Eighteenth Century History

Le film de Sergueï Bondartchouk (1920-1994), Guerre et Paix (1966), monument de l'Histoire du cinéma, est ressorti fin 2023 en France en salle (et en coffret Blu-ray ou DVD). Que penser de cette gigantesque fresque (cinq ans de tournage, 6 h 43!) soixante ans après?

Son abundantes los planes existentes para reconquistar la plaza de Gibraltar desde su pérdida para España en 1704. Entre todos ellos consideramos la singularidad del propuesto por José de Llona, que hemos investigado y del que exponemos a través de este trabajo su planteamiento y unas primeras conclusiones.
La calidad de la información en referencia a los conocimientos de Llona en distintos aspectos militares, técnicos o geográficos, además de la precisión que ofrece en una serie de datos sobre las características climáticas de la zona del estrecho de Gibraltar, y la actual bahía de Algeciras, y la dinámica de sus aguas, concede a este estudio la singularidad señalada. En esta ocasión el principal objetivo de esta investigación lo hemos fijado en la curiosa presentación que hace José de Llona de su plan, asimismo como a la viabilidad de este, al mismo tiempo que nos acercamos a su biografía.
No es en ningún caso una investigación cerrada, y con absoluta seguridad conforme avancemos en la investigación se irá ofreciendo más información en futuros trabajos que permitirán alcanzar un mayor y más profundo conocimiento de este sugestivo período de la historia de España en general y de la del Campo de Gibraltar en particular.

Circumcision Celebrations in Istanbul offers an in-depth analysis of the sumptuous festivities and symbolic representations associated with the grand public celebrations staged by the Ottoman court to celebrate the circumcision of Sultan Ahmed III's four sons in early eighteenth-century Istanbul. The overall period of the festival, a total of three weeks, was preceded by two months of planning by the Ottoman bureaucratic machine. Thousands of citizens from all social classes, foreign guests, courtiers, military corps, attendants, clerks, supervisors, guildsmen, religious authorities, and others participated in the festival, which took place from September 18 to October 7 at different sites within the capital and outside its walls. Thousands of boys from the city were also circumcised. The author of the book, Sinem Erdoğan Işkorkutan, whose research focuses on early modern Ottoman visual culture and cultural history, has documented each of the constituent stages of the festival, the first such account in the relevant scholarly literature. She examined archival, textual, and pictorial sources, which consist of the registers of the imperial chancery and the imperial head treasurer, Vehbi's illustrated book and Hafiz's unillustrated book of the event, the books of previous festivals, panegyric poems, chronicles of the time, and foreigners' accounts. Unlike previous studies, which were merely descriptive and/or focus on iconographical analyses of the paintings, she approached the sources as representations of the process of the construction of social reality. The distinctiveness of this volume lies in her analysis of the preparatory phase of the festival. Işkorkutan aims to highlight the ideological motives behind the Ottoman court's commission of this event and the semiotic dimension of its planning, organizing, staging, and representation phases. In order to demonstrate the complexity of this extraordinary occasion, she also describes in detail the emblematic role, social position, and tasks of each contributor. She studies how the festival reflected the Ottoman society and culture of eighteenth-century Istanbul and how the Ottoman court represented this festival. Her comparative analysis with the previous 1582 and 1675 circumcision festivals aims to better understand the continuity of this tradition and its transformations over time. This publication contains many documents, including several lists of the people employed in preparations, parades, and spectacles; schematic and detailed tables of the items borrowed or purchased to use during the ceremonies and rituals; tables indicating the food provided at the banquets, served according to the hierarchy of the participants; a list of performers, a list of guilds, et cetera. Moreover, the text is embellished by images taken from the illustrated book of the festival, the so-called sūrnāme, a peculiar literary genre (prose or verse) to record imperial

La categoria di frontiera, al centro di questi volumi, che hanno origine dal V Congresso della Società Italiana delle Storiche, allude all'attraversamento di con ni attuato dalla Storia di genere: tra discipline, tra privato e pubblico, tra Occidente e altre aree del mondo, indagate nella loro peculiarità ma anche nella molteplicità dei loro legami con il mondo occidentale. Dall'Europa agli USA, dal Nord Africa al Medio Oriente, all'America Latina: ricercatrici e ricercatori, spesso giovanissimi, intervengono accanto a note studiose e studiosi. In un'ottica non più limitata ai soli soggetti femminili ma aperta alla Men's History e agli studi LGBTQ prende corpo, quindi, uno strumento utile a una riscrittura della Storia di donne e uomini negli aspetti sociali e culturali come in quelli economici e politici.

This paper explores the extensive coverage of the harsh winter of 1740 in European print. It asks which topics predominated in which media forms and what this tells us about the cultural significance of the exceptional weather conditions. Recurring themes are outlined and illustrated with source examples from and about various European countries in text and image, and their significance is reflected upon and contextualized, this concerns reports of cold weather and tragedies, interventions by the authorities, charity, empirical observations, attempts at explanation and curiosities such as frost fairs or the St Petersburg Ice Palace. It becomes clear that the cold winter of 1740 was omnipresent. News of the cold, the associated tragedies and disasters as well as the authorities' attempts to combat it, or at least stage it, circulated throughout Europe. The content often reflected the interests of the target audiences and offered up-to-date information, social orientation and a search for natural causes, not least as an outlet for social relief through entertainment.

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Der Beitrag ist der Spurensuche von Zeugnissen des Kältewinters von 1740 in der europäischen Druckpublizistik gewidmet. Es wird gefragt, welche Themen inwelchen Medienformen vorherrschten und was dies über die kulturelle Bedeutung der außergewöhnlichen Wetterlage aussagt. Wiederkehrende Themen werden skizziert und mit Quellenbeispielen aus bzw. über verschiedene europäische Länder in Text und Bild illustriert sowie ihre Bedeutung reflektiert und kontextualisiert. In den Fokus rücken Kältemeldungen und Tragödien, Eingriffe der Obrigkeiten und Almosen, empirische Beobachtungen, Erklärungsversuche und Kuriosa wie Frost Fairs oder der St. Petersburger Eispalast. Es wird deutlich, dass der Kältewinter von 1740 publizistisch omnipräsent war. In ganz Europa kursierten Nachrichten von der Kälte, den damit einhergehenden Tragödien und Katastrophen sowie von obrigkeitlichen Versuchen, dagegen anzukämpfen bzw. dies zumindest zu inszenieren. Die Inhalte spiegelten Interessensschwerpunkte des Zielpublikums wider und boten aktuelle Informationen, gesellschaftliche Orientierung sowie naturkundliche Ursachensuche, nicht zuletzt auch ein Ventil der gesellschaftlichen Entlastung durch Unterhaltung.

Focusing on the cartographic imagination of the European Enlightenment (1650-1800), this essay seeks to discuss the role of the cartographic representation of the Earth in the construction of a planetary space, as well as its function as a model for measuring human knowledge and as a metaphor for its systematization. More specifically, by analyzing Kant's geographical metaphors, I will reconstruct how the modern project of conquering the world as picture took shape in the design of the Kantian «cosmogram». I plan to show that the cartographic representation of the terrestrial sphere is not only the scopic model of Enlightenment planetary consciousness, but also the monogram of Kant's architectonic system, and as such the operative and imaginative matrix of his cartographic reason.

The article is devoted to the text about the plant Chelidonia (from
Greek χελιδόν ‘swallow’) in Russian handwritten herbals of the 18th–19th centuries and its ancient origins. Information about “swallow grass” and its medical and other properties is known from the works of ancient authors Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Pliny the Elder, Galen and others. In the Middle Ages this tradition is continued by Pseudo-Apuleius, Odo of Mena, Pseudo-Al90 bert and others. The fi rst mention of Chelidonia in Russian medieval books dates back to the end of the 14th century (George of Pisidia’s Hexaemeron), then the description of this plant appears on the pages of translated medical works ― Gaerde der Suntheit and Destillierbuch of Hieronymus Brunschwig (16th century), in the 17th century ― in the translation of Pseudo-Albert’s work De virtutibus herbarum and in handwritten lexicons. The article establishes that the text about Chelidonia in herbals of the 18th–19th centuries goes back to Pseudo-Albert and is presented in three variants corresponding to the textual groups of manuscripts.

Since the tenth century, the main religious force in Russia has been Orthodox Christianity. This branch of the Christian Church developed differently from its Western counterpart, Latin Christianity, after the geopolitical paths of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires diverged following the Migration Period in Late Antiquity. The different developments in the Christian East and West also led to distinct path dependencies, which informed the conceptualisation of the boundaries between the religious and the secular spheres. This working paper probes these differences, via an analysis of two important texts from early modern Russia: Feofan Prokopovich’s 1718 Palm Sunday sermon about “The Dignity and Power of the Sovereign,” and his 1721 “Spiritual Regulation.”

ESP: Este trabajo analiza críticamente la Galería Regional de Palazzo Abatellis en Palermo, centrándose en su arquitectura, evolución histórica y el proyecto de restauración museográfica llevado a cabo por Carlo Scarpa en los años 50. Tras reconstruir la historia del palacio, construido en el siglo XV como residencia privada y posteriormente transformado en convento y museo, se examinan las intervenciones de restauración, con especial atención al enfoque de Scarpa, quien supo combinar la conservación del edificio histórico con soluciones museográficas innovadoras. El documento explora también las principales salas expositivas, su diseño y la interacción entre el espacio arquitectónico y las obras de arte. Finalmente, se abordan los problemas actuales de gestión del museo, destacando las deficiencias en comunicación, servicios al visitante y acceso al patrimonio, y se sugieren estrategias para mejorar su accesibilidad y valorización. El estudio concluye con una reflexión sobre el papel de Palazzo Abatellis en la escena cultural contemporánea y los desafíos futuros para su conservación y promoción.

ITA: Il presente lavoro analizza criticamente la Galería Regional di Palazzo Abatellis a Palermo, con particolare attenzione alla sua architettura, alla sua evoluzione storica e al progetto di restauro museografico realizzato da Carlo Scarpa negli anni '50. Dopo una ricostruzione della storia del palazzo, costruito nel XV secolo come residenza privata e successivamente trasformato in convento e museo, si esaminano gli interventi di restauro, soffermandosi sul contributo di Scarpa, che ha saputo coniugare la conservazione dell’edificio storico con soluzioni museografiche moderne. Il documento esplora inoltre le principali sale espositive, il loro allestimento e la relazione tra lo spazio architettonico e le opere d'arte. Infine, vengono affrontate le problematiche legate alla gestione attuale del museo, evidenziando le criticità relative alla comunicazione, ai servizi per i visitatori e alla fruizione del patrimonio, suggerendo possibili strategie per migliorare l'accessibilità e la valorizzazione della collezione. Il lavoro si conclude con una riflessione sul ruolo di Palazzo Abatellis nella scena culturale contemporanea e sulle sfide future per la sua conservazione e promozione.

This chapter discusses some of the physiological models used during the early eighteenth century to explain the origin of passions and afflictions of the soul—or emotions, as we would call them today. It focuses on the celebrated Spanish natural philosopher Benito J. Feijoo (1676–1764) and his ideas about how love could be aroused. The importance of considering Feijoo in this volume is twofold. First, Feijoo held a privileged place in the public sphere, as he was enormously successful in playing a role that was almost new in the Spanish context, that of the scientific popularizer; his ideas arguably influenced how many people experienced their bodies and their emotions as intimately connected. Second, his model complicates the traditional view that bodies were progressively gendered from the eighteenth century on. According to Feijoo, the degree of feeling one might experience is determined by the distribution of nervous fibers and other internal structures, irrespective of one's sex.

The North Garden of Deshou Palace during the Southern Song Dynasty, holds a respected status, distinctive features, and rich records. It has signifi cant cognitive importance in the history of Chinese gardens, serving as a link between the past and the future. With the advancement of archaeology and the construction of the Deshou Palace Site Museum, further research is necessary. In view of many problems in the existing research, this article further explores relevant historical documents, combines new knowledge of relevant garden history research and various related garden image information, conducts in-depth research on plane relationships and landscape forms, and obtains a new view of the North Garden of Deshou Palace. The general plan is estimated to be restored; and the construction of the imitation Feilai Peak, Cold Spring, and Cold Spring Hall, which are the key landscape landscapes, is discussed in detail. This will gain new knowledge about the North Garden of Deshou Palace, and also provide new impetus to the understanding of the historical development of gardens in the Southern Song Dynasty.

In 1802 verscheen De man in drie gedaanten, of de balling (Amsterdam: wed. J. Dóll), een vertaling van een Franse bewerking van Abällino door R.C. Guilbert-Pixeré court: L'homme à trois visages, ou le proscrit (Parijs: se vend au théatre, 1801). De internationale editiegeschiedenis is niet beschreven. Een verkenning van verscheidene internationale catalogi die geen volledigheid pretendeert levert de volgende titels op van (vrije) bewerkingen; twee Franse: de ge-

This chapter explores the emergence of anthropology as a field of inquiry in the eighteenth century, with attention paid to the creation of cultural anthropology alongside the development of a natural history of mankind. This latter set of investigations gradually became more specialised as a physical investigation into human variation such that by the end of the century, physical anthropology had created the scaffolding for racial pseudoscience. The discussion traces how key German thinkers-such as Leibniz, Schlözer, Herder, and Kant-contributed to the evolution of these two investigatory programs. Enlightenment thought influenced emerging ideas about human classification, with figures like Linnaeus and Buffon shaping German approaches to biological taxonomies, and Scottish historians impacting German notions of human historical development and progress. The study contrasts the centrality of language for Leibniz and Herder's work to understand national character and identity with the approach taken by theorists focused instead on the natural history of the species. Kant is positioned as a figure with interests in both fields of investigation, given his many decades devoted to teaching and writing about humans as both a natural and moral species.

« Diplomate ? Acteur ? Courtisan ? Représenter le roi de France Henri IV à Rome, l'exemple de l'ambassadeur Charles de Neufville, seigneur d'Halincourt (1605-1608). »

Charles de Neufville, fils du secrétaire d'État Nicolas de Villeroy, est ambassadeur du roi de France à Rome de juin 1605 à avril 1608. Pour cela, il doit mettre en pratique les définitions du « parfait ambassadeur » dont la littérature émerge, avec notamment le traité de Jean Hotman (1603) qui contient une adresse au père de cet ambassadeur. En outre, la cour de Rome est singulière. Elle dispose de son propre environnement de représentation, avec une attention portée sur l'apparat (le palais, la suite, les carrosses, les cavalcades). Représenter le roi de France suggère de s'insérer dans ce milieu romain en portant attention à toutes les questions de cérémonial et de préséance, surtout vis-à-vis de son homologue espagnol. Enfin, lors de ses négociations, Charles de Neufville maîtrise son comportement. Cette dernière nécessité est au croisement des recommandations pour les ambassadeurs mais aussi de la littérature sur l'art de son comporter en cour, avec encore pour référence au début du XVIIe siècle le Courtisan de Castiglione. C'est grâce à cela que Charles de Neufville a pu obtenir des avancées majeures lors de l'affaire de l'Interdit vénitien (avril 1606-avril 1607).

This article traces the metamorphoses of Arabic linguistics from the 16th century to the present day. They can be seen as successive points of view creating “Arabic” objects that are different from one another, but whose traces can be found even in today's Arabic linguistics. Four points of view are examined: orientalist, “semitological”, historical and sociolinguistic.

Very interesting and pretty persuasive, bearing in mind the need for symbolic corroboration. Excellent material and I hope to see it in print.

You have done a great job in extending and deepening references and examples, Temple Newsam, Lady Hervey, Charlie Trees and much more.

Professor Murray Pittock MAE FRSE
Bradley Professor and Pro Vice Principal
University of Glasgow

Research into the history of collections can shed light not only on the epistemic, but also the political and economic dimensions of the objects that museums collect. This article explores these dimensions through the study of acquisitions in the mineralogical collections of the Natural History Museum Berlin. During the nineteenth century, appropriation processes were increasingly shaped by economic arguments and political perspectives. After the German Empire became a colonial power in the 1880s, rocks and minerals from Africa, particularly Namibia and Tanzania, were seized. Ultimately, contemporary museums must take responsibility for their past collecting practices because their collections are built upon those practices.

el Brazo Militar se negaba a obedecer la orden de modificación del testamento de Carlos II. Argumentaba para ello el Estamento Militar «Sólo era una junta establecida de nobleza en Cortes, sin tener comunicado tal poder». Llama la atención el concepto tan simple que el Brazo tiene de sí mismo, más si se tienen en cuenta que unos años más tarde, el Conde de Robres consideraba que «ninguno más que ese cuerpo es comprendido en la extirpación de las leyes patrias, decretadas por el señor Felipe V». ¿Cómo es posible estas impresiones tan opuestas? El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la actuación del Brazo Militar de Catalunya durante los años de la Guerra de Sucesión y poner de manifiesto el papel decisivo que tuvo esta institución en la defensa del marco constitucional catalán.

La diffusione sempre più ampia e rapida di notizie ingannevoli costruite ad arte a fini di propaganda o di contropropaganda -le cosiddette fake news -costringe un utente consapevole a tenere desta l'attenzione verso i rischi di una ricezione passiva di convinzioni erronee, a un costante esercizio di distinzione tra fonti credibili e fonti fasulle. Chi studia la società e la cultura del passato -come le autrici e gli autori di questo volume -sa che nulla deve essere scartato, dal momento che anche le falsità possono diventare un indizio, una pista da seguire per fiutare astuzie o menzogne e sollevare interrogativi sulle forme, le immagini e i linguaggi ingannevoli che hanno potuto orientare o cambiare l'interpretazione della natura e la storia. Come annotava circa trent'anni fa Anthony Grafton nel suo lavoro sulla finzione nella tradizione letteraria occidentale, la messe delle falsificazioni stipa interi scaffali e corre dalle origini della civiltà all'età contemporanea. Se su di esse si sono interrogati maestri quali Bloch e Borges, Hobsbawm ed Eco, oltre allo stesso Grafton e al 'nostro' Paolo Preto, questo è dovuto al fatto che dati apparentemente marginali, semplici indizi (come anche gli oggetti desueti e rivelatori, le rovine e le reliquie degli studi di critica letteraria e filosofica di Francesco Orlando) non di rado permettono di avvicinarsi alla verità ben più che documenti certi e incontrovertibili; e consentono di gettare luce sulle sollecitazioni varie -politiche, religiose, sociali, culturali -volte alla falsificazione dei documenti per condizionare gruppi e movimenti in chiave alterata, faziosa. A queste e altre considerazioni si collega il tema che la Società italiana di studi sul secolo XVIII scelse per il suo incontro annuale del 2019 (Rimini, 27-29 maggio), del quale si pubblicano ora gli atti: l'Invenzione del passato nel Settecento. Tentare di tracciare un bilancio degli studi compiuti e sondare le ricerche in corso sulla riflessione settecentesca sul passato ci sembrò importante anche come tappa preparatoria verso il XVI Congresso internazionale sull'Illuminismo previsto per il 2023 a Roma, che si era deciso di dedicare a L'antico e la costruzione del futuro nel secolo dei Lumi.

By the end of sixteenth century, when still a young man, Angelo Notari worked as musician in his native city Padua; he went to London in 1611, at the service of the Venice ambassador Antonio Foscarini. In the staff of the diplomat was secretary Giulio Muscorno, who became active as unoffi cial musician at King’s James i Stuart court. Soon dismissed by the Venetian ambassador, Notari entered the service of the musical chapel of the English court; he was informer to Spanish embassy too, and helped Muscorno in his accusation at Foscarini’s fi rst trial. He was surely instrumental in the spreading of the late Sixteenth-early Seventeenth century Italian vocal repertory at the English royal court. Foscarini’s dispatches to the Venetian senate deal mostly with political aff airs; however, they contains noteworthy descriptions of musical performances. Following Foscarini’s disgrace, Venetian ambassadors had to distance his unwary management; the general trend of Venice politics was more cautious toward the papacy and Spain too, so that Notari was dismissed with contempt by the later ambassador Girolamo Lando, patron of the head of the ducal musical chapel in Venice, Giovanni Rovetta. Transcription of Foscarini’s description of a€masque€ at the court of James i is given in appendix.€

In 1675, the Ottoman state held an imperial festival (sur-ı hümayun) in Edirne to celebrate the military achievements, the circumcision of the sons of Sultan Mehmed IV (r. 1648-1687) and the marriage of his daughter. Drawing from seventeenth-century official and non-official sources concerning the festival, this essay focuses mainly on the role of the artisans. It shows how the practices of the artisans at the festival resembled those of the army artisans who, too, paraded at the initial stage of the military campaigns. However, rather than the mere theatrical aspects of the guilds' pageantry, it emphasizes other yet multiple functions of the artisans. In particular, showing the role of the Istanbul and Edirne guilds in front of and behind the stage, this essay argues that they not only benefited from participating in such events but also bore their burdens as they provided various services, labor, and funding. In this regard, it also pays attention to the other side of the coin where not only artisans but also other actors were involved. To this end, after a brief introduction, this essay focuses on the day-to-day parades of the artisans, the practices of gift-giving, the burdens and benefits of the festival for the different classes, and finally its military tone by considering the actively involved artisans and their auxiliaries.

Porthan-sällskapets syfte är att befrämja lärdomsoch kulturhistorisk forskning kring H.G. Porthan och hans tid. Därtill kan man säga att sällskapet ägnar sig åt vetenskapligt historiebruk. Historiebruk – som är en form av minneskultur – handlar om att använda historien för olika syften som till exempel ideologiska, moraliska eller pedagogiska. Det vetenskapliga historiebruket i sin tur utnyttjar historieforskningens principer, vilka omfattar källkritiken och ambitionen att ifrågasätta och omtolka fakta. Det kritiska historiebruket var något som redan Friedrich Nietzsche uppmärksammade i sitt verk Von Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie für das Leben (1874), där han urskilde tre olika kategorier av historiebruk: det monumentala, det antikvariska och det kritiska.

The measurements recorded in the inventory, 10 by 13.5 palmi (223 by 301 centimetres), approximate those of the painting, which are 188 by 275 centimetres. Discrepancies of measurements between inventories and an actual painting are not uncommon and can be explained by various factors, such as the presence of a frame, the imprecision of measuring and different measuring systems. 9 Rossi, op. cit. (note 2), p.174. 10 On the topography of Castro, see Fiore, op. cit. (note 5), pp.43-66. 11 'Dichiarato Commissario generale nelle tre legazioni di Bologna, Ravenna, e Ferrara, come ancora dell'esercito pontificio, adunato, e raccolto per l'espugnazione della città di Castro, che aveva empiamente messo a morte il proprio Veicovo

Cembalaro e commerciante di legname, Francesco Cimini costruì l’oratorio del Santissimo Crocifisso in Montasola, in Sabina, e fondò l’Opera pia Cimini, istituzione caritatevole a favore dei bisognosi e dei poveri. Dotò le strutture di munifici doni quali strumenti musicali e suppellettile liturgica – in particolare la meravigliosa stauroteca –, trasformando l’oratorio in una sintesi delle esperienze artistiche della Roma di inizio Settecento. Membro dell’Arciconfraternita dei falegnami, contribuì ad abbellire anche la chiesa romana di San Giuseppe dei Falegnami.

La construction européenne est ainsi relancée avec de nouveaux élargissements à l'Est, notamment l'entrée de la Pologne à l' UE en 2004. Dès 1989, la Pologne s'est rapidement rapprochée des pays occidentaux, dont la France avec laquelle elle entretenait des relations passionnées avant 1945. Dans cette Europe où le plurilinguisme a vocation à devenir la norme, quelles sont les répercussions des transformations politiques en Pologne depuis 1989 sur l'enseignement et l'apprentissage du français en Pologne et du polonais en France ? Comment l'évolution des relations franco-polonaises entre 1989 et 2017 influe-t-elle sur l'enseignement des deux langues dans ces deux pays ? Dans quels lieux étudie-t-on ces deux langues ? À quels publics ces enseignements profitent-ils ? Comment les méthodologies d'enseignement et les moyens d'apprentissage ont-ils évolué ? Quelles sont les représentations sociales des deux langues et des deux pays ? Quelles sont les motivations d'apprentissage du français en Pologne et du polonais en France ? C'est à ces questions que nous envisageons de répondre dans cette thèse. Constitué de quatre parties, notre travail commence par un bref historique de l'enseignement du français en Pologne et du polonais en France, des origines à 1989. Les parties 2 et 3 portent respectivement sur l'enseignement du français en Pologne et du polonais en France après 1989. Dans la 4e et dernière partie de cette thèse, nous présentons les perspectives de ces deux enseignements et nous terminons par une réflexion sur les stratégies à adopter pour rendre l'enseignement du français en Pologne et du polonais en France plus attractifs. Outre les ouvrages scientifiques, articles de presse et données statistiques, nous nous appuyons également sur des interviews d'apprenants et d'enseignants ainsi que des enquêtes réalisées en présentiel et à distance. France, Pologne, français (langue), polonais (langue), relations franco-polonaises avant et après 1989, langues vivantes étrangères, enseignement scolaire, enseignement supérieur, apprentissage, méthodologie d'enseignement, moyens d'apprentissage, motivations des apprenants, lieux d'apprentissage, représentation sociale. The teaching and learning of the French language in Poland and the Polish language in France in the years 1989-2017. A comparative analysis. will soon be 30 years since the end of the Cold War which opened the way for new Europe. Thanks to this, the European structure was rebuilt once more with new extensions, especially to the East, and in particular Poland. Starting from 1989, Poland quickly progressed towards the Western countries, including France, with which it had intense relations before 1945. When considering such a European structure, where multilingualism is supposed to become a standard, what are the repercussions of the political changes in Poland after 1989 for the teaching and lerning of French in Poland as well as Polish in France? How has the evolution of the Polish-French relations between 1989 and 2017 affected the teaching of both languages in these two countries? In what places are these two languages taught? What kind of audience benefits form such teaching? How have the teaching methodologies of and teaching resources evolved? What are the social representations of both languages and both countries? What are the motivations to learn French in Poland and Polish in France? Such questions shall be answered in this paper. The paper comprises four parts, it begins with a brief historical outline of teaching French in Poland and Polish in France from its beginning to 1989. Parts 2 and 3 respectively relate to education and teaching French in Poland and Polish in France after 1989. The fourth and last part of this paper presents the perspective of these two educational systems and ends with a reflection on the strategies to be used to make the teaching of French in Poland and Polish in France more attractive. In addition scientific literature, newspapers articles works and statistical data, we also focus on interviews and surveys with learners and teachers. France, Poland, French (language), Polish (language), cooperation between France and Poland since 1989, modern foreign languages, school education, higher education, learning, teaching methodology, media (means) of learning, motivations of learners, places of learning, social representations. Nauczanie języka francuskiego w Polsce i języka polskiego we Francji w latach 1989-2017. Analiza porównawcza. Niemal 30 lat temu koniec zimnej wojny otworzył drogę do nowej Europy. Od 1989 roku Polska zacieśniała swoje stosunki z Zachodem, zwłaszcza z Francją, z którą do 1945 roku utrzymywała ożywione kontakty. W 2004 roku wraz z kilkoma innymi krajami Europy Środkowej wstąpiła ona do Unii Europejskiej. Jaki jest wpływ przemian politycznych w Polsce po roku 1989 na nauczanie języka francuskiego w Polsce i polskiego we Francji w kontekście Europy, w której wielojęzyczność ma stać się normą? W jaki sposób ewolucja relacji francusko-polskich między rokiem 1989 a 2017 wpływa na nauczanie obydwu języków w tych krajach? W jakich miejscach uczy się tych dwóch języków? Jaki rodzaj publiczności korzysta z tej nauki? W jaki sposób ewoluowały metodologie i środki nauczania? Jakie są wizerunki języka, kraju ? Jakie są motywacje uczących się nauki francuskiego w Polsce i polskiego we Francji? To właśnie na te pytania zamierzamy odpowiedzieć w tej pracy. Nasza praca, składa się z czterech części, zaczyna się od krótkiego zarysu historycznego nauczania języka francuskiego w Polsce i polskiego we Francji od początków do roku 1989. Części 2 i 3 dotyczą odpowiednio nauki i nauczania języka francuskiego w Polsce i polskiego we Francji po roku 1989. W 4-tej, i ostatniej części tej pracy, przedstawiamy perspektywy tych dwóch systemów nauki i kończymy refleksją dotyczącą strategii, którą należy przyjąć, aby uczynić bardziej atrakcyjną naukę języka francuskiego w Polsce i polskiego we Francji. Poza pracami naukowymi, artykułami prasowymi i danymi statystycznymi, przeprowadzamy również ankiety z uczącymi się i nauczycielami. Francja, Polska, francuski (język), polski (język), współpraca miedzy Polska a Francja po 1989, współczesne języki obce, edukacja szkolna, szkolnictwo wyższe, metodologia i środki nauczania języków obcych, motywacje uczących się, miejsce nauczania, Francuzi i Polacy : wzajemne postrzeganie Mes remerciements s'adressent en premier lieu à mon directeur de thèse, le professeur Stanislaw Fiszer, qui a toujours répondu présent et qui m'a apporté de précieux conseils durant ces nombreuses années. Je remercie également les professeurs de français en Pologne et de polonais en France qui, grâce à leur concours, ont participé à la réalisation de cette thèse. Je pense notamment

Complotti, intrighi e trame oscure nella rete di monsignor Umberto Benigni (1918-1934) at http://ereticopedia.wikidot.com/pepe-valbousquet Complotti, intrighi e trame oscure nella rete di monsignor Umberto Benigni (1918-1934) A proposito di Nina Valbousquet, Catholique et antisémite. Le réseau de Mgr. Benigni (1918-1934), CNRS Editions, Paris 2020 di Armando Pepe «Catholique et antisémite. Le réseau de Mgr Benigni, 1918-1934» ha per titolo il recente libro di Nina Valbousquet, attualmente «professeure agrégée d'histoire et membre de l'École française de Rome». È un libro incentrato prevalentemente sull'attivismo profuso da monsignor Umberto Benigni nel contrasto ideologico in opposizione alle presunte mire della rete ebraica internazionale. Non si prendono volutamente in considerazione anche gli altri aspetti, che pure furono non secondari in una personalità tanto complessa quanto degna di essere più attentamente studiata. Monsignor Benigni, perugino di nascita, svolse sostanzialmente la propria vita a Roma, studiando e insegnando nel Seminario Romano maggiore storia della Chiesa, essendo un tenace e pugnace giornalista, un integralista cattolico, impegnato in una lotta pervicace contro i complotti che-secondo lui-minacciavano la cristianità. Fu capace di intessere una rete mondiale, prendendo notizie ovunque e le più disparate, per fronteggiare gli occulti nemici. La posizione ideologica di monsignor Benigni sugli ebrei non fu affatto di sostegno ai tragici avvenimenti occorsi durante la Seconda guerra mondiale, anzi nei propri scritti (come in "Storia sociale della Chiesa") furono più volte deplorati come barbarici i vari pogrom antiebraici del passato. Infine, il suo "antisemitismo" (rectius: antigiudaismo) non poggiò tanto o solo sulla questione finanziaria ma su di una questione religiosa. Il ruolo politico-economico del giudaismo fu, per lui, solo una conseguenza di quello religioso e anticristiano. Tuttavia, la visione di monsignor Benigni non fu mai unidirezionale, bensì pluridirezionale, data la vastità degli interessi. I suoi bersagli principali furono non solo gli ebrei, ma anche i gesuiti, i cattolici progressisti, i maghi e gli eterodossi in genere. Presenza troppo ingombrante, non fu nelle grazie del Segretario di Stato, il cardinale Gasparri, e nemmeno del papa Pio XI. Un cospicuo fondo di carte, che appartennero a monsignor Benigni, si trova presso l'Archivio Storico del Ministero degli Affari Esteri (ASMAE) e rappresenta una fonte ampia e rilevante degli umori respirati e delle notizie ventilate intorno ai molteplici luoghi e/o personaggi accuratamente osservati. Nomi e cognomi di 06/02/25, 19:39 ERETICOPEDIA: Complotti, intrighi e trame oscure nella rete di monsignor Umberto Benigni (1918-1934) https://www.ereticopedia.org/printer-friendly//pepe-valbousquet 1/10

When organized homosexual emancipation took root in the late nineteenth century, it was based to a large extent on the then prevailing biomedical and psychiatric conceptualizations. These presented homosexuality as an innate inclination of a minority, while science-based knowledge was seen as the road towards societal acceptance of such leaning. In this article it is argued that, as early as in the eighteenth century, distinct efforts were made towards 'homosexual emancipation', if preliminary and less coherent perhaps, yet also quite radical in tone and contents. While the modern gay movement largely steered a defensive course way into the twentieth century-based on a clearly demarcated minority group's sense of 'being different' and 'having no other option'-in the eighteenth century, voices could be heard that appealed to self-determination and choice, and that used racy language and let itself be inspired by libertinism, cultural history, and literature. The examples provided in this article are derived from (mainly English and French) court archives, pamphlets, political-philosophical treatises, personal documents, and (semi-pornographic) literary texts.

Research on the circulation of Arabic books in the 18 th century has typically focused on the movement of manuscripts from the Ottoman Near East to Western Europe. This transfer has been examined in light of military conflicts and tensions between European states and the Ottoman Empire, but also against the background of the networks of trade and commerce in which books circulated.1 Arabic printed books remained in the shadow of manuscripts: while the circumstances of their production and the history of printing presses have been examined,2 little is known about their circulation, the reasons for their collection and purchase, and the readers and audiences that they targeted. One should also note that the movements of printed books were not following patterns as clear as those of manuscripts: the systematic large-scale collection of manuscripts by Orientalists and European travelers in the Near East caused a veritable "book drain".3 These activities resulted in a movement of manuscripts from the East to the West. This movement is of course not the only recognizable pattern; manuscripts also circulated within the Ottoman Empire.4 In

This article examines the dissemination processes and geography of wheat species and varieties in Portugal between the 16th and the 20th centuries. Based on a wide range of sources, from monastic records to official agricultural reports and oral interviews, it is concluded that the conditions that shaped the traditional division between soft varieties in the north and hard varieties in the south had changed by the late 19th century.
At that point, soft landraces thrived in the south, but were soon replaced by improved/ hybridized varieties, many of which were imported. Thus, wheat landraces persisted only in the mountainous peripheral areas, due to the agroecological and socioeconomic context.
It is also emphasized that Portugal did not lag the most central countries in terms of agricultural biotechnology development.

his life, the foundation was laid for the subsequent ecumenical commitments that many Methodists have perceived in works such as Catholic spirit. Diehl Yates tells the story of Wesley's life predominantly against the grain of such a reading, but the closing lines of the book hint that even she sees that Wesley could have lived out what his disciples saw better than he ever managed to observe in practice. Konflikt -Konsens -Koexistenz. Konfessionskulturen in Worms im . Jahrhundert. By Carolin Katzer. (Quellen und Abhandlungen zur mittelrheinischen Kirchengeschichte, .) Pp.  incl.  ills. Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, . €.      JEH () ; doi:./S The long eighteenth century remains murky terrain for historians of religion. This is largely due to the fact that in this period, the story goes, religion lost much of the political, intellectual and cultural significance that it had held in medieval and early modern eras. Two principal assumptions lay at the heart of this narrative. On the one hand, the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War in  is thought to have brought to an end the era of religious conflict that followed the sixteenthcentury religious reformations. On the one hand, the eighteenth centuryidentified with the emergence of the Enlightenmenthas for long been searched for origins of secularism and toleration. Altogether, these developments are thought to have rendered religion, if not irrelevant, then at least of secondary significance to eighteenth-century men and women. This in turn resulted in the tempering of earlier impulses to persecute the religious 'other' and instead fostered the emergence of societies that were more accepting of religious difference and variety. The present volume, by Carolin Katzer, sets out to challenge this narrative. It argues that peaceful religious coexistence in the aftermath of the Thirty Years' War should not be viewed as 'an unquestionable, somewhat natural occurrence' (p. ). The volume thus adds to a growing body of scholarship which has sought to reclaim the eighteenth century as a religious age, questioning the narratives of linear progress of religious toleration. As her case study, Katzer uses the example of Worms, one of the free cities of the Holy Roman Empire, which throughout the early modern period was a home to several confessional communities. While a number of places in eighteenth-century Europe were characterised by religious pluralism, Worms, as Katzer argues, presents a particularly telling case for exploring the modes of religious coexistence. For decades, the citya host to over one a hundred imperial dietshad been embroiled in the processes of political and religious change in the Holy Roman Empire; in , the imperial diet gathered in the city condemned Martin Luther, prohibited dissemination of his writings and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from disseminating and defending his idea, thus solidifying religious divisions that were to continue for the centuries to come. At the same time, Worms played a role in the spread of the Reformations; the city was the birthplace of the first Protestant