Etruscan Archaeology

At the end of a long history of increasingly close relationships with her neighbor, the Etruscan city of Caere became a sort of "satellite state" of Rome and was eventually transformed into a praefectura in 273 B.C.E. Historians have focused on the institutional aspect of the process, with the progressive "softening" of the political frontier between the two cities through the ciuitas sine suffragio, which paved the way for eventual assimilation. Archaeologists have considered this event as the end of the glorious history of Etruscan Caere. New evidence from Queen's University's ongoing excavation at Vigna Marini, however, demonstrates that the third century B.C.E. was a period of especially intense building activity, probably even of large-scale renovation of this sector of the urban area. The re-evaluation of the evidence from other archaeological contexts of Caere confirms the new data and contributes to serious questioning of the traditional narrative.

Dal ryez aI ry89 nel podere Forzello di San Basilio la Soprintendenza Archeologica del Veneto e l'allora Istiruto, ora Dipartimento, di Archeologia dell'Università di Bologna hanno effettuato in collaborazione ffe campagne di scavo durate complessivamente dieci settimane' ffig.r-z). Tali ricerche, che avevano essenzialmente il carattere di test per valutare l'entità delle stratificazionipreromane e la loro estensione, erano state suscitate e sollecitate dalla Dott.ssa M. De Min autrice delle straordinarie scoperte edite nel catalogo della mostra sull'Antico Polesine (Dr MrN 1986, pp. t7t-r84; Ds MrN r986a, pp. 84-9r), che lasciavano intrawedere un importante potenziale di dati e di informazioni su un centro di età arcaica coperto da una spessa coltre di sabbie e argille e, oggr, coperto da frutteti. Lo scavo principale realizzato nelry87 e 1988 si attaccava al limite meridionale di uno dei due sondaggi effettuati da M. De Min nel 1983' e proseguiva poi in direzione ovest e nord per una superficie totale di ro3 mq (fi;.ò.

The bronze crescent moon with Etruscan dedication to the lunar deity Tiur is a remarkable epigraphic document associated with Città della Pieve by virtue of its long collecting history, which sees it at the center of attention of exponents of the antiquarian and archeology world starting from the very early nineteenth century. Found halfway between Cetona and Chiusi, the inscribed crescent was purchased by Filippo Becchetti, bishop of Città della Pieve, who soon after donated it to cardinal Stefano Borgia; this gift, which thus will enrich the encyclopedic collection of the
cardinal at the twilight of his existence, represents an episode on the margins of eighteenth-century collecting. The bronze will only come into the Vatican collections in 1925, after it had even lost the memory of its location. In addition to the perspective of the history of the studies, the monument is now reconsidered starting from the new data emerged from the close examination and from the information supplied by archival documents, which also allow us to clarify the provenance context, in the light of recent acquisitions on the Etruscan religion and cult practices. The crescent, referable to a sanctuary, is confirmed as an extraordinary testimony for the archaic age on the astral cults in Etruria and on their connections with the chthonic and water ones. His relationship with the obelisk of Città della Pieve is also clarified, to which it has been related somehow, with notes on the subject of the reception in Etruria of this monumental class.

The Etruscan Underworld god is represented in some painted tombs with a wolf skin on his head. Why was the wolf chosen to represent a god? This is the question I will try to answer, starting from a biological approach, by examining the wolf behaviour in nature.
I will consider myths and rites of the Mediterranean area and archaeological findings related to the wolf. The aim is to establish the process that led in the Etrusco-Italic world, to the development of an elusive underworld god, linked to the cities foundation rituals, iconographically represented with a bare wolf on his head.

Tra i personaggi che animarono la vita intellettuale di Roma nella prima metà del secolo XIX, Donna Teresa Caetani, nata de' Rossi, rappresenta sicuramente un caso d'interesse sia per quanto riguarda le vicende dell'alta nobiltà romana, sia per l'archeologia, che proprio in quel periodo iniziava a muovere i suoi primi ed incerti passi verso una propria strutturazione come Altertumswissenschaft, come scienza dell'antichità. In questa sede si tenterà una ricostruzione del profilo biografico di questa nobildonna, dai tratti contraddittori e a volte "scomodi", soprattutto per la società del suo tempo, operando una sintesi tra i dati già editi e quelli inediti, questi ultimi raccolti in archivio, durante le ricerche riguardanti la sua attività di scavo nell'Etruria meridionale.

Populonia is the only Etruscan town on the sea. It occupies the hills of Poggio del Telegrafo
and Poggio del Castello, overlooking the Gulf of Baratti. The city benefits from a territory
rich of natural resources and with great potential. Nevertheless, because of its shape, required
unconventional choices in its organization and its management. Until at least the Late
Bronze Age, the exploitation of the important resources of coastal lagoons seems to follow
similar patterns of other middle Tyrrhenian districts. The Populonian coast was studded
with small settlements, located on the dunes or in the immediate proximity of the sea. In
the Early Iron Age, the above described way of occupation seems to change gradually, all
Bronze Age sites were abbandoned, apparently in contrast with southern Etruria. In the
Gulf of Baratti, the existence of the Villanovan necropolis on top of previous settlements,
seems to support this interpretation. It is possible to relate this phenomenon with the contemporary
concentration of the population in the area of the historical city, corresponding
to Poggio del Telegrafo and Poggio del Castello, as part of a larger commitment to planning
which also involved the gulf. Two different cemeteries have been identified at Baratti, the
first one was located at the center of the Gulf (San Cerbone and Casone-Porcareccia),
the second to the north-east (Poggio-Piano delle Granate). Furthermore, two small necropoleis
have been identified on the south-western slopes of Poggio del Telegrafo, and
the northern foothills in locality Buca (or Buche) delle Fate. The settlement of Poggio del
Telegrafo and Poggio del Castello, if not enclosed, is at least partially surrounded by the
necropolis. This choice of settlement allowed the inhabitans to combine the high defensive
potential of a coastal headland with wide visibility of the surrounding coast. The system of
occupation of the hinterland seems to be centralized, as in southern Etruria, on a tight selection
of the smaller settlements and focused on the maintenance of those needed to ensure
control of the territory. On the Island of Elba, we have evidence of thriving metallurgical
activities, still connected to the mixed sulphides, while the material culture, especially the
bronzework, confirms its proximity to Populonia. The Villanovan Populonia appears to be
the hub of a geographical district rich in important resources, with the mineralization of
Elba and Campiglia’s hills, and not only as a crucial junction of Tyrrhenian routes but also
of the main Mediterranean routes. Such a reconstruction fits well with the features of the
local society which emerges from the analysis of the funerary evidence. Infact, the birth of
the great Villanovan towns implies the overcoming of the previous fragmentation through
a process of integration that lead to a more complex structure of the social hierarchy. In
the case of Populonia, we have to imagine that this layering process was influenced by a
strong human mobility characteristic of a port of trade, the point of arrival or passage of
different peoples.

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The great Poem of Babylonian Creation, the myth of Enmeduranki, the book of secrets of Enoch, the scrolls of Qumran. For the first time a single research path reveals the connections between a small bronze model of liver found in Ciavernasco of Piacenza, at the dawn of the unification of Italy, and the hidden plot of one of the most guarded mysteric disciplines of antiquity .
The threshold of time, that which is permanently defined by the alternation of state between day and night and which is induced by the continuous motion of rotation of the celestial framework, is the very essence of the principle on which the whole cosmological construction will be based. From this conceptual dimension of the sacred, which will correspond, in different places and traditions, and declined only formally in different times and ways, all the doctrinal theories of the ancient world on the nature of time and its origin. It is in this conceptual construction that the legacy of the religious orders of the Mesopotamian cultures - the one we find in the West still expressed within the Etruscan religion at the time of writing Qumran manuscripts - differs from others in assigning a key cosmogonic role to the functions of the liver, as a mundus of the body and metaphysical "threshold" placed at the origin of life and of the universe itself.
To the extent that the rhythms and rules of the passage of the great stars and the entire celestial framework on the threshold between light and darkness constituted the key to approaching the Great Secrets of the Cosmos, it was logical to imagine that the Great Babylonian Creation Poem had indicated right in the liver of Tiāmat, the germinator center of the ancient Mother on which Marduk recompiled the new celestial order, the vital seat for the "empathic" understanding of those laws.
Like a mirror of the "enimmatic" configurations that the system would have assumed in its future temporal development, the divination based on the inspection of the liver was considered in Mesopotamia, and then again for the Greeks and the Etruscans, the first and most important form of interrogation of the future destinies. And it is to this more extensive cosmological construction, and not to the only and changing outcomes of the judgments derived from it, that it is more correctly traced the interpretation of one of the most enigmatic archaeological finds of antiquity: the Etruscan Liver of Piacenza.

The paper discusses the cult of the Hirpi Sorani, comparing it with other wolf cults of central Italy (Roman Lupercalia, Etruscan reliefs possibly depicting the cult of Calu), analyzing the common elements of these cults, and suggesting that the cults have a common origin.

Il contributo presenta le osservazioni conclusive in merito alle attività di produzione del ferro a Populonia, fra il periodo etrusco tardo e la romanizzazione. Il periodo di più intensa produzione, stando ai dati restituiti dalle indagini sul territorio e dagli scavi condotti nel golfo di Baratti, è compreso fra il VI e il II secolo a.C. Fra IV e III secolo le aree prospicienti la spiaggia di Baratti ospitano officine e forge per la produzione di semilavorati. Dopo la seconda guerra punica si apre un'intensa fase di attività di riduzione dei minerali di ferro (ematite) provenienti dall'isola d'Elba. Nella prima metà del I secolo a.C. la produzione metallurgica appare sostanzialmente ridimensionata e circoscritta a pochi, marginali, episodi.

La ricerca archeologica condotta nella media e bassa Valle dell'Albegna negli ultimi decenni ha consolidato e per certi versi complicato una prospettiva tracciata, per la prima volta con respiro comprensoriale, dalle surveys del Progetto Ager Cosanus-Valle dell'Albegna e dagli scavi di Maurizio Michelucci, condotti negli anni Ottanta del secolo scorso (fig. 1) 1. 1 www.bollettinodiarcheologiaonline.

L’etimologia del toponimo di Eboli è una questione che affonda le sue radici nella notte dei tempi, e – in maniera plurima – storici locali (e non) hanno affrontato questa problematica di complessa interpretazione.
Qual è, ordunque, il proponimento di questo nuovo lavoro? Affrontare le soluzioni in maniera filologica, approntando il tutto con un corredo di testi greci e latini in cui occorre l’antico nome di Eboli e del fiume Sele; oltre a ciò, verranno mostrate al lettore nuove ipotesi postulate negli ultimi anni, che hanno accresciuto sicuramente il bagaglio culturale concernente l’etimo della nostra città, problematica a noi studiosi ebolitani tanto cara, e reso maggiormente vivace il sano dibattito linguistico e storico, alla ricerca delle nostre origini.
Tale lavoro, nella sua brevità, si propone di essere fruibile e divulgativo, pur conservando, però, la sua chiara impronta scientifica, di ambito squisitamente filologico (nella precisione, si discorre di filologia classica), avendo le citazioni in lingua greca e in lingua latina come protagonisti principali di questo percorso che andremo ad affrontare insieme, partendo da una citazione del magister Pietro da Eboli, valente quale atto d’amore nei confronti della nostra città: Ebolus, dulce solum.

The objective of this research is to detect and extract traces of past human activities on the Etruscan site of San Giovenale (Blera) in Northern Lazio, Italy. Investigations have been conducted by integrating high-resolution satellite data with digital models derived from LiDAR survey and multisensory aerial prospection (traditional, thermal and near infrared pictures). The use of different sensor technologies is requested to cope with (i) different types of surface covers, i.e. vegetated and non-vegetated areas (trees, bushes, agricultural uses, etc), (ii) variety of archaeological marks (micro-relief, crop marks, etc) and (iii) different types of expected spatial/spectral feature patterns linked to past human activities (urban necropoleis, palaeorivers, etc). Field surveys enabled us to confirm remotely sensed features which were detected in both densely and sparsely vegetated areas, thus revealing a large variety of cultural transformations, ritual and infrastructural remains such as roads, tombs and water installations. Our findings clearly point out a connection between the Vignale plateau and the main acropolis (San Giovenale) as well as with the surrounding burial grounds. Our results suggest that the synergic use of multisensory/multisource data sets, including ancillary information, provides a comprehensive overview of new findings. This facilitates the interpretation of various results obtained from different sensors when studied in a larger prospective.

The necessity for prostheses was as apparent in antiquity as it is today. There are two primary considerations for these devices; form and function. Form is both the aesthetics of the appliance in its own right and also how accurately the appliance replicates its natural counterpart. Function refers to how effectively the device performs its assigned task(s). With these in mind, it be will discussed whether the examples of ancient prostheses available to us today shared such considerations, and if so, in what way did benefit the physically impaired.

Dans son livre de 1998, Devins, Dieux et démons. Regards sur la religion de l'Étrurie antique, Jean-René Jannot, s'appuyant sur les travaux de M. Torelli, faisait figurer à juste titre le sanctuaire de Gravisca dans une rubrique sur les « cultes de contact et sanctuaires portuaires » où il présentait le sanctuaire de Gravisca comme une « sorte de « concession » à fonction cultuelle » (p. 104 sq.). Le terme de « concession » constituait alors un moyen habile d'éviter d'entrer dans un difficile débat sur la question de savoir si Gravisca répondait à un modèle polanyen du port of trade sur lequel les historiens de l'économie du monde grec s'étaient partagés jusque dans les années 90 1 . Ces derniers se demandaient si les emporia grecs antiques respectaient les conditions d'un port of trade, à savoir la neutralité, la marginalité et la fixation des prix selon des normes administratives. Nous voudrions poursuivre le débat grâce aux découvertes effectuées, depuis la parution du livre de J.-R. Jannot, par l'équipe réunie autour de M. Torelli, 1.

Domestic livestock were a crucial part of Mediterranean communities throughout later prehistory. In the
first millennium BC, livestock mangement changed, and was changed by, the rise of cities in Italy.
Italian prehistory has a rich zooarchaeological tradition, but investigation of the Iron Age has been
regionally divided and synthetic works on the Po valley comparatively few. This article presents a panregional
review of late prehistoric and protohistoric livestock exploitation that considers Northern and
Central Italy together for the first time. Zooarchaeological comparison reveals an increase in the use of
sheep/goat for secondary products, while cattle and caprines were subject to size changes that distinguish
their management from that of pigs. A marked increase in pig husbandry is visible in both regions, but
this shift took place earlier and more emphatically in Northern Etruscan centres than in Central Italy.
After defining the main changes in animal management during the period under review, this article
looks beyond population density to explore the wider environmental, economic, and cultural context of
pork consumption and its relation to the development of urbanism in Etruria padana.

Keywords: Etruscan, diet, foodways, livestock, Etruria Padana, central Italy, subsistence, urbanisation

Benché la Tomba François al suo interno sia piena di affreschi con raffigurazioni splendide di uomini e di gesta, difficilmente chi osserva non sarà attratto dal più esteso e dettagliato fregio animalistico dell'arte antica. Ritengo che sul fregio di Vulci, per il contesto in cui è rappresentato, per le scene che riporta e per le immagini in queste sembianze, vi sia molto su cui riflettere. Come detto, le presenze, le movenze, le caratteristiche di una tale raffigurazione sembravano molto più che peculiari, per una serie di motivi. Prima di tutto la grande varietà delle fiere rappresentate negli atteggiamenti, nella forma e nei colori ognuno peculiare a sé stesso. Inoltre se si osserva attentamente, come sottolineato da molti studiosi, le azioni e le scene di aggressione si trovano sempre sopra le porte. Si è parlato di rappresentazioni che rievocano la vita e la morte, ma per una tomba come quella François in cui per la prima ed ultima volta nella storia etrusca appaiano soggetti storici, mi sembra riduttivo riportare un grande fregio di questo tipo solo ad una questione evocativa di tipo trascendentale.

This paper presents some of the preliminary findings of a research project to catalogue the collection of bucchero in the British Museum. It provides an outline of the bucchero in the collection, the formation of the collection and discusses a few of the vessels in detail. A focus of the study is the observation of manufacturing techniques and some initial observations will be reported.

etrusca e il collezionismo in Europa dal XVI al XIX secolo " Etruscans in Brazil: a summary of the Brazilian collections of Etruscans goods-The constitution of the collections of Etruscan artistic artefacts in Brazilian museums through a brief introduction into their history " .* Nancy Maria Antonieta Braga Bomentre UNIFESP " Etruscans in Brazil; a summary of the brazilian colletions of etruscans goods " Nancy Maria Antonieta Braga Bomentre

In a recent publication ("Passage to the Underworld. Continuity or Change in Etruscan Funerary Ideology and Practices (6th–2nd Centuries BC?", in J.R. Brandt, M. Prusac & H. Roland (eds): Death and Changing Rituals. Function and Meaning in Ancient Funerary Practices; Oxbow Books: Oxford 2014, 105-83) an attempt was made to single out recurring pictorial motifs in Etruscan tomb paintings and to interpret them as elements of funerary ritual procedures with reference to Arnold van Gennep’s rites-de-passage model (1908) and Mary Douglas’ views on purity and danger (1996). The model is here applied on the Archaic and well-known Tomba dei Tori at Tarquinia in order to see if the tomb’s many enigmatic pictorial scenes can be read as coherent elements of such procedures.

Nelle sue memorie tifernati il sacerdote Alessandro Certini (1665-1742) dà notizia del ritrovamento di vari reperti archeologici interessanti per la ricostruzione, almeno di alcuni tratti, della storia antica dell'Alta Valle del Tevere. L'opera storiografica ed erudita di don Alessandro Certini è legata in modo particolare ai volumi manoscritti di memorie tifernati, che con andamento annalistico riportano gran parte degli avvenimenti riguardanti Città di Castello, dal Medioevo al tempo del sacerdote 2 . Nell'opera del Certini spiccano soprattutto i manoscritti sull'Origine delle Chiese e Monasteri di Città di Castello, conservati nell'archivio vescovile tifernate. Nel corso della sua vita questo sacerdote ha avuto modo di pubblicare una notevole mole di opere a stampa, dedicate soprattutto alla tradizione religiosa tifernate e alle vite di alcuni santi e di altre figure di rilievo, come papa Celestino II (1716). Questa ampia produzione ha comunque subito varie critiche e spesso è stata tacciata di 3 Ciferri, Tifernati Illustri cit., p.92. 4 Cfr. La corrispondenza epistolare di A.F. Gori, oggi conservata nella biblioteca Marucelliana di Firenze. 5 A. Certini, Annali tifernati dall 'anno M al MCCCIC, in Città di Castello, Archivio Storico Diocesano, Archivio Capitolare, Memorie Tifernati, ms.2, Tra i reperti citati sembra creare alcune problematiche il disegno proposto dal Certini di un frammento vascolare. Il frammento è citato anche dal Magherini Graziani e contiene un'iscrizione problematica; cfr. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum [CIL], XI, 6691, 28.

Polat Kaya: The title above may be a startling one for some people who are not used to hear such bold descriptions of supposedly "Christian" monuments. The fact is that it is true! In this article I want to reveal a new insight regarding the identity of the ancient Pagan temple,
so-called PANTHEON, in Rome. The ancient European native population was the so-called "Pagan" Turanians before the spread of Christianity. They were the followers of their ancient Turanian Oguz religion. This magnificent building called PANTHEON in Rome is an
embellished copy of the Turkic YURTS of Central Asia. For the "Pagan" Turanians of ancient Europe, this is a natural outcome since for them, the YURT is a father-and-mother home, a country, and a sacred place. Without question, it was the ancient Turanian Tur/Turk
peoples that were the followers of the world’s first trinity Sky-God concept comprising of one universal creator Father-God (ATA TANRI), the Sun-God and the Moon-God. The Turanian Sky-God concept, together with the Turkish language, was in world-wide usage before other religions were formulated and spread. The Judeo-Christian religions, while taking all of their tenets from the Turanian OGUZ religion, also vilified not only this ancient so-called "Pagan" religion, but also its followers to the degree of annihilating them. In this
essay, I have collected together many widely-spread and confused parts of an ancient puzzle to compose a picture that shows how the most advanced civilisation of the ancient Turanian Tur/Turk peoples was stolen and obliterated.

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