared with other insecticides tested (Ͻ60% mortality). The Eucalyptus species on which larvae were feeding signiÞcantly altered insecticide efÞcacy. Treatments applied to Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden had reduced efÞcacy compared with E. cinerea F. Muell. ex Benth. or E. fastigata Deane & Maiden. Cooler temperatures also reduced insecticide efÞcacy, presumably by decreasing movement and food consumption by U. lugens. Recommendations on spray applications to control U. lugens in New Zealand are given.

A novel endophytic actinobacterium, designated strain EUM 378T, was isolated from the surface-sterilized root tissue of Eucalyptus microcarpa, a eucalyptus tree known as Grey Box. Phylogenetic evaluation based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, including alignment with taxon-specific 16S rRNA gene signature nucleotides, placed this isolate as a member of the family Nocardioidaceae. Strain EUM 378T showed >5.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence divergence from other members of this family and was related most closely to Actinopolymorpha alba YIM 48868T (94.2 %) and Actinopolymorpha singaporensis IM 7744T (94.4 %). This Gram-positive, aerobic actinobacterium has well-developed substrate mycelia that fragment into small rods. Chemotaxonomic data revealed that the cell wall contains ll-diaminopimelic acid, ribose, glucose and rhamnose. MK-10(H6) is the predominant menaquinone. Chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic evidence confirmed that strain EUM 378T represents a novel species of a new genus, fo...

Our objective was to evaluate production, nutritive value and carrying capacity of piatã grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. BRS Piatã), and performance of Nellore heifers in agrosilvopastoral systems (ASPS) with three eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urograndis) tree densities, during winter, spring, summer, and fall. Three integrated systems were evaluated: ASPS-1 (357 trees ha −1 ), ASPS-2 (227 trees ha −1 ), and CON (5 trees ha −1 ). In each system, two sward heights were evaluated: short and tall. A total of 80 11-month-old Nellore heifers were randomly allocated in a randomized split-plot block, 3×2 factorial. Greater dry matter availability was observed on CON pastures during the fall season. Greater percentage of leaf lamina was detected on ASPS-1 with short sward height and greater during summer, compared with other seasons. A greater forage production was observed between tree rows and for tall sward height. Spring was the season with less forage nutritive value. Average daily gain was greater during summer and fall. Gain per hectare and stocking rate were greater on CON system and on ASPS-2. Pastures with short sward height had greater gain per hectare and stocking rate. Agrosilvopastoral systems with intermediate tree density seem to be a good choice for producers willing to diversify their revenue sources without decreasing animal production.

DNA extraction from minute hymenopterans and their larvae is difficult and challenging because of their small size indicating a low amount of starting material. Hence, 11 DNA extraction methods were compared to determine their efficacy in isolating DNA. Success of each method was scored on a 2% agarose gel after PCR of the cox 1 mitochondrial locus. A silica-membrane-based approach was the most successful, followed by a method using a combination of incubation buffers and a method using magnetic beads. The method using buffers was the most cost- and time effective. Using this method, larvae from Eucalyptus seed capsule galls could be assigned a role (parasitoid, gall former or inquiline) in the gall-inhabiting complex.

Two enzyme treatments involving xylanase (X) and laccase (L) were used jointly in an XLE sequence (where E denotes alkaline extraction) to bleach oxygen-delignified eucalyptus kraft pulp in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazol (HBT) as mediator. The results of the XLE sequence were compared with those of an LE sequence. The application conditions for the laccase-mediator system were optimized by using a sequential statistical plan involving three variables (viz., the laccase and mediator doses, and the reaction time) with both sequences. The models used to predict the kappa number and brightness revealed that, once all accessible lignin was removed, the system altered other coloured compounds. The best conditions for the L stage involved a reduced mediator dose (0.5% odp). The xylanase pretreatment increased the accessibility of residual lignin and facilitated removal of hexenuronic acids. For a specific target brightness level of 70% ISO, the X pretreatment can save as much as 30% laccase and 80% mediator while shortening the reaction time by 45%.

In this study, we determined the flexural properties and tensile shear strength of five-ply plywood panels produced with eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis), beech (Fagus orientalis), and hybrid poplar (Populus x euramericana) using urea-formaldehyde (UF), melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesives. Flexural properties were tested on both parallel and perpendicular to grain samples. Tensile shear-strength tests were conducted on four glue lines of the plywood panels, and the effects of species of trees, type of adhesives, and direction of load were determined. The results of variance analyses showed that the effects of species of trees, direction of load, and type of adhesive on flexural properties were significant, but it was determined by specific flexural properties that the effect of the type of adhesive was based on the density of the plywood. In addition, as a result of findings, it can be said that specific mechanical properties may be a good predictor for comparative studies.

We determined the size characteristics of foragers of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens in a mature eucalyptus forest in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, at daytime (7: 30 to 10: 00 hr) and nighttime (19: 00 to 23: 00 hr). There were no significant differences between daytime and nighttime ant mass (Ma), but leaf fragment mass (Ml) and burden (B = [Ma + Ml]/Ma), which indicates relative load capacity, were significantly greater at daytime. There was a positive linear relationship between Ma and Ml for the combined daytime and nighttime data, and increases in Ma resulted in lower B. We compared A. sexdens characteristics with published results for Atta cephalotes, a closely related species. A. sexdens is larger and therefore able to carry heavier loads, but its burden is about 72% of the average value for A. cephalotes. We suggest that the lower load capacity of A. sexdens in comparison to A. cephalotes is related to its relatively larger size.<br>Nós determ...

The potential of the effluent waste produced in the distillation of eucalyptus leaves was evaluated as a natural material for the cotton dyeing. Selected physical-chemical parameters of the effluent and the concentrated were determined. The effluent and its concentrate showed acidic pH, and total solid content of, 3.4% and 48.1 % the content of condensed tannins, were 0.6% and 10.9%, respectively. The dyed fabric dye concentrations of 10 and 50%, based on the mass of the fabrics, had acceptable washing and light fastness according to test method CB-17, ABNT. After washing, the color change was evaluated as 3-4 for both concentrations. The multi-fiber fabric staining was greater than 4 for both concentrations. In the light fastness test, the color change was 2-3 and 3, at concentrations 10% and 50% respectively. The results showed that this solid waste has potential for cotton dyeing, with washing fastness properties acceptable by the textile industry. Further study is required to in...

The heterogeneity of characteristics observed in the pith-bark direction within a log causes sawn pieces of wood have different behaviors during water removal. Understanding these differences is important for the industry regarding the possibility of classification of the lumber into juvenile wood and mature wood, facilitating the drying in separate loads. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the behavior of juvenile and mature wood samples of Eucalyptus saligna when subjected to drastic drying. In order to do this, test specimens were submitted to drastic drying at 100°C to obtain the drying times, drying rates and dimensions of end checks. These data were applied in equations to obtain the parameters initial temperature, final temperature and drying potential, used in the elaboration of drying schedules. In juvenile wood we observed that the basic density was lower and the initial moisture content was higher. Mature wood showed a lower drying rate. Drying schedules were developed separately for juvenile and mature wood, the drying schedule for the latter considered milder than the drying schedule developed for juvenile wood.

In this study, the effect of density on the velocity of an ultrasonic wave in wood is investigated. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of density on the longitudinal velocity of an ultrasonic wave, propagated in the longitudinal direction. Experiments were conducted on 5 cm · 5 cm · 5 cm wood specimens selected from the following species: pinus caribea (Pinus caribea var. caribea), eucalyptus citriodora (Eucalyptus citriodora), eucalyptus grandis (Eucalyptus grandis), cupiú ba (Goupia glabra) and jatobá (Hymenaea sp.). The relationship between density and velocity was analyzed in two different manners: between and within species. The results obtained between species indicated that ultrasonic velocity tends to increase with increasing density. The results obtained within species also showed an increasing trend in ultrasonic velocity as density increased, but the relationship was not as significant as it was for between species.

Recyclability is the ability of a material to reacquire the same properties it had originally. The aim of this work was to verify the recyclability of three printing and writing papers, from the characteristics of their fibers after two recycles. Three ECF bleached kraft eucalyptus bond commercial papers from Argentina and Brazil were studied (A, B, C). The papers were repulped and refined using different levels and intensities of energy (1st recycle). Laboratory sheets were produced, and they were repulped and refined again (2nd recycle). The microscopic characteristics of repulped papers were obtained by authomatic equipment based on image analysis. Differences found in the behavior of the different samples can be explained by fiber parameters. The fiber length was significantly different in the three papers (A> B> C) and globally decreased in the second recycle (about 6%). Sample A had the highest initial fiber length and length/width, but it largely decreased with refining...

The alkalophilic Bacillus circulans D1 was isolated from decayed wood. It produced high levels of extracellular cellulase-free xylanase. The enzyme was thermally stable up to 60°C, with an optimal hydrolysis temperature of 70°C. It was stable over a wide pH range (5.5-10.5), with an optimum pH at 5.5 and 80% of its activity at pH 9.0. This cellulase-free xylanase preparation was used to biobleach kraft pulp. Enzymatic treatment of kraft pulp decreased chlorine dioxide use by 23 and 37% to obtain the same kappa number (κ number) and brightness, respectively. Separation on Sephadex G-50 isolated three fractions with xylanase activity with distinct molecular weights.

Eucalyptus oil (EO) and its major component, 1,8-cineole, have antimicrobial effects against many bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), viruses, and fungi (including Candida). Surprisingly for an antimicrobial substance, there are also immune-stimulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, and spasmolytic effects. Of the white blood cells, monocytes and macrophages are most affected, especially with increased phagocytic activity. Application by either vapor inhalation or oral route provides benefit for both purulent and non-purulent respiratory problems, such as bronchitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is a long history of folk usage with a good safety record. More recently, the biochemical details behind these effects have been clarified. Although other plant oils may be more microbiologically active, the safety of moderate doses of EO and its broad-spectrum antimicrobial act...

Lipophilic wood extractives commonly referred to as pitch, cause significant problems for the pulp and paper industries. The reduction of these extractives is an important aspect that concerns industries around the world. In the present work the change in the amount and chemical composition of lipophilic extractives from Eucalyptus spp. stored for 20, 40, 60, 100, 140 and 180 days after harvesting was investigated. The results showed a decrease in extractives content with storage time, with the most significant decrease occurring 60 days after harvesting. In addition, fatty acids and sterols were the main classes of compounds responsible for the significant decrease in extractive content. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis. PC1 explains approximately 99% of the total variance, and b-sitosterol was the major compound responsible for the differentiation. These studies demonstrate that in terms of economical aspects, quality of the pulp and paper and minimization of pitch formation, the best period of wood storage is 60 days.

The essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) was evaluated for its chemical composition and insecticidal activity against the housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Chemical composition of E. globulus oil revealed 1,8-cineole (33.6%), ␣-pinene (14.2%) and d-limonene (10.1%) as major constituents, while vapour profile of E. globulus oil determined through solid phase microextraction (SPME) analysis showed 1,8-cineole (56.5%), ␣-pinene (16.9%), d-limonene (5.5%) and linalool acetate (3.4%) as principal components. Vapour phase of the oil showed increase in the contents of oxygenated monoterpenes. Insecticidal activity of E. globulus oil was assessed against larvae and pupae of housefly, through two different bioassays: contact toxicity and fumigation. Contact toxicity assay with larva showed lethal concentration, LC 50 , between 2.73 and 0.60 l/cm 2 for different observation days while lethal time, LT 50 , varied between 6.0 and 1.7 days. In fumigant assay for housefly larvae, LC 50 values of 66.1 and 50.1 l/l were obtained in 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Oil treated larvae showed surface shrinkage, spinous cells proliferation and bleb formation in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. Pupicidal effectivity was measured in terms of percentage inhibition rate (PIR) which was 36.0-93.0% for contact toxicity and 67.9-100% for fumigation toxicity assay. Considerable activity of E. globulus oil against larvae and pupae of housefly demonstrates its potentiality as a viable option for the development of eco-friendly product for housefly control.

With human intervention, wild forest species have gone from being exploited in the wild to being cultivated. This process of domestication on a species changes the composition of its genetic resources. In this review, Eucalyptus globulus is used to illustrate the process of domestication and describes the milestones that occur in tree farming. Knowledge of genetic variation and genetic parameters are the most useful tools in choosing the strategy of conservation and improvement. Adaptation to new environments causes changes in genetic and is a fundamental basis in most of the improvement program. Improvement strategies meet the guidelines and managements to reproduce genetic gain. This is achieved through the production of seeds in seed orchards, and clones selected for vegetative propagation at the operational level. The adjustment of the vegetative propagation technique has consolidated very wealthy genetic gains and allows extending its application in eucalypt hybrids. E. globulus is a reference species in domestication, cultivation, tree improvement and biotechnology developments.

Scholars studying the globalization of Australian trees have previously emphasized the rapid natural propagation of Australian trees outside of their native habitats, believing their success to be a reversal of ‘‘ecological imperialism’’ from the ‘‘new world’’ to the ‘‘old world.’’ This article argues that the expansion of Australian trees should not be viewed as a biological phenomenon, but as the result of a long-term attempt by powerful states and state-sponsored scientists to select and breed Australian species that could grow in a variety of climates and ecological conditions. Five non- biological factors largely determined the success of these attempts to grow Australian trees: the abundance or paucity of natural forests, state power, the amount of scientific research directed to planting Australian trees, the cost of labor, and the ability to utilize hardwood timbers and bark. This paper compares the use of Australian trees in Australia, India, and South Africa to demonstrate that biology was not the determining factor in the long-term success of many Australian genera and species.

Health" (1994-2000) has revealed the quantitative and qualitative prevalence of aerosols at different locations. Although pollen are present throughout the year but peak pollen season are March-May and August-October. Predominant airborne pollen identified are a members of Poaceae (

Paper recyclability implies in the paper capacity to be recycled maintaining its properties to the maximum. Four commercial papers from Argentina and Brazil were studied, including three eucalyptus kraft (A, B, C) and one sugar cane bagasse soda-AQ (D), all with different bleaching processes. Their physical and chemical properties and a first laboratory recycling were evaluated. A refining of the pulp with a PFI mill, applying two energy levels at two different intensities -measured by number of revolutions and load -was accomplished to reach the same °SR (between 30 and 40, approximately). The refining energy and the yield were registered in each case. The properties of laboratory handsheets, and the aging to 24, 48, 72 and 144 hours were evaluated. The statistical analysis of the results indicates that the properties of the initial eucalyptus papers were similar, whereas they were generally inferior in the case of the bagasse paper. The bagasse and eucalyptus papers presented simi...

While the contribution of 1,8-cineole to the aroma of wine has been reported, it is a matter of controversy that the vineyards producing such wines are surrounded by Eucalyptus trees, which may contribute their essence to the grapes. However, experimental information presented in this paper suggests that 1,8-cineole can be produced by chemical transformation of limonene and R-terpineol, and this process may be responsible for the occurrence of Eucalyptus-like aroma in Tannat wines from vines not grown in the vicinity of Eucalyptus trees. A mechanism for the chemical transformation of these aroma compounds is proposed.

Litter fall and leaf decomposition represent important functional processes, yet we have a limited understanding of these processes in disturbed and regenerating tropical habitats. Litter production, litterfall phenology and leaf decomposition were examined in primary forests, 14-19-year-old secondary forests and 4-5-year-old Eucalyptus urophylla plantations in the north-east Brazilian Amazon. Total annual litter fall was similar in primary and secondary forests, and lower in plantations. Leaf fall in primary and secondary forests was negatively associated with rainfall, and was highest in the dry season. Leaf fall in Eucalyptus plantations showed an opposite response, and peaked during the wet season. Decomposition experiments were carried out in the three habitats using 1200 litter bags (1 mm mesh) filled separately with leaves from four different species of tree, including an exotic plantation species (E. urophylla) and trees typical of secondary (Bellucia spp. and Vismia spp.) and primary forests (Bertholettia excelsa). Litter bags were re-weighed at 3-month intervals 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after being placed on the forest floor. A repeated measures General Linear Model showed that litter decomposition was similar in the primary and secondary forest, and slowest in the Eucalyptus plantations. Leaves decomposed, from fastest to slowest, in the following order: E. urophylla > B. excelsa > Vismia spp. > Bellucia spp. There was no significant interaction between leaf species and habitat type. Our results indicate that secondary forests regenerating on abandoned and degraded Amazonian lands can be effective at restoring ecosystem processes such as litterfall and decomposition. #

المستخلص
كان يستخدم مصطلح السحابة في البداية للإشارة إلى الإنترنت، وذلك في مخططات الشبكات، حيث عرف على أنه رسم أولي لسحابة يتم استخدامها لتمثيل نقل البيانات من مراكز البيانات إلى موقعها النهائي في الجانب الآخر من السحابة. وقد جاءت فكرة البرامج كخدمات عندما عبر "جون مكارثي" الأستاذ بجامعة ستانفورد عن الفكرة بقوله "قد تنظم الحوسبة لكي تصبح خدمة عامة في يوم من الأيام"، حيث رأى أنه من الممكن أن تؤدي تكنولوجيا مشاركة الوقت إلى مستقبل تباع فيه الطاقة الحوسبية وحتى التطبيقات الخاصة كخدمة من خلال نموذج تجاري، وبالفعل حظت تلك الفكرة بشعبية كبيرة في أواخر الستينيات ولكنها تلاشت في منتصف السبعينيات عندما اتضح جلياً أن التكنولوجيا الحديثة المتعلقة بمجال تكنولوجيا المعلومات غير قادرة على الحفاظ على هذا النموذج من الحوسبة المستقبلية. ولكن عادت هذه الفكرة مؤخرا لتصبح مصطلحاً شائعاً في الدوائر التكنولوجية والمؤسسات في وقتنا الحالي.
وظهرت الحوسبة السحابية مرة أخرى كأحد أساليب الحوسبة، التي يتم فيها تقديم المصادر الحاسوبية كخدمات، ويتاح للمستفيدين إمكانية الوصول إليها عبر شبكة الإنترنت (السحابة)، دون الحاجة إلى امتلاك المعرفة، أو الخبرة، أو حتى التحكم بالبنى التحتية التي تدعم هذه الخدمات. كما يمكن النظر إلى الحوسبة السحابية على أنها مفهوم عام يشمل البرمجيات كخدمة، وغيرها من التوجهات الحديثة في عالم التقنية التي تشترك في فكرة الاعتماد على شبكة الإنترنت لتلبية الاحتياجات الحوسبية للمستفيدين.
ولكي يتعرف الباحثون والعلماء على البنية التحتية للحوسبة السحابية والخدمات التي توفرها - لابد من التعرف على النظم مفتوحة المصدر للحوسبة السحابية، ومن ثم تحاول هذه الدراسة إلقاء الضوء على ماهية الحوسبة السحابية وتاريخها وتطورها، وتعريف المصادر المفتوحة وتاريخها وتطورها، والعلاقة بين الحوسبة السحابية والمصدر المفتوح، ثم تحليل أحدث المعلومات حول أربعة من نظم الحوسبة السحابية مفتوحة المصدر، وهي: أوكالبتوس=  Eucalyptus، أوبين نيبولا= OpenNebula، ونيمبوس= Nimbus، وأوبن ستاك= Open Stack والمقارنة بينهم من ناحية التعريف والإمكانات المتاحة والخدمات والتقنية المتعلقة بكل نظام.
الكلمات المفتاحية: الحوسبة السحابية، المصدر المفتوح، البنية التحتية كخدمة، أوكالبتوس، أوبين نيبولا، ونيمبوس ، وأوبن ستاك، حلول البرامج ، خدمات البرامج.

Abstract
It uses the term cloud initially to point to the Internet, networks, where custom schemes that a prototype of a cloud is used to represent the transfer of data from data centers to the final location on the other side of the cloud. The idea of programs as services came when "John mccarthy, Stanford University Professor" express on the idea by saying " computing may be managed to become a public service sometimes", where that technology of sharing time may lead to future of selling computational energy and even applications as a service through a business model, So this idea actually have great popularity in the late 1960s, but faded away in the mid-1970s when it became apparent that the modern technology on information technology is capable of maintaining This form of future computing. But this idea recently returned to become a term common in technological departments and institutions in the present.
Cloud computing has emerged recently again as one of the methods of computing, where providing computer resources as services, and allow users to access them via the Internet (cloud), without the need to acquire knowledge, or expertise, or even control of infrastructure that supports these services. Cloud Computing can also be seen as a general concept including software as a service, and other modern technical trends in the world involved in the idea of relying on the Internet for the computational needs of users.
In order to recognize researchers and scientists on the Cloud computing infrastructure and services provided by them -we must learn open source Cloud computing systems, so this study concentrate on the definitions of cloud computing, its history and development, and the definition of open source, history and development, and the relationship between cloud computing and open source, then analysis of the latest information about four open source cloud computing systems: Eucalyptus, opennebula, Nimbus, and Open Stack and compared them in terms of their definitions, possibilities and services and all related technology.
Keywords: Cloud Computing , Open Source , Infrastructure As A Service= (IAAS) , Eucalyptus , Opennebula , Nimbus , Open Stack.

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with one ·acknowledgement, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the editors and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.

The history of the treatment of tuberculosis in Australia has largely been focused on the development of medical treatments, the architectural features of custom-built sanatoria and the human impact of the disease in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These discussions often mention contemporary debates amongst medical men and the laity regarding the best treatment, but the influence of medical climatology in deciding where medical facilities should be placed is often overlooked. The first sanatorium in the Colony of Victoria had two branches: Echuca and Mount Macedon. These two locations differ in terms of altitude, the surrounding forest and meteorological variation. Yet, both sites were considered suitable at the time for the location of a sanatorium, possibly due to the health-promoting and aesthetic aspects of nearby eucalypt forests. This article explores why they may at first modernly appear to be substantially different locations, but contemporary medical climatology emphasised their similarities.

Natural dyes are gaining interest due their expected low risk to human health and to the environment. In this study, the
wash  fastness  of  a  natural  coloring  matter  from  the  liquid  waste produced in the steam treatment of eucalyptus wood in textile fabrics was investigated. Specifically, eucalyptus wood extract was used to dye cotton, nylon and wool in an exhaust dyeing process without the addition of the traditional mordanting agents and then submitted to wash fastness analysis. The resulting dyed fabrics were evaluated for color fastness. It was found that wash fastness of dyed fabrics was very good to cotton and excellent to nylon and wool.

This review highlights climate change and its drivers, impacts, and mitigation and adaptation options in Ethiopia. Both climate variability and change have been occurring in Ethiopia. Evidences show that since 1960 the mean annual temperature of the country has risen by about 1.3°C, an average rate of 0.28°C per decade, and spatial and temporal rainfall variability has been increasing. As such, Ethiopia has been experiencing the impacts of both climate variability and change. Climate change has led to recurrent droughts and famines, flooding, expansion of desertification, loss of wetlands, loss of biodiversity, decline in agricultural production and productivity, shortage of water, and increased incidence of pests and diseases such as spread of cereal stemborers and malaria to higher elevation areas. On the other hand, Ethiopia has shown both conservation and policy responses to combat climate change. Protected area systems, afforestation and reforestation programmes, renewable energy sources and energy efficiency, ecological agriculture, flexible livestock production, homegardens and traditional agroforestry systems, harvesting and use/marketing of non-timber forest products and climate change education, are all feasible strategies for mitigating and adapting climate change. Indeed, there is a need to employ the right mix of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies prioritized in space and time so as to reduce vulnerability of biodiversity and humanity to the escalating impacts of climate change. To this end, capacity building should be a priority. Moreover, there is a need to collaborate with the international community to combat climate change, which is a global challenge.

Kerja Praktik Industri (KPI) merupakan kegiatan pendidikan, pelatihan dan pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan di industri yang bertujuan untuk melihat proses industri secara aktual. Di PT Riau Andalan Pulp and Paper yang terletak di Pangkalan Kerinci, memiliki beberapa Business Unit diantaranya; Riau Fiber dan PTSI, Riau Pulp, Riau Paper, Riau Power, APR dan APY. Pada Business Unit Riau Pulp terdapat Departemen Production Admin yang berfungsi untuk menangani berbagai macam hal yang berkaitan dengan administrasi di BU Riaupulp (RPL). Departemen ini terbagi menjadi 2 bagian yaitu business continues improvement department (BCID), dan production planning and inventory control (PPIC). Tugas dari BCID adalah melakukan improvement, salah satunya dengan kegiatan kaizen yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas (quality), produktivitas (productivity), dan menurunkan biaya (cost) yang dikeluarkan. Pada laporan ini, penulis melakukan analisa terhadap performa salah satu kaizen utility reduction yang berjudul “Reduce Total Steam Consumption in Pulp Dryer 3 from 0,96 to 0,90 ton/adt”. Analisa ini dilakukan terhadap data konsumsi steam yang ada di pulp dryer 3, dan terhadap alat proses yang berkaitan dengan konsumsi steam di pulp dryer 3 yang berfokus pada area drying section. Analisa performa kaizen dilakukan dengan melihat data hasil kaizen baik dari A3 form, data Plant Information (PI), progress monthly report maupun diskusi dengan mentor. Dari hasil analisa dapat diketahui bahwa kenaikan konsumsi steam terjadi karena banyaknya proses start dan stop, sheet break dan delete product di area. Penurunan konsumsi steam berada diantara target dan baseline yaitu 0,94 ton/adt selama 16 bulan sehingga berhasil mengurangi biaya produksi sebanyak 6.187,311 USD selama kegiatan kaizen pada bulan Agustus 2019 hingga bulan November 2020. Performa kaizen terbaik berada pada bulan Juni 2020 yang mencapai 0,87 ton/adt.

Kata kunci: kerja praktik industri, production admin, kaizen, utility , steam

The aim of this review is to highlight the roles of tourism/ecotourism in conservation and development in Ethiopia. Tourism industry is currently emerging as one of the most important economic sectors in the world. In 2013, tourism accounted for 6 % of the world's overall exports, 9.1 % of the employment (1 in 11 jobs) and 9 % of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In line with the growth of international tourism, the tourism industry in Ethiopia is now growing fast. Indeed, there is a great potential for the development of the tourism industry in Ethiopia. Ethiopia has many remarkable natural, historical and cultural tourist attractions. It is one of the most important tourist destinations in the world. International tourist arrivals in Ethiopia increased from 138,856 in 1997 to 596,341 in 2012. Tourism receipts (revenues) also increased from USD 43 million in 1997 to USD 1.2 billion in 2012. Tourism is, generally, with minimum impacts on the environment. Moreover, tourism contributes to the conservation and management of natural, historical and cultural resources. Some of the revenues generated from tourism can be used (should be used) for conservation of biodiversity (establishment and management of protected areas, greening landscapes), preservation and restoration of historical and cultural resources and raising the environmental awareness of residents and visitors. Tourism significantly contributes to the local and national economy. In 2011, tourism accounted for 6.6 % of the overall export. In 2012, tourism generated over 700,000 jobs and accounted for 2.29 % of the GDP. Therefore, tourism plays a great role in natural and cultural heritage conservation and socioeconomic development. Ethiopia needs to promote sustainable tourism including ecotourism. On the other hand, if tourism is not properly planned and managed, tourism development can lead to negative economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. Tourism development in Ethiopia should be based on the principles of sustainability-social equity, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. Sustainable tourism maximizes the benefits of tourism and minimizes its negative impacts. Ethiopian tourism, through effective policy and plans, is expected to make major progress in the future.

Paper recyclability implies in the paper capacity to be recycled maintaining its properties to the maximum. Four commercial papers from Argentina and Brazil were studied, including three eucalyptus kraft (A, B, C) and one sugar cane bagasse soda-AQ (D), all with different bleaching processes. Their physical and chemical properties and a first laboratory recycling were evaluated. A refining of the pulp with a PFI mill, applying two energy levels at two different intensities -measured by number of revolutions and load -was accomplished to reach the same °SR (between 30 and 40, approximately). The refining energy and the yield were registered in each case. The properties of laboratory handsheets, and the aging to 24, 48, 72 and 144 hours were evaluated. The statistical analysis of the results indicates that the properties of the initial eucalyptus papers were similar, whereas they were generally inferior in the case of the bagasse paper. The bagasse and eucalyptus papers presented simi...

O efeito de variáveis no tingimento com corantes sintéticos é bem conhecido, porém pouco avaliado nos corantes naturais. A natureza química complexa e difícil de ser determinada completamente dos corantes naturais, faz necessária uma avaliação de variáveis no tingimento têxtil visando conhecer o comportamento do corante natural nesse processo. Para tanto, o corante natural de eucalipto, obtido a partir do resíduo do tratamento da madeira de eucalipto por vapor, foi avaliado. As variáveis selecionadas para o estudo foram a concentração do corante no tecido, a forma de aplicação em pó e “in natura”, o tempo na temperatura constante, a temperatura máxima de tingimento, o pH do banho de tingimento, a adição de sais metálicos, sulfato de ferro e sulfato de alumínio e potássio. Os resultados de cor dos tingimentos foram avaliados estatisticamente. Uma vez definida a condição ótima do tingimento com o corante natural em algodão, foram também tingidos os tecidos de lã e nylon. Os tecidos tingidos com o corante natural de eucalipto apresentaram boa solidez de cor à lavagem e fricção e solidez à luz típica dos corantes naturais. O estudo de variáveis no tingimento permitiu o conhecimento do efeito destas na cor dos tecidos tingidos com o corante natural, bem como da definição de um método sistemático de avaliação das propriedades dos corantes naturais nos tingimentos de têxteis.

In woody plants, photosynthetic capacity is closely linked to rates at which the plant hydraulic system can supply water to the leaf surface. Drought-induced embolism can cause sharp declines in xylem hydraulic conductivity that coincide with stomatal closure and reduced photosynthesis. Recovery of photosynthetic capacity after drought is dependent on restored xylem function, although few data exist to elucidate this coordination. We examined the dynamics of leaf gas exchange and xylem function in Eucalyptus pauciflora seedlings exposed to a cycle of severe water stress and recovery after re-watering. Stomatal closure and leaf turgor loss occurred at water potentials that delayed the extensive spread of embolism through the stem xylem. Stem hydraulic conductance recovered to control levels within 6 h after re-watering despite a severe drought treatment, suggesting an active mechanism embolism repair. However, stomatal conductance did not recover after 10 d of re-watering, effecting tighter control of transpiration post drought. The dynamics of recovery suggest that a combination of hydraulic and non-hydraulic factors influenced stomatal behaviour post drought.

Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell is one of pulp woods that is being developed through breeding plantation programs
in Indonesia. The research aimed at exploring the chemical and morphological characteristics of fiber, and
to determine the rank of plus trees from 4 provenances based on the suitability for pulps. The materials included
the plus trees of E. pellita (9 years) from the 2nd generation of progeny tests in Pelaihari, South Borneo.
Wood properties under investigation included the chemical properties and morphological fiber characteristics (fiber dimensions and its derived properties). In the present study, data were analyzed using descriptive statistic, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Pearson’s correlation. Results showed that the chemical properties of E. pellita, i.e. the contents of ethanol-toluene extractives, hot water soluble extractives, holocellulose, alphacelullose, and lignin were 3.08 ± 1.00%, 1.41 ± 0.38%, 75.26 ± 2.58%, 49.02 ± 2.88%, and 29.49 ± 1.86%, respectively. The average values of wood fiber morphology were 1.02 ± 0.08 mm (fiber length), 13.25 ± 1.64 μm (fiber diameter), of 6.94 ± 1.70 μm (lumen diameter), 3.15 ± 0.52 μm (fiber wall thickness), 0.97 ± 0.30 (Runkel ratio), 0.57 ± 0.10 (Luce’s shape factor), 78.21 ± 10.34 (slenderness ratio) and 130.91 ± 33.77 × 103 μm3 (solids factor). The AHP scoring rank indicated that the best individuals were 28.4.3.28 (Kiriwo Utara), 12.1.5.28 (North Kiriwo), 19.11.5.45 (Serisa Village), 3.8.4.9 (South Kiriwo), and 6.6.3.15 (South Kiriwo). Pearson correlation analysis showed significant correlations between the levels of fiber length with alpha-cellulose content (r = 0.39) as well as the fiber length with ethanol-toluene extractive contents (r = -0.41).

Unleashing and making the cloud platform as candid, open source private cloud is playing crucial role in this development of academic as well as industrial needs. Their significant focus is on sandbox environment for IaaS platform. But behind the scenes, presence of the powerful architecture has trivial role to handle bucket loads of data. The Open Stack, Nimbus, Eucalyptus and Open Nebula are deriving the power of integration successor with deploying environment making Private cloud trustworthy for user as well as developers. This survey paper endeavors readers with the current trends and collective overview of qualitative features of these platforms. It is also included OpenStack discussion with other respective cloud architectures. Alongside with this, architectural capabilities with oblations & the goals for Standard Cloud Architecture as well as future scope for further improvements are also discussed.

Agro-and forest-industrial wastes are abundant and low cost sources of carbohydrates and phenolic compounds, which can be converted into biofuels, biomaterials, and high added-value compounds by different pathways in small and large biorefineries. The development of technologies based on hydrothermal treatments could improve the utilization of lignocellulosic wastes through the separation of its components (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractives) in sequential processes. The adopted technologies for the separation and conversion of these lignocellulosic wastes into synthesis intermediates or products of high added value represent an important part of the total production cost. Low liquid to solid ratios and mild temperatures in the pre-treatment are interesting ways of reducing energy costs, subsequently economizing both steam and electricity. This work focuses on the advantages of using low liquid to solid ratios in the hydrothermal treatment of different agro-and forest-industrial wastes, paying particular attention to the performance of separation, purification, and conversion of hemicelluloses. Relevance of Agro-and Forest-Industrial Waste Biorefineries are analogous to petroleum refineries, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum, but instead use biomass as raw materials. Biorefinery technology is an alternative to the petroleum-based industry for energy, chemical, and material production from unconventional raw material. Given its renewable nature and low associated pollution, lignocellulosic biomass can be regarded as an important and sustainable source of carbohydrate (cellulose and hemicelluloses) fuel, cellulosic pulp, biomaterials, and a variety of chemicals. Lignocellulosic residues generated by the agro-industry are available in large quantities at low cost. The chemical, thermochemical, and biological conversions of this waste into its main components allow the production of chemical intermediates for the manufacture of various products. The use of forest and agricultural lignocellulosic residues as raw materials to generate high value added products is important because of their renewable nature and high availability (Area and Vallejos 2012).