Engineering Drawing

The paper addresses the issue of perpendicularity in axonometric projection, almost ignored by most of the Descriptive Geometry books for students in engineering and architecture. This problem is usually approached in an operational way, identifying lines and planes, perpendicular to each other, as a solution to metric problems, but outside of an accomplished theoretical treatment, which defines the necessary and sufficient conditions of perpendicularity. The more in-depth texts, at most, provide some general mention of that problem, indicating the high road in the application the polarity. On the basis of a student's intuition, our group has developed an unusual and interesting formulation of the perpendicularity condition, between straight line and plane, in isometric cavalier projection, precisely in "military axonometric projection". This condition completely disregards polar and anti-polar, rebatments of planes and switching in Monge method. Its geometrical proof, moreover, is very simple and the identification of the perpendicular to a generic plane requires only three steps. The formulated perpendicularity condition, moreover, is valid for any type of isometric cavalier projection; or rather when the projection plane coinciding with one of the reference's planes, and the projector is an oblique direction, inclined by 45° to the projection plane. Given the traditional difficulty of directly expressing the perpendicularity condition in axonometric projection, it is a very important result, not only because it allows simpler and faster graphical procedures, but mainly because it fills a real emptiness of the isometric model, offered in the courses for architects and engineers, which then appeared unfinished as completely independent model.

Istilah analisis tegangan (stress analysis) dan analisis elemen hingga (finite element analysis/FEA)
sudah umum kita dengar. Meskipun begitu, tak ada salahnya kita memahami makna dari keduanya
karena berhubungan dengan tool yang tersedia pada kelompok Toolbar Analysis yang digunakan
dalam perangkat lunak (software) Autodesk Inventor Professional 2017.
Analisis elemen hingga adalah teknik numerik matematis untuk menghitung kekuatan dan perilaku
struktur teknik. Secara prinsip, analisis elemen hingga adalah analisis dari obyek kompleks yang
dipecahkan dengan membagi obyek menjadi jala (mesh) elemen yang lebih kecil dimana kalkulasi
2
dapat diatur dan dijalankan. Analisis tegangan yang dilakukan oleh Inventor menggunakan metode ini untuk memungkinkan kita menganalisis desain yang sesuai dengan keinginan kita, untuk menentukan tren dasar yang berkaitan dengan spesifikasi dari desain.
Simulasi Autodesk Inventor berguna untuk menjalankan analisis dasar untuk membuktikan validitas desain. Hal ini jauh lebih praktis dan hemat waktu saat merancang desain sebelum membuatnya dalam bentuk prototipe fisik. Selain itu, juga dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis apakah material komponen atau rakitan terlalu berlebihan atau kurang saat dirancang untuk sejumlah beban dan/atau getaran tertentu. Tool analisis tegangan pada Inventor berguna saat menentukan bagaimana ukuran fitur dan lokasi akan mempengaruhi integritas suatu komponen.

The Lost Art of Drawing non è un semplice titolo per un articolo o una mostra d' arte. L' editoriale di Michael Graves sul New York Times è anzitutto un grido di passione, di dolore e di responsabilità insieme. Non si discute sul concetto e la rappresentazione dell' architettura, intesa come arte, mestiere e professione, bensì sul suo divorzio dal disegno: una parte essenziale di un percorso mentale e creativo che nasce da un bozzetto estemporaneo, utile a catturare un' idea, fino al progetto finito. Un esercizio che trasforma l' immaginazione in materia.
La collezione dei disegni, custoditi nell' archivio storico dell' Accademia delle Belle Arti di Roma, che vengono portati a conoscenza del pubblico, ne prende le mosse e di quella voce ne è l' eco. Un risuonar felice di mani e di segni che sono il tratto delle alte scuole di formazione italiana.
L' Harvard Club of Italy non solo rappresenta una prestigiosa Accademia degli Stati Uniti d' America e la comunità dei suoi laureati in Italia, ma sostiene i valori dell' eccellenza e del merito. Come quelli degli studenti di architettura di oltre cento anni fà - successivamente riconosciuti nel mondo quali grandi architetti - che sono tra coloro i quali hanno fatto tra le cose più belle, sicuramente a Roma, ma non solo. Almeno prima e fintanto che, per troppo tempo, andasse in qualche misura
sfumando il senso della bellezza e del paesaggio che fanno dell' Italia il Paese ammirato che è.

Dal Saggio di Fabio Filocamo

Recognition of dimensioning text in engineering drawings is an essential part of the drawing understanding process, as this text provides the exact dimensions and tolerances of the object described in the drawing. We consider engineering drawings produced according to either ISO or ANSI drafting standards. Text segmentation and recognition are preceded by orthogonal zigzag vectorization, arc segmentation, and arrowhead pair recognition. Initial textbox extraction is done by a region growing process, performed on text-wire candidates. On the basis of textbox context (neighboring annotation wires) the drafting standard is detected. Raw textboxes are divided into logical textboxes, which are further decomposed into basic textboxes. A neural network based OCR algorithm is applied to each basic textbox. Finally, the OCR recognition results are verified by using contextual information and comparing the results with the measurements made directly on the drawing.

- LAURA ÁLVAREZ BENÍTEZ
IRISH LEGENDS: THE CHILDREN OF LIR
THE MOUSETRAP. AGATHA CHRISTIE. READING GUIDE
09 – 18
20 – 38
- ESTHER MANSILLA RODRÍGUEZ
LA ENTREVISTA MOTIVACIONAL EN TUTORÍA
40 – 50
- ANTONIO DADER GARCÍA
EL SISTEMA DIÉDRICO DIRECTO EN LAS PRUEBAS DE ACCESO A LA UNIVERSIDAD
52 – 62
- ESTER ROMERO CABALLERO
LA IMPORTANCIA DE LA METODLOGÍA CLIL EN LA EDUCACIÓN BILINGÜE
64 – 75
- IVÁN GUERRERO VAQUERIZO
INTRODUCCIÓN A LA COMPRESIÓN DE VÍDEO BASADA EN REDUNDANCIAS
77 – 87

يعتبر هذا الكتاب استكمال لما ورد  فى الكتاب الأول من الرسم الهندسى (اساسيات ونظرية الأسقاط) ويتناول شرحا للمقاطع ( القطاعات ) الهندسية وكيقية رسم المنظور الهندسى والقططاعات المعدنية المستخدمة فى المنشأت المعدنية . ويشمل أمثلة محلولة وتمارين تطبيقية .

Engineering Drawing is one of the basic courses to study for all engineering disciplines. The primary problem faced in learning and teaching of engineering drawing is the limited availability of text books
that focus on the basic rules and specifications in relation to the drawing methods practiced in Bangladesh. This handbook is prepared with the primary aim to elaborate necessary basic rules and regulations of engineering drawing that is necessary for students of every engineering discipline. This book is for beginners to introduce them with different elements of engineering drawing. Several worked-out examples are provided along with every chapter and also every chapter includes some
exercise and assignments to be practiced by the learners. The course Engineering Drawing is extremely important as it is the language of engineers, technicians, designers and sanitarians. This handbook is devoted to provide general aspects of engineering drawing like lettering, geometric constructions, dimensioning, scaling, orthographic and isometric projections and sectioning. The handbook is prepared taking aid from a number of textbooks and articles mentioned in bibliography
section. Most of the figures are drawn using AutoCAD, a few of them are collected from Google image search and some are taken from the textbooks. For further reading, students are encouraged to refer books which are listed in the bibliography section.

Objectives of CAD study manual:
1. Satisfy 2D draughting requirements
2. Provide learner with working skills at the Basic to Intermediate Levels of Computer
Aided Design Draughting for the Industrial, Mechanical Engineering, and Construction environment.
3. Encourage learner to pursue further skills on their own in Technical CAD Draughting.
4. Applying knowledge from Technical Drawing studies in producing CAD Drawings.
5. Understanding the purpose of The Standard AS/NZS 1100 Part 201.
    Other countries have their own similar standards.
6. Working in a group environment for achieving successful CAD Project accomplishments.
7. Provide learner with the software tools to generate technical drawings.

This study manual prepared by me for students in engineering technology programs in 2013. Any errors and omissions apologies in advance.

This presentation targets to improve the knowledge of pressure measuring importance, types of pressure measurement and instruments available, industrial applications etc. Also it covers the theories and laboratory experiment of calibration of Bourdon tube pressure gauge

During the Spring 2011 semester, an engineering graphics literacy assessment was developed by a visiting Fulbright Scholar at North Carolina State University (NCSU). The assessment was developed for constraint-based modeling course and tested at NCSU. The faculty from four other universities joined the project to test this methodology. The students from Latvia University of Agriculture and later during the Fall 2011 semester the students from Riga Technical University participated in the test using SolidWorks 3D modeling software. The group of students at University of Rijeka in Spring 2011 used AutoCAD 3D modeling software, but the students at Siberian State Automobile and Highway Academy used 2D drafting software Kompas. All the 98 students from five universities were asked to create 3D models or make working drawings for seven parts given in an assembly drawing of a device within two hours time period. The parts in the assembly ranged in complexity from a simple ball to a complex valve body. Students were given a ruler to measure parts on the B-size third quadrant (A3 size first quadrant for Europe) drawing and determine sizes of geometric elements based on the given scale (2:1). There was a positive relationship between the scores on the activity and the pace at which each student completed the parts. It was difficult to compare the test scores on the modeling assessment and other measures in the course (final project, final exam, and final course average) because universities have different grading system. This paper summarizes how students performed on the assessment (number of parts correctly modeled, scores, total time, etc.), reports analyses of relationships between their scores on the assessment and other measures in the course, and also presents ideas for future studies. Average test scores in four universities were significantly lower than in Latvia University of Agriculture where the students had much extensive descriptive geometry and engineering graphics background.

Questions the story of Michelangelo burning his drawings at the end of his life.  Suggests that Michelangelo’s change of practice late in life meant that the artist made many fewer drawings than he did earlier in his career and many fewer “collectible” drawings of the type he once made forTommaso de’ Cavalieri and the now deceased Vittoria Colonna.  Thus, he likely burned much less than is generally supposed, and more likely compromising things such as his copy of the Beneficio di Christo, correspondence and poems (e.g. exchanged with Beccadelli), and maybe drawings for the Last Judgment (given the on-going criticism of that work).

Ostensibly a monograph on the drawings of Josef Albers, the reader will find under the heading ‘excursus’ a series of investigations into the concept of constellation in the writings of Walter Benjamin and Theodor W. Adorno, the semiotics of star maps, the rhetorics of geometry and the structure of representation in which Josef Albers’s Structural Constellations are not discussed directly for almost 200 pages. Although it departs from its subject matter, this group of essays may be regarded as tending towards an interpretation of Structural Constellations, as Benjamin would say, ‘returning in a roundabout way to its original object.’
The main themes of the dissertation are addressed to specific objects: texts by Benjamin and Adorno, star maps in the tradition which stretches between Ptolemy’s Almagest and Argelander’s Bonner Durchmustering, geometry lessons, the gossip about Cubism, works and manifestos by Alberti, Dürer, van Doesburg, Lissitsky and Albers. The aim is to broaden the terms of reference and develop more precise interpretative tools for an assessment of Albers’s Structural Constellations, to place these works in a more accurate historical context and provide the basis for a reassessment of some of the products and rhetorics of twentieth century modernism.
The reader should not expect the dissertation to reach a climax with Albers’s Structural Constellations. Albers emerges, even as he dissppears in the elucidation of his works, as a late modernist and practitioner of negative dialectics. His works emerge as a configuration of these dialectics and offer a reflection on the topics and ideas explored in the dissertation.
The historical and theoretical discussion of the metaphorical and graphic praxis of constellation and what I have called the ‘epistemological wish-images’ mediated by geometry is counterbalanced by a companion volume cataloguing some 1,500 drawings by Josef Albers.

Die moderne Bestimmung des Entwerfens als methodischer Umgang mit dem Unbekannten gründet -wie Robin Evans und Bernhard Siegert gezeigt haben -auf der frühneuzeitlichen Identifikation des Mediums Zeichnung mit verschiedenen Projektionstechniken. 1 Zwar kann unter Entwerfen schon im Hochmittelalter das Vorbereiten eines Bildes durch eine Risszeichnung gemeint sein oder der Begriff synonym mit dem Malen selbst gebraucht werden. 2 Aber erst im 17. Jahrhundert dürfte der Terminus im modernen Sinne als schnelle, vorläufige Skizze Verwendung gefunden haben. Die Modifikation der Bedeutung wird auf die Wirkung des englischen »project« und des französischen »projet« zurückgeführt. 3 Selbst wenn das mittelhochdeutsche »Entwerfen« -wie Pfeifers Etymologisches Wörterbuch es vorschlägt -aus der Weberei (dem Hin-und Herwerfens eines Schiffchens) hervorgegangen sein sollte, 4 konnte sich der terminus technicus in der Frühen Neuzeit sinnfällig mit einer Vielfalt von Risstechniken verbinden, die wie die Zentralperspektive in der Renaissance entweder erfunden oder wie die Parallelprojektion in dieser Epoche erstmals beschrieben worden sind. Wie mit der romanischen Wortfamilie von disegno und dessin kann nun unter Entwerfen sowohl ein handwerklicher, künstlerischer Vorgang

In ambito digitale una scarsa conoscenza delle tecniche CAD e delle differenze tra gli applicativi di grafica vettoriale e quelli raster ha portato molti utenti all’utilizzo quasi esclusivo di programmi di “editing immagini” per gestire dati raster e CAD nello stesso elaborato.
Questo procedura è errata, basti solo ricordare che per utilizzare i dati CAD negli “applicativi raster” questi vanno trasformati in immagini perdendo tutte le loro caratteristiche numeriche, grafiche e le informazioni in essi contenute.
In altre parole algoritmi più o meno complessi vengono “tradotti” in pixel, cioè in punti colorati senza altra informazione che non sia quella relativa alle loro caratteristiche cromatiche.
Le immagini raster quando vengono utilizzate in programmi vettoriali, al contrario, rimangono tali senza perdere le loro caratteristiche e possono tranquillamente venir utilizzate insieme alle informazioni vettoriali con notevoli vantaggi sia sotto il profilo grafico che sotto quello informativo e di gestione dei dati.
Lo scopo di queste note è quello di illustrare alcuni accorgimenti e procedure di utilizzo dei dati raster (immagini) in ambiente CAD,  finalizzate al loro utilizzo in chiave grafica e soprattutto informativa.

The aim of this study is to test the effectiveness of AutoCAD 3D software in learning of Engineering Drawing to enhance students understanding. Data were collected from a sample of students from a secondary school in Sungai Petani, Kedah. The quasi experimental design was used to find the effectiveness of the software in improving studentâ??s achievement. The result from this study shows excellent increases in student achievement after using this software. These indicate the software can help school student visualization capability. This study suggests that teachers, school administrators and government to consider this software as learning tool in Malaysia school.

T he earliest drawings known to exist (i.e., paintings and carvings on rock surfaces) are attributed to primitive humans. So-called cave art appears on every continent. The Paleolithic art of Western Europe reached great aesthetic heights in naturalistic cave drawings of animals, hunting scenes, rites, and daily activities; in Australia and the Americas designs were more symbolic and geometric. Stenciled human hands appeared in many places. Petroglyphs, carved or line drawings, were incised on rock with a stone instrument. Polychrome pictographs were made with charcoal and earth pigments mixed with grease, gum, or water. Since time before history mankind has expressed his best ideas in the form of drawings and ultimately art. Illustrations, pictures, or decorations were used to embellish or clarify the text in books beginning in the 15th century.

Autodesk Inventor Professional 2017 adalah salah satu perangkat lunak (software) jenis Computer Aided Drawing (CAD) yang lebih menekankan pada pemodelan solid. Perangkat lunak ini adalah salah satu produk dari Autodesk Inc. USA yang dulu lebih familier dengan produk AutoCAD.
Autodesk Inventor pertama kali diperkenalkan pada tahun 1999 sebagai model parametrik 3D yang ambisius. Autodesk Inventor menawarkan seperangkat alat untuk desain mekanik, dokumentasi, dan simulasi produk 3D yang mudah digunakan. Prototipe dengan Inventor sangat
2
membantu merancang dan memvalidasi produk sebelum dibangun untuk menghasilkan produk yang lebih baik dengan waktu yang lebih cepat.
Autodesk Inventor adalah perangkat pemodelan parametrik 3D. Istilah parametrik mengacu pada penggunaan parameter desain untuk membangun dan mengendalikan model 3D yang dibuat. Artinya, untuk memulai sebuah desain yaitu dengan membuat sketsa dasar untuk menentukan profil dari part. Dalam sketsa ini, dimensi digunakan sebagai parameter untuk mengontrol panjang dan lebar sketsa. Parameter dimensi memungkinkan untuk menyusun sketsa dengan masukan yang tepat. Hal ini sangat memudahkan kita ketika sedang dalam proses desain suatu produk atau rancangan.
Sebelum membuat model 3D yang solid ataupun surface, kita harus membuat sketsanya terlebih dahulu atau mengimpor gambar 2D dari Autodesk AutoCAD. Buku ini disusun dengan menggunakan Autodesk Inventor Professional versi tahun 2017.Meskipun begitu, langkah-langkahnya tak jauh berbeda dengan versi-versi sebelumnya.
Autodesk Inventor ditujukan untuk penggambaran teknik pemesinan yang menyediakan secara lengkap fasilitas untuk memvisualisasikan model dalam 3D, gambar rakitan (assembly), gambar kerja (drawing), dan animasi dari benda yang akan dibuat secara digital. Dokumen digital ini akan membantu kita memvisualisasikan, mensimulasikan dan menganalisasi suatu produk sebelum dibuat atau dengan kata lain purwarupa secara virtual.
Autodesk Inventor memiliki beberapa kelebihan yang memudahkan drafter dalam mendesain karena material yang disediakan dapat diatur semirip material aslinya.

The way of imagination and visualization of spatial, the ability of read, analyze and interpret different drawings for engineering students is provided by graphics training. The accurate way of technical drawings and rules in engineering drawing in final year projects are discussed in this paper. Primary and main material collection was done by distribution of questionnaires amongst the final year students and also by collecting their look outs based on a survey questionnaire amongst 300 students from different engineering departments. 300 different final year projects and 2500 engineering drawings were surveyed from a batch of students from 2016-0218. Although, the design drawings and architecture drawings in civil and architecture departments take around 90 sheets, whereas simple drawings are sparse. But in the field of geology and mind, oil and gas, hydraulics have majority of infrastructure and simpler drawings. Conclusively, the application of technical drawings is same in all departments, while in civil and Architecture department's projects, scales, thicknesses of lines, types of lines are used correctly and due to wrong use of symbols and colors is rejected. In Geology and mind, oil and gas and hydraulic due to the use of large scales, colors are accepted but, on basis of incorrect use of line thicknesses and small dimensions are rejected.

In 1592, King Philip II of Spain commissioned Tiburzio Spannocchi, an Italian engineer, to analyse both the defensive system of the central Pyrenees and the fortification of the city of Zaragoza. Spannocchi developed the commission for five years, and the result of his work is the San Pedro Castle in Jaca and the design of a low-lying fortification with bastion-shaped elements using the preexistence of the Aljafería Palace in Zaragoza.
The political situation and the revolts that followed the practical abolition of the Aragonese code of laws in 1592 changed the aim of the Zaragoza project. It turned into an element to control of the city itself rather than defend it against a possible French attack, generating a hybrid image between a modern and medieval fortress. We will study this mixed appearance using the drawings that the engineer himself sent to the king as a report of his work.
Through the analysis of these drawings, we will display the varied ways in which Spannocchi created them according to the direct practical objective of each one, and the consequent choice of techniques and means used.

Recognition of dimensioning text in engineering drawings is an essential part of the drawing understanding process, as this text provides the exact dimensions and tolerances of the object described in the drawing. We consider engineering drawings produced according to either ISO or ANSI drafting standards. Text segmentation and recognition are preceded by orthogonal zig-zag vectorization, arc segmentation, and arrowhead pair recognition. Initial textbox extraction is done by a region growing process, performed on text-wire candidates. On the basis of textbox context (neighboring
annotation wires) the drafting standard is detected. Raw
textboxes are divided into logical textboxes, which are further decomposed into basic textboxes. A neural network based OCR algorithm is applied to each basic textbox. Finally, the OCR recognition results are verified by using contextual information and comparing the results with the measurements made directly on the drawing