Electronic waste recycle

Electronic waste (e-waste) has become a major environmental issue due to its hazardous contents, such as toxic substances like Mercury, Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs), and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), which pose significant risks to human health and ecosystems. The rapid pace of technological advancement and the increasing consumption of electronic devices have caused a substantial surge in e-waste generation. In 2019, global e-waste production reached 53.6 million metric tons, with projections suggesting it will double by 2050. High-income countries have made strides in developing policies and infrastructure for e-waste recycling; however, a significant portion of this waste is exported to low-income countries, where improper processing methods lead to serious environmental and health hazards. Although recycling e-waste has substantial economic value, with raw material recovery potentially worth $57 billion, only 17.4% of global e-waste was properly recycled in 2019, emphasizing the urgent need for improved management strategies and international cooperation to address this growing issue.

This work evaluated a green route for developing an eco-friendly flowsheet to regenerate base and precious metals from waste printed circuits boards (WPCBs). Copper (as nanoparticles with an average diameter of 50 nm) and other base metals were extracted via oxidative acid leaching with high efficiency. Thiocyanate was employed for the first time as a green and economical reagent for the extraction of gold from pretreated WPCB. The effect of various parameters, including reagent dosage and temperature, was evaluated on the gold leaching rate, and 100% gold dissolution was achieved at the optimal condition. It was found that ferric iron concentration as the gold leaching oxidant has a notable effect on gold extraction. Also, at temperatures above room temperature, the recovery rate increases in a short period and then decreases continuously. The activation energy of the optimum gold thiocyanate leaching was found to be 42.84 kJ/mol, indicating chemical reaction to be the rate-controlling step. Gold extraction from the thiocyanate medium was carried out by employing activated carbon, where 100% gold adsorption was achieved in 2 h. Toxicity assessment of final residue revealed that it could be categorized as an environmentally safe waste with negligible risk.

This report presents the method and results of the inspection of containers and vehicles, and the review of import documents, associated with UEEE imports via the Tin Can Island Port Complex (TCIPC) and the Lagos Port Complex Apapa (LPCA), the two hubs for UEEE imports in Nigeria, in 2015 and 2016.

The widespread adoption of electronic devices has enhanced living standards but has also led to a
surge in electronic waste (e-waste), creating serious environmental and health challenges.
Although various methods exist to recover valuable metals from e-waste, each has notable
drawbacks. Among these, chemical leaching with aqua regia is widely used but is both highly
corrosive and hazardous. This study introduces a safer, more environmentally friendly approach
to copper recovery from e-waste using an iron-based leaching solution. A combination of
experimental procedures and computational modeling was employed to optimize copper
extraction from printed circuit boards (PCBs). The experiments involved treating PCBs with iron-
based solutions of different concentrations and testing the effectiveness over two distinct time
periods. The most effective recovery rate, 72.69 % over five days, was achieved using a 50:50
mixture of ferrous and ferric sulfate. Computational analysis with Python’s SciPy library further
identified 5.92 g of PCB as the ideal input quantity for the process. In addition to the lab-based
work, a survey of Dhaka’s primary e-waste recycling hubs, Nimtoli and Elephant Road, revealed
that approximately 1173 tons of e-waste are processed in these areas each year. Based on
experimental findings, the survey findings have a projection to generate over 35 million BDT
annually through copper recovery. However, despite government initiatives to regulate e-waste
management, unsafe handling practices remain widespread. These practices not only endanger
workers and the environment but also hinder regulatory efforts. The study emphasizes the urgent
need for stricter regulations, greater public awareness, and the adoption of eco-friendly methods,
like the proposed iron-based solution, to ensure safer and more effective copper recovery.

Solid waste characteristics and urban degradation are intricately linked, with the former contributing significantly to the latter. The challenges of urban degradation due to solid waste mismanagement are multifaceted and far-reaching, affecting not only the environment but also human health, economic development, and social well-being. Solid waste characteristics, such as composition, quantity, and disposal methods, play a crucial role in determining the extent of urban degradation. Urban degradation due to solid waste mismanagement has severe environmental, health, economic, and social consequences. Therefore, effective waste management strategies, including recycling, composting, and integrated waste management, are essential to mitigate urban degradation and promote sustainable urban development. Addressing the challenges of urban degradation requires a multi-faceted approach, involving government policies, community engagement, and individual actions. Further research and collaboration among stakeholders are necessary to develop and implement effective solutions to address the complex issues surrounding solid waste characteristics and urban degradation. By acknowledging the intricate relationship between solid waste characteristics and urban degradation, we can work towards creating more sustainable, resilient, and livable cities for future generations. In this research, the methodology used were desk top review of related literatures of the subject matter and field observations

In spite of the past few decades, gasification of waste is being used in the developed countries. Reducing the space for landfill sites, producing fuel from waste, as well as avoiding negative impacts of landfilling, are of advantages of gasification. The research was aimed at feasibility study of application of Tehran municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification in addition to understanding the waste gasification as a stable and economic substitute for generating clean energy. On this basis, the researcher analyzed the required information through library research and by examining different types of available gasifiers in the developed countries. Firstly, the profitability of the project was assessed by using the net present value method and then, the cost-benefit analysis of the project was performed. In this study, three scenarios of the MSW landfilling and two gasification scenarios were analyzed. The research findings indicate that the gasification scenario is more economical than the landfill. Finally, the environmental analysis of all of the three scenarios was reviewed and considering the fact that the gasification scenarios are in line with the Fifth Economic Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran, they can be proposed as the best scenarios. As to comparison of the two gasification scenarios, it was found out that considering the capacity of the waste produced in Tehran and the volume of the input waste of the two gasifiers and reduction of the operational costs of Termiska TPS Gasifier, the model of Termiska TPS Gasifier is a more suitable option for Tehran.

In spite of the past few decades, gasification of waste is being used in the developed countries. Reducing the space for landfill sites, producing fuel from waste, as well as avoiding negative impacts of landfilling, are of advantages of gasification. The research was aimed at feasibility study of application of Tehran municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification in addition to understanding the waste gasification as a stable and economic substitute for generating clean energy. On this basis, the researcher analyzed the required information through library research and by examining different types of available gasifiers in the developed countries. Firstly, the profitability of the project was assessed by using the net present value method and then, the cost-benefit analysis of the project was performed. In this study, three scenarios of the MSW landfilling and two gasification scenarios were analyzed. The research findings indicate that the gasification scenario is more economical than the landfill. Finally, the environmental analysis of all of the three scenarios was reviewed and considering the fact that the gasification scenarios are in line with the Fifth Economic Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran, they can be proposed as the best scenarios. As to comparison of the two gasification scenarios, it was found out that considering the capacity of the waste produced in Tehran and the volume of the input waste of the two gasifiers and reduction of the operational costs of Termiska TPS Gasifier, the model of Termiska TPS Gasifier is a more suitable option for Tehran.

This paper describes the methods and processes of unveiling the textures – from Latin textura ‘weaving’, and from text- ‘woven’ – of the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard, context of the Agbogbloshie Makerspace Platform (AMP), an award-winning participatory design and action-research project. The toxic atmosphere – the air – of the Agbogbloshie scrapyard, often illustrated by photographs of young men burning balls of electrical cables to recuperate copper, has engendered a web of data, text, and images that manifests the imprint of our digital society. But, as many other (e)-waste landscapes that exist around the world, the Agbogbloshie scrapyard has been a means of livelihood to thousands of “informal” (e)-waste workers. This essay discusses how embodied sensory fieldwork is an important ingredient of design participation and offers a democratic and bottom-up approach that can yield design justice. The text covers the actions of engaging the scrapyard’s fluid and dynamic electronic landscape by ways of walking, mapping and making.

The escalating global e-waste crisis poses a severe threat to environmental sustainability and human health. Characterized by its complex composition of valuable metals and toxic pollutants, e-waste presents significant challenges for recycling and disposal. The rapid growth of electronic devices, coupled with inadequate waste management practices, particularly in developing countries, has led to the accumulation of hazardous substances in the environment. This chapter delves into the key international conventions governing transboundary e-waste movements and examines the detrimental health and environmental impacts of e-waste pollution. The focus then shifts to the European Union's (EU) response to this crisis, including its stringent regulations on e-waste shipments and the SWEAP initiative aimed at strengthening global e-waste management. The chapter highlights the urgent need for international cooperation, stricter regulatory frameworks, and capacity-building support for developing nations. By promoting circular design principles, investing in advanced recycling technologies, and fostering responsible consumption practices, we can mitigate the adverse effects of e-waste and secure a sustainable future.

The biggest challenge in resolving any social problem is the non-compliance of rules & regulations in the society. A lot of scientific legislation has come up in India as well in recent times. With effect from May, 2012 E-Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011 came into effect and these rules entail environmentally sound management of e-Waste. E-waste management implies that all the required steps have been taken to ensure the management and disposal in such a manner that it does not affect the health of human beings and the environment adversely due to undesirable effects of hazardous substance contained in such e-wastes. These rules also necessitate the manner of collection, transportation, storage, dismantling and recycling of such e-waste. But all good said and done on paper still requires to be put into practice. Being the fastest growing refuse problem in the world, the e-waste junk stream is growing at a rate of 20% per year. By 2010 India had about 75 million computers an...

Printers remain invaluable in homes and offices today, yet their environmental impact must be addressed. Thanks to increasing sustainability awareness, Eco-Friendly Printer Cartridges have gained popularity as a solution. Not only can these cartridges reduce carbon emissions while offering significant cost savings, but in this comprehensive guide, we will discuss their many advantages, showing how eco-friendly toner cartridges can have a positive effect while controlling printing costs.

In the present world, India is among the top five e-waste producing countries. The estimated annual production is 2 million tons. E-waste management in India is dominated by the informal sectors. It is estimated that more than 90 per cent of the waste is processed in this sector. Unfortunately, unscientific practices are observed in the processing of e-waste. The poor e management processes generate several environmental and health problems. Electronic waste management is fast becoming a health concern for the informal sector that recycles e-waste in India. Materials and Methods: All the information has been collected from Government of India records, Gazettes, Newspaper interviews and reliable websites.

, photography by TED the SocioLog.dx experience: a global expert study on sustainable fashion executive summary • Fashion companies do not have sufficient knowledge and competence to address sustainability; likewise, the curricula at most design schools and universities do little to bridge this competence gap. • A number of fashion companies are introducing innovative materials, manufacturing technologies, management systems, and business models that create value for both business and society. • Sustainability should not be an isolated add-on project-for instance, within the communications department. Workshops, lectures, panels, etc., can be used to inspire employees across departments to work with company-specific sustainability challenges and opportunities. • Multi-stakeholder partnerships are highlighted as an important precondition for bringing about changes toward sustainability in the fashion industry. • Sustainable consumer behavior can be promoted through an increased focus on repair, customization, communication, campaigns, price mechanisms, labelling, competitions, etc. • Policymakers can promote sustainable fashion by using a variety of "carrot and stick" mechanisms, including tax incentives, minimum product standards, mandatory reporting requirements and awarenessraising campaigns. • Future trends highlighted by the Sociolog.dx participants include new technologies for transparency/traceability, the emergence of closedloop business models, and an increased focus on collaborative design, manufacturing and consumption. The insights from the Sociolog.dx experience will be integrated in a forthcoming event, to be arranged by Copenhagen Business School in 2014 as part of MISTRA Future Fashion. Therefore, we welcome all feedback, comments, and examples that can help us advance knowledge on how to promote sustainability in the fashion industry. Write an email directly to

Establishment and household-generated electronic wastes are becoming a significant problem. Literatures showed that the volume of electronic wastes generated worldwide is increasing thus becoming a threat to the environment and human health. In the local setting, Calbayog City is experiencing the same dilemma on electronic waste. This problem prompted the researchers to conduct this study. This study aimed to assess the disposal management practices of unserviceable electronic resources as observed in Calbayog city and identify the problems encountered in the disposal management of electronic wastes resources. The questionnaire was used as the primary research instrument to gather data. The respondents of the study were households and establishments in Calbayog city. In addition to the questionnaire, the researchers conducted an interview, inventory and actual site visit to the landfill area. The result showed that among the identified disposal management practices, the repair to ex...

The purpose of this study is the determination of the science teacher candidates’ views on electronic waste pollution. The participants of the study were determined with a purposive sample which enables researcher to choose the ones who are believed to find to solutions to the problems of the researcher. Total 144 high school students from different type school are participated to study during the 2016-2017 academic year. Data were collected open-ended questions which developed by the researchers. Students were answered the related seven open ended questions in almost one hour. The qualitative data obtained from the study were analyzed using a phenomenological method. According to results of the study, it was determined that students are not sufficiently knowledgeable about the electronic waste, sources of electronic waste, evaluating of electronic devices. It was recommended that teachers candidates need to be aware of this issue. Article visualizations:

Background: Growing evidence suggests that heavy metals (e.g., cadmium, lead and arsenic) negatively influence micronutrient status. Electronic waste (e-waste) recyclers are amongst the highest metals-exposed groups worldwide, though their micronutrient status is yet to be explored. This study therefore assessed the micronutrient status of e-waste recyclers using dietary information and biomarker data. Methods: Micronutrient status of 151 participants (100 e-waste recyclers and 51 controls from the Accra region, Ghana) was assessed in March 2017 using a 2-day 24-hour recall survey and biomarker (blood and urine) levels. Blood and urine levels of iron [Fe], calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], selenium [Se], zinc [Zn] and copper [Cu] were analyzed by ICP-MS. Linear regression models were used to assess associations between work-related factors and sociodemographic characteristics with micronutrient intake, blood and urine micronutrient levels. Results: Dietary Fe and Zn were adequately cons...

Packaging materials play a significant role in the meat, fish, and seafood, pharmaceutical, beverages, and electronics industries. These materials protect the contents during handling and transportation from damage, contamination, and loss of quality, thus enhancing the shelf life of the products being packaged. Several materials, like paper and cardboard, plastics, metals, and glass, have been widely used. However, the vast consumption of these materials leads to high waste generation due to increasing demands globally. This article considers some aspects of recycling waste packaging materials, the need for recycling in terms of environmental impacts, and the energy-saving and economic benefits. It also provides some highlights on the sustainability of the processes of recycling and how the government and public can influence recycling operations. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on packaging systems and solid waste management is also highlighted. This study also provides a shor...

Abstract: In this paper work discussed the evaluation of the composition of the waste In terms of their use as an energy source, the results of sampling fraction of light coming from the shredder of ZŁOMPOL in Tarczyn. It was found that waste from end of life vehicles can be a significant source of energy. In particular fractions containing polymer materials with a high energy value. The problem is the significant level of pollution – waste will contain, among other heavy metal.

In this paper work discussed the evaluation of the composition of the waste In terms of their use as an energy source, the results of sampling fraction of light coming from the shredder of ZŁOMPOL in Tarczyn. It was found that waste from end of life vehicles can be a significant source of energy. In particular fractions containing polymer materials with a high energy value. The problem is the significant level of pollution – waste will contain, among other heavy metal.

Ghana is currently grappling with a formidable electronic waste (e-waste) challenge that poses significant threats to both the ecosystem and human well-being. This study delves into the e-waste management and recycling practices within a crucial sector of the industry, aiming to shed light on the issue and formulate comprehensive strategies for policy implementation and recycling initiatives in the Ho municipality, the regional hub of the Volta region, as well as in Ghana as a whole. Between March and May of 2022, a meticulous sampling process identified 150 electronic service technicians for participation. The data gathered was processed and analyzed using SPSS v16. The analytical techniques employed included one sample T-test, Likert scale assessments, and binary logistic regression. The results unveiled a significant gap in knowledge among repairers regarding government laws and e-waste disposal protocols. Qualifications emerged as a noteworthy factor influencing awareness levels (5.066, 95% CI: 1.098-3.860, p = 0.024, <0.05). While respondents generally acknowledged the environmental impact of e-waste, they exhibited limited awareness concerning the hazardous substances contained within it. Notably, two predominant e-waste management strategies surfaced: storage and eventual sale to scrap dealers. Regarding recycling methodologies, a majority (52%) expressed a preference for a nominal fee-based approach. These gaps highlight the need for stakeholders to publicize appropriate methods to recycle ewaste and the associated legal framework across all members of the Ghana Electronic Service Technicians' Association (GESTA) social media platforms in conjunction with local government assemblies to reshape repairers' perceptions of e-waste and increase environmental awareness, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

A paper in the International Journal of Cancer analyzed Palestinian cancer registry data in the West Bank from 1998-2007, showing a cluster of elevated cancer incidence in rural villages in south-west Hebron, with a 4.10 risk ratio for childhood lymphoma (p = 0.0023). The paper called for investigation of the environmental or genetic etiologies of this cluster in an otherwise unremarkable rural area. Our research in these same villages shows them to be the center of an extensive informal electronic and electrical waste (e-waste) dismantling industry in Palestine, operating for almost two decades. This entails extensive open-burning of e-waste components to extract valuable metals or dispose of non-valuable waste, releasing high concentrations of hazardous contaminants, which may be an important factor in the elevated cancer incidence. We offer a first step in assessing this link. We applied a novel multi-temporal object-based method to map the prevalence and intensity of e-waste bur...

Wastes from electrical and electronics equipment (WEEE), also referred to as e-waste, contain high-value of precious metals. Yet WEEE has huge adverse environmental threats and health hazards. Several literatures have examined the adverse effects of WEEE, and few have proposed remedial measures for mitigating these e-waste risks. The measures have focused on recycling the precious metals within e-waste back into the economy. These studies have, however, acknowledged that the current recycling processes tend to be costly, and their results are not viable for the economy. The present study proposes a shift in recycling from a linear to a circular economy in Turkiye. It has adopted a qualitative method in the form of interviews with 13 experts on the subject. The major findings of the study show that: 1) Turkiye lacks the efficiency, proper planning, and adequate law related to e-waste management; 2) The legal regulations related to WEEE management are stale and undeveloped, 3) Recycling in Turkiye is underdeveloped. This study provides valuable information for future research on the factors that will help to improve recycling in Turkiye.

Nigeria, like many developing countries, grapples with the challenges of informal e-waste recycling practices. This journal explores the social and environmental implications of informal e-waste recycling. It delves into the
health risks faced by informal recyclers, the socioeconomic impact on communities, and the environmental
degradation caused by improper disposal methods. This review examines emerging public health challenges, in
particular within low-income and middle-income countries, associated with the informal sector. While informal
recyclers contribute to waste recycling and reuse, the relatively primitive techniques they employ, combined
with improper management of secondary pollutants, exacerbate environmental pollution of air, soil and water. Even worse, insufficient occupational health measures expose informal waste workers to a range of pollutants, injuries, respiratory and dermatological problems, infections and other serious health issues that contribute to
low life expectancy.

It is established that the e-waste comprised of personal computers, air conditioners, refrigerators, fluorescent lamps and old telephones handsets. Such discarded equipment is found to contain useful metals such as iron, copper and aluminium as well as ecological contaminants such as lead and mercury. The huge amounts of waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) have made it very urgent to make such systems that can guarantee selective collection and legal treatment of such electronic waste. But, in some countries now and today also not having legislation or yet not devised a waste management system to comply with the law. Our country India today working on it for better waste managements. In some status dumping yards are developed for waste management. On daily basic local recycling companies who can get benefits from these materials for doing management of waste.

In the 21st century, a great amount of electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) has accumulated, and the unregulated nature of its disposal and recycling represents a particular hazard in a global context. For the purposes of e-waste management, there must be more emphasis on the scientific processes for recycling, reusing and remanufacturing precious materials. Resource management is related to energy management; therefore, the harvesting of costly materials from e-waste is important for both energy management and sustainable development. At present, a lack of scientific recycling of a significant amount of e-waste is a source of environmental pollution and health hazards that are having a detrimental effect on sustainable development goals. It is necessary to find a process for recovering valuable materials from e-waste with the minimum possible environmental impact. At present, it is essential to modify the process of electrical and electronic products (e-products) becoming e-wa...

In spite of the past few decades, gasification of waste is being used in the developed countries. Reducing the space for landfill sites, producing fuel from waste, as well as avoiding negative impacts of landfilling, are of advantages of gasification. The research was aimed at feasibility study of application of Tehran municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification in addition to understanding the waste gasification as a stable and economic substitute for generating clean energy. On this basis, the researcher analyzed the required information through library research and by examining different types of available gasifiers in the developed countries. Firstly, the profitability of the project was assessed by using the net present value method and then, the cost-benefit analysis of the project was performed. In this study, three scenarios of the MSW landfilling and two gasification scenarios were analyzed. The research findings indicate that the gasification scenario is more economical than the landfill. Finally, the environmental analysis of all of the three scenarios was reviewed and considering the fact that the gasification scenarios are in line with the Fifth Economic Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran, they can be proposed as the best scenarios. As to comparison of the two gasification scenarios, it was found out that considering the capacity of the waste produced in Tehran and the volume of the input waste of the two gasifiers and reduction of the operational costs of Termiska TPS Gasifier, the model of Termiska TPS Gasifier is a more suitable option for Tehran.

The paper introduces a new recycling method of WEEE: Magnetic Density Separation. By using this technology, both grade and recovery rate of recycled products are over 90%. Good separations are not only observed in relatively big WEEE samples, but also in samples with smaller sizes or electrical wires.

El propósito de este informe es explicar el proceso de diseño e implementación de un controlador PID con red de adelanto para controlar el ángulo de inclinación de un balancín aerodinámico. Se realiza la construcción del modelo matemático de la planta y se hace una identificación experimental de los parámetros físicos y eléctricos que caracterizan la planta. Con la linealización del modelo alrededor un punto de operación definido, se obtiene la función de transferencia del sistema, la cual se valida por medio de simulaciones en MATLAB ®- Simulink. Con ello se diseña el controlador PID y una red de adelanto teniendo en cuenta requerimientos de desempeño y robustez. A continuación, se realiza la construcción física de la planta y se implementa el sistema de control en un microcontrolador PIC18 de la marca Microchip®. Por último, se realizan pruebas a la implementación física para verificar el desempeño y robustez obtenidos. Como resultado, se obtiene un controlador que a nivel de implementación es rápido, tiene buen seguimiento a un amplio rango de referencias, rechaza perturbaciones y presenta robustez ante los cambios de la planta. Se concluye que la implementación en el microcontrolador propuesto es exitosa y se invita a que se experimente con este proyecto de formas diferente.

In spite of the past few decades, gasification of waste is being used in the developed countries. Reducing the space for landfill sites, producing fuel from waste, as well as avoiding negative impacts of landfilling, are of advantages of gasification. The research was aimed at feasibility study of application of Tehran municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification in addition to understanding the waste gasification as a stable and economic substitute for generating clean energy. On this basis, the researcher analyzed the required information through library research and by examining different types of available gasifiers in the developed countries. Firstly, the profitability of the project was assessed by using the net present value method and then, the cost-benefit analysis of the project was performed. In this study, three scenarios of the MSW landfilling and two gasification scenarios were analyzed. The research findings indicate that the gasification scenario is more economical than the landfill. Finally, the environmental analysis of all of the three scenarios was reviewed and considering the fact that the gasification scenarios are in line with the Fifth Economic Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran, they can be proposed as the best scenarios. As to comparison of the two gasification scenarios, it was found out that considering the capacity of the waste produced in Tehran and the volume of the input waste of the two gasifiers and reduction of the operational costs of Termiska TPS Gasifier, the model of Termiska TPS Gasifier is a more suitable option for Tehran.

The annual market demand for disposable baby diapers exceeds 20 billion units (690 kt) in the European Union (EU). Almost 40,000 disposable diapers are used every minute, producing 1.3 t/min (dry weight) of waste. Based on the estimates in this work, this requires 90.3 PJ of primary energy and emits 2.7 Mt CO 2 eq. annually. In an attempt to reduce resource, waste and environmental impacts associated with diapers, this paper focuses on novel design and manufacture of disposable baby diapers. This involves using optimised absorbent core and novel bonding technologies to replace conventional gluing of diaper materials. Life cycle assessment has been performed to compare the environmental performance of these new diapers, here termed "glueless", with standard designs. The annual resource consumption and environmental impacts of glueless diapers have been estimated at different production levels: a single production platform, an industrial plant, a country (Italy) and the EU, taking into account different production volumes, electricity mixes and waste management options. Different market penetration scenarios have been considered to determine potential environmental implications at the EU level by 2020. The results reveal that glueless diapers reduce the consumption of raw materials by 23% (9.2 g/diaper), primary energy demand by 25% (752 kJ/diaper) and global warming potential by 10% (10.4 g CO 2 eq./diaper) compared to the standard diapers. They also have more than 50% lower eutrophication, ozone depletion and human and eco-toxicity. Up to 16 PJ primary energy and 191,000 t CO 2 eq. would be saved annually in the EU by using glueless diapers. The cumulative savings would amount to 47 PJ and 566,000 t CO 2 eq. by 2020. The annual consumption of raw materials at the EU level would be reduced by 196,000 t with cumulative savings of up to 584,000 t by 2020, also reducing the equivalent amount of waste from the disposal of diapers. Consequently, glueless diapers can contribute to meeting the energy, climate and resource efficiency goals specified in the EU 2020 strategy.

Wastes management in Yenagoa and indeed many Nigerian cities has suffered tremendous setbacks in the last few decades. Literatures, reports and personal observation confirms that there is a total breakdown of law and order in relation to wastes and environmental management practices. Many businesses in Yenagoa and across Nigeria have capitalized on the lack of proper monitoring and enforcement of wastes and environmental laws to adopt practices that promotes profit making over environmental quality. In Yenagoa where the retail sector is on a huge scale-there are more people involved in retailing than any other sector or employment. The extent of wastes produced by the sector has not been properly investigated neither are there information on the management practices adopted by retailers.The study employed a mixed method approach using closed and openended questionnaires in collecting data. In all about 900 questionnaires were collected and analysed for the study while a representative of the Ministry of Environment was interviewed. The use of both open and closed questions in a single survey is a major characteristic of a mixed study. Knowing that no adequate waste management plan can be drawn until the current practice, sources, components and volume of waste in a location have been studied and well understood. Hence, the use of qualitative methods in this research is essential as it helps to understand and gather data on areas of interest. A multi stage cluster sampling technique was employed due to the unavailability of an up-to-date sampling frame in the area. The findings from the study shows that wastes materials produced by retailers in Yenagoa are mainly; wastes paper, tins, cans, plastics, cardboard, furniture, wood products and possibly WEEE. However, plastics and cardboard materials were the dominant wastes materials produced by the retail sector. The study therefore conclude that considering the large spread of retailing in Yenagoa, there is a need to establish a wastes processing facility in the city with heavy emphasis on recycling.

Before resource recovery activities can be incorporated into municipal solid waste management plans, estimates must be made of the quantity, form and value of recoverable materials. A methodology for making these estimates is to conceptualize and evaluate various diversions and terminal processing alternatives which are judged to be technically and economically feasible. Estimates made for one urban region suggest that resource recovery should be included in the plan for management of municipal waste in the region. Accuracy of the estimates is difficult to assure because of poor data on the size and composition of the waste stream and lack of operating experience with separation and processing methods. However, the risks associated with implementing a resource recovery program do not appear to be large even if substantial errors exist in the estimates.

In recent years we have witnessed the emergence and establishment of research in sensor network security. The majority of the literature has focused on discovering numerous vulnerabilities and attacks against sensor networks, along with suggestions for corresponding countermeasures. However, there has been little guidance for understanding the holistic nature of sensor network security for practical deployments. In this paper, we discuss these concerns and propose a taxonomy composed of the security properties of the sensor network, the threat model, and the security design space. In particular, we try to understand the application-layer goals of a sensor network, and provide a guide to research challenges that need to be addressed in order to prioritize our defenses against threats to applicationlayer goals.

Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) has become an emerging environmental and human health problem in the world in the 21st century. Recently, the developing nations of West Africa (e.g. Ghana and Nigeria) have become a major destination for e-waste worldwide. In Ghana, the e-waste recyclers use primitive methods (mechanical shredding and open burning) to remove plastic insulation from copper cables. This technique can release highly toxic chemicals and severely affect the environment and human health if improperly managed. It is as a result of the adverse impact on human health that some interventions are being made in Ghana to reduce exposure. The present mode of recycling/dismantling, which happens at Agbogbloshie must be replaced by official receiving/recycling centers to be established. Currently, equipment to strip both large and small cables are available in the country via the Blacksmith Institute (USA) and it is expected that the e-waste workers will embrace the use of...

Introduction: The growing generation of electrical and electronic waste poses a global threat to public health and the environment. These wastes, comprising 4.5-6% of total waste, contain toxic and hazardous substances of health and safety concerns in the African region including Ghana. Aim: To evaluate and identify the health and safety and environment impacts on the e-waste dealers during recycling, collection, and dismantling of e-waste devices at two selected sites in Ghana. Method: E-waste dealers in Ashaiman and Agblogbloshie sites burn electrical and electronic appliances, exposing people to toxic chemicals and causing environmental pollution. Sampling and sample size estimation were used to select a representative sample of workers to provide situation dada using structured questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions to collect operational data. SPSS is used to analyze the collected data. Results: Most of the e-waste dealers are unaware of the health and health risks associated with burning circuit boards and batteries. These activities many cause skin burns, lung infections, and eye itching among workers exposed. Conclusion: There is significant progress in the Health and Safety assessment and risk mitigation infrastructure in Ghana but more effort is needed to ensure that the environment and e-waste workers are adequately protected from the risks associated with e-waste waste management practices in Ghana.

This paper presents the results of the leaching of metals from computer PCBs by electrochemical hydrochlorination using alternating current (AC) with an industrial frequency (50 Hz). Leaching was carried out with a disintegrator-crushed computer motherboard with a particle size (d) of &lt;90 μm. In the course of the research, the leaching efficiency of metals including Fe, Sn, Mn, Al, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Ti, Sb, Cr, Co and V was evaluated depending on process parameters, such as AC density, experiment duration, hydrochloric acid concentration in the electrolyte solution, solid/liquid ratio, electrolyte temperature, and the loading option of raw material (loading option 1 involving loading into the electrolyte solution, and loading option 2 involving loading into the filter containers attached to electrodes). The research results showed that AC superimposition significantly intensifies the leaching of metals. It was established that the complete leaching of metals including Al, Mn, Sn, T...

In the electronic industry, e-scraps or e-wastes refer to electronic goods that are discarded or unneeded. About 50 million ton of e-wastes are produced every year. Depending on their reactions, there might be potential danger. E-wastes, such as computer batteries and other electrochemical waste, may cause unwanted results, so it is important to consider them along with physical wastes. India generates about 1.5 lakh tons of e-waste annually, and almost all of it ends up in the informal sector as there is no organized alternative. It is well documented that humanity's capabilities were enhanced by the industrial revolution. However, the revolutionary changes experience by societies across the globe due to the application of electronics are deeper and more widespread than the impact of the industrial revolution. Human society has been profoundly changed by the electronics age and has become more connected than ever before. Electronic items have contributed to smoother communication, economic growth, and job opportunities. However, in addition to the positives, technology has brought to light a number of concerns, such as the growing problem of ewaste, which society must confront head on. In the existing situation, it is always possible that human health and the environment would be in trouble. If coordinated legislation and activities for efficient e-waste management and disposal were not enacted. This paper aims to provide a quick overview of the relatively new notion of e-waste, its production in India, and the associated environmental and health implications. It emphasizes the booming informal and nascent official e-waste recycling economies, as well as the urgent need for more explicit legislation and a forward-looking strategy. The paper also examines global e-waste trading and international experience in this area. There is also a list of references at the conclusion for further reading. Each year, hundreds of thousands of consumer electronics, computers, monitors, phones, printers, televisions and other portable devices become outdated and were mainly dumped to the landfills or poorly recycled. Recent technological development and growing demands for new and better functioning electronics accelerate the amount of electronic waste (e-waste) worldwide, making it to be one of the fastest growing streams in many countries. The estimated lifespan of electronics is about three to five years because of the increasing rates of consumption, new developments and urbanization.

Waste electronic and electrical equipment (e-waste) consists of used and discarded electrical and electronic items ranging from refrigerators to cell phones and printed circuit boards. It is frequently moved from developed countries to developing countries where it is dismantled for valuable metals in informal settings, resulting in significant human exposure to toxic substances. E-waste is a major concern in Africa, with large sites in Ghana and Nigeria where imported e-waste is dismantled under unsafe conditions. However, as in many developing countries, used electronic and electrical devices are imported in large quantities because they are in great demand and are less expensive than new ones. Many of these used products are irreparable and are discarded with other solid waste to local landfills. These items are then often scavenged for the purpose of extracting valuable metals by heating and burning, incubating in acids and other methods. These activities pose significant health...

Sulphuric acid agitation and column leaching tests of an oxidised copper-cobalt-bearing ore (1.44% Cu and 1.04% Co) were performed to investigate its amenability to copper and cobalt metals extraction under reducing conditions. Oxidised copper-cobalt-bearing ores from the Congolese Copperbelt contain a large proportion of cobalt in trivalent form, which is readily soluble in solutions of sulphuric acid, provided a reducing agent is also present. Sodium metabisulphite (Na 2 S 2 O 5) is one of the most commonly recommended reducing agents, but its addition during the leach phase could cause significant environmental problems and could affect copper recovery if present in large amounts. During leaching, sodium metabisulphite reacts with sulphuric acid and dissociates to form SO 2 which in fact reduces Co(III). However, SO 2 is only partially utilised, and much of it is entrained unreacted in the leach liquor. A large accumulation of SO 2 can become uncontrollable and therefore escape to the environment if not consumed by the ore. The paper presents and discusses the effect of recirculation of the leach liquor after pH readjustment to 1.5 on the minimisation of unreacted SO 2 entrained in the leach liquor, sulphuric acid consumption; and the overall improvement of copper and cobalt extraction yields. The most important information found is that recirculation of the leach liquor proved to be very useful in reducing the amount unreacted SO 2 and significantly increasing recovered metals yields with little acid consumption. Moreover, the injection of Na 2 S 2 O 5 solution at 75% of the column bed-height considerably reduced the potential risks of SO 2 emanation.

There is a need for unique packaging designs using a green packaging approach which would help encourage multiple usages. In order to reuse an up-cycled packaging product, the up-cycled packaging design must meet the users' aesthetic preferences. This paper attempts to document the key green aesthetics fundamentals for upgrading recycled packaging products. The purpose is in merging the green packaging concept with a suitable user's aesthetic, thus, formulating the unique packaging transformation. This paper presents the initial study that is based on a selection of literature reviews in order to capture the influencing factors that designers could consider in guiding unique packaging approaches; it describes the results of the literature survey on unique packaging, user aesthetics, appropriate aesthetics, and the current concepts of green packaging. This research proposes that applying innovative design concepts for green packaging and combining green aesthetic requirements for customers could encourage acceptance among the customers in the upgrading and transformation of unique packaging. The results of this study are recommended for the future development of a green aesthetics approach for a green product packaging process. The proposed approach is expected to guide designers to embrace up-cycling techniques, thereby contributing in reducing waste in the post fabrication life cycle.

for Management Studies REVIEW OF LITERATURE According to [Garg, Neha and Adhana, Deepak (January 31, 2019] when we think of waste, we only think of garbage or solid/semi-solid waste and nothing else. E-waste has become a global problem in the last decade. India also generates a large amount of her e-waste or e-waste every year. Unfortunately, E-waste is the one that doesn't get much media coverage of. Therefore, people's awareness of E waste is quite low. Ewaste recycling is a concept that is almost non-existent in India. As a result, the resulting e-waste often ends up in rivers and landfills without proper recycling or treatment. This is dangerous on several levels. For both the environment and personal health. 's current paper focuses on e-waste scenarios in India and other parts of the world. According to other research conducted we can find that, computer devices and mobile phones in India were identified as the largest contributors of e-waste. Computers accounted for 70% of the total e-waste generated in India and telecommunications equipment accounted for 12%. Among cities, Mumbai tops the list, generating an estimated 1,20,000 tonnes of e-waste at , per year. Delhi and Bangalore ranked second with his generation e-waste at 98,000 tons and 92,000 tons respectively, and generation was his third. By state, Maharashtra ranks first with e-waste generation, followed by Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh with. About 70% of heavy metals in landfills is electronic waste. Finally, the paper also proposes ways to address e-waste challenges and problems. According to [Dheeraj, Nimawat & Vishal, Namdev. (2012).] , the introduction of Green Supply Chain Management and Reverse Logistics presents an opportunity for global electronics manufacturing stakeholders in the supply chain to adequately meet the international community's escalating expectations for resource conservation and profitable environmental performance. becomes. As such, the useful life of consumer electronic devices is relatively short, shortened due to rapid changes in device features and capabilities. This creates a large waste stream of obsolete electrical equipment, electronic waste (e-waste). It

The fashion industry is one of the most polluting industrial sectors in the world and its environmental impacts are enormous. Garments are produced effectively, sold for a low price, have low quality, and are used for a very short time before ending up in growing textile waste streams. One critical aspect in the sustainability context is the lifespan of garments. Short garment lifespans are the result of low quality, rapidly changing trends and consumer dissatisfaction, which leads to early disposal. This study focused on the issue of garment quality and how it can be connected to product lifetime. The research was based on a case study approach, including company interviews. It examined the companies' work on quality and aimed to make the ways in which quality impacts product lifetimes visible. The data were analysed in accordance with the principles of descriptive analysis and the discussion was further applied to the circular economy context. Five main themes were identified from the data: product and material quality, lifespan quality, quality of responsibility, quality of service, and operational quality. Garment quality is an important factor, even in a circular economy context. Technical quality can extend the use time of a garment and even enhance the circularity of materials in the waste phase. High quality allows the products and materials to circulate in the system for a longer time. Quality is still important at the end of a product's lifespan, as high quality waste material is easier to up-cycle into new fibres. We bring the quality discussion to a new level by also examining lifetime quality in a CE context.