Effluent Polishing

Grey water is the biggest part of domestic wastewater in surface water. Although the organic matter contained in grey water is relatively low, it could decrease water quality significantly if entered and accumulated in surface water flow. Reactors used in this study were combination of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) and Anaerobic Filter (AF). Reactor hydraulic loading rate (HLR) and organic loading rate (OLR) were observed to find actual hydraulic retention time and efficiency of treatment package. Two reactors were used in this study; Reactor I and Reactor II. Reactor I consisted of 4 compartments ABR and 1 compartment AF, while Reactor II consisted of 3 compartments ABR and 1 compartment AF. HLR test was conducted using Reactor II, while OLR test was conducted using both reactors with different organic loading variations. Flowrate variations in HLR test were 64.8 L/day, 51.84 L/day, and 34.56 L/day. In OLR test, the reactors were loaded with several grey water organic concentrati...

Coir pith is a polyphenol containing agroindustrial residue which causes land and water pollution. Research programs are advancing by utilising coir pith as a substrate for bio energy production, and oxidative delignificationwas reported as an effective pretreatmentmethod. Oxidative delignification process generates highly coloured ‘Coir pith Black Liquor’ (CBL) as effluent and its release to open environment poses pollution risks. Evaluation of toxicity of CBL is of significance for its safe disposal plans. In the present study, we investigated the phytotoxicity of CBL to a standard test species Oryza sativa. A 96 hour bioassay was conducted. Root length, shoot length, seed germination, Germination Index (GI), Seed Vigor Index (SVI) and Shoot toRoot ratio (S:R)were the parameters studied. Data acquisition was done with the help of image analysis software ‘Fiji’. Statistical analysis was carried out using ‘R’ software. The EC50 (Median Effective Concentration), the conce...

Saat ini usaha industri tahu sedang berkembang. Limbah yang dihasilkan dari industri tahu akan menjadi suatu permasalahan bagi lingkungan. Pengolahan air limbah industri tahu dapat dilakukan dengan cara pengolahan biologis karena dapat menurunkan kandungan organik pada air limbah tahu. Salah satu teknologi pengolahan limbah yang efektif dan efisien adalah Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). Prinsip operasi SBR adalah mengisi dan menarik (fill and draw), yang terdiri dari lima tahap yaitu pengisian (fill), reaksi (reaction), pengendapan (settle), pembuangan air olahan (decand) dan pembuangan lumpur (idle). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kinerja SBR dengan penambahan impeller pada fase aerobik dalam menurunkan kandungan BOD, PO4 dan N Total pada air limbah tahu. SBR dioperasikan dengan waktu retensi hidrolik (HRT) dan kecepatan pengadukan yang bervariasi, yaitu masing-masing sebesar 24, 36 jam dan 48 jam serta kecepatan pengadukan sebesar 50, 100 dan 150 rpm. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan HRT dan kecepatan pengadukan optimum, yaitu masing-masing sebesar 48 jam dan 150 rpm. Dengan efisiensi penyisihan BOD,

With the increased use of wastewater for irrigation, there is the need to reduce the contaminant levels in wastewater. The slow sand filtration (SSF) is one such method that can be used to improve wastewater quality. However, the treatment quality depends among other factors on the depth of sand bed and the effective size. Acquiring sand of a particular effective size is becoming increasing difficulty and, therefore, this study sought to investigate over a specified area, the optimal depth and effective size that will be able to get rid of contaminants in wastewater. In separate experiments, three depths (30 cm, 40 cm and 50 cm) and two effective sizes (0.27 mm and 0.45 mm) were set up to investigate their effectiveness in removing Faecal coliform, E. coli and heavy metals (Pb, Cu and Fe) for wastewater from a peri-urban drain used for irrigating vegetables. Results showed that a minimum sand bed thickness of 40 cm and an effective size of up to 0.45 mm reduced the contaminants tested significantly, wastewater from the drain can be treated. It must be mentioned that the finer sand (0.27 mm) had a slightly better removal efficiency. This implies that the extra cost of acquiring sand of relatively smaller effective size and a higher bed depth with the aim of improving wastewater quality can be saved. Further investigations are being carried out on the combined effects of the optimal sand bed depth and effective size.

This research work proposes a mathematical optimization model for constructing two ponds (1. Facultative pond and 2. Maturation pond) provided in series. The model uses concrete volume as its objective minimization function. There were two decision variables; the first was the detention time (DT) and the second in the list was the number of provided baffle walls (NBW) in both ponds. The constraint parameters include fecal coliforms and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). The model was applied with the help of an Add-Ins of MS Office: Excel solver. The generalized reduced gradient algorithm was utilized in the solver (GRG). Before applying the mathematical optimization model, ponds were designed with the conventional method and then using optimized values of the variables. A comparison of the findings reveals that a 13.79 percent reduction in the DT, an 11.55 percent reduction in the area, and a 7.19 percent reduction in the volume of concrete occurred. The reduction values mentioned above are significant since these systems' fundamental drawback is the area's requirement. In addition, sensitivity analyses of the objective function and the removal of pollutants are also provided. The model described above is sensitive to variations in the parameters. Both analyses demonstrated that the effluent characteristics comply with the class-B irrigation standards in Turkey. It is advised to do more optimization studies for WSPs with the help of other algorithms and tools available in the literature for distinct wastewater treatment plants.

In this study Mixture of domestic grey water and black water were investigated. This Mixture consists of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), and Nitrate (NO 3). This research investigated the influence of concentration and flow variation parameters to treating the Mixture Grey Water and Black Water. Effluent quality of decreasing concentration varied by the concentration and flow recorded BOD was about 102-544 mg/l, COD was about 287-1.230 mg/l, TSS was about 280-780 mg/l and for treating nitrate the result was fair enough than others was about 4-12 mg/l. According to the flow variation resulted the retention time are 4, 6 and 8 hours. The best effluent quality was happened 878 mg/LCOD, and varied by flow are 0,125. The results of research showed the higher concentration will decrease the value of BOD and Nitrate removal, due to the influence of pH.The higher flow will decrease the value of BOD and increase COD, TSS, and Nitrate removal, and optimum flow condition was 0,125 l/hour.

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Wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) have been proven to be economical alternatives to conventional wastewater treatment technologies due to their unique advantages including ease of operation, minimal energy input, and minimal maintenance requirements. Their reported high pathogen removal efficiencies have made WSPs a popular choice for wastewater treatment, especially as tertiary lagoons. This paper provides a critical overview of the various disinfection processes and mechanisms that occur in WSPs. A thorough review of the removal or attenuation mechanisms for bacterial, viral, protozoan, and helminthic pathogens is presented. Factors that impact the removal efficiency of pathogenic organisms may include sunlight, pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, sedimentation, attachment, hydraulic retention time, pond depth, predation and nutrient availability; the relationship between these factors is also discussed. The purpose of this review paper is to utilize the current understanding o...

Treatment in a wastewater stabilization pond (WSP) relies on natural purification processes, which can be sensitive to both location and climate. This study investigated the effects of three environmental factors, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature, on disinfection efficiency in a WSP system consisting of three facultative cells, and operated in a temperate climate region, in Eastern Ontario, Canada. Indicator organism (Escherichia coli (E. coli)) removal in WSP systems is driven by a combination of different factors. Elevated pH and DO concentrations, which are attributed to the presence of algae, are important factors for effective disinfection. Therefore, the presence of algae in natural wastewater treatment systems can contribute appreciably to disinfection. Consequently, based on algal concentrations, removal efficiencies of pathogenic microorganisms during wastewater treatment over the course of a year can be highly variable, where higher removal efficiencies would be expected in summer and fall seasons.

Wastewater treatment is a widely used health protection measure that can be applied to control the transmission of wastewater-related infectious diseases to communities exposed to wastewater. This study determined the efficiency of three full-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) in removing pathogenic parasites and fecal coliform (FC) bacteria from wastewater. Wastewater samples were collected from three CW systems located in the Dar es Salaam and Iringa regions of Tanzania. The modified Bailenger and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain techniques were used to detect and quantify parasites. The membrane filtration method was used to detect and quantify FC bacteria. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 20. Helminth (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Taenia spp.) eggs were completely removed by two CW systems. In all the systems, the removal of protozoa ranged from 99.8% to 100%. The mean concentrations of FCs in effluents ranged from 5 to 6 log units/100 mL. Effluents of all CW systems m...

Latar belakang: Batik merupakan warisan budaya Indonesia yang nilai ekspornya meningkat pesat. Dampak ini dapat meningkatkan pendapatan negara secara signifikan. Di sisi lain, memperluas kesempatan kerja bagi masyarakat untuk memproduksi batik. Namun , produksi batik yang besar meningkatkan volume limbah. Permasalahan ini dapat mencemari lingkungan jika limbah batik tidak terurai dengan baik. Oleh karena itu, kami mengusulkan metode bioremediasi untuk menguraikan polutan COD dalam limbah batik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kemampuan MPMO dalam mereduksi COD pada limbah batik. Hasil penelitian terdahulu menunjukkan bakteri Bacillus licheniformis memiliki kemampuan mereduksi COD pada limbah tekstil. Selain itu, MPMO yang mengandung bakteri Bacillus licheniformis juga terbukti dapat menurunkan nilai COD pada IPAL industri gula.Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam skala laboratorium, dan menggunakan sistem batch untuk proses seeding dan aklimatisasi pada MPMO. Pada proses s...

Water-borne diseases are commonly encountered when pathogen-contaminated water is consumed. In rural areas, water is usually obtained from ponds, open shallow wells, streams and rain water during rainy season. Rain water is often contaminated by pathogens due to unhygienic of physical and chemical conditions of the roofs thereby making it unsafe for consumption. A simple slow sand filter mechanism was designed and fabricated for purification of water in rural areas where electricity is not available to power water purification devices. Rain water samples were collected from aluminum roof, galvanized roof and thatched roof. The waters samples were allowed to flow through the slow sand filter. The values of turbidity, total dissolved solids, calcium, nitrite, faecal coliform and total coliform from unfiltered water through thatched roof were 0.92 NTU, 27.23 mg/l, 6 mg/l, 0.16 mg/l, 5cfu/100ml and 6.0 cfu/100ml, respectively while the corresponding values for slow sand filter from that...

The rapid growth of  the Indonesian  population  will  produce  more and more wastewater. Throwing domestic wastewater directly without treatment had caused the water pollution. One of simple, easy, low cost in maintenance and operation technology to decrease the pollutant in wastewater is constructed wetland. This research is aimed to know the efficiency and the best of detention time Subsurface Flow Wetland 2 levels with peat soil media and plant of Alisma plantago in treatment of domestic wastewater. The quality parameters of water that  was tested  are  pH, COD, and TSS.  Statistic calculation that was used in this research is Anova (Analysis of variance) of one way. The best efficiency for pH 31.7%, COD 82.1%  and TSS 90.3% in variance 4 with time of detention 4 days in reactor 1 and 1 day  in reactor 2. The  results showed  that the constructed wetland  2 levels  using  peat  soil media  and  plant of Alisma plantago  can improve the quality of wastewater. Keywords: Wastewater...

This study evaluates the efficiency of a sustainable technology represented in an integrated pilot-scale system, which includes a facultative pond (FP), a high-rate algal pond (HRAP), and a rock filter (RF) for wastewater treatment to produce water that complies with the Egyptian standards for treated wastewater reuse. Still, limited data are available on pathogen removal through HRAP systems. Thus, in this study, the performance of the integrated system was investigated for the removal of Escherichia coli (E. coli), coliform bacteria, eukaryotic pathogens (Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and helminth ova), somatic coliphages (SOMCPH), and human adenovirus (HAdV). Furthermore, physicochemical parameters were determined in order to evaluate the performance of the integrated system. The principal component analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed a strong significant effect of the integrated system on changing the physicochemical and microbial param...

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Sand Intermittent Filtration (SIF) is an established technology of wastewater treatment and in recent years it gains renewed interest due to its simplicity and less energy requirement. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the modified filter-bed Reactor using Sand-intermittent-filtration (SIF) for the removal of physicochemical parameters viz dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), calcium hardness (CaH), chloride (Cl), turbidity, total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS) of the Industrial wastewater of State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (SIDCUL) at Haridwar. The experiments were performed with the composition of the filter-bed having sand and gravel in the ratio of 1:1 (Reactor I); 1:2 (Reactor II) and 2:1 (Reactor III) at the room temperature 300C. Each Reactor was categorized into A, B and C type based on depth of filter-bed (A=10 cm, B=1...

Egerton University (EU) uses Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) for wastewater treatment. An adjoining wetland with gravel bed substrate and freesurface flow meant to polish discharge before releasing into River Njoro is currently non-operational. The current study aimed at establishing the performance of WSPs in terms of concentration and reduction efficiencies of Faecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB); Total Coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Wastewater samples were collected weekly for one month from mid-November to mid-December 2017. Total Coliforms and E. coli were isolated using selective and differential media following Membrane Filtration (MF) method. Colonies were cultured on Chromocult Coliform Agar (CCA) and enumerated using standard procedures for examination of water and wastewater. The results were expressed as Colony Forming Units (CFUs) per 100 ml of the original sample. The inlet showed highest concentration of FIB which reduced along the treatment pathway. ...

Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.

Sand Intermittent Filtration (SIF) is an established technology of wastewater treatment and in recent years it gains renewed interest due to its simplicity and less energy requirement. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the modified filter-bed Reactor using Sand-intermittent-filtration (SIF) for the removal of physicochemical parameters viz dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), calcium hardness (CaH), chloride (Cl), turbidity, total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS) of the Industrial wastewater of State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (SIDCUL) at Haridwar. The experiments were performed with the composition of the filter-bed having sand and gravel in the ratio of 1:1 (Reactor I); 1:2 (Reactor II) and 2:1 (Reactor III) at the room temperature 300C. Each Reactor was categorized into A, B and C type based on depth of filter-bed (A=10 cm, B=1...

Egerton University (EU) uses Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) for wastewater treatment. An adjoining wetland with gravel bed substrate and free-surface flow meant to polish discharge before releasing into River Njoro is currently non-operational. The current study aimed at establishing the performance of WSPs in terms of concentration and reduction efficiencies of Faecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB); Total Coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Wastewater samples were collected weekly for one month from mid-November to mid-December 2017. Total Coliforms and E. coli were isolated using selective and differential media following Membrane Filtration (MF) method. Colonies were cultured on Chromocult Coliform Agar (CCA) and enumerated using standard procedures for examination of water and wastewater. The results were expressed as Colony Forming Units (CFUs) per 100 ml of the original sample. The inlet showed highest concentration of FIB which reduced along the treatment pathway....

The use of municipal wastewater for watering purposes is an essential way to utilize it nutrients. Laboratory experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design using sand medium with municipal wastewater and MR219 rice seed with the aim to assess the suitability of municipal wastewater (treated and untreated) at different concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100%) on seed germination and seedling performance. Significant (p 50%). The concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn were high in untreated municipal wastewater compare to treated municipal wastewater. Seeds imbibed with untreated municipal wastewater have high seed germination and seedling performance compare to treated municipal wastewater. Inhibitory effect on chlorophyll content was observed at >50% concentration of both untreated and treated municipal wastewater while promoting effects were observed at lower (<25%) concentration. Positive and significant correlation was indicated between param...

The use of municipal wastewater for watering purposes is an essential way to utilize it nutrients. Laboratory experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design using sand medium with municipal wastewater and MR219 rice seed with the aim to assess the suitability of municipal wastewater (treated and untreated) at different concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100%) on seed germination and seedling performance. Significant (p 50%). The concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn were high in untreated municipal wastewater compare to treated municipal wastewater. Seeds imbibed with untreated municipal wastewater have high seed germination and seedling performance compare to treated municipal wastewater. Inhibitory effect on chlorophyll content was observed at >50% concentration of both untreated and treated municipal wastewater while promoting effects were observed at lower (<25%) concentration. Positive and significant correlation was indicated between param...

Egerton University (EU) uses Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) for wastewater treatment. An adjoining wetland with gravel bed substrate and free-surface flow meant to polish discharge before releasing into River Njoro is currently non-operational. The current study aimed at establishing the performance of WSPs in terms of concentration and reduction efficiencies of Faecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB); Total Coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Wastewater samples were collected weekly for one month from mid-November to mid-December 2017. Total Coliforms and E. coli were isolated using selective and differential media following Membrane Filtration (MF) method. Colonies were cultured on Chromocult Coliform Agar (CCA) and enumerated using standard procedures for examination of water and wastewater. The results were expressed as Colony Forming Units (CFUs) per 100 ml of the original sample. The inlet showed highest concentration of FIB which reduced along the treatment pathway....

In the present study, we applied an ultrafiltration process to detect Blastocystis spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia and helminth ova during a dry season with cold and warm periods. Samples of wastewater, reuse water for the irrigation of green areas and groundwater were collected on the campus of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Physicochemical parameters were measured. Blastocystis spp. and its subtypes (ST) were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and indirect immunofluorescence (IFA); G. lamblia and C. parvum were identified using IFA, and helminth ova were searched for using flotation/sedimentation and microscopic observation. Blastocystis ST3, C. parvum and G. lamblia were detected in wastewater and reuse water, but only G. lamblia was detected in all of the samples of reuse water. Helminth ova were not detected. Statistical analysis showed a dependency between total dissolved solids and protozoa. Our data suggest that G. lamblia detection...

The rapid growth of the Indonesian population will produce more and more wastewater. Throwing domestic wastewater directly without treatment had caused the water pollution. One of simple, easy, low cost in maintenance and operation technology to decrease the pollutant in wastewater is constructed wetland. This research is aimed to know the efficiency and the best of detention time Subsurface Flow Wetland 2 levels with peat soil media and plant of Alisma plantago in treatment of domestic wastewater. The quality parameters of water that was tested are pH, COD, and TSS. Statistic calculation that was used in this research is Anova (Analysis of variance) of one way. The best efficiency for pH 31.7%, COD 82.1% and TSS 90.3% in variance 4 with time of detention 4 days in reactor 1 and 1 day in reactor 2. The results showed that the constructed wetland 2 levels using peat soil media and plant of Alisma plantago can improve the quality of wastewater.

Establishing performance of high rate algal ponds South Australian rural communities commonly employ on-site systems for their residential wastewater treatment, e.g. septic tanks. Treated effluent is disposed of via sub-surface drainage or a 'soakage trench', however, public health and environmental issues arise, which are associated with various soil conditions and proximity to surface watercourses. Contamination of shallow bores used as potable water sources may occur where rapid infiltration of effluent through permeable sandy soils leads to groundwater contamination with pathogens and nutrients. In contrast, clay soils with low permeability may cause surface pooling of treated effluent, resulting in greater exposure of resident adults, children and pets to potential pathogens. Surface watercourses used as potable water sources or for recreation may, also, be contaminated from runoff during periods of heavy rainfall. Community Wastewater Management Schemes (CWMS) are installed for communities where, following a survey (Box 1), the public health and environmental risks associated with on-site disposal are deemed unacceptable. CWMS retain the on-site treatment system, however, the disposal trench is disconnected and the treated liquid phase is reticulated to a centralised treatment facility. In 2013, a total of 172 CWMS, of which 90 incorporated waste stabilisation ponds (WSP), were operated by 45 district councils, which-via 63,000 connections-treat wastewater from approximately 180,000 persons or 15% of the population of South Australia.

In this study Mixture of domestic grey water and black water were investigated. This Mixture consists of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), and Nitrate (NO 3). This research investigated the influence of concentration and flow variation parameters to treating the Mixture Grey Water and Black Water. Effluent quality of decreasing concentration varied by the concentration and flow recorded BOD was about 102-544 mg/l, COD was about 287-1.230 mg/l, TSS was about 280-780 mg/l and for treating nitrate the result was fair enough than others was about 4-12 mg/l. According to the flow variation resulted the retention time are 4, 6 and 8 hours. The best effluent quality was happened 878 mg/LCOD, and varied by flow are 0,125. The results of research showed the higher concentration will decrease the value of BOD and Nitrate removal, due to the influence of pH.The higher flow will decrease the value of BOD and increase COD, TSS, and Nitrate removal, and optimum flow condition was 0,125 l/hour.

The rapid growth of the Indonesian population will produce more and more wastewater. Throwing domestic wastewater directly without treatment had caused the water pollution. One of simple, easy, low cost in maintenance and operation technology to decrease the pollutant in wastewater is constructed wetland. This research is aimed to know the efficiency and the best of detention time Subsurface Flow Wetland 2 levels with peat soil media and plant of Alisma plantago in treatment of domestic wastewater. The quality parameters of water that was tested are pH, COD, and TSS. Statistic calculation that was used in this research is Anova (Analysis of variance) of one way. The best efficiency for pH 31.7%, COD 82.1% and TSS 90.3% in variance 4 with time of detention 4 days in reactor 1 and 1 day in reactor 2. The results showed that the constructed wetland 2 levels using peat soil media and plant of Alisma plantago can improve the quality of wastewater.

Lebih dari 3 ton limbah kulit kerang setiap minggunya dihasilkan dan dibuang di pinggir Pantai Kenjeran. Penelitian memanfaatkan limbah kulit kerang sebagai media anaerobic filter. Variasi penelitian yang digunakan adalah variasi waktu detensi (Empty Bed Contact Time) dan variasi ketebalan media yang digunakan. Variasi waktu detensi yang digunakan adalah 24; 30 dan 36 jam. Sedangkan variasi ketebalan media yang digunakan adalah tebal media 55 ; 80 dan 122 cm. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mulainya proses seeding dan aklimatisasi yang berlangsung selama 10 hari hingga kondisi reaktor berada dalam kondisi steady state. Penelitian utama dilakukan selama 7 hari dengan menguji parameter COD, TSS dan BOD. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai removal untuk parameter COD dan BOD tertinggi adalah 80,6 dan 89,91 persen pada tebal media 122 cm dan HRT 36 jam. Sedangkan untuk parameter TSS, didapatkan hasil removal terbaik pada tebal media 80 cm dan HRT 24 jam dengan removal 91,76 persen.

ABSTRAK  Limbah domestik air bekas cucian (grey water) dari rumah tangga sebagian besar belum diolah, namun dibuang langsung ke badan air penerima. Konsentrasi bahan organik dalam grey water yang terakumulasi dalam badan air penerima berpotensi terhadap pencemaran dan penurunan kualitas badan air penerima. Pengolahan grey water dapat meningkatkan kualitas badan air penerima. Satu dari pengolahan grey water adalah anaerobic biofilter. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (i). menentukan efisiensi penurunan Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Biogeochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) dan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) dalam grey water dengan pengolahan anaerobic biofilter, (ii). mengidentifikasi jenis media biofilter dalam anaerobic biofilter yang menghasilkan penurunan TSS, BOD, COD paling baik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam skala laboratorium dengan reaktor kontinyu. Variasi yang digunakan adalah jenis media biofilter dalam anaerobic biofilter, yaitu botol yakult dari bahan plastik Poly Stirene (PS) dan...

This paper presents a novel design concept for using rock filters as in-line natural media in waste stabilization ponds. A pilot-scale algae-rock-filter pond (ARP) system was investigated in parallel with algae-based ponds (ABPs) over a period of 6 months to evaluate the treatment efficacy of both systems. Each system entailed four equally sized ponds in a series and was continuously fed with domestic wastewater from Birzeit University. The removal rates of organic matter, nutrients, and fecal coliforms were monitored within each treatment system. The results obtained revealed that the ARP system was more efficient in the removal of organic matter [total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), 86% and 84%, respectively] and fecal coliforms (4 log) than the ABP system (81%, 81%, 3 log, respectively). The ARPs showed higher removal rates for ammonium and phosphorus (68.8% and 50.0%, respectively) compared with the ABPs (57.9% and 41.5%, respectively). The biogenic-aerated ARP option is a cost-effective and land-saving alternative with effluent quality suitable for restricted agricultural irrigation. The ARPs utilizing a new algae-biofilm design concept should be investigated at a large scale to enhance the information available to relevant decision makers, who are seeking sustainable on-site wastewater treatment alternatives.

The rapid growth of the Indonesian population will produce more and more wastewater. Throwing domestic wastewater directly without treatment had caused the water pollution. One of simple, easy, low cost in maintenance and operation technology to decrease the pollutant in wastewater is constructed wetland. This research is aimed to know the efficiency and the best of detention time Subsurface Flow Wetland 2 levels with peat soil media and plant of Alisma plantago in treatment of domestic wastewater. The quality parameters of water that was tested are pH, COD, and TSS. Statistic calculation that was used in this research is Anova (Analysis of variance) of one way. The best efficiency for pH 31.7%, COD 82.1% and TSS 90.3% in variance 4 with time of detention 4 days in reactor 1 and 1 day in reactor 2. The results showed that the constructed wetland 2 levels using peat soil media and plant of Alisma plantago can improve the quality of wastewater.

High rate algal ponds (HRAPs) have been suggested as replacements for waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs) in Community Wastewater Management Systems (CWMS) used in rural South Australian (SA) towns. Treated effluent from CWMS is reused for irrigation. To manage the risk of human exposure to pathogens, the disinfection performance of HRAPs was validated using the common indicators Escherichia coli and F-RNA bacteriophage; aerobic spore-forming bacteria (ASFB) were used as indicators for protozoa. Using standard culture methods, the removal of the indicator organisms F-RNA bacteriophage, E. coli and ASFB by a HRAP at Kingston-on-Murray, SA, was measured. The mean log10 reduction values achieved for the F-RNA bacteriophage was 1.59±0.82 log10 PFU 100 mL(-1) and for E. coli it was 2.13±0.55 log10 E. coli MPN 100 mL(-1) . ASFB numbers in the treated pond effluent often exceeded those of the influent. The results show that HRAPs are able to remove viral and bacterial indicators to levels acc...

Wastewater is reused for irrigation in agriculture in many African cities. However, the use of partially/untreated wastewater may result in the transmission of infectious organisms such as parasites. This article reviews the prevalence and concentrations of parasites in raw and treated wastewater in African countries and the efficiency of the wastewater treatment systems used. This will highlight the burden of parasitic infections in African communities and suitability of reusing wastewater in these communities. The following databases: PUBMED, HINARI and Google Scholar were searched for any article presenting information on the occurrence and concentration of parasites in wastewater in any African country. No restrictions were set on date of publication, study design or language. Thirty publications were identified. These publications presented works related to parasites in wastewater in 12 African countries. A total of 23 parasite species were identified throughout the 5 African regions. Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides predominated followed by Hymenolepis species, Trichiuris trichiura, Hookworm, Taenia species, Enterobius species, Toxocara species and Schistosoma species. Cysts of Giardia species, Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli were the most commonly identified protozoa. Waste stabilization ponds and activated sludge systems are the common wastewater treatment systems used in Africa with the former being more efficient for parasites removal than the later. The review results show that wastewater in Africa contains a variety of pathogenic parasites with protozoa predominating helminth and putting public health at risk. Despite the fact that wastewater treatment systems removed helminths, some of them did not meet the WHO standard. Moreover, these systems do not clear protozoa and there is no standard concentration established for safe reuse of wastewater. Therefore, there is a need for improving treatment systems design and management. Moreover, standards for protozoa should be set.

Among the industrial chemical wastes, the effluents of loom-dyeing industry
raise great concern in recent times because of their diverse environmental
hazards. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the phytotoxic
effect of different loom-dye effluents on seed germination and early
seedling growth of red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) in the Department of
Agricultural Chemistry of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh,
during May to August, 2017. Results revealed that the physico-chemical
parameters of loom-dye effluent such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
total dissolved solids (TDS), sulphate, phosphate, sodium, potassium, iron,
manganese and lead concentrations were relatively higher than the suggested
range. On the other hand, the concentrations of calcium, zinc, copper and
cadmium were relatively lower. Germination experiment of red amaranth
was done in sterilized petridishes containing 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100%
concentrations of three different types of untreated loom-dyeing effluents
following completely randomized design. Three replications were used for
each treatment. The germination energy and capacity, growth parameters
like root and shoot length, relative toxicity, seedling vigour and phytotoxicity
on seed germination of red amaranth in response to different loom-dyeing
effluents at various concentrations were also calculated. There was a gradual
lessening in the percentage of seed germination and seedling growth with
increased concentration of effluents. Relative toxicity and phytotoxicity was
extreme at 100% effluent concentration. Different growth parameters such as
root and shoot lengths of seedlings was minimum at 100% and maximum at
5% dye effluent concentration. Overall results indicate that pink dye effluent
was less toxic to the germination and early growth of red amaranth than
violet and black dyes. For most of the growth parameters of red amaranth,
the order of phytotoxicity among the loom-dye effluent was black > violet >
pink.

Unit pengolahan air limbah (IPAL) yang diterapkan pada Rusunawa menggunakan unit anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) dan anaerobic biofilter bermedia batu koral.Unit tersebut, sejak dibangun sampai dioperasikan belum pernah dipantau atau dimonitor kinerja instalasinya. Untuk memonitor kinerja setiap unit pada IPAL apakah sudah optimal atau belum, perlu dianalisis parameter kualitas pada masing-masing unit IPAL tersebut. Hasil penilaian kinerja masing-masing unit dilihat dari % removal ABR: BOD mencapai 28,3%, COD 29,4%, dan TSS 55,4%, sedangkan % removal pada unit anaerobic biofilter: untuk minyak dan lemak telah mencapai 39,2%, BOD 3,1%, COD 2,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]9%, dan TSS 12,,1%, hasilnya cukup tinggi.Akan tetapi hasil tersebut masih belum bisa menggambarkan kinerja unit IPAL, sehingga diperlukan analisis air limbah yang dilakukan dengan pengambilan sampel pada titik inlet dan outlet pada setiap unit IPAL. Selanjutnya, hasil analisis parameter tersebut harus dibandingkan dengan baku mutu air limbah domestik berdasarkan pada Peraturan Gubernur Jatim No. 72 tahun 2013. Dan akhirnya hasil perbandingan tersebut dijadikan sebagai dasar perbaikan sistem pengolahan.Berdasar pada hasil uji kualitas efluen IPAL Rusunawa yang dilakukan pada unit anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) dan anaerobic biofilter bermedia batu koral untuk parameter BOD, COD, TSS, serta minyak dan lemak, ternyata menunjukkan bahwa kinerja IPAL Rusunawa belum efektif . Hal ini, karena hasil uji terhadap parameter BOD, COD, pada efluen yang dihasilkan masih melebihi nilai atau belum memenuhi baku mutu berdasarkan Peraturan Gubernur Jatim No. 72 tahun 2013.

Five municipal and domestic wastewater treatment plants, most of which had secondary treatment systems formed by activated sludge, were studied during 2013–2014 in Tehran. The study was done in order to evaluate their efficiency in terms of removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by (oo)cyst recovery in effluent samples using immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies. Results showed that mean concentrations of cysts in the influent samples always outnumbered mean concentrations of oocysts (883.3 ± 4,16.7–3,191.7 ± 1,067.2 versus 4.8 ± 6.2–83.8 ± 77.3 (oo)cysts/L), and that lower concentrations of (oo)cysts were recorded in summer, and higher levels in autumn, and that the difference was statistically significant (t-test, P < 0.05) only in wastewater from slaughterhouses. Results for removal percentages of all the plants ranged from 76.7 to 92.1% for cysts and from 48.9 to 90.8% for oocysts. There was more reduction of (oo)cysts at the urban treatment plant by activated sludge-A2O-sand filtration than at plants with conventional activated sludge and activated sludge-trickling filter, however, this difference was not statistically significant for cysts and oocysts (ANOVA, P > 0.05). Infections in mice inoculated with cysts obtained from urban wastewater effluent demonstrated presence of infectious Giardia cysts. Results demonstrate limited efficiency of conventional wastewater treatment processes at physico-chemical removal of (oo)cysts.

This paper presents a novel design concept for using rock filters as in-line natural media in waste stabilization ponds. A pilot-scale algae-rock-filter pond (ARP) system was investigated in parallel with algae-based ponds (ABPs) over a period of 6 months to evaluate the treatment efficacy of both systems. Each system entailed four equally sized ponds in a series and was continuously fed with domestic wastewater from Birzeit University. The removal rates of organic matter, nutrients, and fecal coliforms were monitored within each treatment system. The results obtained revealed that the ARP system was more efficient in the removal of organic matter [total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), 86% and 84%, respectively] and fecal coliforms (4 log) than the ABP system (81%, 81%, 3 log, respectively). The ARPs showed higher removal rates for ammonium and phosphorus (68.8% and 50.0%, respectively) compared with the ABPs (57.9% and 41.5%, respectively). The biogenic-aerated ARP option is a cost-effective and land-saving alternative with effluent quality suitable for restricted agricultural irrigation. The ARPs utilizing a new algae-biofilm design concept should be investigated at a large scale to enhance the information available to relevant decision makers, who are seeking sustainable on-site wastewater treatment alternatives.

All waste stabilization pond (WSP) systems in Greece are presented, including primary and secondary data and qualitative parameters concerning their design and operation. Operation and maintenance practices are evaluated and improvements are recommended. Existing full-scale systems show that when they are properly designed and maintained, this can be a suitable and viable option for small communities. On the other hand, systems that receive minor or no maintenance have been proved to operate moderately, while conventional systems of the same size would have failed. The main drawback of the application of WSP systems is the lack of appropriate engineering and political will.

This paper reports a pilot-scale study comprising of field evaluation of slow sand filtration as advanced treatment of secondary effluent from a water hyacinth based domestic treatment plant using effective graded size of sand 0.35mm that was conducted at the University of Lagos, Nigeria. The secondary effluent from the water hyacinth sewage pond was applied at a flow rate of 90m3/h to the slow sand filter. The filter was operated at sand depths of 100 cm. It was found that the removals of colour, turbidity, BOD, TDS, nitrate and e-coli were 88%, 100%, 91.67%, 94.35%, 74.07%.and 100%, respectively, at the end of 28 days of operation. It was also noted that the final water became potable to WHO standards and remained so after 8 days of operation.

Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. are recognized worldwide as highly infectious protozoan
parasites that can cause severe gastrointestinal disease in humans and animals. The detection of
these pathogens in activated sludge samples becomes interesting since there is an increasing
trend for the use of sewage sludge (biosolids) in agriculture. A total of 22 samples were collected
and evaluated by means of Centrifugal – Concentration, followed or not followed by a purification
process (ether clarification and sucrose flotation). Student t tests for comparison of the two
procedures indicated a higher recovery rate of Giardia cysts with Centrifugal – Concentration;
with regard to Cryptosporidium oocysts, no significant differences were found between the two
methods, as only two samples were positive. The Centrifugal – Concentration procedure was
shown to be the simplest and cheapest to perform, as emphasized by the efficiency recovery
results.

Research programs are advancing for tackling the pollution risks of coir pith by converting the substrate into valuable products. The product development process shall generate byproducts or effluents that may be toxic in nature. An efficient oxidative delignification process was developed followed by lignin recovery from the process effluent. The toxicity assessment of effluent generated during lignin recovery process is of utmost importance for the safe disposal plans and the present study aims at assessing the phytotoxicity of the effluent. The test involved 96 hour exposure of Oryza sativa to 0.0% to 100% effluent concentrations. The parameters of analysis included root length (RL), shoot length (SL), seedling length (SDL), seed germination (SG), germination index (GI) and seed vigour index (SVI). The effluent produced significant inhibitory effect on growth of the plant. Root length (EC 25 =3.05, EC 50 =5.14) and germination index (EC 25 =2.78, EC 50 =4.78) were the most sensitive endpoints, whereas seed germination was the least sensitive (EC 25 =36.63, EC 50 =45.45). Based on sensitivity, different endpoints were arranged in decreasing order of sensitivity as: RL=GI>SDL=SVI>SL>SG. The outcome of this study points out the importance of further characterisation of the effluent generated during lignin recovery and adoption of suitable detoxification methods.

This paper presents the microbial effects of using Ecosan sludge in agriculture. Sludge from KwaZulu Natal in South Africa having a helminth ova content of around 30 HO/gTS, faecal coliforms of 10 6 CFU/gTS, faecal streptococi of 10 6 CFU/gTS and Salmonella spp. of 10 5 CFU/gTS were applied to soils to grow carrots and spinach at different rates. Results showed that helminth ova content in crops was always greater in leaves than in stems, with a content varying from 2 to 15 HO/gTS for spinach and sludge application rates of sludge of 0-37.5 ton/ha and from 2-8 HO/gTS in carrots crops for sludge application rates varying from 0 to35 ton/ha. Health risks resulting from crop consumption were calculated using the b-poisson and the single-hit exponential models for Salmonella and helminths eggs, respectively. For Salmonella, no risks were found when consuming carrots for all the sludge rates studied while for spinach, risks were high but results were not deemed conclusive due to the technical methods used to measure bacteria. Concerning helminths, it was found that the morbidity rate will increase by 9% for the higher sludge application rates. To increase regional risks by 1% the egg content in crops needs to be less than 0.2 HO/gTS.

Limbah yang digunakan adalah grey water. Jenis reaktor adalah kombinasi Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) dan Anaerobic Filter (AF). Reaktor I terdiri atas 4 kompartemen ABR dan 1 kompartemen AF, sementara Reaktor II terdiri atas 3 kompartemen ABR dan 1 kompartemen AF. Waktu detensi Reaktor I adalah 25,36 jam, sedangkan Reaktor II adalah 27,02 jam. Variasi konsentrasi zat organik Reaktor I adalah 20, 30, dan 35 mg/L, sedangkan Reaktor II adalah 50, 100, dan 150 mgCOD/L. Reaktor kombinasi ABR-AF menghasilkan penurunan PV tertinggi sebesar 54,54% dan 64,75% pada Reaktor I dan Reaktor II, serta penurunan COD tertinggi sebesar 68,98% pada Reaktor II.

Similarly to most of Mediterranean EU member states, Portugal regularly experience severe water supply and demand imbalances, particularly in the summer months.
Tourism is a very important economic activity in Portugal and is pushing water demand particularly in regions suffering occasional water deficit, like the southern half part of Portugal mainland. Golf courses are an important tourist factor contributing to water demand rising. A number of golf courses are installed in tourist areas and need high amount of water for irrigation.
Water reuse is a very important management strategy in situations of water scarcity. Portugal badly needs to include treated wastewater as a dependable resource in the nation water resources management. Sustainable water reuse requires technical guidelines to ensure the public health and environmental protection but the economic sustainability is crucial for the success of water reuse projects as a strategy of water conservation. This paper briefly presents Portuguese guidelines on water reuse focusing mainly on the aspects to be taken into account in the assessment of the economic viability of water reuse projects, such as the model of tariff structure, the costs to internalise, share of costs among users and recovery of investment costs.