Environmental Justice (Sustainability)

In an era of accelerating globalization, interdependence has become the defining characteristic of international relations, shaping economic structures, social mobility, political systems, cultural identities, environmental policies, and security frameworks. This paper critically examines the interwoven realities of global interdependence, exploring its economic, social, political, cultural, ecological, and security dimensions. While interdependence fosters trade, technological advancements, and cross-cultural dialogue, it also exacerbates inequality, geopolitical tensions, environmental degradation, and security vulnerabilities. The paper ultimately argues that global interdependence is neither inherently beneficial nor harmful-it is a structural reality that requires ethical, political, and institutional frameworks to ensure just and sustainable coexistence. It calls for rethinking governance, economic models, and security strategies to move beyond reactive policies toward a deliberate, equitable, and cooperative approach to interdependence. The future of global relations depends not on whether interdependence will persist but on how societies choose to navigate its challenges and opportunities.

Capítulo del libro colectivo "Diez años construyendo ciudadanía en movimiento(s). El 15M y otras luchas hermanas", coordinado por Adriana Razquin y Gomer Betancor. Manresa: Bellaterra Edicions, 2021.
El capítulo analiza los movimientos sociales en América Latina y el Caribe que resisten al extractivismo y sus impactos, enmarcándolos en una lucha histórica por redefinir el desarrollo. El texto da cuenta también de cómo estos movimientos señalan los fracasos y promesas incumplidas del desarrollo y proponen alternativas de bienestar basadas en sus propias necesidades y cosmovisiones.

In this article, we scrutinise the concept of sustainable development in the context of the philosophy of education by analysing three historically significant educational-philosophical traditions: the Enlightenment, critical theory, and pragmatism. Our aim is to open a conceptual space for the definition of development, where the direction of development is not taken as inevitable but as something on which humans can have a deliberate impact. We start by discussing the mainstream definitions of sustainable development and related education alongside some of their philosophical critiques from environmental philosophy and deep ecology. We then demonstrate how the idea of education for sustainable development is strongly connected to the educational and philosophical ideals of the Enlightenment. We argue that some educational dimensions of the Enlightenment should remain at the centre of our educational endeavours. However, using critical theory and pragmatism, we The authors made equal contributions in writing this article.

As the world moves toward a sustainable energy future, the energy transition presents a critical opportunity to address existing divides, including income inequality and gender disparities. This primer emphasizes the importance of gender equality in shaping an inclusive transition, highlighting the need for diverse identities to actively participate in and benefit from the shift toward sustainable energy.

Resumen | A partir de la ecología política, este artículo analiza los conflictos socioambientales que se desprenden de la disociación de la dialéctica sociedad-naturaleza y de la comprensión dualista y jerárquica urbano-rural. La investigación se sitúa en Bogotá en la vereda Pasquillita, cuyo territorio se ve afectado por el botadero de basura Doña Juana y por la expansión urbana. Se usan dos estrategias de investigación: (i) el estudio de las condiciones histórico-materiales de las injusticias que atraviesan estos territorios con la estimación de un índice de justicia socioambiental para describir la configuración de geografías de sacrificio; y (ii) la documentación y sistematización de experiencias, saberes y prácticas que emergen desde los procesos locales de autorreconocimiento y reexistencia campesina para evidenciar los procesos que constituyen geografías de la esperanza. La estimación del índice de justicia socioambiental permite evidenciar las desigualdades en la distribución de condiciones socioeconómicas y ecológicas entre las zonas rural y urbana. Por su parte, la documentación y sistematización de experiencias da cuenta de novedosas estrategias de acción colectiva de comunidades heterogéneas e identidades híbridas, que confluyen en propuestas alternativas de ser y habitar, arraigadas en la recuperación de las sabidurías de la tierra y de las tradiciones campesinas. Para ilustrar esto, se trabajó con la asociación campesina Asopasquillita, la cual tiene como propósito curar y cuidar el territorio. De esta manera, emerge la propuesta de territorios sabios en la ecología de saberes como criterio de justicia socioambiental. Con esto, se aporta al campo de conocimiento de la intersección entre la geografía crítica, los estudios rurales y los estudios de justicia ambiental, desde ontologías relacionales y en perspectiva decolonial y ecofeminista.
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Abstract | This article examines socio-environmental conflicts through the lens of political ecology, focusing on the disconnection within the society-nature dialectic and the dualistic, hierarchical understanding of urban-rural dynamics. The study is set in Bogotá, specifically in the Pasquillita village, a territory affected by the Doña Juana landfill and urban expansion. Two research strategies are used: first, an analysis of the historical and material injustices shaping these territories, using a socio-environmental justice index to highlight the inequalities that form sacrifice geographies; and second, the documentation and systematization of local experiences, knowledge, and practices arising from processes of self-recognition and peasant resilience to identify the creation of geographies of hope. The socio-environmental justice index reveals significant disparities in the distribution of socio-economic and ecological conditions between rural and urban areas, while the documentation of experiences showcases innovative strategies of collective action by diverse communities with hybrid identities, who propose alternative ways of living and being rooted in the recovery of ancestral knowledge and peasant traditions. This is illustrated through work with the Asopasquillita peasant association, which is committed to healing and caring for the land. From this emerges the concept of wise territories as part of an ecology of knowledge, serving as a guiding principle for socio-environmental justice. This research contributes to critical geography, rural studies, and environmental justice by incorporating relational ontologies and a decolonial and ecofeminist perspective.

Over the past few decades, it has become more and more evident that the growing pressure on natural ecosystems may have detrimental short-and long-term repercussions on humanity. Consequently, this has prompted a reevaluation of innovation's place in the framework of sustainable development. Thus, the objective of this chapter centered on how social innovation can be used to attain environmental sustainability within the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The authors discuss social innovation in terms of its origins, concept and main element. They delve into environmental components and contemporary environmental issues; and with the alignment of social innovations with environmental sustainability. Conclusively, it was opined that global society must both draw inspiration from and collaborate with natural systems in order to address the enormous and frequently existential environmental difficulties. In light of this, a socio-ecological transition is suggested as the foundation for future sustainable communities and development

The author identifies as a mixed-race Chicana teacher/educator, bridging ecology, culture, and learning situated within an early learning center on a university campus. This inquiry integrates Gloria Anzaldúa’s autohistoria teoría/autobiographical theory and documents (1) the social construction of a gender-fluid persona doll named “Logan” during a focus group with REMIDA Reggio-inspired educators, (2) a (dis)rupture that took place after engaging the persona doll to introduce the term “transgender” during a preschool circle time, and (3) lessons learned to move early childhood education for social sustainability forward. During this disrupture in our learning community, the question of whether or not to discard Logan’s (gender non-binary) identity emerged. Logan’s story is one of curricular innovation in the examination of topics and concepts of ecological sustainability, equity-based pedagogy, and creative reuse through the construction and use of persona dolls. The dolls themselv...

2. A dimensão ambiental dos conflitos urbanos Os debates acadêmicos sobre a "questão ambiental" têm apresentado avanços significativos nos últimos anos. Inúmeros trabalhos foram e estão sendo desenvolvidos com o objetivo de problematizar as concepções hegemônicas de meio ambiente e sustentabilidade, que apresentam uma razão utilitária para o ambiente, apresentando-o como uno, intocável, composto apenas de recursos materiais e, quando mal manejado, passível de ofertar riscos democraticamente (ACSELRAD, 2010). Com o aporte das noções de justiça ambiental 1 e conflito ambiental busca-se uma ressignificação da questão ambiental, de modo a fazer compreender que os sujeitos das classes, grupos e comunidades subalternos são majoritariamente vítimas de desigualdades ambientais e da despossessão de recursos ambientais, em razão da quantidade reduzida de capitais (econômico, cultural e simbólico) que acumulam (BOURDIEU, 2010). Ainda que essa abordagem crítica das questões ambientais venha ganhando espaço no campo das ciências sociais, alguns temas apresentam "hiatos" que merecem ser trabalhados. Tendo em vista os debates encerrados no âmbito das últimas edições dos congressos da Sociedade Brasileira de Sociologia (SBS) e da Associação Nacional de Pósgraduação e Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais (ANPOCS) observa-se que a maioria dos trabalhos que recorre aos conceitos de justiça ambiental e conflito ambiental tem como objeto de estudo territórios habitados por comunidades tradicionais (pescadores artesanais, indígenas, quilombolas etc.) e ambientes rurais (CARNEIRO, 2009). Poucas pesquisas se

A transition to a more equitable and sustainable economy must address the needs and concerns of informal workers, especially women, minorities and migrants who have been historically marginalized and excluded from previous social contracts. This issue brief looks at how the universality and indivisibility of human rights can provide a framework for including all workers equitably in a new eco-social contract for a more just and sustainable post-Covid-19 world.

Recibido el 22 de febrero de 2012 y aprobado el 28 de septiembre de 2012 RESUMEN En el siguiente artículo se muestran, a través de una línea cronológica, los tratados y las declaraciones internacionales más relevantes que tratan sobre la Educación Ambiental. Así, se inicia con la Declaración de Estocolmo de 1972 y se termina con la Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible, enmarcado como plan de la UNESCO 2005-2014. Además de ello, este artículo tiene la intención de proveer herramientas para el análisis de tales declaraciones tanto a través de su contextualización como a través de su conceptualización. A larga, este artículo imprime una mirada crítica que se basa en demostrar la imposibilidad del cumplimiento de tales políticas y las contradicciones estructurales de tales discursos.

Indigenous peoples’ consent has an important relationship with the speed of progress toward stopping the climate change crises. Certain dimensions of “climate crises” are perhaps instead “consent crises.” Recognizing that there are “consent crises,” as opposed to  simply “climate crises,” bears important lessons about what types of climate action can  expeditiously stop the most dangerous impacts of climate change.
Before moving on to make this point, I’d like to just take a pause and write about my intended
meanings of Indigenous peoples, climate action, and consent

This article presents a comparative institutional analysis of the implementation of the Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standard, of Verra, for a REDD+ offset Project in the Brazilian Amazon and the results from Environmental Justice (EJ). Based on the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework, the article identifies interactions between political arenas and formal and informal rules in the results of EJ following the case study of a REDD+ offset Project. The article points to the importance of the operational local arena and the institutional work of local players in the results of REDD+ offset Projects regarding EJ aspects.

Este artigo apresenta a análise institucional comparada na implementação do padrão Clima, Comunidade e Biodiversidade, da Verra, para um Projeto de REDD+ offset na Amazônia brasileira e os resultados derivados da justiça ambiental (JA). A partir do Institutional Analysis and Development Framework, o artigo identifica interação entre arenas e regras formais e informais nos resultados da JA seguindo o estudo de caso de um Projeto de REDD+ offset. O artigo aponta para a importância da arena operacional e do trabalho institucional dos atores locais nos resultados dos Projetos de REDD+ offset quanto aos aspectos da JA.

Mining is a major economic activity in many developing countries. In South Africa, gold mining has played a significant role in the development and sustenance of the country's economy, with both positive and negative consequences. In gold mining areas, tailings dams and mine dumps are significant sources of ambient dust, known to be a nuisance, and health risk, to communities living near them and who must find appropriate coping mechanisms to protect themselves. A qualitative study based on five focus groups with sixty-two participants of different ages and sex was carried out in the Witwatersrand mining district of South Africa. All focus groups agreed that they had noticed dust in the air where they live, stating that the dust came largely from mine dumps but also from other sources. They agreed that the dust causes, among others, health problems, and both short-term and long-term coping mechanisms for protecting themselves against excess dust were mentioned yet considered ina...

This paper represents Youth's involvement in land-based learning in Indigenous culture camps (LLICP) in a powerful and innovative approach to addressing the pressing global issue of climate change. Following Indigenist and relational approaches, we (Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth and educators) explore the critical aspects of this initiative, highlighting its significance and potential impact. Indigenous communities have long held a deep connection with the land and possess traditional knowledge that is invaluable in combating climate change. The LLICP initiative involves organizing cultural camps designed for youth from diverse backgrounds to learn from Indigenous elders and community leaders about the vital relationship between the environment and Indigenous cultures. The LLICP provides a unique opportunity for young people to engage with Indigenous wisdom, traditional practices, and land-based teachings. Through Indigenous elders and knowledge-keepers guidelines, we learned a holistic understanding of sustainable living, biodiversity conservation, and the importance of preserving ecosystems. Our learning helped us, particularly our youths, to become proactive stewards of the environment and advocates for climate action. The LLICP fosters cross-cultural understanding and collaboration, encouraging a sense of unity among youths. The LLICP inspires innovative solutions to climate-related challenges and empowers youth to take leadership roles in their communities, advocating for sustainable policies and practices. The LLICP offers a powerful means of engaging young people in the fight against climate change while respecting and honoring Indigenous knowledge and heritage. It is a promising step towards a more sustainable and resilient future for all.

La Educación Ambiental (EA) ha tenido un auge significativo, se trata de una respuesta hacia la necesidad de un cambio social estructural. Sus fundamentos se encuentran tanto en las normas internacionales como locales, y su desarrollo conceptual ha sido amplio y complejo. El objetivo del presente artículo es explorar algunos elementos normativos y conceptuales que fundamentan la EA, así como la adopción de la misma en términos curriculares en Colombia. El método empleado se circunscribe en el análisis documental, razón por la que se abordó una amplia información de la cual se realizaron inferencias de acuerdo al propósito del artículo. Dentro de los resultados, se encontró que la EA ha sido asumida conforme a las características de cada periodo histórico, en especial, del siglo inmediatamente pasado con un gran cúmulo de normas internacionales y nacionales, y que su implementación desde la escuela debe corresponder a una reflexión conjunta y colectiva de todos los actores escolares, tanto en su diseño como implementación. Cualquier enfoque de la educación ambiental resulta válido siempre que corresponda a los objetivos trazados por la escuela en coherencia con las necesidades y problemáticas locales, aquellas de las que son parte los educandos. Se concluye que las normas internacionales y locales en materia de educación ambiental son evidencia de la trascendencia que tiene la protección del medio ambiente y que los enfoques desarrollados desde el terreno conceptual posibiliten el cambio siempre que se integren elementos tanto críticos como cognitivos o socio-cognitivos. PALABRAS CLAVE Educación ambiental, desarrollo conceptual, contexto colombiano. CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN THE COLOMBIAN CONTEXT ABSTRACT Environmental Education (EE) has had a significant growth as a response to the need for structural social change. Its foundations are found in both international and local standards, and its conceptual development has been extensive and complex. The aim of this article is to explore some statutory and conceptual elements underpinning EE, and its adoption in curricular terms in Colombia. The method used is limited to documentary analysis reason why a wide range of information was addressed from which inferences were made according to the purpose of the article. Among the results, it was found that EE has been taken according to the characteristics of each historical period, particularly since the 70's in the twentieth century with a wealth of international and national standards, and that its implementation from school should respond to a joint and collective reflection of all school actors, both in its design and implementation. Any

Diálogo sostenido con ChatGPT y AI ChatBot sobre la Crisis Climática y su posible solución. El diálogo muestra las oportunidades y caminos propuestos por la IA para dar con los mecanismos posibles de solución y mis empeños por buscar nuevas vías, menos ortodojas, para estos propósitos.

Years of community-driven research and participatory action have shed an important light on the copious negative health issues burdening communities adjacent to industrial agriculture. Rural communities in Wisconsin and Delaware have helped us in establishing an emerging source of pollution toward environmental justice communities-biogas. Biogas is being falsely marketed as a renewable energy solution to solve the problems of an already polluting industry, Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (''CAFOs''). This greenwashing is problematic for many reasons and is in itself an environmental justice issue. The production of biomethane from manure-to-energy projects, such as manure digesters, is hazardous to local communities, locks farmers into more debt, and perpetuates the expansion of our current harmful agriculture practices, while increasing fossil fuel infrastructure by entrenching CAFOs with pipelines for the gas that is produced. In this article, we breakdown why biogas is not sustainable, how manure-to-energy projects perpetuate environmental injustices, examine current state policies on manure-to-energy projects, and how policy can be improved to protect frontline communities and farmers.

Kitabın ana bölümleri birbirinden bağımsız okunabileceği
gibi sürekliliğin korunduğu, belirli bir yorum altında
çalışılmıştır. Kitabın ilk bölümünde felsefe geleneği-adalet
ilişkisini yeniden kurmak için uygun olabilecek iç tartışmalara
sahip oldukça güncel ve çağdaş bir konu “Çevresel Adalet”
soru haline getirmeye çalışılır. “Vatandaşlık” bölümünde ise
hem bir yöntem tartışması hem de konuyla ilgili seçilmiş
Antik Yunan felsefe metinlerinde yurttaşlığın nasıl ele
alındığını ortaya koymaya çalışılır. “Aidiyet ve Özcülük”
bölümünde ise önceki bölümler ilişkilendirilir ve tartışmaya
yol açabilecek pozisyonlar önerilir.

This chapter examines Indigenous environmental justice issues through the lens of consent. In it, I seek to show why environmental injustices against Indigenous peoples are problems of consent. I compare the current situation of consent today with Indigenous traditions that privilege consent in terms of how a society is organized. Part of colonialism in contexts like the U.S. and Canada has been the reorganizing of societies in North America to undermine Indigenous consent. The dismantling of traditions of consent is one way to understand how colonialism attacks self-determination. Although the U.S. is a unique context, many of the consent issues in relation to environmental justice arise in other contexts around the world. Readers should come away from this chapter with a good sense of why consent matters in relation to injustice, and why affirming consent is a strategy for achieving environmental justice for the sake of future generations.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

thank you all. Kira Allen contributed key insights for the dynamic balancing of the EwE model. Kaitlynn Ritchie contributed Figures 1 and 7. Thanks to Suzanne Bricker for providing information on nitrogen sequestration rates by oysters in the Choptank River system that enabled the development of a plausible range of economic values associated with oyster-related nutrient reduction. Thanks also to Lisa Wainger, Elizabeth North, and Chris Hayes, who provided helpful contacts for the watermen's community of the Choptank region. Joe Buszowski and Jeroen Steenbeek of the Ecopath Research and Development Consortium provided essential support to address bug fixes to enable the full capabilities of Ecosim. We thank all the watermen who participated in this effort; each of you contributed invaluable information to make the results of our project realistic. Individuals who agreed to be recognized publicly are:

This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2014 Journal of International Women's Studies.

This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2014 Journal of International Women's Studies.

Quando pensamos nas mudanças que o Brasil está atravessando ao longo deste século XXI não podemos deixar de referirmo-nos às nossas cidades. Somos um país urbano, no qual a grande maioria da população já é urbana. E a despeito de algumas análises que apontam que somos "menos urbanos" do que parecemos, a sociedade urbana no Brasil já não é somente uma realidade "virtual" e sim uma reali-somente uma realidade "virtual" e sim uma realidade concreta com seus dilemas, suas contradições e suas mazelas, bem como com suas virtudes e possibilidades de pensar a construção de uma nação desenvolvida com equidade, preservando a diversidade. É do urbano, cada vez mais onipresente, que os padrões de comportamento, de consumo e dos modos de vida, enfim, se irradiam e difundem por todo o território nacional. Este livro, que aborda a realidade urbana da Região dos Vales do Rio Grande do Sul, demonstra uma das faces do processo de urbanização brasileiro e do atual processo de produção das cidades no país. As intensas transformações em nosso país, no último decênio, geraram importantes impactos nas nossas estruturas políticas, econômicas, sociais, culturais e, por conseguinte, espaciais e territoriais. Entre essas mudanças temos a grande transformação que afetou as nossas cidades, as cidades brasileiras.

In this article I situate the 2014 Mount Polley Mine disaster within centuries-long relations of colonial-modernity in the region currently known as British Columbia, Canada. Guided by the work of Gilmore and Moten, I argue that repairing colonial systems of mass disruption and death requires attending to the logics that enable and normalize these systems of violence. To support this argument, I turn to British Columbia's early settler colonial history-a violent and destructive history forged through mining-and outline large-scale socio-ecological violence that occurred throughout this period. By turning to this history, I show how these disruptions are connected to the Mount Polley Mine disaster through ongoing and pervasive logics that enable, and often even celebrate, these processes of violence and disruption.

ABSTRACT: Physical activity is connected with adults’ health in many ways, and walking is the most popular form of physical activity among adults all over the world. The authors have previously studied this issue in an under-construction environment in a new town in a developing country. The present study investigates the impact of built environmental features and qualities on walkability in developed areas in relatively well-to do neighborhoods in a city (Shiraz). The 34 effective variables of the built environment on walkability are extracted from the literature. Built environmental features and residents’ transport and recreation walking were gathered through perceived manner. Factor analysis was, then, run for the measured built environment features, from which 8 factors were extracted. They were interpreted in terms of related variables. This study reveals that the only qualities that have significant effect on recreation walkability are comfort and attraction, safety, aestheti...

This book centers Indigenous knowledge and practice in community-led climate change solutions. This book will be one of the first academic books to use the consciousness framework to examine and explain humans' situatedness and role in maintaining ecosystems' health. Drawing on teachings from the Indigenous Adi-Shaiva community, the authors present up-to-date research on meanings and implications of South Asian traditional cosmic knowledge, which focuses on relationality and spirituality connected to climate change. This knowledge can create innovative climate change solutions in areas including land, water, traditional management, sustainability goals and expectations, and state development projects. Overall, this book provides an innovative framework for nonviolent climate solutions, which has its foundations in a traditional cosmic and consciousness-based context. This book, which aims to bridge the gap between Indigenous and Western perspectives by re-educating researchers and decolonizing popular climate change solutions, will be of great interest to students and scholars studying climate change, conservation, environmental anthropology, and Indigenous studies on a broader scale.

3.2 Research Population 3.3 Sample techniques 3.4 Instrument for data collection 3.6 Validity of the instrument 3.7 Data Analysis CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 Analysis of data 4.1 research question 1 4.2 Research of 1uesiton 2 4.3 Research of question 3 4.4 Research of question 4 4.5 Discussion CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Conclusion and recommendation 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 recommendation ABSTRACT Domestic waste disposal is any material from both plants and Animals which cannot be recycled back into the environments or int the market for any future utilization. The domestic waste management disposal is for both local and international concerned, from the question 1 analysis, it has been proved that Ondo State waste Management authority has really helped in controlling and Managing waste disposal in Akure metropolis. The result of research here indicates that Ondo State waste Management authority was founded to develop and implement polities of the Management solid and liquid waste disposal as the people's environment. This shows that illegal waste disposal is lethal ti health and environment. It is also indicated that improper waste disposal leads to the heath problems. Its remedies shows that waste management activities by the Ondo State waste management authority, Individual and families has a great impact on people's health and environment keywords :-waste generation: waste disposal, collection and management

Humans have been living in the environment since the very dawn of civilization.Both the concept and definition of ‘environment’ are broad and multi-dimensional.and sometimes depend upon the fact that from which perspective and for whatobjective ‘environment’ is being defined. At present, ‘environment’ has becomesuch a major issue that separates areas of law, i.e., ‘environmental law,’ alongwith ‘environmental jurisprudence’ and ‘environmental justice’ having emerged.
The world community's emphasis on environmental issues accelerated due tothe frightening rate of environmental pollution and degradation, which causesglobal environmental catastrophes. Being a developing country, Bangladesh is
non-immune from the curse of environmental pollution, which is a threat topeoples’ lives. Technically, the Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act,which includes some development measures, was enacted in 1995, which wasone of the milestone steps toward protection, conservation, and development ofthe environment. However, the exhaustiveness of this Act is sometimes questioned.and this particular act is not free from criticism. This article aims to analyze: critically evaluate the Act and find out certain deficiencies. This paper alsosuggests some operative measures to overcome those lacking mentioned here.

This paper features a reading of a federal regulation regarding justifiable assumptions when predicting future states of affairs in the context of the recertification of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, a disposal site for defense-related transuranic wastes. This paper argues that federal regulations stipulating the assumption of stability with respect to land ownership patterns and population density for up to 10,000 years is symptomatic of the insistence on not only institutional survival over that amount of time, but the survival of present configurations of injustice and social inequity that enabled that site's selection in the first place.

Years of community-driven research and participatory action have shed an important light on the copious negative health issues burdening communities adjacent to industrial agriculture. Rural communities in Wisconsin and Delaware have helped us in establishing an emerging source of pollution toward environmental justice communities-biogas. Biogas is being falsely marketed as a renewable energy solution to solve the problems of an already polluting industry, Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (''CAFOs''). This greenwashing is problematic for many reasons and is in itself an environmental justice issue. The production of biomethane from manure-to-energy projects, such as manure digesters, is hazardous to local communities, locks farmers into more debt, and perpetuates the expansion of our current harmful agriculture practices, while increasing fossil fuel infrastructure by entrenching CAFOs with pipelines for the gas that is produced. In this article, we breakdown why biogas is not sustainable, how manure-to-energy projects perpetuate environmental injustices, examine current state policies on manure-to-energy projects, and how policy can be improved to protect frontline communities and farmers.

In the Anthropocene, an age where the Earth is most clearly defined by human impacts on the planet, there is growing pressure to find more sustainable social, political, and environmental relations. Calls for greater sustainability have existed for decades, yet have consistently been embedded in capitalist processes and narratives that dilute their intentions and their impacts. Against this backdrop, we advocate for a critical sustainability, a form of sociopolitical and socioeconomic engagement that rejects the superordinance of capital accumulation over ecological integrity. Critical sustainability is developed as a series of naturesociety relations that highlight social and environmental justice concepts and practices. While not entirely Bnew,^critical sustainabilities are distinct from existing literatures in that they underscore the necessity of engaging not only with socioenvironmental relations, but also with the dominant political economies that so powerfully shape these relations.

This paper examines the issue of acid mine drainage in South Africa and environmental decision making processes that could be taken to mitigate the problem in the context of both conventional risk assessment and the precautionary principle. It is argued that conventional risk assessment protects the status quo and hence cannot be entirely relied upon as an effective tool to resolve environmental problems in the context of South Africa, a developing country with complex environmental health concerns. The complexity of the environmental issues is discussed from historical and political perspectives. An argument is subsequently made that the precautionary principle is an alternative tool, and its adoption can be used to empower local communities. This work, therefore, adds to new knowledge by problematising conventional risk assessment and proposing the framing of the acid mine drainage issues in a complex and contextual scenario of a developing country-South Africa.

Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is a relatively new approach to ocean management and has been widely implemented worldwide. Ideally, MSP should be established as a public process that analyzes and distributes human activities across space and time to achieve ecological, economic and social goals, which historically have been accomplished exclusively in the political arena. However, in most cases MSP seems to be driven primarily by economic interests rather than by sociocultural goals. In this paper, we discuss how integrating the missing sociocultural layers into MSP can help to reduce governance rigidity, promote adaptability in decision-making, support environmental justice, and improve MSP acceptance and uptake. In particular, we focus on identifying possible points of connection between MSP and frameworks based on social-ecological system theory, including co-management and other democratic and empowering alternatives. We conclude by proposing a new definition of the MSP process that is more inclusive, and mindful of users' rights and sociocultural objectives. If we bridge the gap between the dominant economic rhetoric and a de facto sociocultural-ecological system approach, we are likely to improve the chances of the MSP process succeeding on both the human and nature fronts.

La notion d’équité en droit international de l’environnement a été consacrée par le Sommet de la Terre qui s’est tenu à Rio de Janeiro (Brésil) en 1992 et elle se trouve aujourd’hui au coeur de la plupart des instruments en droit de l’environnement. Face à un contexte international changeant, cet article explore les effets sur l’équité de l’évolution de la gouvernance de l’environnement et des ressources naturelles vers des approches à la fois normatives et de plus en plus marchandes. L’analyse s’appuie plus particulièrement sur l’expérience malgache en matière de gouvernance des ressources naturelles. Le sens de la notion d’équité en droit de l’environnement, son importance, notamment lorsqu’il s’agit de ressources non renouvelables, est d’abord précisé. Ensuite, suivant une perspective évolutive, le concept de gouvernance environnementale est défini spécifiquement en lien avec les questions d’environnement et de ressources naturelles, puis certaines approches en la matière pouvant être retrouvées à Madagascar sont déclinées. Enfin, les enjeux de ces approches en termes d’équité sont questionnés à travers l’exemple de deux cas concrets et permettent de mettre de l’avant des faiblesses en termes de participation, d’accès et d’utilisation, de partage des coûts et des bénéfices, mais aussi en termes de pouvoir, de capacité et de responsabilité.

Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is a relatively new approach to ocean management and has been widely implemented worldwide. Ideally, MSP should be established as a public process that analyzes and distributes human activities across space and time to achieve ecological, economic and social goals, which historically have been accomplished exclusively in the political arena. However, in most cases MSP seems to be driven primarily by economic interests rather than by sociocultural goals. In this paper, we discuss how integrating the missing sociocultural layers into MSP can help to reduce governance rigidity, promote adaptability in decision-making, support environmental justice, and improve MSP acceptance and uptake. In particular, we focus on identifying possible points of connection between MSP and frameworks based on social-ecological system theory, including co-management and other democratic and empowering alternatives. We conclude by proposing a new definition of the MSP process that is more inclusive, and mindful of users' rights and sociocultural objectives. If we bridge the gap between the dominant economic rhetoric and a de facto sociocultural-ecological system approach, we are likely to improve the chances of the MSP process succeeding on both the human and nature fronts.

RESUMEN Este artículo resume el informe final de la investigación que lleva como título: "Apropiación del Principio de Precaución en las políticas públicas sanitarias: caso Plan Nacional de Salud Pública de Colombia", el cual está centrado en el estudio del Principio de Precaución y su incidencia en las políticas públicas sanitarias de la legislación colombiana. La investigación se centró en la revisión tanto de la historia de tal principio en la legislación internacional, fundamentalmente en las convenciones sobre medio ambiente, como en la exploración conceptual que se ha hecho del principio y su relación con la salud pública, especialmente en lo que refiere al Plan Nacional de Salud Pública, determinando la apropiación o no del principio en tal política. Aparece en escena y como correlato investigativo una apertura conceptual del concepto de salud y del concepto de riesgo, los cuales se involucran en la discusión para poder determinar la efectiva incidencia de la precaución en la legislación colombiana. La pretensión de este artículo es, entonces, mostrar de manera sintética cada uno de los puntos a los que hace referencia la investigación misma, esto es, los orígenes y el contexto del Principio de Precaución, las aproximaciones conceptuales que se han hecho acerca de él, su relación específica con la legislación colombiana, los vínculos que éste tiene dentro del complejo concepto de la salud pública y su correspondencia particular en

Malaysia is endowed with abundant forest resources that covers about 59.5% of total land area. For most part of Malaysia's economy, much importance is placed on the contribution of forest in agronomy development. Due to apparent large scale land clearing that brought grave consequences to the environment, various initiatives to protect forests from misuse, abuse and overexploitation of forest resources, mainly by plantation companies, were implemented. The attribution of haze caused by burning of forests further pushed for appropriate policies and laws to protect atmospheric quality in Malaysia. Local laws on preventing deforestation and haze are mainly provided in the Environmental Quality Act 1974 and National Forestry Act 1984. Efforts to resolve issues of deforestation and its environmental impacts on air quality should re-emphasize the benefits of practicing Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) to limit environmental impacts of forest activities through continuous participation and commitment from stakeholders, such as the plantation companies. The penalties for deforestation offences in current Malaysian laws whilst it is punitive, should be improved by imposing an environmental tax on polluter companies as a corrective and rehabilitative tool, thus affirming the 'polluter pays principle'. Environmental tax law could be utilized, for example, in restoring the affected forest area to its natural and original state. The categories of persons contributing to the Environmental Fund should be reviewed to address impacts from deforestation and haze. The study attempts to enhance and strengthen the role of companies in their corporate legal responsibilities towards deforestation and haze issues in Malaysia.

While blue justice has gained traction, recognition and capability, which are necessary conditions for procedural and distributive justice, remain under-developed. We develop a four-dimensional blue justice framework that builds on recognition and capabilities to critically examine and advance justice in Poland’s marine spatial planning (MSP). We find that misrecognition of differential identities and capacities scripted powerless stakeholders out of participation and reduced possibilities for fair distribution. Conversely, MSP regulation augmented the rights of powerful actors through granting de jure “objecting” rights to some, inviting only strategic sectors to agenda-setting fora and, limiting MSP communication to meeting legal requirements. Several stakeholders also see defence and wind energy as key winners of MSP. While society will benefit from national security and energy sufficiency, especially given Russia’s increased weaponization of energy, many believe that financial profits from wind energy will accrue to developers. We offer governmental and planning measures to enhance capabilities.

This research article reflects on the issue of policy instruments and their ineffectiveness as the only tool to solve environmental problems, proposing as fundamental element the active participation of communities in the awareness and processes and in the exercise of actions to protect their rights to subsistence and environmental conservation. The overall objective of the research was to analyze the popularization of the right to the conservation of the natural environment as a strategy for environmental education in rural communities. Based on qualitative research, the reality of fishermen who survive from fishing in the swamp of Ayapel was interpreted and a methodological approach from symbolic interactionism was adopted, which enabled explaining environmental issues in the fishers' community and their relationship with fishery resource conservation. Direct observation in the Ayapel Swamp and conversation with 20 fishermen in the area were used as techniques for data collection. From the experiences and realities observed in the fishing community in the Swamp of Ayapel (Colombia), it was possible to design, as a result of the investigation, an educational proposal articulated from dialogic pedagogy and didactics, in order to enable the sustainability of region ecosystems, identifying priorities for management of natural resources and the generation of cultural identity processes from the environment. It is concluded in this study that the popularization of law is a contribution in relation to environmental education as it starts from the idea of carrying out educational processes rooted in contexts and committed to the ideal of a decent life for all.

This book reconnects energy research with the radical, reflexive, and transformative approaches of Environmental Justice. Global patterns of energy production and use are disrupting the ecosystems that sustain all life, disproportionately affecting marginalized groups. Addressing such injustices, this book examines how energy relates to structural issues of exploitation, racism, colonialism, extractivism, the commodification of work, and the systemic devaluing of diverse ‘others.’ The result is a new agenda for critical energy research that builds on a growing global movement of environmental justice activism and scholarship. Throughout the book the author reframes ‘transitions’ as collective projects of justice that demand societal shifts to more equitable and reciprocal ways of living. This book will be an invaluable resource for students, scholars, and practitioners interested in transforming energy systems and working collaboratively to build just planetary futures.

Substantial efforts and investments are being made to increase the scale and improve the effectiveness of marine conservation globally. Though it is mandated by international law and central to conservation policy, less attention has been given to how to operationalize social equity in and through the pursuit of marine conservation. In this article, we aim to bring greater attention to this topic through reviewing how social equity can be better integrated in marine conservation policy and practice. Advancing social equity in marine conservation requires directing attention to: recognition through acknowledgment and respect for diverse peoples and perspectives; fair distribution of impacts through maximizing benefits and minimizing burdens; procedures through fostering participation in decision-making and good governance; management through championing and supporting local involvement and leadership; the environment through ensuring the efficacy of conservation actions and adequacy ...

de la Salud considera el cambio climático o calentamiento global un problema de salud pública. De esta manera, se hace necesario conocer la percepción del riesgo al cambio climático en las diferentes comunidades para proponer acciones de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático; pero esa percepción del riesgo puede variar en las diferentes poblaciones. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue observar la percepción de riesgo sobre el cambio climático como una amenaza para la salud humana en Taganga, Santa Marta, 2014. A nivel metodológico se encuestaron 484 personas de la comunidad de Taganga, mediante un muestreo por conglomerado. Se les aplicó el instrumento validado, a nivel internacional y nacional, mediante el alfa de Cronbach y el coeficiente de Kuder-Richardson 20. Entre los índices se aplicó la correlación de Spearman. Como resultados se observó una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre las acciones políticas frente al cambio climático y el índice de percepción de riesgo; y también entre el índice de voluntad para actuar y los índices de percepción de riesgo, conocimiento sobre los efectos en la salud por causa del cambio climático y las acciones políticas frente al cambio climático. En este estudio se concluye que existe una asociación entre el índice de voluntad para actuar y la percepción de

This work explores urban informal housing and development strategies from a process centered perspective in the urban core of San José, Costa Rica. It seeks to explain how communities obtain change in formal housing status and move toward legal incorporation. Original fieldwork, comprised of field observation, archival documentation, and interviews, examined the nature of formalization as experienced by informal settlements. Guided by a theoretical framework based on models of the informal economy and political ecology, the results of this research demonstrate complex levels of formality expressed by housing communities, redefining traditional concepts of the urban periphery and informal sector. Furthermore, case studies and documented changes in registered land tenancy identify four stages in this process of formalization: squatter settlements, housing associations, housing projects, and formal incorporation. In a multi-scale web of players, including community-based organizations, NGOs, and government entities, understanding each stage is necessary for effective policymaking and positive urban transformation. iv ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Peter Herlihy for his continual encouragement and guidance as I pursued my geographic leanings. Special thanks also go to Dr. Anton Rosenthal and Dr. Garth Myers for not only contributing valuable feedback on this project, but inspiring me to think in new ways about urban spaces. I would like to express my appreciation to the KU Center of Latin American Studies and the KU Latin American Field Research Grant for making my work possible. My gratitude also extends to the faculty of the University of Costa Rica, who were an invaluable resource, particularly through the assistance of Dr. Guillermo Brenes and graduate student Javier Dueñas. Finally, my deepest thanks go to my family, both in Kansas and abroad. My husband Clint, who has lovingly supported me, through separation during field research and long nights of writing, shares in this accomplishment. I want to thank Tony and Diva for sharing their home, family, and country with me over the years. And, I am forever grateful to my parents Dr. and Mrs. David and Barbara Hartnett who planted the love of learning in their children's hearts and set an example of compassionate pursuit of understanding. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ………………………………………………………………………......iii Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………....iv Table of contents …………………………………………………………………v List of figures and images ……………………………………………………….vi Chapter 1 …………………………………………………………………………1 Framework …………………………………………………………….....5 Fieldwork and methods …………………………………………………11 Conceptualization of formalization ……………………………………..17 Chapter 2-San José's housing path …………………………………………….22 Urban periphery ………………………………………………………....22 Poverty, the economy, and housing …………………………………......29 Migration ……………………………………………………………......31 Concepts of housing and land ownership …………………………….....33 History of housing policy ……………………………………………….36 Chapter 3-Process ……………………………………………………………...48 Formalization: Squatter settlement ……………………………………...53 Formalization: Housing associations ……………………………………66 Formalization: Housing projects ………………………………………...73 Formalization: Formal incorporation ……………………………………80 Chapter 4-Conclusions …………………………………………………………87 Future of urban planning and formalization …………………………….89 Application of methods ………………………………………………….90 Limitations of study ……………………………………………………..91 Glossary of organizations and acronyms …...…………………………………...95 References ……………………………………………………………………….96 Human Settlements]. In addition, I conducted interviews with the director of ProDUS (Programa de Investigación en Desarrollo Urbano Sostenible) [Program for Research in Sustainable Urban Development] and the director of the Lending Department at FUPROVI, the leading Costa Rican NGO in the housing sector. Through these interviews, I learned about the urban housing problems facing San José, the approaches used to address them, and the roles played by each government and private entity. This information not only provided perspective on the current political ecology of housing, but the approaches presented indicated action at different stages of housing development and land formalization.