Entry Mode Selection

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively explore marketing issues for foreign industrial companies of large, small and medium size entering emerging markets (EMs), particularly transition economies in Eastern Europe. The vast majority of current studies about emerging markets focus only on defining suitable strategies related to large consumer goods corporations.

Design/methodology/approach
The research adopted a multiple case study approach. Five Italian companies belonging to different business-to-business industries that have entered emerging countries in Eastern Europe were selected for investigation.

Findings
Empirical analysis uncovered recurring issues related to: institutional factors causing market uncertainty and instability; difficulties in building a sales network; a need for product adaptation to guarantee satisfactory performance; choices related to communication, branding and trade fairs; and considerations about competition and first mover advantage. Results can be interpreted as an extension of the analysis of institutional voids by Khanna and Palepu (1997).

Research limitations/implications
The study is based on the analysis of five case studies of companies operating in specific emerging markets, namely in Eastern Europe Countries (EEc) Further research based on different samples and different emerging countries is needed before generalizing results.

Practical implications
The study shows that the main institutional void affecting business-to-business companies entering emerging markets (EEc) is the lack of locally developed sales and after-sales networks. This institutional void slows the entry process of business-to-business companies in EMs. Given these constraints, from the perspective of business-to-business SMEs, it may be fruitful to pursue niche positioning in EMs.

Originality/value
The study analyzes emerging markets opportunities and entry strategies from the business-to-business marketing perspective, uncovering the most critical issues.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the internationalization of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in regard to the international market selection (IMS) and entry mode selection (EMS) processes.
Design/methodology/approach – To achieve this, an examination of the degree of systematic/active behaviour during IMS and EMS on a sample of 221 SMEs was conducted. Moreover, the paper sought to comprehend whether SMEs select foreign market and entry mode in a separate and sequential way, and whether there is a relationship between the sequentiality of IMS and EMS, on one side, and SME behaviour during these two processes, on the other side.
Findings – Results revealed that SMEs have a non-systematic and passive behaviour during IMS and EMS, respectively. Moreover, a high predilection in performing the two processes contemporaneously or without any logic was found. Finally, a strong relation between sequentiality of IMS and EMS and degree of systematic and active behaviour during the processes existed.
Originality/value – In this study, using a sample of SMEs located in a region of Italy, SME behaviour in the IMS and entry mode choice processes was tested.
Article Type:Research paper
Keyword(s): International marketing strategy; Entry mode selection; International market selection; Small- and medium-size enterprises.

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Purpose: Although cross-border e-commerce has become increasingly popular among small and medium-sized enterprises as a foreign market entry mode, research on the determinants of its success is scarce. Drawing on the resource-based view, this study examines the relationship between a firm's information technology, international marketing, and export operations capabilities and its cross-border e-commerce strategic and financial performance. Design/methodology/approach: Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to analyze data from a sample of Italian exporters in the food and beverage industry. Findings: The results highlight the mixed effects of information technology, international marketing, and export operations capabilities on both e-commerce strategic and financial performance. Moreover, the use of third-party e-commerce platforms reduces the effect of exporters' information technology capabilities on their e-commerce financial performance.

The paper examines the host country-specific factors as determinants of hotel chains’ market presence in a destination. Three types of hotel chains’ market presence are identified – absolute market presence (number of chain affiliated hotels/rooms), relative market presence (share of affiliated hotels/rooms in the total number of hotels/rooms in a destination) and market presence intensity (number of affiliated hotels/rooms per 1000 people). The impact of the following country-specific factors on hotel chains’ market presence is investigated: size of hotel industry, average capacity of hotels, size of tourism sector, importance of tourism for the economy, population size, economy size, wealth of local population, level of globalisation, destination competitiveness, human development, geographic location, least developed country status and OECD membership. The sample includes 116 countries. We find that the factors of country choice that prior literature has identified as important o...

Most of the research concerning the validity of the selection & assessment interviews has a low degree of validity, relevance, ecological validity and impact. We all have read in the course of the years the classical papers developed from 1940s on the validity of the method of selection & assessment interview. The results show regularly little validity of these selection methods – and seldom a more reliability – and the great prominence of the psychological test: in particular, aptitude and intelligence test (psychometric test), and more structured, or behavioral, interviews and behavioral Assessment Center). To be more specific, the psychometric approach and techniques result as more valid (and reliable) than the “clinical”, psychosocial and psychodynamic approach, in which the human being is viewed as a whole.
In my opinion the great part of this kind of research has little or no real and technical relevance, and no practical evidence, because of the confusion made on a central matter: the professional identity of the interviewer, or assessor.

Cash Converters International is an organised second hand goods retail chain operated through franchisee model and its own online e-commerce platform. The company also deals into micro lending from $ 50 to $ 2000. Founded in 1984 from Perth, Western Australia and with a presence of more than 140 outlets in Australia, 700 outlets with representations in 21 countries; they are world's largest second hand goods dealer with revenues at AUD 2.34 billion and profits at AUD 29.4 million reported in financial year ending 2012 (Cash Converter).

So far the critical choice of the entry mode for a target country has been examined ignoring the special features of firms. Particularly, the impact of the wide variation of business models of software firms has been ignored. This multi-case study investigates the relation between the business model and the entry mode of eight software firms. The results imply that the product strategy and the service and implementation model of a software firm are closely connected to the entry mode choice, while the distribution model of intangible software products does not seem to have impact on the operation mode.

This article explores the relevance of different entry modes for Danish exporting small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Internal and external resources that influence the choice of entry modes into the Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) markets are investigated from both a resource-based view (RBV) and a market-based view (MBV). The survey conducted by the University of Southern Denmark in 2012 is based on a sample of 177 Danish SMEs. Our results of this study show that Danish companies entering the BRIC markets mainly prefer low commitment modes. The more traditional internal factors (control, flexibility and risk) were evaluated less important than personnel and financial resources for the BRIC markets. The most important external factor was market potential whereas the trade barriers, cultural distance as well as the political and economical risk are viewed as main obstacles when internationalizing into distant markets. Managers can compensate the loss of control when choosing the lower commitment modes into distant markets by forming business networks and thereby gaining local knowledge.

The principal aim of this paper was to examine the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in regard to the international market selection (IMS) and entry mode selection (EMS) processes. To accomplish this, an investigation of the degree of systematic/active behaviour during IMS and EMS on a sample of 221 SMEs was conducted. Moreover, we sought to understand whether SMEs select foreign market and entry mode in a separate and sequential way, and whether there is a relationship between the sequentiality of IMS and EMS, on one side, and SME behaviour during these two processes, on the other side. Results revealed that SMEs have a non systematic and passive behaviour during IMS and EMS, respectively. Moreover, a high preference in performing the two processes contemporaneously or without any logic was found. Finally, a strong relation between sequentiality of IMS and EMS and degree of systematic and active behaviour during the processes existed

This paper examines 3M Company's supply chain operations globally as well as its operational challenges in doing business in a developing country. 3M is a US-based company that is noted for its many innovative inventions and products. The objective of this paper is to evaluate best practices in terms of sustainability and entrepreneurial innovation. The paper adopts a purely desk-based secondary research approach by reviewing existing literature to make inferences and to throw light on some challenges experienced in supply chain management. The paper concludes that companies that incorporate sustainable principles into their operations ensure their survival and also they gain competitive advantage over their rivals.

A recent globalization has impacted significantly the construction industry worldwide and it is frequently transformed into creation of new emerging markets. Going international is commonly understood as a strategic process of market entry decision through which a firm moves from operating purely in its domestic market to the international market.  International market entry strategy in making the firm’s venturing new foreign market possible by expanding their businesses in terms of services, products, technology, human and other resources has been widely studied.  However, reviews of literature suggest that a comprehensive model or framework with existing theory to clearly guide the firms to adopt and develop effective entry market strategies for the construction industry is still lacking.  Thus, this paper seeks to identify the entry strategies to guide the construction firms to access targeted market with considerable deliberations related to entry mode and entry timing.  Neglecting to properly choose the right combination of entry mode and entry timing can lead to poor performance in their business ventures abroad.  The questionnaire surveys were sent to 109 Malaysian construction firms listed under CIDB Malaysia with twenty-one percent (21%) response rate.  The data were analyzed using cross tabulation analysis to determine the preferred entry mode and entry timing decision.  Then, chi-square test was used to establish the significant relationship between the entry mode and entry timing decision.  About sixty-five percent (65.2%) of the Malaysian contractors those entered the international market as the late movers preferred equity mode in term of strategic alliance followed by joint venture(JV) and Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) modes. On the other hand, the early movers preferred non-equity mode by setting up the branch office/company followed by sole venture mode. The Pearson chi-square value of .012 (p< .05), indicates that the relationship between entry mode and entry timing decisions is significantly independent.  Hence, the evidence suggests that the late mover prefers an equity mode as opposed to early mover’s preference of having non-equity mode to operate in the new markets.  It is hoped that  the findings from this research would offer valuable information to any construction firms in Malaysia to develop the entry strategies in their international market expansion.
Keywords: International market, Malaysian construction firms, entry mode decision, entry timing decision.
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Based on a survey of 170 Danish SMEs the paper examines influences on entry mode choices and the financial outcome of these decisions. The main research objectives are divided into two steps:
Step 1: To determine the factors influencing the choice of foreign entry modes by Danish companies.
Step 2: To determine the relationship between the choice of entry mode and export performance, measured in terms of financial outcome.
Drawing from transaction cost theory the authors develop and test a model where different factors affect the level of control chosen by the parent company. This study contributes to the existing entry mode theory by integrating both steps into a theoretical framework that offers substantive explanation of the connection between independent entry mode variables, the choice of entry mode and the resulting export performance. Personal networks and interruption of international activities were the most significant factors for the choice of intermediate modes. The results also show that high control modes can positively affect the bottom line profit through higher market investments and better implementation of cross border strategies. Finally, further research suggestions and implications are provided for companies willing to invest more into foreign markets in order to achieve a higher degree of control and better financial results.

The aim of this article is to investigate the relevance of an alternative entry mode, the incubator concept. Such an alternative entry mode like the so-called incubator is increasingly being used as a shortcut or bridge to a distant market. In-depth qualitative research on a selected case (Kelsen Group selling butter cookies to India) reveals the reasoning behind the entry mode choice of a company entering an emergent market (India). The Incubator Programme provides the opportunity for a company to bridge the 'gap' between a lowcontrol entry mode (e.g. importer or distributor) and high-control entry mode (e.g. wholly owned sales subsidiary), without involving too high risks and still keeping a reasonable level of control.

Service marketing has becoming important in advanced economies and postindustrial countries. Globalization of services is a growing phenomenon as domestic markets are becoming saturated and invaded by foreign competitors (Mahte and Perras 1994; Patterson and Cicic 1995; Patterson, Cicic, and Shoham 1997). Differences between goods firms and service firms have been researched and are well-documented (Erramilli and Rao 1993; Lovelock 1981, 1983; Zeithaml, Parasuraman, and Berry 1985). However, differences between exporting service firms and non-exporting service firms have been under-researched and have lacked a constructive theoretical framework. Some studies documented empirical differences between service exporters and non-exporters (Zeithaml et al. 1985). Others focused on global entry-modes and market selection of service firms (Erramilli and Rao 1993; O’Farrell and Wood 1994). As far as we know, only one study developed a theoretical framework of exporting growth strategies for service firms (Carman and Langeard 1979).
Based on Carman and Langeard (1979) model for expansion and growth in service industries, and other models for exporting in general (Cavusgil and Zou 1994; Yang Leone, and Alden 1992), our study contributes to existing knowledge of service exporting in several ways. First, we examined critical dimensions of perceived export barriers in initiation and expansion of exporting activities. Second, we examined differences in these dimensions according to exporting experience. Third, we developed and tested a model of the relationships between these barrier dimensions and firms’ marketing capabilities. Finally, we examined the strength of the relationships between firms’ capabilities and perceived export barriers according to export experience.
These issues are important because they have implications for managers and governmental agencies. As many governments are interested in exporting, policies to encourage firms to export exist in many countries. Knowledge about perceived barriers to initiation or expansion of export activities might contribute to designing more efficient policies. Additionally, management can improve on the firm’s weaknesses to adopt better to international opportunities if they are aware of the critical weaknesses that prevent them from exporting.

This study examines longitudinal aspects of Japanese foreign direct investment in Canada. In looking at the longitudinal aspects, the focus was on a descriptive analysis of entry and exit rates and on an econometric analysis of the determinants of subsidiary survival and exit. In these analyses, we find that exit rates are related to subsidiary-level variables such as business size, expatriate employment levels, equity-ownership levels, and entry mode. The sector and region in which the investments are made is also related to subsidiary survival, with manufacturing-sector subsidiaries located in Ontario being the least likely to exit. The results of our study suggest that region and industry interact, both to draw investment to a region and to influence the likelihood of survival of foreign-owned businesses. Furthermore, the focus on regional issues for Canada shows that even within a small open economy, subnational (inter-provincial) variance can have important effects on the characteristics and performance of foreign direct investment.

Two lines of Alexandria chicken (selected L1 and control L2) were characterized for their genetic diversity and identified population priorities for egg traits. Eight microsatellite markers linked to QTLs associated with the studied egg traits were used. The selected Alexandria line L1 showed higher frequency, than the control lineL2 ,of loci associated with MCW241 and MCW0145 markers that might be associated with body weight (BW), age at first egg (AFE) and Shell thickness at 53 weeks of age (ST53) traits. Meanwhile the tested markers, ADL188, MCW 246 and MCW0170 that are associated to Haugh units (Hu), egg shell strength (ESS) and albumin weight at 33 weeks of age (AW33), didn't show frequency differences between the control and the selected lines. No significant variation was observed between the selected lines and the control line in eggshell soluble protein.
In conclusion, our current study indicates that, selection for early age of sexual maturity; the body weight, and shell thickness were improved.

With the current development of mobile communication services, people need personal communication of high speed, excellent service, high quality and low latencyhowever, limited spectrum resources become the most important factor to hamper improvement of cellular systems. As big amount of data traffic will cause greater local consumption of spectrum resources, future networks are required to have appropriate techniques to better support such forms of communication. D2D (Device-to-device) communication technology in a cellular network makes full use of spectrum resources underlaying, reduces the load of the base station, minimizes transmit power of the terminals and the base stations, thereby enhances the overall throughput of the networks. Due to the use of multiplexing D2D UE (User equipment) resources and spectrum, and the interference caused by the sharing of resources between adjacent cells, it has become a major factor affecting coexisting of cellular subscribers and D2D users. When D2D communication multiplexes the uplink resources, the base-stations are easily to be disturbed; when the downlink resources are multiplexed, the users of downlink are susceptible to interference. In order to build a high-efficient mobile network, we can meet the QoS requirements by controlling the power to suppress the interference between the base station and a terminal user.

IB literature has grown extensively over the past decades, especially witnessing a proliferation of theoretical models since studies began looking at emerging national multinational enterprises (EMNE). This is an integrative study that seeks to arrive at a generalized model of entry mode choice. The study begins with reviewing international business literature to synthesize a comprehensive typology of entry modes, uncover factors governing the choice of entry modes, and then goes on to suggest a model of internationalization. This study contributes to 'the field' by suggesting innate categorization of entry mode types that lends itself to a framework of entry mode decision making. Based on the framework I generate prescriptive propositions. This paper was presented at the Ind-IB PDW organized in Bangalore from 22-24 Dec 2019.

The expansion through internationalization is the strategy used by businesses when it aims to operate beyond the national market. This strategy arises when the businesses have explored all the potential in the domestic market and look for expansion opportunities beyond the national boundaries. Since businesses operating across borders have to consider oodles of strategic decisions, identifying the best strategy of market entry is crucial in the first stage. Additionally, the future growth of international business units depends on the right strategies for entry into the foreign market. Thus, the selection of foreign market entry strategy is to be made very attentively as it has long-term implications and cannot be easily reversed. In this frame, the current study was carried out to examine the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies by revealing the unique nature of the various and multifaceted strategies that can be followed by businesses that internationalize while entering foreign markets.

ABSTRACT This article examines the acquisition behavior of multinational companies from emerging markets (EMNCs) compared to multinational companies from advanced markets (AMNCs). Specifically, we relate the governance mode (i.e. the degree of commitment) to exogenous and endogenous uncertainty. As a result of endogenous uncertainty due to their liability of origin, EMNCs are likely to acquire less control, which is exacerbated by exogenous uncertainty when acquiring targets in high-tech sectors. Furthermore, EMNCs experience a higher propensity to control the local partner the higher the institutional distance with the host country, since they enjoy a better institutional environment when they invest in advanced countries and, hence, they are less likely to need a local partner. To test our hypotheses, we develop an econometric analysis applied to foreign acquisitions in Italy between 2001 and 2010 and we study the degree of control of AMNCs as compared to EMNCs. Our results confirm that EMNCs acquire less control than AMNCs, especially in high-tech industries, while institutional distance in trade and investment freedom effectively increase the probability to undertake full acquisition for EMNCs as opposed to AMNCs.

This study aimed to focus on the relationship between two main MNE's strategies that were multi-domestic and global. The choice of entry that examined not only the basis of Transaction Cost and Resource Based View but also incorporates a concept of Integration and Adaptation Cost. Moreover, the study includes an analysis brownfield investment and presents it as an alternative investment model in transition/emerging economies. This study examined by multi-domestic and the global strategy that were majority MNEs. Companies following a multi-domestic strategy will mostly depend on local firm's resources, such as local technology, local brand name, networking, and distribution channels. Their main purpose is to respond to the local market demands, which can best be achieved by the local subsidiaries of well-integrated. This study was a purely conceptual literature review, which is based on a substantial number of scientific and conceptual articles. This study decided to concentrate on the relationship between the resources, strategies and entry modes (including brownfield investment) because this study discovered a large research/literature gap in this field that very exciting.

Integrating the conventional models with the emerging models, we propose a learning-based view of internationalization for multinational enterprise (MNE), especially for MNE latecomers as the new species of MNE from the emerging economies. Built upon the duality lens and transaction value perspective, this learning-based view frames the pattern of cross-border learning in terms of both learning motive and learning capability as a learning trajectory, with distinctive entry strategies as the primary applications of such learning trajectories. The learning trajectories on the dimensions of exploitative and exploratory learning as well as unilateral and bilateral leaning jointly constitute an overall framework of MNE evolution with cross-border learning as its central theme, especially in the process of an accelerated internationalization. In particular, we frame cross-border alliance as a special form for bilateral learning in terms of co-exploitation and co-exploration, which motivates and enables the accelerated internationalization of MNE latecomers. Finally, we identify four major learningbased issues as new "big questions" to reflect the emerging paradigm shift from hierarchybased unilateral exploitation to network-based bilateral exploration with the theme that hierarchy is best for exploiting the extant core competence, while strategic alliance is best for exploring a novel core competence.

The aim of the paper is to conceptually reconcile entry-mode strategy with the CAGE distance framework, going beyond narrow country-level borders and turning its attention to firm-level analysis. This main objective is split into two complementary intentions: first, the transformation of CAGE to ―CIGE‖ distance framework. And, second, the approach of ―CIGE‖ through the reconciliation of the TCA and Institutional theory. The context of the present analysis is emerging markets, since such economies frame the emerging organizational arrangements, practices and structures within which firms operate. The basic argument of the paper is that entry strategies in emerging markets will be affected by both transaction and institutional considerations. The paper contributes to the existing literature by conceptualizing entry-mode choice via a pluralistic, in terms of distance, framework. It introduces institutional distance into CAGE and approaches institutional distance as a ̳reservoir‘ of dif...

Training administrative staff to become key players in the internationalization of higher education. In International higher education. Boston College: Centre for International Higher Education. Hunter, F., and N. Sparnon. 2018. Warp and Weft: weaving internationalization into institutional life. In The future agenda for internationalization in higher education: Next generation insights into research, policy and practice, ed. D. Proctor and L. Rumbley. Abingdon: Routledge. Knight, J., and H. de Wit. 1995. Strategies for internationalization of higher education. Historical and contextual perspectives. In Strategies for internationalization of higher education, ed. H. de Wit, 5-32. Amsterdam: EAIE. Leask, B.I. 2015. Internationalising the curriculum. In Internationalising the curriculum, ed. B. Leask, 9. London: Routledge.

Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the effect of selection on eggshell ultra structure in Alexandria chicken. The observed changes were studied to understand the role of selection in eggshell strength. There was a significant difference for egg and eggshell weights between lines. Concerning shell breaking strength, selection improved the shell breaking strength (29.30 vs. 31.71 N). Indeed, toughness (380.9 vs. 411.9), stiffness (133.9 vs. 138.8) and elasticity (15592.3 vs. 15609.5) were improved in line selected compared control line.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated that there was a significant increase in total, palisade and caps thickness in eggshell from the selected line compared to the control line. Confluence was significantly increased in the selected line than the control references, with better attachment between cone and shell membranes in the selection line. It can be concluded that the ultra structure of eggshell measurements and/or the associated genetic markers may therefore prove to be useful in selection programs to improve eggshell quality.

The aim of the paper is to conceptually reconcile entry-mode strategy with the CAGE distance framework, going beyond narrow country-level borders and turning its attention to firm-level analysis. This main objective is split into two complementary intentions: first, the transformation of CAGE to ―CIGE‖ distance framework. And, second, the approach of ―CIGE‖ through the reconciliation of the TCA and Institutional theory. The context of the present analysis is emerging markets, since such economies frame the emerging organizational arrangements, practices and structures within which firms operate. The basic argument of the paper is that entry strategies in emerging markets will be affected by both transaction and institutional considerations. The paper contributes to the existing literature by conceptualizing entry-mode choice via a pluralistic, in terms of distance, framework. It introduces institutional distance into CAGE and approaches institutional distance as a ̳reservoir‘ of dif...

This article explores the relevance of different entry modes for Danish exporting small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Internal and external resources that influence the choice of entry modes into the Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) markets are investigated from both a resource-based view (RBV) and a market-based view (MBV). The survey conducted by the University of Southern Denmark in 2012 is based on a sample of 177 Danish SMEs. Our results of this study show that Danish companies entering the BRIC markets mainly prefer low commitment modes. The more traditional internal factors (control, flexibility and risk) were evaluated less important than personnel and financial resources for the BRIC markets. The most important external factor was market potential whereas the trade barriers, cultural distance as well as the political and economical risk are viewed as main obstacles when internationalizing into distant markets. Managers can compensate the loss of control when choosing the lower commitment modes into distant markets by forming business networks and thereby gaining local knowledge.

I study the multinationalization — the decision to establish foreign direct investment (FDI) — of developing country firms, in particular Latin American ones or “Multilatinas”. Despite a long exporting tradition, many firms in Latin America have only recently become multinational enterprises (MNEs). The analysis of case studies reveals three insights. First, Multilatinas take a long time to become MNEs, reflecting the additional challenges and need for sophisticated advantages for establishing FDI. Second, Multilatinas are induced to become MNEs after changes in the home country that follow structural reform induce them to upgrade their competitiveness to international levels. As a result, they can overcome the difficulties of establishing FDI and become MNEs. Third, Multilatinas follow four strategies in their selection of the country where to establish FDI first depending on the interplay between difficulties and advantages of operating abroad. These three arguments build on and link the notion of advantages of internationalization put forward by the eclectic paradigm of international production and the idea of difficulties in internationalization presented by the incremental internationalization model. The strategies are explained by the balancing of the ease of overcoming difficulties and the advantages derived from foreign operations.

This article is an in-depth case study examining a foreign firm deploying Cross-border E-commerce as an entry mode to the Chinese market, integrating services provided by a major technology provider and a leading marketplace platform. Selecting which foreign market entry mode is an important internationalization strategic decision of firms and could have a considerable impact on the firm's performance. The CBEC mode emerges as a plausible choice: e-commerce has grown rapidly in many markets, particularly in China. Additionally, foreign firms face high transaction costs due to unfamiliar consumer behavior and institutional barriers. It is especially difficult for SMEs. This study deploys transaction cost theory as the underpinning framework to explain the motivations for selecting a CBEC entry mode. The findings suggest that CBEC could reduce uncertainties and opportunistic behaviors, while increasing trust. Foreign firms could lower their asset investment in physical shops, staff requirements and training, logistics and warehousing: these supports are provided by marketplace platforms. This new entry mode also takes advantage of the involvement and the dependency of intermediaries. In addition to providing market knowledge, technology providers help to build trust and reduce risks and thereby transaction costs, despite the high transaction frequency of e-commerce.

Nos países desenvolvidos o franchising é uma realidade presente a mais tempo do que nos
países emergentes. Esse desenvolvimento acelerou o amadurecimento e gerou uma
internacionalização precoce das empresas. Seria assim o modo de operar mundialmente
diferente comparado a mercados onde o desenvolvimento e a internacionalização foram mais
tardios? O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os modos de operação das franquias de países
desenvolvidos quando operam sua expansão internacional, comparando as que são
empreendidas por franquias brasileiras. O objeto de estudo foram franquias que operam no
Brasil, sendo 32 empresas brasileiras e 9 internacionais. Os resultados mostram que com o
desenvolvimento das operações a tendência é utilizar uma subsidiária no país destino e que
essa estratégia oferece um maior controle e diminui os problemas causados por se estar
distante de seu país de origem. O estudo acrescenta contribuições ao campo da
internacionalização e do franchising

The aim of the research was to understand the characteristics of trade relations between Turkey and Western Balkans, and reveal the most preferred entry modes between Turkey and Western Balkans. The main entry modes examined in the study were: export, foreign direct investment, joint venture, licensing, and franchising. One Turkish company, one Albanian company, and one Kosovan company were included to the research in order to analyze the trade relations between Turkey and Western Balkans. Convenience sampling technique was used in selecting these companies which have already had trade relations. Structured online interview technique was used as a data collection method, and two employees from each company were interviewed online. Findings showed that the most preferred entry mode between Turkey and Albania and Kosovo is exporting. Except exporting; joint venture, franchising, and licensing agreements are preferred mostly. Özet Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye ve Batı Balkanlar arasındaki ticaret ilişkilerinin özelliklerini anlamak ve Türkiye ile Batı Balkan ülkeleri arasında en çok tercih edilen giriş şekillerini tespit etmektir. Çalışmada incelenen başlıca giriş şekilleri şunlardır: ihracat, doğrudan yabancı yatırım, ortak girişim, lisanslama ve franchising. Türkiye ve Batı Balkanlar arasındaki ticaret ilişkilerini analiz etmek için Türkiye'den, Arnavutluk'tan ve Kosova'dan birer firma araştırmaya dahil edilmiştir. Hâlihazırda ticaret ilişkileri bulunan bu firmaların seçiminde kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama yöntemi olarak yapılandırılmış online görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır ve her firmadan iki çalışan ile online görüşme yapılmıştır. Bulgulara göre; Türkiye ile Arnavutluk ve Kosova arasında en çok tercih edilen giriş şekli ihracattır. İhracat dışında çoğunlukla ortak girişim, franchising ve lisans anlaşmaları tercih edilmektedir.

This article investigates and explains the behaviors, motives, and characteristics of Chinese privately owned enterprises’ (POEs’) outward foreign direct investment (OFDI), and compares this with the behaviors, motives, and characteristics of Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs), using the institutional perspective and resources-based view. Through in-depth interviews with senior managers and an extensive secondary data analysis of Chinese POEs’ OFDI, we found that Chinese POEs are increasingly active in committing both market- and strategic asset–seeking OFDI due to the unfavorable institutional environment they face in China and the different types of resources possessed. POEs cluster with their business partners or domestic peers for international market expansion and adopt several approaches to acquire strategic assets.

A recent globalization has impacted significantly the construction industry worldwide and it is frequently transformed into creation of new emerging markets. Going international is commonly understood as a strategic process of market entry decision through which a firm moves from operating purely in its domestic market to the international market. International market entry strategy in making the firm’s venturing new foreign market possible by expanding their businesses in terms of services, products, technology, human and other resources has been widely studied. However, reviews of literature suggest that a comprehensive model or framework with existing theory to clearly guide the firms to adopt and develop effective entry market strategies for the construction industry is still lacking. Thus, this paper seeks to identify the entry strategies to guide the construction firms to access targeted market with considerable deliberations related to entry mode and entry timing. Neglecting ...

Accounting entry: -bút toán Accrued expenses --Chi phí phải trả -Accumulated: --lũy kế Advance clearing transaction: --quyết toán tạm ứng (???) Advanced payments to suppliers --Trả trước ngưòi bán -Advances to employees --Tạm ứng -Assets --Tài sản -Assets liquidation: --thanh lý tài sản Balance sheet --Bảng cân đối kế toán -Bookkeeper: --người lập báo cáo Capital construction: --xây dựng cơ bản Cash --Tiền mặt -Cash at bank --Tiền gửi ngân hàng -Cash in hand --Tiền mặt tại quỹ -Cash in transit --Tiền đang chuyển -Check and take over: --nghiệm thu Construction in progress --Packaging texture silagra 100 india when s telling was inside. 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Chi phí xây dựng cơ bản dở dang -Cost of goods sold --Giá vốn bán hàng -Current assets --Tài sản lưu động và đầu tư ngắn hạn -Current portion of long-term liabilities --Nợ dài hạn đến hạn trả -Deferred expenses --Chi phí chờ kết chuyển -Deferred revenue --Người mua trả tiền trước -Depreciation of fixed assets --Hao mòn tài sản cố định hữu hình -Depreciation of intangible fixed assets --Hoa mòn tài sản cố định vô hình -Depreciation of leased fixed assets --Hao mòn tài sản cố định thuê tài chính -Equity and funds --Vốn và quỹ -Exchange rate differences --Chênh lệch tỷ giá -Expense mandate: --ủy nghiệm chi Expenses for financial activities --Chi phí hoạt động tài chính -Extraordinary expenses --Chi phí bất thường -Extraordinary income --Thu nhập bất thường -Extraordinary profit --Lợi nhuận bất thường -Figures in: millions VND --Đơn vị tính: triệu đồng -Financial ratios --Chỉ số tài chính -Financials --Tài chính -Finished goods --Thành phẩm tồn kho -Fixed asset costs --Nguyên giá tài sản cố định hữu hình -Fixed assets --Tài sản cố định -General and administrative expenses --Chi phí quản lý doanh nghiệp -Goods in transit for sale --Hàng gửi đi bán -Gross profit --Lợi nhuận tổng -Gross revenue --Doanh thu tổng -Income from financial activities --Thu nhập hoạt động tài chính -Income taxes --Thuế thu nhập doanh nghiệp -Instruments and tools --Công cụ, dụng cụ trong kho -Intangible fixed asset costs --Nguyên giá tài sản cố định vô hình -Intangible fixed assets --Tài sản cố định vô hình -Intra-company payables --Phải trả các đơn vị nội bộ -Inventory --Hàng tồn kho -Investment and development fund --Quỹ đầu tư phát triển -Itemize: --mở tiểu khoản Leased fixed asset costs --Nguyên giá tài sản cố định thuê tài chính -Leased fixed assets --Tài sản cố định thuê tài chính -Liabilities --Nợ phải trả -Long-term borrowings --Vay dài hạn -Long-term financial assets --Các khoản đầu tư tài chính dài hạn -Long-term liabilities --Nợ dài hạn -Long-term mortgages, collateral, deposits --Các khoản thế chấp, ký cược, ký quỹ dài hạn -Long-term security investments --Đầu tư chứng khoán dài hạn -Merchandise inventory --Hàng hoá tồn kho -Net profit --Lợi nhuận thuần -Net revenue --Doanh thu thuần -Non-business expenditure source --Nguồn kinh phí sự nghiệp -Non-business expenditure source, current year --Nguồn kinh phí sự nghiệp năm nay -Non-business expenditure source, last year --Nguồn kinh phí sự nghiệp năm trước -Non-business expenditures --Chi sự nghiệp -Non-current assets --Tài sản cố định và đầu tư dài hạn -Operating profit --Lợi nhuận từ hoạt động SXKD -Other current assets --Tài sản lưu động khác -Other funds --Nguồn kinh phí, quỹ khác -Other long-term liabilities --Nợ dài hạn khác -Other payables --Nợ khác -Other receivables --Các khoản phải thu khác -Other short-term investments --Đầu tư ngắn hạn khác -Owners' equity --Nguồn vốn chủ sở hữu -Payables to employees --Phải trả công nhân viên -Prepaid expenses --Chi phí trả trước -Profit before taxes --Lợi nhuận trước thuế -Profit from financial activities --Lợi nhuận từ hoạt động tài chính -Provision for devaluation of stocks --Dự phòng giảm giá hàng tồn kho -Purchased goods in transit --Hàng mua đang đi trên đường -Raw materials --Nguyên liệu, vật liệu tồn kho -Receivables --Các khoản phải thu -Receivables from customers --Phải thu của khách hàng -Reconciliation: --đối chiếu Reserve fund --Quỹ dự trữ -Retained earnings --Lợi nhuận chưa phân phối -Revenue deductions --Các khoản giảm trừ -Sales expenses --Chi phí bán hàng -Sales rebates --Giảm giá bán hàng -Sales returns --Hàng bán bị trả lại -Short-term borrowings --Vay ngắn hạn -Short-term investments --Các khoản đầu tư tài chính ngắn hạn -Short-term liabilities --Nợ ngắn hạn -Short-term mortgages, collateral, deposits --Các khoản thế chấp, ký cược, ký quỹ ngắn hạn -Short-term security investments --Đầu tư chứng khoán ngắn hạn -Stockholders' equity --Nguồn vốn kinh doanh -Surplus of assets awaiting resolution --Tài sản thừa chờ xử lý -Tangible fixed assets --Tài sản cố định hữu hình -Taxes and other payables to the State budget --Thuế và các khoản phải nộp nhànước -Total assets --Tổng cộng tài sản -Total liabilities and owners' equity --Tổng cộng nguồn vốn -Trade creditors --Phải trả cho người bán -Treasury stock --Cổ phiếu quỹ -Welfare and reward fund --Quỹ khen thưởng và phúc lợi -Work in progress --Chi phí sản xuất kinh doanh dở dang -

The existence of risks is a premise in business-related matters, mainly in the exploration of international opportunities. Organizations seeking to operate abroad are potentially more susceptible to the risks that exist internationally. This study follows the behavioral approaches to internationalization and conceptual ideas about risk and risk perception in international business. The main goal is to understand how the risk perception of managers in Brazilian companies with different entry modes is configured. In this qualitative research, a multiple case study was carried out. The data collection techniques established were the analysis of documents and the performance of semi-structured interviews with managers responsible for the internationalization processes of six Brazilian companies. Regarding the risks inherent to these processes, there was a greater emphasis on country/political risk factors, followed by monetary risk. The risks perceived with greater evidence, considering the entry modes addressed, are also presented for a better understanding of the results.

The paper addresses the factors influencing the SMEs' entry choices in international markets exploring two factors: one related to the external environment, and one dependent on firms. The first factor is the institutional context as the whole of formal and informal rules of the country target. The second is the market commitment, intended as resources committed in a particular market area: the experience firms get in foreign markets and a general attitude to maintain the international presence for a long period are the main sources of market knowledge. The paper develops a Multiple Case Study analysis of four small international Italian firms. Built on the institutional theory and on the market commitment construct, the paper offers a conceptual model that shows that the institutional context strongly influences the amount of resources involved in the internationalization process, while the market commitment affects more the complexity – and intensity-of the process.

Hacer negocios y operar internacionalmente supone mayores riesgos que realizar acciones comerciales domésticas. Estos riesgos son especialmente más expuestos, cuando se ejecutan en países emergentes. s métodos y estrategias para operar internacionalmente han sido uno de los ejes centrales de los estudios de los negocios internacionales. De hecho, decisiones gerenciales como lo son la elección estratégica de estos, los términos de negociaciones domésticas e internacionales, y cambios organizaciones asociados a la internacionalización son decisivos para el funcionamiento de las empresas multinacionales, o en miras de serlo.

In this paper, a new speech enhancement method is introduced. It is essentially based on the Empirical Mode Decomposition technique (EMD) and a soft thresholding approach applied on selected modes. The proposed method is a fully data driven approach. First the noisy speech signal is decomposed adaptively into intrinsic oscillatory components called Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) by using a time decomposition called sifting process. Second, selected IMFs are soft thresholded and added to the remaining IMFs with the residue to reconstitute the enhanced speech signal. The proposed approach is evaluated using speech signals from NOISEUS database corrupted with additive white Gaussian noise. Our algorithm is compared to other state of the art algorithms.

The existence of risks is a premise in business-related matters, mainly in the exploration of international opportunities. Organizations seeking to operate abroad are potentially more susceptible to the risks that exist internationally. This study follows the behavioral approaches to internationalization and conceptual ideas about risk and risk perception in international business. The main goal is to understand how the risk perception of managers in Brazilian companies with different entry modes is configured. In this qualitative research, a multiple case study was carried out. The data collection techniques established were the analysis of documents and the performance of semi-structured interviews with managers responsible for the internationalization processes of six Brazilian companies. Regarding the risks inherent to these processes, there was a greater emphasis on country/political risk factors, followed by monetary risk. The risks perceived with greater evidence, considering...

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to examine the internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in the mechanical manufacturing sector. The focus of the paper is on the factors affecting both the strategic choices and the changes that occurred during the internationalization process, after the first foreign market entry. To accomplish this goal, a quantitative research has been performed through a survey on entrepreneurs and managers of 60 Italian SMEs. The questionnaires collected were used to perform a cluster analysis in order to identify various groups of companies exhibiting similar behaviors. This study provided a valuable contribution to the knowledge of SMEs internationalization in general and of the mechanical sector in particular, showing the importance of analyzing when a firm decides to change its markets or its entry mode, along a continuum of reactive versus proactive changes.