Environmental Marketing

The awareness about organic food has been increasing among the consumers in UAE. People are showing more interest in purchasing organic food. This research is to identify, what are the factors that influence the consumers to purchase organic in the Abu Dhabi. The review of the literature has shown that wide range of factors is proved to be crucial to influencing consumers to exhibit positive attitude towards organic foods. As an outcome of the synthesis of prominent and recent literature, a set of factors have been identified that are important for motivating consumers which included health consciousness, environmental factors, safety concern and convenience and price. The main aim of this empirical study is analyzing the importance that consumers have towards the factors that influence their attitude toward organic foods in UAE. The study suggests that attitude toward organic is predicted by factors like health consciousness, and environmental factors. The other two factors safety ...

This book presents marketing from the strategic and managerial standpoints, which rightly acknowledges today's increasingly dysfunctional and turbulent business environment. Accordingly, winning organizations must leverage the futuristic orientation of marketing to develop their present and future markets and develop appropriate marketing strategies to improve their position in the market. The book covers some of the time-tested toolkits for managing the
unpredictability and volatility of the marketplace.

The book takes a definite stance by discussing tools that help organizations anticipate change and prepare for them before they occur. Accordingly, the book sees marketing beyond the regular '4Ps-centrism and discusses the
innovative strategic marketing tools that could help marketing learners and practitioners become more dynamic to excel in the ever-changing business environment.

The study was focused on the influence of packaging dimensions on the patronage of cosmetic products among the female students of the University of Uyo, Nigeria. The researchers investigated the influence of packaging colour, labelling, and packaging materials, on the patronage of cosmetic products among the female students of the University of Uyo, Nigeria. The survey research design was adopted for the study and a simple random sampling of 250 respondents were used for the study. The researchers adopted the primary data collection method. The primary data were sourced through a well-structured questionnaire. Three hypotheses were tested using simple linear regression analysis. The findings of the study revealed that there is a positive influence of packaging dimensions (colour, labelling, and packaging materials) on the patronage of cosmetic products among the female students of the University of Uyo. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that manufacturing firms consider packaging and its dimensions as the ideal method of marketing communication, to enhance consumer patronage of the organisation’s products.

The awareness about organic food has been increasing among the consumers in UAE. People are showing more interest in purchasing organic food. This research is to identify, what are the factors that influence the consumers to purchase organic in the Abu Dhabi. The review of the literature has shown that wide range of factors is proved to be crucial to influencing consumers to exhibit positive attitude towards organic foods. As an outcome of the synthesis of prominent and recent literature, a set of factors have been identified that are important for motivating consumers which included health consciousness, environmental factors, safety concern and convenience and price. The main aim of this empirical study is analyzing the importance that consumers have towards the factors that influence their attitude toward organic foods in UAE. The study suggests that attitude toward organic is predicted by factors like health consciousness, and environmental factors. The other two factors safety concern and convenience and price have non significance impacts towards consumer attitude. The data were collected from a random sample of around 47 consumers who regularly purchase organic food in UAE. The paper discusses the results of multi regression models used to detect how the motivating factors influence consumer's attitude to purchase organic foods. The results of the study show that factors like health consciousness and environmental concern have positive attitude. Whereas convenience and price, and safety concern were having non significance impact in persuading consumers attitude towards organic foods.

El mercadeo verde, ecológico o medioambiental comprende el desarrollo y promoción de productos y servicios que satisfacen las necesidades y deseos de los clientes en términos de calidad, precios competitivos y conveniencia sin causar detrimento del medio ambiente. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue caracterizar la gestión de mercadeo verde llevada a cabo por las empresas de plástico del estado Zulia, con el fin de determinar la situación actual de dicho sector. El estudio se abordó a través de una investigación descriptiva, de campo, no experimental y transeccional, realizando para ello la revisión de material bibliográfico, observación directa en las industrias y la aplicación de un instrumento a una población conformada por 18 empresas. Los resultados arrojaron que las empresas del Zulia presentan muy pocas características que permita calificarlas como empresas ecológicas, existiendo factores que afectan el desarrollo de estrategias en el área, tales como la falta de recursos humanos, difícil acceso a la materia prima, inexistencia de clientes que demanden productos "verdes", poca participación de las entidades gubernamentales, restricciones financieras e imposibilidad de adoptar nuevos sistemas que fabriquen productos ecológicos, entre otros.

This mixed-methods study examines Bangladeshi organic food buyers. Focus group talks and in-depth interviews examined consumer awareness, motives, challenges, and organic food consumption prospects. Consumers view organic food as healthy and chemical-free, according to thematic analysis. Taste and health benefits drove organic food purchasing. While participants stressed affordability, pricing remained a significant barrier. Low trust in organic certification systems warrants more rigid rules and greater transparency to foster consumer confidence. Fruits and vegetables were the most popular organic category, suggesting other product categories were underrepresented. The future of organic food consumption was cautiously optimistic, pending pricing and authenticity issues. In developing countries, faith in certification is crucial to customer buying behavior for organic food items. This research also sheds light on consumer views on organic food's future possibilities. Understanding these aspects helps stakeholders improve affordability, certification, and consumer education. This can strengthen and expand Bangladesh's organic food sector.

This study examined the relationship between social class and consumer purchase intention for products that have green marketing strategies. The significant contributions and main objectives of this study are as followsunderstand how awareness of green marketing as practiced by manufacturer's leads toward purchase intention and fill a research gap regarding green purchase decisions by applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model and adding socioeconomic class as a moderating construct. Quantitative techniques were adopted to collect data from the target groups, where a sample of Metro Manila consumers (n = 90) was used to consider the measurement and structural models by applying a partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method. The results show that awareness does not significantly influence consumers' attitudes, and consumers from high socioeconomic classes have purchase intentions driven by subjective norms. The recommendation of a qualitative direction for future research has been made to understand better consumers' comprehension and interpretations of sustainability and green marketing concepts in the context of consumer goods. The finding gives managerial insights, especially to Fast Moving Consumer Goods for promoting sustainable green marketing strategies.

Since energy consumption in developing countries has increased significantly, motivating energy-saving habits among citizens is an important issue both from the academic and industrial perspectives. Thus, this study aims to predict consumer purchase intention for energy-efficient household appliances based on an extended model of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). This study incorporated two additional constructs of moral norms and environmental concern in the model of the TPB. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 1155 Bangladeshi consumers, and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) regression was used to test the hypotheses. Results show that attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control significantly influence consumer purchase intention of energy-efficient appliances (EEAs). This study also proved that the extension of moral norms is a significant predictor of consumers’ purchase intention in the classic theory of planned beh...

Global warming is often regarded as a paramount peril confronting the global community in contemporary times. The environmental conditions are changing, and calamities are transpiring in several directions. Furthermore, green product consumption has emerged as a prominent concern about environmentally conscious practices. There is a growing societal preoccupation with the preservation of the environment. Consumers can make a crucial effort by consuming environmentallyfriendly products. A multitude of studies have been completed in this domain, but only a limited number have been carried out within the Indian context. The study aims to ascertain determinants that influence the consumption of eco-friendly products among the youth demographic in India. Relevant literature informs the conceptualisation and construction of hypotheses. The intention to purchase green items was the dependent variable, and four independent factors-attitude, environmental concern, price, and ecolabelling-were examined against it. The questionnaire was utilised in alignment with prior scholarly investigations. The survey approach was employed to acquire the data. Two hundred and eighty-six data points were gathered from questionnaires and were distributed using convenience sampling to respondents who expressed a desire to consume environmentally friendly products. The data analysis was conducted using both SPSS V. 23 and AMOS-SEM. The study findings suggest attitude, environmental concern, and pricing significantly impact the need to purchase green products among youth in India. The results of this study will offer significant insights for green product marketers in developing efficient marketing strategies to broaden customer demographics.

Las organizacio´nes sin ánimo de lucro son aquellas cuya razón de ser se fundamenta en el ejercicio de una función social, por lo que el lucro no forma parte de sus objetivos. Sin embargo, esto no significa que la organización deba trabajar a pérdida, puesto que es absolutamente necesario que cubra todos sus costos y gastos para ser sostenible y que genere excedentes con los cuales crezcan y amplíen su radio de acción, generando de esta forma un mayor beneficio para su población meta, a través de la cobertura de un mayor número de personas

h i g h l i g h t s Green furniture is environmentally friendly and good for human health. Environmental awareness and health consciousness are concerned and added into TPB. Environmental awareness indirectly affects purchasing intention of green furniture. Perceived behavioral control has the largest effect on purchasing intention. The extended TPB model can improve the explained variance of purchasing intention.

This master's dissertation delves into the intricate relationship between consumers' perceptions of green information authenticity and their ecological purchase intentions. The study investigates how consumers assess the reliability, transparency, and personal relevance of environmental information. It then explores how these perceptions of authenticity influence consumer attitudes towards environmentally friendly products and ultimately translate into purchasing decisions. Utilizing a comprehensive survey instrument and a diverse sample, the research sheds light on the complex dynamics of sustainable consumer behavior. The key finding is that authenticity plays a critical role in this process. Personal relevance of the green information directly impacts consumers' likelihood to make eco-friendly purchases. Interestingly, transparency fosters positive attitudes towards these products, potentially acting as a bridge between information perception and purchase intention. Furthermore, the study reveals that environmental concerns act as a moderator, strengthening the relationship between perceived authenticity and purchase intentions. In simpler terms, consumers who are more concerned about environmental issues are even more likely to be swayed by authentic green information when making purchasing decisions.

Doğal kaynaklarda azalma, ozon tabakasının incelmesi, su ve hava kirliliği gibi hayatı olumsuz etkileyen çevresel problemlerin artması, küresel sorunlar ve bunlara çözüm bulma arayışları, yeşil pazarlama ve yeşil reklamın önemini daha da arttırmıştır. Pazarlamanın tüketici odaklı hale dönüşmesi, tüketiciye ulaşmadaki en önemli alt fonksiyonlarından biri olan reklamın çevreye duyarlı mesajlar üretmesine neden olmuştur. Tüketicilerin çevreye yönelik endişe ve farkındalıklarının artmasıyla birlikte işletmeler, toplumun bir üyesi olarak çevre açısından sorumlu bir şekilde davranmaları gerektiğinin bilincine varmaya başlamışlar, bu nedenle yeşil pazarlama ve yeşil reklam faaliyetlerine yönelmişlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bir yeşil tutundurma faaliyeti olan yeşil reklamlar ile tüketici satın alma tarzları arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyerek bu ilişkide yeşil reklamların etkisini bulmak ve bu bağlamda tüketicilerin yeşil reklamlara karşı tutumlarını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Araştırmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre, tüketicilerin yeşil reklama yönelik tutumu ile satın alma tarzları arasında fark olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, marka bilinci ile plansız alışveriş, yeşil reklama yönelik tutumu pozitif yönde etkilemektedir. Tüketicilerin marka bilinci arttıkça yeşil reklama ve ürünlere duyarlılığı ve olumlu görüşleri artmaktadır. Aynı zamanda plansız alışveriş alışkanlığının da tüketicileri yeşil ürünlere yönlendirdiği görülmektedir. Tüketicilerin satın alma davranışlarında yeşil reklam uygulamalarını önemsediği ve yeşil (çevre dostu) ürünleri satın alma konusunda bilinçli oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Tüketicinin yeşil reklam yapan işletmelere ve bu ürünlere güven duyduğu görülmüştür.
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Decreasing of natural resources, thinning of ozone layer, increasing environmental problems such as water and air pollution, increasing global environmental problems and searching for solutions have increased the importance of green marketing and green advertising. As marketing has become more customer oriented, advertisements as one of the most important sub functions of marketing to reach the customers began to produce environmentally sensitive messages. Along with customers' raising awareness and concerns regarding environment, businesses have started to realize they they have to act responsibly as one of the members of the society and oriented towards green marketing and advertisement activities. According to the results of our study, it is determined that there is a distinction between customers' attitude towards green advertising and their purchasing styles. Within this context, brand awareness and unplanned Purchase have a positive impact upon customers' attitude toward green advertising. Increasing the amount of customers' brand awareness results in increasing the amount of customers' consciousness of green advertising and green product. Besides the habit of brand awareness also contributes to customers' tendency to green products. It has been determined that consumers care about green advertising practices in their buying behaviors and they are aware of purchasing green (eco-friendly) products. Additionally, it is seen that customers are trusting green products and their management.

The purpose of the study is to examine the influence of green self-identity and global self-identity on green knowledge that leads to green trust and later, purchase intention towards green cosmetics. This study used purposive sampling method to collect data from 400 consumers that met the criteria: those who have used green cosmetics for the last six months. The time horizon for this study is cross-sectional. Structural equation modelling was used to test the hypotheses. The findings show positive effects of green self-identity and global self-identity on green knowledge, green knowledge on green trust as well as green trust towards purchase intention. Results of the study may assist the marketers of green cosmetics to create advertisements that emphasize consumers' green self-identity as well as factors that can increase consumers' knowledge and trust towards green cosmetics. Further research should incorporate other variables to improve the predicting power of the proposed model. This study is among the first to explore two types of identity in the field of green cosmetics.

Author Nguyen Hoai Anh Title Consumer Buying Behaviour Towards Green Packaging in Finland Year 2017 Language English Pages 47 + 9 Appendices Name of Supervisor Peter Smeds The objective of this study was to investigate consumer behaviour in connection with functionality of green packaging. Based on three major functions of conventional package, the aim was to examine how consumer perceives ecological packaging in terms of ability to fulfill its functions. In the first section of thesis, a theoretical review was discussed based on previous studies and researches in term of “green packaging” and “customer behaviour”. The literature review was the background of the following empirical study. After the literature review, the empirical study was executed. A questionnaire was designed based on previous theoretical knowledge, the data collection occurred within ten days among respondents from Vaasa University of Applied Sciences. The online survey was conducted in Finland with 121 particip...

Are there virtues that constitutively involve using certain concepts? Does it make sense to speak of rights or duties to use certain concepts? And do consequentialist approaches to concepts necessarily have to reproduce the difficulties that plague utilitarianism? These are fundamental orientating questions for the emerging field of conceptual ethics, which invites us to reflect critically about which concepts to use. In this article, I map out the ways in which conceptual ethics might take its cue from virtue-ethical, deontological, and consequentialist traditions of ethical thought while also flagging the main challenges facing each approach. I end by sketching how the various dimensions of evaluation singled out by these three traditions might be combined in a single approach.

The general purpose of this study was to examine those service characteristics that impact on customers' etention within the context of micro finance institutions in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. Regression model was used in analyzing the data received from 90 respondents patronizing 13 licensed micro finance banks in the State. Simple percentages were used to analyse the demographic characteristics of micro-finance customers tabulated in a bi-variant frequency table. The paper identifies a number of drivers and inhibitors of retention behaviours and underscored the need for their proper understanding. Pro-active and reactive retention measures were recommended as necessary conditions for improving retention and general business performance among micro finance banks.

Purpose-Proposes a set of strategic options for green brand positioning, based either on functional brand attributes or on emotional benefits. The aim of the study is to test the suggested green positioning strategies against one another, assessing their effect on perceived brand positioning and brand attitude. Design/methodology/approach-A theoretical model of the dimensionality and attitudinal effects of green brand positioning was developed. Both suggested alternatives to green brand positioning, along with a combined functional and emotional strategy, were tested in an experimental online setting. The hypothesized model was tested in the scope of exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Findings-Results indicate an overall positive influence of green brand positioning on brand attitude. Further findings suggest distinct functional and emotional dimensions of green brand positioning with the interaction of both dimensions in the formation of brand attitude. Highest perceptual effects were achieved through a green positioning strategy that combined functional attributes with emotional benefits. Research limitations/implications-The measures used, while providing good reliability and validity, have their limitations, especially in the case of the emotional dimension of green brand associations. Future research should concentrate on the further development of the constructs used in the study, particularly that of the emotional dimension of green brand associations and replicate the study under "real-life" conditions within different product categories and with a representative sample. Practical implications-A well implemented green positioning strategy can lead to a more favourable perception of the brand, giving support to the green marketing approach in general. This study supports significant attitude effects of both functional and emotional green positioning strategies. Thus, brand managers should deliver emotional benefits through the brand, at the same time making sure that target groups perceive real environmental benefits. Originality/value-Although green marketing has been an important research topic for more than three decades, hardly any research has been conducted that focuses specifically on green branding. This paper analyses the dimensionality of green brand positioning, offers green branding insight and suggests strategic tools for brand managers.

Remarkably, the percentage of environmentally friendly practices used in marketing is growing. The understanding of how to use environmentally friendly practices is the primary cause for this high grade. The vast majority of customers have a good understanding of green technology and the beneficial influence that they have on the environment. According to the findings of a recent research, customers' awareness of environmental concerns may be increased via eco-friendly marketing strategies. Consumers in Latvia have placed a considerably greater emphasis on environmentally responsible practices as a means of marketing. Research goal: to identify the factors of green marketing affecting consumer purchase intention in Riga, Latvia.  Research method: a survey. For the purpose of processing the data in the SPSS environment, the following methods were utilized: descriptive statistical analysis, analysis of reliability, analysis of factors, analysis of regression. Main findings: due to...

The study is comparative in nature and focuses on understanding the factors that affect the purchase intention of organic food in three countries: Pakistan, Turkey and Iran. The study also endeavors to explain the role of awareness as a moderating variable in organic food purchase intention. The data employed in this study was collected from Pakistan, Turkey and Iran using a structured questionnaire. A total of 271 responses from Pakistan, 245 responses from Turkey and 220 responses from Iran were obtained and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results of the study vary from country to country, but attitude and health consciousness are found to be better predictor organic food purchase intention. The awareness of consumers moderates positively in the intention to purchase of organic food. The relationship of the subjective norms, perceived behavior control and environment concern with intention to purchase vary across different contexts. Current study establishes the role of awareness in the organic food purchase intention which is found to be missing in the literature. Secondly, the study is comparative in nature and compared the behavior of consumers across Pakistan, Turkey and Iran. Current study also guides the policy makers of these countries to switch to organic farming, which will indeed be beneficial for the environment and health, and also a lucrative business because consumer's intentions coincide. Furthermore, the study provides a clear guideline for the practitioners to have an effective marketing strategy in three different countries by exploring the major motivators of organic food purchase intention in each country.

The present study aimed to test a theoretical model that contemplates the constructs environmental awareness, healthy consumption, consumer, and subjective norms as determinants of organic food repurchase intention. The method applied consisted of a quantitative approach with a descriptive objective and was implemented through a survey, which counted on a convenience non-probabilistic sample of 241 organic food consumers living in Brazil. Data analysis was performed employing multivariate statistics employing Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) that allowed to measure the relations between the constructs through the test of the proposed hypotheses. The main contribution evidenced is that environmental awareness positively and significantly influences healthy consumption. Besides, the results evidenced that environmental awareness positively influences consumer's attitude, healthy consumption significantly influences consumer's attitude, and attitude and subjective norms positively influence repurchase intention in the context of organic food consumption, thus reinforcing signs of healthier and more sustainable consumption behaviors.

يهدف البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على الألعاب الحركية عند قبائل رجال الحجر، ويقع في مقدمة وتمهيد وثلاثة مباحث وخاتمة، مقسمًا على وفق التقسيم الجغرافي للمنطقة (سراة -تهامة - بادية)، وقد حاول البحث جمع هذه الألعاب وإحصائها ودراستها دراسة لغوية متأنية تقوم على المنهجين : الوصفي والمقارن، ووقف على وجود ارتباط لغوي بينها وبين والألعاب العربية القديمة، ولم يكن ارتباطاً مطابقاً بوجه مماثل بل بشكل مقارب، مع ظهور تأثير البيئة المحيطة على هذه الألعاب: على مستوى الأفكار الوجودية الكبرى، ومستوى اللغة، ومستوى العادات الاجتماعية، وكشف البحث عن عددٍ من الأفكار الضمنية التي تنطلق منها هذه الألعاب باعتبارها محركًا فكريًا لها، والتي تشير إلى بعض الرؤى الوجودية ‏لإنسان هذه المنطقة، وطبيعة تعامله مع الكون من حوله تأثرا وتأثيرًا.

In this modern era, societal marketing business ethics and corporate social responsibility has become the guideline for green marketing strategies and practices. Consumer concerns towards the environment are the evidence which steadily increases the ecologically conscious marketplace. Consumers' awareness and attitude on food products which market in green marketing is important in guiding their purchasing intention of environmental friendly food products. The purpose of this research is to determine the moderation of consumer attitude on the relationship of subjective norms and perceived behavioral control and consumer purchase intention towards environmental friendly food products. Simple random sampling was used in this study and 151 respondents were interviewed using structured questionnaires. Descriptive analysis, reliability test and hierarchical multiple regression were used to accomplish the objective of this study. The results indicate that there is evidence to conclude...

The demand for organic food products have increased rapidly in recent years. Among the main factors contributed to the increasing global consumers’ demand towards organic food products are food safety concern, health benefits, better quality, higher nutritional value and environmental concern. Therefore, there is a need to explore consumers’ behaviour towards organic food products. This study attempts to examine the effects of marketing stimuli factors on consumers’ attitudes to purchase organic food in Malaysia. Five key marketing stimuli variables were examined in this study, and they were product attributes, price, availability, sales promotion and marketing communications. This study is based on the results of a survey conducted on a sample of 430 organic food consumers in Malaysia. The structural equation modelling was used for data analysis and six hypotheses were tested. The results showed that three marketing stimuli variables of product attributes, availability and sales pr...

This study seeks to develop an ecological consumption measure based on the Rasch model. At the same time, it also intends to detect contextual conditions that constrain specific food purchases recognized as environmentally significant behaviors. Moreover, it provides information about the environmental impact and consequences of the behaviors that constitute the proposed measure. Questionnaire data from 547 Swiss residents are used to test three classes of contextual conditions: consumer's socioeconomic characteristics, consumer's living circumstances, and store characteristics. With differential performance probabilities as the source of information to detect effective contextual influences on ecological behavior, the findings suggest that ecological consumption is rather susceptible to store and household characteristics but not to socioeconomic features. Furthermore, the conditions under consideration are not uniformly supporting or inhibiting. Instead, they appear to inhibit some behaviors while facilitating others.

Environmental sustainability may be seen as a collective challenge that can only be met if a sufficient number of individuals cooperate. Whether or not individual tourists are willing to contribute their share may thus depend not only on the degree to which they think that environmental sustainability is important (attitudes), but also on the degree to which they think that other tourists hold similar attitudes (social comparison). Other possible influences are beliefs that one's own behaviour can make a difference (self-efficacy beliefs) and that tourists as a group together can make a difference (collective efficacy beliefs). This paper reports on findings from a study ( N = 358) that investigated the role of these factors in explaining people's willingness to pay for environmental protection when travelling. Attitudes, self-efficacy and collective efficacy accounted for 30% of the variance in willingness to pay for environmental protection; social comparison did not expla...

In investigating consumers' intentions to re-purchase organic personal care products (PCP), this study extends the theory of planned behaviour by including perceived value dimensions as the antecedents of attitude in the model. The findings revealed that most of the hypothesised relationships linking the consumer perceived value constructs (namely, health, safety, hedonic and environmental) with attitude towards the rebuying of organic PCP, were supported. Also, better product knowledge about organic PCP would lead to more positive attitudes towards re-purchasing the product. In contrast, social value was not important in predicting attitude. Similarly, the influence of subjective norm on rebuying intention was not supported. In terms of ranking of importance with regards to prediction of re-purchasing intention, attitude was the most important predictor followed by perceived behavioural control, product knowledge, hedonic value, environmental value and safety value.

The second half of the 20th century was characterized by increasing patterns of consumption, along with a decrease in the capacity of the planet to support us. This made societies aware of the necessity to change the economic model towards a more sustainable one. The Government can act as a consumer and, therefore, good practices, policies and recommendations should be applied also to the public sector, acting as a responsible citizen. One of the ways in which the State may behave conscious with the environment is through the so-called Sustainable Public Procurement, SPP (also called green public procurement, green Marketing or sustainable procurement). Sustainable Procurement is a process whereby organizations meet their needs for goods, services, works and utilities in a way that achieves value for money on a whole life basis in terms of generating benefits not only to the organization, but also to society and the economy, whilst minimizing damage to the environment (DEFRA 2006). This article presents some of the strategies carried out until the moment in this regard, as well as different labeling schemes currently available to identify a product or service of low environmental impact.

Pastoralists from 37 beef cattle and sheep properties in western Queensland developed and implemented an environmental management system (EMS) over 18 months. The EMS implemented by them was customised for the pastoral industry as part of a national EMS pilot project, and staff from this project encouraged and assisted pastoralists during this trial. The 31 pastoralists surveyed at the end of the pilot project identified few benefits of EMS implementation, and these were largely associated with environmental management and sustainability. In terms of the reasons for uptake of an EMS, these pastoralists identified drivers similar to those reported in other primary industry sectors. These included improving property and environmental management, financial incentives, a range of market benefits, assistance with red tape issues, access to other training opportunities and assistance and support with the development of their EMS. However, these drivers are weak, and are not motivating pastoralists to adopt an EMS. In contrast, barriers to adoption such as the time involved in developing and implementing EMS are tangible and immediate. Given a lack of effective drivers and that pastoralists are under considerable pressure from ongoing rural adjustment processes, it is not surprising that an EMS is a low priority. It is concluded that widespread uptake and ongoing use of an EMS in the pastoral industry will not occur unless pastoralists are required or rewarded for this by markets, governments, financiers, and regional natural resource management bodies.

This study have exploratory character, aiming to conduct an analysis of the terminology used in the ecomarketing, and the way to approach green-marketing and waste collection activities in Romania. Aside from ecological waste management process and we consider the economic component of sustainable development, supported component of the legal aspects related to the subject. In other words, in this paper we intend to analyze in terms of terminology, legal and environmental policies but the most important aspects of waste management in companies in Romania. The importance of the study is on both the analysis corroborated information relating to waste collection in Romania, and the SWOT analysis performed on the present situation in Romania.

This study seeks to investigate the effect of social media micromarketing on customers' satisfaction in the domestic airline industry in Nigeria. Specifically, the study measured the effect of social media micromarketing on customers' willingness to recommend service to others (word of mouth communication), customers' loyalty and retention and lastly determined if overall customers' satisfaction differ with the type of social media technology. A stratified sample of 391 travelers drawn from two domestic airlines operating in two states (Cross River State and Akwa Ibom State) in the South-South Geographical Zone of Nigeria were used for the study. Three hypotheses were formulated to guide the research and the statistical significance of the variables in the three hypotheses were tested using simple regression analysis and one way analysis of variance. The study revealed significant relationship between social media micromarketing and the customers' satisfaction variables: customers' willingness to recommend service to others, customers' loyalty and retention. It also shows that overall customer's satisfaction differs with the type of social media technology. It was therefore suggested that in order for airlines in Nigeria to benefit maximally from their customer orientation philosophy, their social media platforms should be upgraded to include other technologies that are not currently in operation.

As global competition around the world continues to intensify, firms are seeking strategies that will increase export performance. The purpose of this study is to examine the moderating effect of export involvement on the relationships among marketing capabilities, export performance, and export intensity. The main study was conducted by a questionnaire using the Saudi Arabia export ventures as the sampling frame. Data was analyzed with LISREL to test the moderating effect of export involvement. This study found that export involvement moderates the relationships among marketing capabilities, export performance, and export intensity. Product and distribution capabilities show a significant direct effect on export performance for the low involvement exporters. For the high involvement exporters, the promotion and distribution capabilities have a significant effect on export performance. The impact of the three marketing capabilities on export performance is moderated by export involvement. Depending on the level of export involvement, firms should selectively target different marketing capabilities to improve export performance. This paper fills the gap in our understanding of the differential impact of various marketing capabilities on export performance for firms in different levels of export involvement.

Despite their increasing practical and theoretical significance in a globalizing world, marketing capabilities in an international context and their inter-organizational dispersion remain in the shadow of research. Specifically, the usefulness of direct effects of capabilities and their dispersed organization on certain strategies and firm performance is unclear. Drawing on the Dynamic Capability framework, this study investigates boundary conditions that guide the management of capabilities dispersion and its effects on strategic actions and performance. Employing survey data from a sample of firms, findings show that dispersed capabilities are advantageous due to their ability to help firms accomplish key performance objectives indirectly through developing ability to manage overseas elements (adaptation strategy). Furthermore, firms' decisions regarding dispersing capabilities are contingent where market dynamism and coordination moderate the dispersion-adaptation link. The study deepens knowledge on additional ramifications of marketing capabilities, provides new lenses to view marketing dispersion, and offers guidance to managers.

Food communication is the main way for businesses to inform customers and guide purchasing behaviour. However, the value consumers perceive from such information remains unclear, and a complete understanding of the food information behaviour is still missing. For this reason, this paper outlines the results of a systematic literature review to identify, evaluate and synthesize the scientific food information behaviour domain according to the perceived value for consumers. The analysis shows that the current scientific literature is essentially centred on studying consumers and their behaviour in the food consumption process. Still, it lacks studies about the impact of the information on the overall perceived value of consumer food experience. The emergence and diffusion of personalized information services make this kind of study particularly suitable. In light of the fast pace of widespread technological evolution in the food sector, this issue represents a topic to be addressed in...

Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) address environmental risks in supply chains and certification of environmental claims. Governments supporting EMSs have encouraged producers to respond to anticipated consumer environmental concerns. Attempts at implementing EMSs have rarely been in direct response to market demand but are usually farmer organisation driven-to forestall increased regulation. In Australia, consumer demand for foods produced to environmentally sustainable standards is minimal because consumers don't believe these products offer special benefits. EMS implementation is expensive and onerous; and the products require a market premium. Food consumers have difficulty differentiating the terms organic, environmentallyfriendly, and sustainably-produced in food labelling.

Постановка проблеми. Останніми десятиріччями людство особливу увагу приділяє пошуку шляхів досягнення стійкого розвитку, узгодження якості життя з можливостями навколишнього середовища. Неналежне розуміння природи, ігнорування потреб раціонального природокористування, пріоритет економічних інтересів перед екологічними призвели до виникнення реальної загрози існуванню людства. Розвиток людської цивілізації супроводжується локальними та глобальними екологічними кризами антропогенного походження. Зусилля, які докладаються сьогодні з метою забезпечення прогресу людства, задоволення людських потреб і реалізації людських устремлінь, очевидно, є нереальними у довгостроковій перспективі, оскільки базуються на надмірній експлуатації ресурсів довкілля. Динаміка глобальних процесів свідчить, що перед Україною гостро стоїть проблема пошуку адекватних відповідей на нові виклики на основі екологічної модернізації економіки, пов'язаної з переходом від експортно-сировинної до інноваційної моделі розвитку. Така модернізація повинна стати загальнонаціональною стратегією, вона має передбачати удосконалення економічних, політичних і соціальних механізмів суспільного розвитку, засвоєння передових для певного історичного періоду індустріальних та інформаційних технологій, економічних форм, супутніх їм соціальних і політичних інститутів. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Оцінці негативних наслідків антропогенного впливу присвячені дослідження В. Доскіч [3], передумови природоохоронної стагнації в Україні висвітлено у працях К. Демченко [2], необхідність розвитку екологічно чистих технологій та переходу до нової філософії виробництва обґрунтовуються І. Гусєвою [1], складність та неоднозначність процесу екологізації виробництва досліджувалися В. Семиноженком, П. Канилом, В. Остапчуком, О. Ровенським [9], історичні аспекти екологічної трансформації розкрито в працях К. Маци [5], сучасні тенденції екологізації виробництва проаналізовано В. Ісправніковим [4], необхідність досягнення відповідності вітчизняного виробництва світовим екологічним стандартам обґрунтовано М. Мащенко [6], принципи побудови та реалізації ефективної національної програми екологізації виробництва узагальнено О. Шкарупою [11]. Ці та інші дослідження свідчать про усвідомлення вітчизняними дослідниками проблем екологізації виробництва в Україні, необхідність пошуку оптимальних шляхів екологічної модернізації виробництва в державі. Постановка завдання. Метою дослідження стали дослідження передумов екологізації виробництва в Україні та обґрунтування механізму реалізації ефективної екологічної модернізації.

Pro-environmental behaviour (PEB) helps individuals to minimize the negative effects of their actions on the environment; for example, by recycling and reducing energy consumption. This study aimed to explore consumers’ attitudes and trust in energy-efficient household appliances and their environmental and eco-label knowledge to determine how these may affect pro-environmental behaviour (PEB). In addition, the study examined the mediating effects of attitude and green trust on the proposed frameworks of environmental and eco-label knowledge in relation to consumer pro-environmental behaviour. PLS-SEM (Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modelling) was applied to a study from Bangladesh to examine hypotheses proposed from the data generated by 1510 valid respondents relating to their experiences of using household energy-efficient products. The results showed that environmental knowledge, eco-label knowledge, attitude, and green trust all significantly correlated with consumer...

Does consumers' consumption of green products represent a method of satisfying their need for uniqueness? Does it enhance their self-image? In order to answer these questions, the present study attempts to understand how personal-level factors (such as the need for uniqueness) and product-level factors (such as self-expressive benefits) drive customers to go green. Survey-based data were collected from 247 customers in Bangladesh and 132 customers in Peru during 2017-2018. A hierarchical linear regression analysis was employed to test the proposed hypotheses. The results of this study highlight the important role played by the need for uniqueness as a major driver of green behavior among customers in both countries. Furthermore, self-expressive benefits were found to represent another reason on the part of customers in both Peru and Bangladesh for buying green products. This study hence contributes to the current literature by strengthening existing knowledge of the drivers of pro-environmental purchasing behavior in developing countries.

Bu araştırma, yeşil reklamlara yönelik tutumların çevresel duyarlılığı etkileyip etkilemediğini ortaya çıkartmak ve bu etki üzerinde önemli olarak düşünülen çevresel kaygı faktörünün de aracılık rolü olup olmadığını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada 360 kişiden yüz yüze anket yöntemiyle veriler toplanmıştır. Ankette 5'li Likert ölçeğiyle oluşturulmuş biri yeşil reklamlarla ilgili diğeri çevresel duyarlılık ve çevresel kaygı ile ilgili iki farklı ölçeğe ve cevaplayıcılarla ilgili demografik sorulara yer verilmiştir. Araştırma sonucuna göre, çevresel duyarlılıkla yeşil reklamlara yönelik olumlu tutumlar arasında aynı yönlü bir ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda, yeşil reklamlara yönelik olumlu tutumların çevresel duyarlılığı etkilediği ve yeşil reklamlara yönelik tutumlar ile çevresel duyarlılık arasındaki ilişkide çevresel kaygının aracılık rolü olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yeşil reklamlara yönelik olumlu tutum sergileyen tüketicilerin çevreye daha duyarlı oldukları ve bu duyarlılıkta da çevresel kaygının etkisi olduğundan söz edilebilir. İşletmelerin yeşil reklam sunumlarında bu etkiyi göz önünde bulundurarak ürüne ve reklama yönelik pozitif tutum oluşturacak stratejiler belirlemeleri yararlarına olacaktır.

The present study integrates the extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model and stimulus-organism-response (S-OR) framework to test the serial mediation effect of green satisfaction and green trust between green perceived quality and green purchase intention. Data was collected, from professionals in the field of information technology (IT) who use green energy efficient products, using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was circulated among 540 members of the target population and 469 usable responses were obtained. The results of partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) showed that green satisfaction and green trust serially mediate the relationship between green perceived quality and green purchase intentions. The implications, limitations and scope for future work are discussed in the present paper.

Food communication is the main way for businesses to inform customers and guide purchasing behaviour. However, the value consumers perceive from such information remains unclear, and a complete understanding of the food information behaviour is still missing. For this reason, this paper outlines the results of a systematic literature review to identify, evaluate and synthesize the scientific food information behaviour domain according to the perceived value for consumers. The analysis shows that the current scientific literature is essentially centred on studying consumers and their behaviour in the food consumption process. Still, it lacks studies about the impact of the information on the overall perceived value of consumer food experience. The emergence and diffusion of personalized information services make this kind of study particularly suitable. In light of the fast pace of widespread technological evolution in the food sector, this issue represents a topic to be addressed in...

The intention to purchase green products is the tendency of a person who prefers to purchase a product with optimal environmental characteristics rather than usual products. Nowadays, the environment is very important and maintaining it is a vital issue for all groups of people, whether in the customer's position or in the distributor's position. However, in spite of the increased environmental awareness among consumers and encouragements made by producers for them to buy green products, we require further investigation in this area in order to increase green purchasing among different group of people. The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of the environmental attitude on the decision to purchase a green product with the mediating role of environmental concerns and care for green products. This research is an applied research, and correlational-descriptive in terms of data analysis. The research population includes consumers from Bushehr city, sampled based on availability. In this research, 300 questionnaires were distributed among consumers. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The findings of this research showed that the environmental attitude of customers has significant and positive impact on caring for green products and environmental concerns. In addition, environmental concerns and care for green products have a significant and positive impact on green purchasing decision.

Purpose: The concern for climate change and global warming is increasing at global level which results in stimulating the interest of firms toward environmental protection and sustainable development. Many firms have started developing green products to meet the demand of environmentally conscious consumers. These firms are now interested in finding the determinants of environmentally conscious consumers' behaviour in order to develop effective marketing strategy to ensure the green purchase commitments. Methodology: Demographic factors, psychographic factors, environmental awareness, environmental concern, price & quality of the green products, Perceived Consumer Effectiveness (PCE), environmental attitude, information, promotional activity, and availability, are major factors in motivating one's behavioural change to engage in environmental behaviour. These factors have been tested in the past, but they have never been tested together in the context of green purchase behaviour of consumers in Central India. Therefore, this paper reviews the conceptual and empirical literatures of the abovementioned variables in explaining the green purchase behaviour. To indentify the factors which influence the consumer purchase behaviour for green products, factor analysis has been used. Data Collection: And convenient sampling method was used to collect the data from the five major cities of Madhya Pradesh. Over 650 questionnaires were circulated out of which a total of 390 questionnaires were considered for the final research purpose with 5 % error of margin and 5 % level of significance. Finding:

Our study of 134 North American and European ski resorts examines the infl uence of externally focused organizational capabilities on the generation of proactive environmental strategies under contingent effects of uncertainty in the general business environment. We fi nd that the capabilities of strategic proactivity and continuous innovation are associated with proactive environmental strategies. Managerial perceptions of uncertainty in the general business environment moderate the deployment of the capability of continuous innovation at all levels of uncertainty and stakeholder engagement at low and average levels of uncertainty. The study contributes to the resource-based view (RBV) by illuminating an important contingency under which capabilities are likely to be deployed to generate a proactive corporate strategy.

Теорія і меТодика фізичного виховання і спорТу Науково-теоретичний журнал вступ. Олімпійський спорт-наймасштабніше явище сучасної епохи, що об'єднує представників понад 200 країн світового суспільства навколо ідей олімпізму. Олімпійський рух давно вийшов за межі інтересів певної групи людей та організацій, зацікавлених лише в його розвитку. Його учасниками є різні категорії осіб, роль та інтереси яких в системі олімпійського спорту різні [1, 8]. Популярність олімпійського руху викликає глибокий інтерес до історії та сучасності Олімпійських ігор, до досягнень спортсменів та їхніх біографій, до олімпійських видів спорту та результатів суперництва команд країн у неофіційному медальному заліку, до різного роду проблем олімпійського спорту, бажання особисто долучитися до спортивних занять і змагань [5, 10, 17]. Не можна не бачити того, що інтенсивна комерціалізація, політизація та професіоналізація олімпійського спорту, залучення до нього впливових політичних сил і представників ділових кіл найсерйознішим чином позначилися на його можливостях. різко зросла активність засобів масової інформації у висвітленні подій, пов'язаних з Олімпійськими іграми, глядацька аудиторія розширилася до розмірів, недосяжних у будь-якій іншій сфері людської діяльності. Величезний інтерес до Олімпійських ігор сприяв зростанню фінансових можливостей олімпійського спорту. Ігри стали потужним стимулом для розвитку олімпійських видів спорту та підвищення рухової активності різних груп населення [3, 5, 15]. Звичайно, усе сказане говорить, що створено умови для розширен-історія, психологія, право, соціологія і філософія у сфері фізичного виховання і спорту олімпійський спорт у системі гуманітарної освіти (український досвід)

يهدف البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على الألعاب الحركية عند قبائل رجال الحجر، ويقع في مقدمة وتمهيد وثلاثة مباحث وخاتمة، مقسمًا على وفق التقسيم الجغرافي للمنطقة (سراة -تهامة - بادية)، وقد حاول البحث جمع هذه الألعاب وإحصائها ودراستها دراسة لغوية متأنية تقوم على المنهجين : الوصفي والمقارن، ووقف على وجود ارتباط لغوي بينها وبين والألعاب العربية القديمة، ولم يكن ارتباطاً مطابقاً بوجه مماثل بل بشكل مقارب، مع ظهور تأثير البيئة المحيطة على هذه الألعاب: على مستوى الأفكار الوجودية الكبرى، ومستوى اللغة، ومستوى العادات الاجتماعية، وكشف البحث عن عددٍ من الأفكار الضمنية التي تنطلق منها هذه الألعاب باعتبارها محركًا فكريًا لها، والتي تشير إلى بعض الرؤى الوجودية ‏لإنسان هذه المنطقة، وطبيعة تعامله مع الكون من حوله تأثرا وتأثيرًا.

Sustainability has become an important driver in defining business strategies, affecting most critical corporate functions and changing the way in which value is created, communicated, and distributed. This is increasingly impacting marketing practices, in particular, through promoting the development of sustainable marketing in the food sector. In line with this, our study aimed to investigate if and how sustainable marketing practices affect consumer loyalty to a specific brand. To answer our research questions, we relied on the results of a survey submitted to a sample of 907 Italian consumers of biscuits. Results showed that the consumers’ attention to sustainable issues (in the absence of adequate information that can guide them in choosing a brand) did not result in brand loyalty. The same outcome was found when consumers were overloaded by marketing campaigns, which had the effect of confusing users and making them unfaithful. Ultimately, when consumers showed both engagement...