Enrichment

The neutron irradiation of molybdenum hexacarbonyl has been systematically studied to identify possible improvements for the production of molybdenum-99. After irradiation, the targets were dissolved in dichloromethane, and Szilard-Chalmers liquid-liquid extraction was carried out with aqueous extractants.

The effects of the irradiation time, the aqueous phase composition and the irradiated mass were studied with a focus on the chemistry involved. Stable extraction yields of 20 % were obtained with enrichment decreasing with target decomposition. Improved enrichment requires decreased decomposition.

• 99Mo yield depends on recombination processes and the extractant.
• 98Mo mass transfer depends on target decomposition, concentration and the extractant.
• Enrichment depends mainly on the target decomposition.

Husbandry training and environmental enrichment are both important advancements associated with current behavioral welfare practices. Additionally, the use of training procedures has been proposed as a form of enrichment, with the implication that training can produce beneficial behavioral welfare results. This paper examines the concept of training as enrichment through three distinct ways training procedures could enrich: (1) training facilitates enrichment usage, (2) training modifies interactions, conspecific or otherwise, and (3) training expands behavioral repertoires. Within each category, the paper focuses on past research that provides empirical support for training functioning as enrichment, as well as related areas of research that provide additional evidence. Previous studies support the claim that training is enriching, with additional research necessary to better understand how prevalent and under what conditions training procedures function as enrichment. Future training research should examine these potential enrichment effects, including methodology that allows for comparisons to traditional enrichment, the use of welfare diversity/variability indices, and the effects of learning on trainers and trainees alike.

Проведено изучение возможности обогащения горной массы техногенных месторождений Карелии, представленных отвалами рудников, разрабатывавших слюдоносные пегматитовые жилы. Приводятся результаты исследований оптическим методом минералов из отвалов месторождений Плотина и Хетоламбино. Целью исследований было установление объективных (измеряемых) отличий образцов кварца, плагиоклаза, микроклина, биотита и мусковита, которые могут быть использованы при разработке режимов и последовательности выделения минералов из исходной руды. В результате анализа цветовых параметров образцов указанных минералов с использованием цветовой модели HLS установлено, что микроклин из общей смеси можно выделить по значению канала H (цветовой тон); пару «кварц и плагиоклаз» — по значению канала L (светлота); для разделения смеси мусковита и биотита можно использовать совокупность значений каналов H и S (насыщенность). Для кварца и плагиоклаза, неотличимых друг от друга по цвету, предложен признак разделения, основанный на их различии по степени прозрачности, а также внутренней и поверхностной структурам. На основании проведенных исследований разработана трехступенчатая схема разделения минералов из техногенных отвалов слюдоносных и керамических пегматитов Северной Карелии. Укрупненные технико-экономические расчеты показали высокую эффективность предложенной технологии.

Et si la loi du plus riche était la meilleure ? Cet article tend à répondre à cette question, au regard de l'attitude d'un État dans le sous-système international CEMAC. Il choisit de rendre compte de la dynamique de contestation d'un rapport de force par un État nouvellement enrichi et montre ainsi comment l'enrichissement autorise et favorise la contestation de la confi guration antérieure du pouvoir et l'auto-affi rmation d'un État comme nouveau leader sous-régional. Ce faisant, il restitue le lien que Gilpin avait établi entre l'enrichissement et les changements de rapport de force dans le système international. En montrant cependant que le changement de rapport de force peut également se faire sans guerre hégémonique, il s'aligne derrière les études qui mettent en relation les logiques de puissance et les processus à vocation pacifi catrice de l'intégration régionale ; la quête de puissance des États et leur présence au sein des organisations internationales.

Husbandry training and environmental enrichment are both important advancements associated with current behavioural welfare practices. Additionally, the use of training procedures has been proposed as a form of enrichment, with the implication that training can produce beneficial behavioural welfare results. This paper examines the concept of training as enrichment through three distinct ways training procedures could enrich: (i) training facilitates enrichment usage; (ii) training modifies interactions, conspecific or otherwise; and (iii) training expands behavioural repertoires. Within each category, the paper focuses on past research that provides empirical support for training functioning as enrichment, as well as related areas of research that provide additional evidence. Previous studies support the claim that training is enriching, with additional research necessary to better understand how prevalent and under what conditions training procedures function as enrichment. Future training research should examine these potential enrichment effects, including methodology that allows for comparisons to traditional enrichment, the use of welfare diversity/variability indices, and the effects of learning on trainers and trainees alike.

The present study is evaluate the nutritional efficiency of Artemia franciscana enriched with different oil emulsions, such as Soyabean oil, Sesame oil and Rice bran oil on growth, survival and biochemical changes of freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. The experimental fishes were fed with Soyabean oil enriched Artemia nauplii (T 1 ), Sesame oil enriched Artemia nauplii (T 2 ), rice bran oil enriched Artemia nauplii (T 3 ) and unenriched Artemia nauplii (T 0 ) as a control. After 45days, the growth rate, survival and Biochemical compositions such as protein, lipids, carbohydrate and fatty acids profiles were measured. The highest survival rate was recorded as 90% (T 1 ) which corresponds to the highest growth rate of fish. Significant differences were observed (p<0.05) in nutritional indices such as net weight gain, weight gain percentage, food conversion ratio (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR) between experimental and control groups. The fishes were fed with T1 (Soyabean oil enriched Artemia nauplii fed fish) was highly significant (p<0.05) with length and weight. Hence we conclude that Soyabean oil enriched Artemia nauplii is a better food for the larval rearing of Freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio.

The main purpose of this paper is to provide a critical overview of the key contributions made by Luc Boltanski and Arnaud Esquerre in ‘Enrichissement. Une critique de la marchandise’ (Paris: Gallimard, 2017). With the exception of one journal article, entitled ‘The Economic Life of Things: Commodities, Collectibles, Assets’, their collaborative work has received little attention in Anglophone circles. This paper aims to demonstrate that Boltanski and Esquerre's Enrichissement contains valuable insights into the constitution of Western European capitalism in the early twenty-first century. In order to substantiate the validity of this claim, the subsequent inquiry focuses on central dimensions that, in Boltanski and Esquerre's view, need to be scrutinized to grasp the nature of major trends in contemporary society, notably those associated with the consolidation of the enrichment economy. In the final section, attention will be drawn to several noteworthy limitations of Boltanski and Esquerre's analysis.

Authors: Abramson, C. I., Bowser, T. J., & Varnon, C. A.

Problem statement: This study highlights the potential of using silver vine as an enrichment additive for felines. Approach: A literature review was conducted on the use of silver vine since 1973. The articles were categorized into studies concerned with behavior, biological effects, beneficial uses, plant and chemical studies. Results: We found surprisingly few studies that utilized silver vine. There were only four studies concerned with the effect of silver vine on behavior and no behavior studies have been conducted since 1997. Only one study was found in the biological domain that explored the effects of silver vine on amygdala (which was thought to affect sexual behavior) by surgically removing the amygdala. No studies in the biological domain were found after 1979. In contrast to studies of biology and behavior, the literature contained sixteen articles on various aspects of plants with none published since 2008. Articles included studies on root pressure and shoot development, freezing temperatures and the cold-hardiness of the plant. Others explored the fruit of the plant and relationship with matatabi fruit gall midge, Pseudasphondylia matatabi that infected them. Eighteen articles on the beneficial uses of silver vine were found with none published since 2009 and twenty-two articles concerned with the chemistry of silver vine were found with two published since 2008. These articles concerned the organic chemistry of compounds found in the plant, as well as the chemistry that occurred when P. matatabi infected the fruit, which produced new chemical compounds in the plant. In conducting the literature review, we uncovered an error in the literature where silver vine was considered addictive to cats. We subsequently showed that no scientific data exists demonstrating any purported addictive properties of silver vine. The original conclusion that silver vine had addictive properties was based solely upon a single uncontrolled anecdote that, unfortunately, had been perpetuated in the literature to the present day. Conclusion: Behavioral research on silver vine as an aid to enrichment devices for felines is an unexplored area. Silver vine has much potential for use with enrichment devices and is very easy to use.

A B S T R A C T Stereotypies in captive animals are typically defined as repetitive, invariant behavioral patterns with no obvious goal or function. They are often attributed to boredom or fear and treated by introducing occupational stimuli. The present work on captive walruses examined the relationship between walrus stereotypies and species-typical foraging behaviors engaged in by their wild counterparts. Two types of walrus stereotypies were studied: (a) patterned swimming around their pool, or (b) repetitive sucking of some item, typically their own flipper. We tested two enrichment devices under filled and empty conditions: large foam/rubber mats and hollow boomer balls, both with multiple holes in them. Both devices were designed to stimulate the use of flippers, vibrissae, and mouth suctioning of small food in the devices. Walruses in the devices with food conditions increased locomotion and device contact and decreased engaging in stereotypies. We conclude: (1) daily stereotypies in these captive walruses are based on incomplete behavioral foraging "loops" (2) providing stimuli supporting completed foraging sequences can reduce stereotypies and increase active foraging components.

The paper describes a professional development activity for teachers that enables then to infuse enrichment activities into prescribed curricular topics.  The goal is to promote more enjoyment, engagement, and enthusiasm for learning than typically results from mainly memory-oriented instructional approaches.

A preliminary investigation to establish the status of contamination of trace metals in the Western coast of Ghana was conducted prior to the commercial production of crude oil in the area. The study revealed the presence of heavy metals such as Pb (4.00-79.64 mg/kg), As (8.81-236 mg/kg), Cu (12.86-108.06 mg/kg), V (28.07-953.32 mg/kg), Zn (7.08-264.25 mg/kg), Cr (101.69-1366.62 mg/kg), Ni (42.41-451.43 mg/kg), Mn (16.77-1890.45mg/kg), Br (7.66-142.78 mg/kg), Ti (542.03-19960 mg/kg) and Fe (7472.88-97120 mg/kg) at six sites sampled along the coast. With the exception of Ti and Fe which showed no variation in metal concentration, the rest of the metals varied significantly among the sampled locations. Potential ecological risk of metals particularly of Co, As and Br which exhibited extreme enrichment of the sediments indicates considerable metal pollution in the studied areas. The degree of contamination is of particular concern especially to benthic biota that inhabit this environment for survival.

Pesticides are the substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling any pest. Due to bulk handling or accidental release, they are accumulated in soil which leads to occasional entry into ecosystems that show lethal effects on living systems. In order to overcome the problem of commonly found pesticides namely Endosulfan, Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin. An enrichment culture technique was used to isolate bacterial strains from garden soil tolerating high concentrations of the selected pesticides. Five pure bacterial cultures, named EC1, EC2, EC3, EC4 and EC5 were isolated and subsequently characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and biochemical tests. The optimum temperature, pH and NaCl concentration was determined for them. Growth curve experiments showed that the bacterial isolates were able to grow in medium containing the individual pesticide as the carbon source. Tolerance to high levels of metal salts (Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cr 3+ , Cu 2+ and Mn 2+ ) and multiple antibiotic resistance was seen in all five bacterial isolates indicating a positive correlation between pesticide degradation and tolerance to metals and antibiotics. By miniprep method of plasmid DNA isolation it was found out that 3 isolates (EC3, EC4 and EC5) showed presence of plasmid DNA indicating that the resistant trait observed was plasmid borne. Further by transformation of the plasmid DNA from EC3, EC4 and EC5 to Escherichia coli DH5α strain, it was found that the transformed strain acquired the ability to grow in presence of higher concentrations of pesticides. Thus such findings may be useful in designing a multi resistant bacterium that can be used to return the altered environment to its original condition.

Positive reinforcement training holds great potential for enhancing the management of species for reproduction. This paper reviews a wide range of animal training activities and resultant benefits which could have application to captive reproduction programs. Recognized benefits fall into several categories. Basic animal care can be improved through voluntary cooperation by the animals with veterinary procedures and routine husbandry activities. The quality and quantity of physiological data collected for research can be improved through voluntary cooperation by the animal subjects with sample collection. Positive social interaction and reproductive behavior can be increased and aggressive behavior reduced through employment of a specialized training regime called &quot;cooperative feeding&quot;. Good success has been reported with special training programs to facilitate introduction of new members into primate social groups while mixed results have been obtained in efforts to use t...

O desenvolvimento da tecnologia de ultracentrifugação de urânio é um marco de sucesso na história tecnológica do Brasil. Do interesse inicial do Almirante Álvaro Alberto, o qual tentou trazer centrífugas da Alemanha no pós-Guerra, enfrentando forte resistência externa, conseguiu-se com o esforço, dedicação, criatividade e obstinação de técnicos e engenheiros brasileiros, ao longo de 15 anos, conceber e aperfeiçoar uma série de máquinas para produção de material para uso no combustível nuclear, emprego pacífico da energia nuclear, como estabelece nossa Constituição Federal.

Abstract
The main aim of the present paper is to show that the recently developed dialogical approach to Martin-Löf’s Constructive Type Theory (CTT), called Immanent Reasoning, provides, the means for distinguishing François Recanati’s process of free enrichment and saturation, meets his own objections against perspectives based on unarticulated constituents, and opens a new venue to pragmatic modulation, where the speaker-receiver interaction is integrated into the notion of enrichment. In such a setting enrichment operates on proof-objects that make fully articulated event-propositions true. The point is that by distinguishing what makes a proposition true from the proposition made true offers a simple and clean way to avoid conflating the contextual elements that enrich a proposition with the proposition itself. Such a framework abounds in means for expressing reference structures such as anaphora, including time and/or location reference. Furthermore, the notion of dependent types of CTT (absent in Montague-style semantics) and the associated formation rules allow a straightforward analysis of composition of meaning at work in Recanati’s cases concerning occasion meaning as determined by context.
The brand of dialogical contextualism, grounded on the play-level (where propositional content is not necessarily truth-conditional), advocated herewith is not a form of propositional syncretism. The framework offers a straightforward response to the failure of third excluded in some instances of faultless disagreement without giving up the notion of propositional content. More generally, this suggests an alternative way to tackle the interface pragmatics semantics underlying the notion of pragmatic modulation by integrating into the interface the dialogical game of asking and giving reasons.

IT for Teaching, The main points in learning IT for the teaching process include the administrative needs and teaching requirements. A teacher should be sophisticated in case of using technological developments to realize the improvement and progress in education.

Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR) is a subprogram of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) dedicated to applied research on the safe recovery of water, nutrients and energy from domestic and agro-industrial waste streams. This subprogram aims to create impact through different lines of action research, including (i) developing and testing scalable RRR business models, (ii) assessing and mitigating risks from RRR for public health and the environment, (iii) supporting public and private entities with innovative approaches for the safe reuse of wastewater and organic waste, and (iv) improving rural-urban linkages and resource allocations while minimizing the negative urban footprint on the peri-urban environment. This subprogram works closely with the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations University (UNU), and many national and international partners across the globe. The RRR series of documents present summaries and reviews of the subprogram's research and resulting application guidelines, targeting development experts and others in the research The authors Dr. Josiane Nikiema is a senior researcher at the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and is based in Accra, Ghana. She has a PhD in chemical engineering from the Université de Sherbrooke, Canada. Her fields of expertise include domestic wastewater treatment and reuse, recovery of nutrients and organic matter from fecal sludge and organic solid waste, and testing business models for safe resource recovery and reuse. Dr. Olufunke O. Cofie is a principal researcher with a background in soil science. She heads IWMI's West Africa office in Accra, Ghana, and has worked over the past 15 years on the interface of sanitation and agriculture. Mr. Robert Impraim has an MSc in crop science and was a research officer for recycling and reuse at IWMI's Ghana office. He is currently a PhD student at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Mr. Eric G. Nartey has an MSc in environmental science. He is a research officer for recycling and reuse at IWMI's Ghana office. Mrs. Nilanthi Jayathilake has an MSc in environmental engineering and management. She is a research officer for septage management and reuse at IWMI headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Compared to negative experiences associated with parenting a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), research has paid much less attention to positive aspects of experiences. This study examined both experiences of stress and enrichment in parenting a child with ASD to provide insights for practical community support services. Eighty-seven caregivers responded to the Effects of the Situation Questionnaire, a modified version of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (2nd Ed.), and the Parental Sense of Competence Scale. Stress and enrichment were examined in their relations to child symptom severity, number of child-focused services, and parenting self-efficacy. Parenting self-efficacy and perceived level of stress, but not child symptom severity or number of child-focused services, were correlated with parental experiences of enrichment. The link between parenting self-efficacy and enrichment was mitigated by reported levels of stress. The findings revealed the paradoxical existence ...

Purpose of study: Soils from the vicinity of a cement factory in Obajana in Kogi state of Nigeria were analyzed for their physicochemical and elemental contents in order to assess the contamination level of the soils.
Methodology: Samples were collected at twenty-two identified transects of the soils near the cement factory using standard analytical procedures during Dry and Rainy seasons. The elemental contents of the soils were determined using the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) technique while the physicochemical parameters were determined using standard analytical techniques.
Main Findings: Results indicated that the physicochemical parameter values varied across the study areas. Ten elements (As, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb and Zn) were analyzed and their concentrations values established. In addition, calculation of Enrichment Factors (EFs), Geo - accumulation Index (Igeo), Pollution Indices (PI) and Pearson correlation matrices were performed and the results indicated that across the transects some elements were in the highly pollution class and strongly correlated.
Implications: The cement facility together with the attendant vehicular traffic emissions were implicated as responsible for metal pollution in the area as higher concentration of metals were found in the sites closer to the cement factory.
Originality/Novelty: Researchers did this study in their lab and this give can help government to set policies to safeguard health of community.

miRNAs are a class of small RNAs that regulate gene expression via RNA silencing machinery. Some viruses also encode miRNAs, contributing to the complex virus-host interactions. A better understanding of viral miRNA functions would be useful in designing new preventive strategies for treating diseases induced by viruses. To meet the challenge for how viruses module host gene expression by their encoded miRNAs, we measured the functional similarities among human viral miRNAs by using a method we reported previously. Higher order functions regulated by viral miRNAs were also identified by KEGG pathway analysis on their targets. Our study demonstrated the biological processes involved in virus-host interactions via viral miRNAs. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that viral miRNAs have distinct evolution rates compared with their corresponding genome.

Compared to negative experiences associated with parenting a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), research has paid much less attention to positive aspects of experiences. This study examined both experiences of stress and enrichment in parenting a child with ASD to provide insights for practical community support services. Eighty-seven caregivers responded to the Effects of the Situation Questionnaire, a modified version of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (2nd Ed.), and the Parental Sense of Competence Scale. Stress and enrichment were examined in their relations to child symptom severity, number of child-focused services, and parenting self-efficacy. Parenting self-efficacy and perceived level of stress, but not child symptom severity or number of child-focused services, were correlated with parental experiences of enrichment. The link between parenting self-efficacy and enrichment was mitigated by reported levels of stress. The findings revealed the paradoxical existence ...

It is crucial that gifted and talented students should be supported by different educational methods for their interests and skills. The science and arts centres (gifted centres) provide the Supportive Education Program for these students with an interdisciplinary perspective. In line with the program, an ICT lesson entitled “Computer Tree” serves for identifying learner readiness levels, and defining the basic conceptual framework. A language teacher also contributes to the process, since it caters for the creative function of the basic linguistic skills. The teaching technique is applied for 9-11 aged student level. The lesson introduces an evaluation process including basic information, skills, and interests of the target group. Furthermore, it includes an observation process by way of peer assessment. The lesson is considered to be a good sample of planning for any subject, for the unpredicted convergence of visual and technical abilities with linguistic abilities.
Key words: Gifted/talented students, high level of intelligence, information technology, mind map

Five pretreatment methods, namely chemical, acid, heat-shock, freezing and thawing, and base, were evaluated for the enrichment of hydrogen-producing bacteria in anaerobic granulated sludge, which will be subsequently used as seed in biological hydrogen production. All the pretreatments showed positive effects towards improving hydrogen (H 2) generation by the microbial population with higher hydrogen production yield and COD removal efficiency as compared to control. The granulated sludge pretreated by heat-shock showed maximum accumulated H 2 (19.48mLg -1-COD), COD removal efficiency (62%), and biomass concentration (22.5 gL -1). © 2012 Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers, Seoul, Korea.

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Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) are known for their curative effects on hypertension through a holistic approach. The molecular mechanisms of the formulation comprising Polygonum multiflorum, Rehmannia glutinosa, Senna obtusifolia and Crataegus, used by Chinese practitioners in ameliorating hypertension, however remain a mystery. This initial study is thus aimed at unveiling the molecular mechanisms of this TCM formulation in treating hypertension. The methanolic extract compounds of the decoction were identified through Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Oral bioavailability and drug likeness were then measured to filter out identified compounds. Several databases, such as the SwissTargetPrediction, STRING, OMIM and KEGG, were used to retrieve information on the predicted targets for the purpose of developing a network using Cytoscape Version 3.8. Enrichment analysis was then performed to elucidate the mechanisms of the decoction in hypertension mitigation. A total of 11 compounds identified were revealed to possess bioavailable and drug like characteristics, based on the Veber and Quantitative Estimation of Drug-likeness (QED) parameters. Pathway analysis showed enrichment of pathways such as cardiac muscle contraction, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, dilated cardiomyopathy, renin-angiotensin system and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which are all strongly associated with hypertension. The network pharmacology analysis clearly shows that this TCM decoction ameliorates hypertension through several indirect pathways where most of the targets are involved in HCM, which is caused by hypertension.

In his discussions of the various readings of modal propositions, Ibn Sīnā’s focus is mostly on a distinction which was later labelled the distinction between descriptional (waṣfī) and substantial (ḏātī) readings of a modal proposition.  Given that for Ibn Sīnā all categorical propositions are either implicitly or explicitly modal, the substantial–descriptional distinction is in some sense applicable to the readings of all categorical propositions.  This distinction is based on how (i.e., under which conditions) the predicate of a categorical proposition is true of its subject. According to the substantial reading, the predicate is true of the subject (perhaps with a certain alethic or temporal modality) as long as the substance of the subject exists. On the other hand, according to the descriptional reading, the predicate is true of the subject (again, perhaps with a certain modality) as long as the substance of the subject is truly described by the subject. To be clearer, consider the following proposition:
(1) Every S is P.
The difference between the substantial and descriptional readings of (1) can be articulated as follows:
Substantial Reading of (1): Every S, as long as it exists, is P.
Descriptional Reading of (1): Every S, as long as it is S, is P.
It is in principle possible that a proposition is true on one of these readings and false on the other. It is only the context which determines how a proposition must be read to be true.  To give an example, consider the following proposition:
(2) Every bachelor is unmarried.
The substantial and descriptional readings of (2) are respectively as follows: 
(3) Every bachelor, as long as he exists, is unmarried.
(4) Every bachelor, as long as he is bachelor, is unmarried.
These two propositions have different truth values. Contrary to (3)—which is false—(4) is true. This is because a bachelor is unmarried only insofar as he is described as a bachelor. So (4) is true. By contrast, it is in principle possible for a person who is a bachelor in some period(s) of time to be married in some other period(s) of time; this is so at least if we assume that ‘as long as’ has a temporal meaning. In other words, it is not necessary for such a person to be always unmarried. The mere existence of the substance of this person does not guarantee his being unmarried. Thus (3) is false. There are, however, other propositions that are true on the substantial reading. For example, consider the following proposition:
(5) Every human is animal.
The predicate Animal is true of every human as long as s/he exists. Put otherwise, what makes it true to say that every human is animal is the mere existence of human substances. This means that not only the descriptional but also the substantial reading of (5) is true.  Indeed, since every human exists if and only if s/he is human, the substantial and descriptional readings of (5) express one and the same fact.
As Ibn Sīnā himself insists, he is the first logician to have focused on the above distinction and pondered on its fruitfulness for removing some difficulties with Aristotle’s syllogistic.  Since the distinction plays a crucial role in Ibn Sīnā’s syllogistic, it is discussed in several places in his logical oeuvre.  Moreover, the distinction was subject to continually heated discussions in Arabic logic after Ibn Sīnā. For instance, the distinction was accepted by Rāzī and Khūnaǧī, on the one hand, and was seen as redundant by Ibn Rushd.  The substantial sense of propositions corresponds to what is called the ‘divided’ sense of propositions in the Latin tradition. However, although the descriptional sense of propositions is plays an important role in Arabic syllogistic, it has no widely discussed counterpart in the Latin tradition.  These observations strongly suggest that a comprehensive picture of Arabic syllogistic from Ibn Sīnā onwards cannot be achieved unless we have a clear logical analysis of the aforementioned distinction. An effective and popular strategy for providing such an analysis is to look at the different readings of a proposition through the lens of modern formal logic. Therefore, it is important to find out which formal language has the best capacity to capture various aspects of this distinction and the insights behind it. In the literature, several attempts have been made to formalize the different readings of propositions in the languages of classical predicate or temporal logics.  In this chapter, we put forward an alternative based on Martin-Löf’s constructive type theory (CTT).  Compared to its rivals, our analysis is more faithful to the grammatical subject-predicate structure of propositions and can better reflect the morphological features of the verbs (and descriptions) that extend time to intervals (or spans of times). It is worth noting that our focus will mostly be on the analysis of the descriptional reading of propositions (which can also be called ‘the descriptional propositions’ for the sake of brevity).

Effects of different pretreatment methods on sludge inocula were evaluated with respect to hydrogen (H 2) production enhancement using palm oil mill effluent (POME) in a batch system. The experimental results showed that the pretreatment methods (chemical, acid, heat-shock, freezing and thawing, and base) at 35 °C and initial pH 5.5 had a positive influence on H 2 production yield and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency during the fermentative H 2 production as compared to the control experiments (without pretreatment). Heat-shock pretreatment method was shown to be a simple and useful method for enhancing both H 2 producing and COD removal processes from POME with highest H 2 yield and COD removal efficiency at 0.41 mmol H 2/g COD and 86%, respectively. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The work examined the effect of mixed cultural fermentation on the nutritional quality of date palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera). This was done by isolating microorganism from samples subjected to natural fermentation. The isolated organisms were thereafter used as starter culture in a five day controlled fermentation. Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Bacillus pumilus were identified as the predominant microorganisms and were used as starter culture. pH, titratable acidity, proximate, amino acid and mineral composition of the fermented samples were determined. The sample fermented with mixed culture gave best nutritional value of 15.3% protein as compared to the 9.62% and 11.61% yield in B. pumilus and L. delbrueckii, respectively, on the fifth day of fermentation. Arginine was found to be on the high side among the amino acids discovered and the mineral composition of the products gave an appreciable amount of sodium, potassium and calcium.

ABSTRACT. The distribution of some heavy metals, namely Cu, Pb, Zn, and Fe in sediments of Fosu lagoon of Cape Coast, Ghana was studied in the early summer (November) of 2009. The levels of the selected trace metals were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The overall mean ± RSD % of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Fe were, respectively 26.4 ± 51.0, 28.1 ± 101.0, 20.90 ± 41.90 and 1.15 × 103 ± 2.02 mg/kg. Fe recorded the highest concentration levels, the distribution of which followed the sequence Fe&gt; Pb&gt; Cu&gt; Zn. Statistical analyses also showed different mean levels of trace metals at the five sites. The heavy metal burdens in the sediments revealed significant variations in the distribution of the metals, with Pb showing the greatest variation and Fe the least. Enrichment level of Fe was minimal; Cu and Zn were significantly enriched and Pb showed very high to extremely high enrichment. The average geoaccumulation values and pollution load index calculated for the five ...

There is growing recognition of the special needs of mathematically gifted learners. This paper reviews policy developments and current research and theory on giftedness in mathematics. It includes a discussion of the nature of mathematical ability as well as the factors that make up giftedness in mathematics. The paper is set in the context of current developments in Mathematics Education and Gifted Education in the UK and their implications for Science and Technology. It argues that early identification and appropriate provision for younger mathematically promising pupils capitalises on an intellectual resource which could provide future mathematicans as well as specialists in Science or Technology. Drawing on a Vygotskian framework, it is suggested that the mathematically gifted require appropriate cognitive challenges as well as attitudinally and motivationally enhancing experiences. In the second half of the paper we report on an initiative in which we worked with teachers to identify mathematically gifted pupils and to provide effective enrichment support for them, in a number of London Local Authorities. A number of significant issues are raised relating to the identification of mathematical talent, enrichment provision for students and teachers' professional development.

This article introduces an innovative theoretical correlation between eπ and enrichment percentage (%E) assay. Based on the published Sayed`s theorem and its applications, a simple equation was derived to calculate the %E. Different formulas for enrichment percentage calculation are also presented in this work. The theoretical calculations using the eπ formula show results with deviation from 0.96 to ~2.8%. A correlation between eπ, number of atoms (N), count rate (C), half life time (T1/2), efficiency (η) of the detector at specific energy, the branching ratio (Iγ), Avogadro`s number (AN), atomic weight (AW) and mass (M) was also found and elucidated. It can sharply state that this is first time to calculate the %E correlated with eπ by using what is called Sayed`s enrichment formula. The correlation of eπ and N AW AN M η Iγ T1/2 is a unique and pioneer scientific approach in the nuclear fields.

The aim of this study was an identification of marital intimacy enrichment pattern's on Islamic perspective. For this purpose, the study data were extracted by qualitative method of thematic analysis from Islamic sources including Quran verses and Hadiths by theoretical sampling method. Therefore, were collected related phrases by using of related keywords and with the help of search in software from among the fifty sources of Islamic Hadiths, which included early and late scholars from Shia and Sunni hadith sources, and it's analyzed by using sterling method. After Credibility of qualitative data, 33 basic themes, 6 organizational themes and a global theme were obtained from data analysis. The research findings showed that the pattern of enrichment of marital intimacy has principles, pillars, dimensions, obstacles, emotional areas and how to evaluate it. Dimensions of intimacy include; Emotional intimacy, physical, sexual, spiritual, cohesive, economic, and verbal. The results also showed that intimacy assessment is based on four axes, dimensions of intimacy, emotional areas, intensity and weakness of emotions and expected and real intimacy. The results of this study could be effective for family counselors and couples therapists in developing and evaluating Islamic-based intimacy enrichment.

Families with talented children face many school-related issues. This lectures deals with some of the emotional/social problems of talented children , as well as with parents' frequent questions about them. It also suggests some general recommendations for these parents.

Urease is a key enzyme in the chemical reaction of microorganism and has been found to be associated withcalcification, which is essential in microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) process. Three bacterialisolates (designated as LPB19, TSB31 and TSB12) were among twenty-eight bacteria that were isolated fromsamples collected from Sarawak limestone caves using the enrichment culture technique. Isolates LPB19, TSB31and TSB12 were selected based on their quick urease production when compared to other isolates. Phenotypiccharacteristics indicate all three bacterial strains are gram-positive, rod-shaped, motile, catalase and oxidasepositive. Urease activity of the bacterial isolates were measured through changes in conductivity in the absence ofcalcium ions. The bacterial isolates (LPB19, TSB12 and TSB31) showed urease activity of 16.14, 12.45 and 11.41mM urea hydrolysed/min respectively. The current work suggested that these isolates serves as constitutiveproducers of urease, ...

Dietary fibers have beneficial physiological and metabolic effects and the enrichment of high-consumption products such as spaghetti with fibers can increase the health and reduce the risk of various diseases in the community. In this study, the effect of processed barley bran (at 40, 50 and 60% levels replacement), xanthan gum (at 1 and 2% levels) and their interactions on cooking properties (water absorption, cooking loss, optimum cooking time and swelling index), microstructural, texture and sensory of spaghetti were evaluated. With increasing barley bran content, the water absorption and cooking loss of spaghetti samples significantly decreased and increased, respectively (P&lt;0.05). The gluten network was weakened by adding fiber by adding fiber, which reduced the cooking time to 10 min. The red value (a index) increased and the brightness (L index) decreased with the increase in the amount of the bran. Increment of barley bran increased the hardness of spaghetti texture notic...

Copyright ©2020 by the author (et al) and Indonesian Journal of Development Studies (IJDS) *This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subject Area : Culture changes Abstract This study aims to produce a website as enrichment for Javanese learning material in vocational schools. This study uses the Research and Development (R&D) research method. The results of this study consisted of three discussions, namely the needs of teachers and students for material enrichment, enrichment of website prototypes, and the results of pre-class website prototype validation tests as enrichment of Javanese learning in vocational schools. Questionnaires for teacher and student needs were used to construct a prototype &quot;pre-class&quot; enrichment site. The developed prototype of the enrichment website is categorized into four main sections, namely homepage, about me, enrichment, digital library, and co...

This Guideline: fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals as a public health strategy, is the first evidence-informed guideline from the World Health Organization (WHO) for this intervention with this specific food vehicle – rice. The focus of this document is on the use of this intervention as a public health strategy and not on market-driven fortification of rice.1 Given the many types of rice consumed in various countries worldwide as food vehicles for fortification, as well as an update on the process currently used in fortification of rice kernels, a separate guideline for this food vehicle was deemed necessary. In order to produce this guideline, the rigorous procedures described in the WHO handbook for guideline development were followed. This guideline complements the WHO/FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients (2006) and the Pan American Health Organization publication, Iron compounds for food fortification: guidelines for Latin America and the Caribbean 2002. This document expands the sections on dissemination and updates the summary of evidence used for the guideline, based on the most recent systematic and narrative reviews on the topic.

Wczesna praca z lat 70. pokazując możliwości automatyzacji procesu oceny stopnia napełnienia młyna kulowego (w zakładach wzbogacania surowców mineralnych). Ocena tego stopnia zapełnienia jest ważna dla uzyskania dobrej wydajności młyna. Bezpośredni pomiar jest niemożliwy, ale pokazano, że analiza sygnału dźwiękowego pracującego młyna może stanowić wystarczającą podstawę do uzyskania dobrej oceny jego stopnia zapełnienia.