Environmental and geographical science

Changes in temporal pattern of plant growth (i.e. plant phenology) are one of the main effects of global climate change on ecosystems that may alter the geographical distribution of organisms. We reviewed the studies of vegetation phenology derived from field observations, and using remote sensing techniques and evaluate the potentials and challenges of the integration of these two approaches. Long-term field records revealed responses of plants to climate change. Plant phenology has changed substantially over the last half century due to elevated temperature associated with global warming. Growing season started earlier, ended later and lasted longer than before in various regions. Results suggested that climate change had significantly affected the growth of terrestrial ecosystems which in turn had major influences on ecosystem productivity and carbon cycling. Temperature was the dominant factor

[Abstract : The development of healthcare deliberation system in Bangladesh is till now in primary stage. Government has some policies, but due to financial and others constraints it is too hard to implement those policies properly.  Due to the fact health care deliberation system in Bangladesh is not up to the satisfactory level. Some private hospitals and clinics have been set up in the capital city which providing services up to the standard. At the same time maximum numbers of people outside the capital are not suppose to receive proper medical facilities. The study area is one of the districts of Bangladesh where health care deliberation systems are very poor and peoples are always moving outside the district even outside the country especially in India to avail medical facilities. A few numbers of Govt. hospitals and private clinic have been set up but not able to provide equally modern treatment facilities in the study area. Distribution of those hospitals and clinics are unplanned and concentrated to district town which creating major problems to the rural people as they have to move far from their resident. Another problem is Govt. treatment facilities is unavailable and at the same time private treatment is more expensive to the local people.]

Land use /land cover change may influence many natural phenomena and environmental processes. The expansion of urban areas towards all directions resulting in changing land use/ land cover. The spatial pattern of land use/ land cover changes is clearly noticed on the urban fringe areas. Generally it leads to haphazard development of urban areas, hence there is urgent need to accurately describe land use/ land cover changes for sustainable planning and management. This paper emphasizes on change detection analysis in land use/land cover of Pune city over a period of time by employing modern technology like remote sensing and Geographical Information System. Pune city is one of the fastest growing cities in the country, so there is need to identify land use /land cover changes between four decades using Landsat satellite imageries like Landsat MSS (1973), TM (1992), ETM+ (2001) and TM (2011).Change detection has shown that the built-up area of Pune city increased between 1973 to 2011 by 43.43% from 28.50 km² to 155.99 km². Also, the areas with water bodies, vegetation, agriculture land and fallow land have been decreased.