Electronic Warfare

Modern warfare has undergone a fundamental paradigm shift to the digital domain, where both state and non-state actors exploit exponential technological asymmetries} to achieve strategic advantages. As Hoffman (2007) observes, the convergence of conventional and digital tactics creates a hybrid conflict ecosystem where cyber operations and information warfare are as decisive as physical weapons (Hoffman, F. G. (2007) Conflict in the 21st Century)

In the domain of electronic warfare, jamming is an eavesdropping application. A lot of effort has recently been directed into developing practical algorithms for spectral estimation of target modems. Spread Spectrum systems spread the information bearing digital signal across a broad bandwidth. Spreading the energy of a bounded energy data signal across a very wide bandwidth causes the energy present at any particular frequency or small frequency band to be insignificant. Often, it is too small and can be modeled as thermal noise at that frequency. In this context, this paper presents an innovative architecture of a jammer for efficient jamming of DSSS signals. This work includes a complete design and simulation of Jammer and compares the effect of innovative jamming technique on the performance of a DSSS signal with those available in the literature. Effectiveness of jamming is also visible in our comparison.

This paper presents a comprehensive framework for analyzing and quantifying memetic warfare in the context of modern data-driven ecosystems. By leveraging multi-agent simulations, neurocognitive modeling, and machine learning techniques, we introduce three novel computational approaches to study the dynamics of information toxicity and its impact on human behavior. First, we propose the Memetic Toxicity Index (MTI), a metric that integrates cognitive load, emotional resonance, and social contagion to measure meme virulence in scale-free networks.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

The possibility of a third world war looms in international discourse due to growing
geopolitical tensions. If such a conflict arises, Sri Lanka's unique strategic position in
the Indian Ocean will play a crucial role in global maritime security, trade routes, and
regional stability. This research document explores Sri Lanka's maritime domain,
military, economic, and diplomatic stance while assessing global influences and
challenges impacting its security and geopolitical significance.

Modern warfare has undergone a profound transformation over the past century, driven by technological advancements, geopolitical shifts, and the evolving nature of conflict. The days of traditional battles between uniformed armies have given way to more complex and multifaceted forms of engagement, such as insurgency, hybrid warfare, and proxy wars. These new dynamics demand innovative strategies, including counterinsurgency operations and the integration of advanced technologies like satellite surveillance, autonomous weapons, and even probabilistic models such as Gaussian attacks. This article delves into these concepts, with a particular focus on how Gaussian attacks are reshaping asymmetric conflicts in the era of hybrid warfare.

The viralization of content in digital environments is a complex phenomenon that gains strategic relevance in contexts of cognitive warfare, where the manipulation of narratives and the control of informational flows are critical. This article proposes an advanced approach to model and predict the viralization of posts using artificial intelligence (AI), neural networks, and differential equations adapted to highcomplexity scenarios, such as non-cooperative systems and adversarial networks. The hybrid model combines the interpretability of mathematical equations with the predictive power of deep learning, offering a robust framework for understanding and countering adversarial actions in information warfare.

"Welcome to the machines" di Arnaldo Pontis è un breve saggio, pubblicato nell'ottobre 2024 sul n. 29 della rivista di poesia e letteratura Erbafoglio, (edita a Cagliari dal 1987).  Il saggio analizza criticamente la crescente compenetrazione tra uomo e macchina nell'era digitale. L'autore evidenzia come l'avanzamento dell'intelligenza artificiale (AI), in particolare degli algoritmi di apprendimento, stia portando a una crescente sovrapposizione tra processi cognitivi umani e artificiali, sollevando interrogativi sul controllo e la trasparenza di tali tecnologie.  L'analisi si concentra sull'impatto sociale della "rete" che viene intesa, introducendo un neologismo,  come una  "neo-macchina" superumana e inumana, capace di plasmare la realtà e influenzare comportamenti individuali e collettivi, anche in modo violento. L'autore esplora inoltre il ruolo dell'Internet delle Cose (IoT) nel contesto della produzione e del consumo capitalistico, evidenziando come la crescente digitalizzazione stia ridefinendo i confini percepibili tra reale e virtuale, con implicazioni significative per il futuro stesso della nostra civiltà.
Una parte dell'analisi è dedicata al rapporto tra intelligenza artificiale (AI), tecnologia e società, evidenziando come gli algoritmi di apprendimento delle macchine si stiano avvicinando ai processi educativi umani. Viene sottolineata la mancanza di trasparenza nello sviluppo delle AI generative, soprattutto in ambito militare con i moderni sistemi d'arma autonomi letali (LAWS).  L'autore analizza il ruolo sempre più interscambiabile  tra uomo e macchina,  entrambi rappresentati come "oggetti" digitali e ingranaggi del sistema tecno-capitalistico. E si evidenzia  il controllo esercitato o subito da essi attraverso la rete sociale e tecnologica che è ormai capace di influenzare profondamente la realtà, con implicazioni che spaziano dalla manipolazione mediatica alla guerra tecnologica. Infine, l'opera riflette sull'interconnessione tra produzione e consumo capitalistico, dove reale e virtuale si fondono, ridefinendo i rapporti di forza e le dinamiche lavorative.

Modern electronic warfare has evolved far beyond the traditional confines of the physical battlefield, extending its reach into the electromagnetic spectrum, digital networks, and even the realm of human cognitive perception. In this new era, the concept of "reverse neo-cortical electronic warfare" emerges as a hypothetical yet plausible scenario where combat is no longer confined to the interception of signals but extends to the manipulation of artificial cognitive processes and neural networks. This form of warfare leverages advanced technologies to exploit vulnerabilities in both human and machine decision-making systems, creating a complex and dynamic battlefield where traditional strategies and resources may no longer suffice. In this context, survival and success depend on three key principles: creativity, decentralization, and accessibility. Creativity is essential to devise innovative solutions that can outmaneuver technologically superior adversaries. Decentralization ensures resilience by distributing resources and decision-making across networks, eliminating single points of failure. Accessibility, achieved through low-cost and open-source technologies, empowers individuals and communities to participate in the defense against electronic threats without relying on expensive or proprietary systems. This essay proposes a framework for resistance in the age of reverse neocortical electronic warfare, focusing on the development of low-cost devices and artifacts that enable individuals and communities to resist, adapt, and counterattack. These devices include: • The Dynamic Spectrum Cognitive Radio (DSCR), which uses AIdriven frequency hopping to evade jamming and maintain communication in congested environments. • The Tactical Mesh Communication Network (TMCN), a decentralized and secure communication system that operates independently of traditional infrastructure.

The rapid spread of misinformation, or infodemics, on social media platforms has become a global challenge, undermining public trust and exacerbating societal divisions. This essay explores how Mixture of Experts (MoE), a machine learning architecture, can be leveraged to combat disinformation effectively. We propose five distinct techniques-ranging from content analysis to user behavior modeling-and provide Python implementations to demonstrate their practical application. The results are critically evaluated to ensure scientific rigor, avoiding overestimation of accuracy metrics. Direct and indirect references are included to support the theoretical and empirical foundations.

The rapid advancement of technology has led to the proliferation of smart systems—complex, interconnected networks that govern critical infrastructure, communication, and decision-making processes. From power grids and financial markets to 5G/6G networks and smart cities, these systems are designed to operate efficiently and autonomously.

The Imminent Arrival of AGI and ASI: Why This Book is Critical Before It's Too Late Artificial intelligence has been a tool designed to process data, automate tasks, and optimize efficiency for decades. But today, AI is no longer just an advanced program; it is on the brink of becoming autonomous, self-learning, sentient, and beyond human control. What is AGI, and Why is It Different? Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) differs profoundly from today's AI models. While narrow AI (such as ChatGPT, MidJourney, and Tesla's Autopilot) specializes in specific tasks, AGI will possess general intelligence comparable to (or exceeding) a human's. It can reason, learn, and apply knowledge across multiple disciplines without being explicitly programmed for each task.

This article explores the concept of "manufacturing consent" through the lens of semiotic manipulation and computational propaganda, formalizing the relationship between media narratives and public opinion using mathematical models and software implementations. Building on Chomsky and Herman's seminal work, we introduce a Propaganda Entropy Index (PEI) to quantify bias in media corpora, alongside game-theoretic frameworks to model narrative competition among media outlets. We also employ Bayesian persuasion to simulate how strategic signaling shapes public beliefs. To operationalize these concepts, we present ConsentScanner 2.0, a Python-based toolkit that integrates natural language processing, graph theory, and large language models (LLMs) for real-time analysis of semiotic manipulation. Case studies, such as disinformation during the 2024 U.S. election, illustrate the framework's applicability. By bridging semiotics, mathematics, and computational tools, this work provides actionable insights for policymakers, journalists, and researchers to combat industrialized disinformation and foster a more informed public discourse.

Social media has revolutionized political engagement, social movements, and information consumption. While platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have democratized access to information and facilitated grassroots mobilization, they have also become tools for manipulation, surveillance, and polarization. This article explores the dual role of social media in modern democracy, analyzing its impact on nonviolent resistance, algorithmic bias, public opinion formation, and electoral integrity. Drawing on interdisciplinary research, empirical evidence, and a novel theoretical framework, it proposes a "Democratic Regulation Framework" for social media platforms that combines transparency, accountability, and public participation. By fostering collaboration between governments, tech companies, civil society, and academia, we can harness the benefits of these platforms while mitigating their risks.

ABSTRAK Perkembangan teknologi pendukung EW = Electronic Warfare dan kebutuhannya dalam lingkungan pertempuran ( combat environment ). Spread spectrum yang merupakan suatu bentuk teknik modulasi, digunakan dalam peperangan modern untuk menghadapi gangguan (interferensi) dalam bentuk gelombang elektromagnetik oleh lawan terhadap aliran komunikasi. Spread spectrum untuk memenuhi tuntutan akan kebutuhan komunikasi yang handal, yaitu tahan terhadap interferensi dari luar, dapat beroperasi dengan rapat spektral daya rendah, menyediakan kemampuan akses jamak, dan tingkat keamanan yang tinggi. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) adalah salah satu teknik spread spectrum (spektral tersebar), yaitu suatu jenis modulasi dimana lebar bidang frekuensi (band width) transmisi yang digunakan jauh lebih besar dari pada lebar bidang frekuensi minimum yang dibutuhkan untuk mentransmisikan informasi.

A revolutionary framework from the father of modern space and electronic warfare. In a rapidly evolving world where the boundaries of conflict transcend traditional domains, "The Convergence Doctrine: Genesis of Absolute Dominance" offers a groundbreaking military framework designed to secure unrivaled U.S. supremacy. Authored by visionary defense strategist Dr. Adib Enayati, this doctrine dismantles outdated concepts of warfare, replacing them with an integrated approach that unifies land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace operations into a single, cohesive strategy.

This comprehensive work introduces revolutionary principles such as orbital suppression, multi-domain integration, and decentralized command and control, redefining how modern conflicts are approached and resolved. At the heart of the doctrine lies the innovative Convergent Algorithm, an AI-powered system designed to counter emerging threats like hypersonic weapons and autonomous swarms. By leveraging predictive analytics, adaptive technologies, and real-time intelligence, the Convergence Doctrine ensures that the United States remains ahead of adversaries in both strategy and capability.

Spaceborne warfare is elevated as a central pillar of modern military operations, with groundbreaking concepts like Orbital Denial Zones (ODZs) and stealth-enabled satellites reshaping how the battlespace is navigated. The doctrine also addresses critical ethical considerations, advocating for pragmatic innovation in the face of adversaries who operate without similar constraints.

Designed for experts in military strategy, defense innovation, and global security, The Convergence Doctrine combines technical depth with visionary foresight. It not only identifies existing gaps in traditional doctrines like JADC2 but also offers actionable solutions to ensure operational resilience and strategic dominance across contested environments.

With its unapologetic U.S.-centric focus, this doctrine is a call to action for defense leaders, policymakers, and stakeholders. It is a blueprint for achieving absolute superiority and maintaining global stability in the face of increasingly complex threats.

This seminal work stands as a beacon for the future of warfare, a testament to the power of innovation and leadership in securing peace through strength.

Title: The Convergence Doctrine: Genesis of Absolute Dominance
ISBN: 979-8-89705-415-2
Publisher: Primedia eLaunch LLC

Over the past several decades, advances in technology have transformed communications and the ability to acquire, disseminate, and utilize information in a range of environments. Modern societies and their respective militaries have taken advantage of a robust information space through network-centric systems. Because military and commercial operations have increasingly converged, communication and information infrastructures are now high-priority military objectives in times of war. This article examines the theoretical underpinning of current cyber warfare research, what we have learned so far about its application, and some of the emerging themes to be considered; it also postulates the development of a (national) cyber warfare doctrine (CWD). An endeavor of this scale requires lots of considerations and preparation for its development if it is to be cooperatively embraced. This article considers why information technology systems and their supporting infrastructures should be considered legitimate military targets in conflicts, and offers several events that support this supposition. In addition, it identifies the various forms of doctrine that will become the basis for developing a CWD, discusses a CWD's possible components, and proposes a national collaborative and discussion framework for obtaining a nation's stakeholder buy-in for such an endeavor.

The incorporation of AI in military applications has transformed contemporary warfare, providing unparalleled efficiency, accuracy, and independence abilities. Yet, with the progress of AI systems, the possibility of autonomous weapons collaborating and communicating with each other brings up substantial strategic, ethical, and security issues. This paper seeks to investigate the technological groundwork that allows for AI communication, analysing the latest progress in machine learning and autonomous systems. It will examine how the connectedness could impact battlefield dynamics, decision-making processes, and the potential for emergent behaviours that can improve operational effectiveness or result in unintended consequences.

Submarine cables are critical to global connectivity. They transmit over 99% of global data traffic. Yet they are also crucial for the energy security of Europe, for instance, where they transmit power between nations. Their vulnerability to accidental damage and deliberate sabotage has become increasingly evident, particularly with the rise of “shadow fleets”, which refers to vessels that operate covertly to evade detection. Traditional methods of tracking like AIS and radar systems, have repeatedly proven insufficient in addressing these sophisticated threats. This paper suggests the merger of satellite surveillance and artificial intelligence (AI) as a scalable and proactive solution for protecting subsea cable infrastructure against these threats. By leveraging satellite imagery, AI-driven methods like anomaly detection, and predictive analytics, this approach offers unparalleled capabilities in monitoring vessel movements, threat detection through “unusual behaviour”, and swifter responses to incidents. Additionally, the deployment of SMART cable technology can help to enhance underwater situational awareness. This paper details the implementation of such framework, as well as evaluating its advantages over existing technologies, and underscores its potential to mitigate economic and geopolitical risks associated with cable disruptions.

One of the most promising technologies aiding radiation resilience is the development of advanced materials for shielding. Traditional materials, like lead, have been used for years, but newer composites, such as hydrogen-rich polymers and nanomaterials, provide enhanced protection with lighter weight and better flexibility. Learn more at Radiation Resilience Institute (RR.Institute).

Important current Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) technologies include electronic support measures (ESM), signals interception and collection platforms, decryption technologies and artificial intelligence and machine learning. Learn more in SIGINT courses by Tonex.

This present paper describes the techniques and methodologies adopted by IDS in modelling complex GNSS scenarios such as airport sites, where local/ground augmentation system siting problems need an evaluation of the positioning signal degradation caused by multipath effects and interfering emissions. An overview is given of the main results achieved during a validation campaign, starting from basic laboratory tests, up to comparison with data measured in actual airport environments.

Detection and classification of radars based on pulses they transmit is an important application in electronic warfare systems. In this work, we propose a novel deep-learning based technique that automatically recognizes intra-pulse modulation types of radar signals. Reassigned spectrogram of measured radar signal and detected outliers of its instantaneous phases filtered by a special function are used for training multiple convolutional neural networks. Automatically extracted features from the networks are fused to distinguish frequency and phase modulated signals. Simulation results show that the proposed FF-CNN (Feature Fusion based Convolutional Neural Network) technique outperforms the current state-of-the-art alternatives and is easily scalable among broad range of modulation types.

The paper refers to the management of electronic warfare systems and the latest approaches in this field. Also, some important main historical milestones and new development trends in the field of EW (Electronic Warfare) are being discussed. Finally, after identifying the relationship between ECM (electronic counter measures) and ES (electronic support) and the gaps in the current research of electronic warfare systems, it has been shown how is this domain influenced in the current context of multiple turbulences and crises.

The advent of advanced sensors has also revolutionized EW. Multi-spectral sensors and software-defined radios provide unparalleled detection and monitoring capabilities, enabling forces to track and neutralize enemy signals with precision. Learn more in Electronic Warfare courses by Tonex.

Evidence from a criminal enquiry into the Black Hand (Cosa Nostra Terror Group).

An investigator describes his experiences, between 2018 and 2024, with various organisations during a Transport for London (TfL)/London Underground Limited (LUL) investigation into crimes against TfL/LUL staff and customers, then later a joint TfL/LUL and Capstone Estates Limited (CEL) investigation, into crimes committed against TfL/LUL staff and customers, CEL, and the director of CEL.

The crimes were committed by Hostile Enemy Actors (sources have confirmed the HEA were Black Hand agents), and included carrying out a terror attack against London Underground customers and staff with a sonic frequency weapon.

Cette article vise à présenter la solution capable de mettre fin à la guerre entre la Russie et l'Ukraine, nécessaire compte tenu de l'escalade du conflit entre ces deux pays et entre la Russie et les États-Unis et leurs alliés européens, qui utilisent l'OTAN (nord Organisation du Traité Atlantique), une alliance militaire occidentale, en soutien à l’Ukraine, ce qui pourrait entraîner le déclenchement de la Troisième Guerre mondiale. Pour identifier la ou les solutions qui contribueront à mettre un terme à la guerre entre la Russie et l’Ukraine, il est nécessaire d’éliminer les causes fondamentales de cette guerre. Les premières tentatives de célébrer la paix entre les gouvernements de la Russie et de l'Ukraine au début de la guerre ont échoué et on observe une augmentation des effusions de sang de la part des soldats des deux côtés et de la population civile ukrainienne, une augmentation du nombre de réfugiés et la destruction des territoires ukrainiens. infrastructures par les bombardements russes. La tentative initiale de conclure la paix entre la Russie et l'Ukraine n'a pas produit de progrès, car ceux qui devraient la négocier seraient les gouvernements des États-Unis et de la Russie, car seuls ces gouvernements auraient la capacité d'éliminer les causes de la guerre, à savoir empêcher l'OTAN de s'approcher des frontières de la Russie, arrêter la vente d'armes par l'industrie d'armement nord-américaine à l'Ukraine et aux pays membres de l'OTAN et répondre au désir de l'Ukraine d'adhérer à l'Union européenne. Il est urgent de conclure un accord de paix entre les États-Unis et la Russie pour mettre fin à la guerre en Ukraine, car la guerre entre la Russie et l’Ukraine pourrait évoluer vers un conflit qui s’étendrait à l’Europe et au monde, se transformant en une Troisième Guerre mondiale.

Los sistemas tecnológicos críticos del ciberespacio soportan servicios y operaciones que inciden agudamente en el funcionamiento regular de nuestras sociedades modernas. Además, desde décadas atrás su buena operatividad está en la mira de los conflictos políticos y bélicos de hoy. En consecuencia, su defensa resulta primordial y demanda una elaboración de un diseño robusto, privilegiando el rol de la ingeniería de seguridad en conjunto con el de la ingeniería de software. Las arquitecturas de sistemas que se defienden por sí mismas, son una aproximación alterna al esquema tradicional de asegurar el sistema conforme a la identificación y tratamiento de los servicios de seguridad. Este trabajo expone un conjunto de pautas organizadas, para guiar la construcción de un diseño de arquitecturas críticas con capacidad de defensa, que use el paradigma de Fitch y Muckin y deje espacio para aplicar variaciones en la implementación y ejecución del mismo.

Linear frequency modulated pulse compression (LFM-PC) radar is one of the widely used modern radar systems. It has high immunity against conventional noise jamming due to its high processing gain. To sufficiently affect such radar, smart jamming techniques should be applied. In the last decade, different smart jamming techniques have been proposed. However, literature lacks to the analysis and evaluation of the effect of such techniques on modern radar systems. In this paper, the effect of one of the recently proposed jamming techniques, called chopping jamming, is analyzed and evaluated against LFM-PC radar depending on a typical LFM-PC verified radar model. The worthy of the application of chopping jamming on LFM-PC radar regarding to the probability of false alarm as well as radar detection is discussed and presented.

Pulsed noise jamming is a common anti-radar jamming technique. It creates a noise pulse when radar signal is received, thus concealing any aircraft flying behind it with a block of noise. Modern Linear Frequency Modulated Pulse Compression (LFM-PC) radar, which is characterized by its high processing gain, is considered as one of the challenges to jammer systems. In this paper, the performance of such radar is evaluated analytically, which has not been exploited in any other literature before, under the effect of pulsed noise jamming. Mathematical models of the LFM-PC matched filter response in clear environment as well as pulsed noise jamming are derived. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) is derived and used as a performance measurer. The Derived analytical results agreed with simulation results.

Frequency control and timing devices are essential components in modern military electronics systems. This paper reviews the applications of these devices, and the manner in which the stability and accuracy of these devices impact the performance of military communication, navigation, surveillance, electronic warfare, missile guidance, and identification-friend-orfoe (IFF) systems.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the control system that the media offered to Russian disinformation campaigns in a supposed context of hybrid warfare. The exposure of the news offered by the main media channels allows the analysis of the concept of hybrid warfare to be concentrated and its comparison with the traditional strategic conception, in order to determine if the activities in question can be classified in this type of conflict. Information warfare and related components such as cyber warfare, electronic warfare and more, are becoming increasingly complex and can be used both defensively and offensively in the current security context offered by the national media.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the control system that the media offered to Russian disinformation campaigns in a supposed context of hybrid warfare. The exposure of the news offered by the main media channels allows the analysis of the concept of hybrid warfare to be concentrated and its comparison with the traditional strategic conception, in order to determine if the activities in question can be classified in this type of conflict. Information warfare and related components such as cyber warfare, electronic warfare and more, are becoming increasingly complex and can be used both defensively and offensively in the current security context offered by the national media.

Azerbaycan’ın sorunlar yaşadığı Ermenistan’ın güçlü diasporası ise batı menşei bir uçağın tedarik ve idamesinde türlü türlü zorluk çıkaracağı bilinmekteydi. Bu sebeple JF-17’nin Çin ve Pakistan menşeli olması, Batılı uçakların hem tedarik hem de envantere alınsa dahi bakım ve parça tedarik zorluklarına kıyasla daha az diplomatik kısıtlamayla karşılaşılmasını sağlayacaktır.

Cognitive warfare is an emerging concept in the literature, linked to the development of new technologies and of knowledge on cognition, as well as the involvement of public opinion in conflicts. It is currently the subject of debate within NATO. Used to destabilize adversaries or make them "destroy themselves from the inside", it is becoming a major concern, and we need to learn how to detect it and protect ourselves against it. This paper aims to define cognitive warfare, other close concepts and its players, and to outline the issues at stake.

# We have the capability to gain ultimate control of the Atlantic below the GIUK Gap, but below the 700 and 800-ship levels, lack sufficient surface combatants and V/STOL Support Ships to provide adequate protection of convoys during the 1-2 months of conflict (prior to the attrition of Soviet submarines).

The blind recognition of communication parameters is an important research topic in both commercial and civilian systems. In this paper, we investigate the blind recognition of the modulation. Currently most part of the existing algorithms assumes that the transmitter uses a single-antenna. This study extends the problem for multiple-antennas (MIMO) systems. We adopt a Maximum Likelihood approach for the blind recognition of the modulation and we consider two different situations. First, we assume the channel knowledge at the receiver side and we expose the optimal solution which is called Average Likelihood Ratio Test (ALRT). Then, we relax this assumption and we propose a second method based on a Hybrid Likelihood Ratio Test (HLRT).

The blind recognition of communication parameters is an important research topic in both commercial and civilian systems. In this paper, we investigate the blind recognition of the modulation. Currently most part of the existing algorithms assumes that the transmitter uses a single-antenna. This study extends the problem for multiple-antennas (MIMO) systems. We adopt a Maximum Likelihood approach for the blind recognition of the modulation and we consider two different situations. First, we assume the channel knowledge at the receiver side and we expose the optimal solution which is called Average Likelihood Ratio Test (ALRT). Then, we relax this assumption and we propose a second method based on a Hybrid Likelihood Ratio Test (HLRT).

The electromagnetic spectrum is becoming congested with the number of available wireless communication systems; the implications are that modern battlefields will have many electromagnetic signals. Electronic warfare commanders need sufficient information to allow them to manage their own spectrum, to identify threats, and to deny adversaries’ use of the spectrum. In this paper, the concepts of integrated electronic warfare and spectrum battle management are introduced, and the relevant information requirements are discussed. A high level design of an electronic warfare information system is proposed to meet these requirements. The objective of the system is to provide electronic warfare commanders with relevant information to effectively manage the complex electromagnetic battlefield.