Educational Foundation

Psikologi" berasal dari perkataan yunani "psyche" yang artinya jiwa, dan "logos" yang artinya pengetahuan. Jadi secara etimologi (menurut arti kata) psikologi artinya ilmu yang mempelajari tentang jiwa, baik mengenai macam-macam gejala, prosesnya maupun latar

Introduction and Objectives: Dwayne Huebner is a contemporary and prominent scholar in curriculum studies in general and spiritual curriculum in particular; He is known for shaking the foundations of the curriculum field. Scholars like Pinar regard him as a paragon and believe that understanding his views is essential for the development of curriculum studies. This study familiarizes with Huebner and his views on spiritual curriculum. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions: What is Huebner's spirituality? What are the characteristics of spiritual education from his perspective? What are the features of the spiritual curriculum in Huebner's theory?
Method: This study employs an analytical-inferential method of transcendental logical analysis. This type of analysis, suitable for transcendental activities, is characterized by generality and necessity, as it discusses the necessary conditions for realizing something. This method involves two stages: description and determination of required conditions. A phenomenon is described in the first stage, and the conditions for such a description are addressed in the second stage. In other words, in this study, the characteristics of the spiritual curriculum from Huebner's perspective are described initially, followed by an explanation of the necessary condition for this phenomenon, which is the nature of spiritual education from Huebner's viewpoint. Finally, the second condition, from Huebner's perspective on spirituality, is inferred.
Findings: After years of effort and study in politics, Huebner, recognizing the importance of spirituality in the curriculum, shifted his approach and presented the transcendence theory. He made a thematic shift towards the theology of the curriculum and spent the rest of his research life explaining this topic. For him, spirituality is postmodern, encompassing a wide range and not fitting into a single category of existing classifications of spirituality. The spirituality he envisions is both religious and secular, traditional and humanistic, and also includes affirmative postmodernism. He believes in a spirituality that is independent of religious law (Sharia), and his view of spirituality can be considered pluralistic. This perspective is reflected in the concept of spiritual education from Huebner's viewpoint and, consequently, in the components of the spiritual curriculum. From his perspective, spiritual education has ten characteristics: It should be religious. 2. It should lead to duty. 3. It should involve giving importance to Allah. 4. It should be accompanied by respect. 5. It should be a means of the lure of transcendence. 6. It should involve holistic. 7. It should be personal, participatory, and external. 8. It should be attentive to the stranger. 9. It should understand the necessity of love. 10. It should understand the limits of ignorance and knowledge. Huebner's view of spirituality and spiritual education should not be overlooked when examining the components of the spiritual curriculum. The meaning and characteristics of each are rooted in Huebner's thoughts and beliefs about spirituality and are embedded throughout his transcendence theory and spiritual curriculum. He considers educational perspectives as goals with great freedom within a specific path. He views content as a stranger, evaluation as critical, and the teacher as a loving companion.
Conclusion: Huebner's curriculum theories and their connection to spirituality can guide and assist in our formulation and utilization of Islamic spirituality in the field of education. However, our intention in this study is not necessarily practical application but to explain that the new theoretical perspective Huebner has opened towards the curriculum can provide a suitable platform for dialogue and entry into the discussion of curriculum knowledge. The legacy Huebner has left behind opens the way for a theological view of the curriculum and the fundamental reform that specialists in this field in our country are considering. After spending half of his research life, Huebner courageously abandoned his specialized field of curriculum policy and turned to the theology of the curriculum, indicating the importance of this topic. Attention should also be paid to how such theories are approached. Generally speaking, these theories are either accepted and revered by specialists or rejected without consideration. However, it should be noted that unreasonable rejection and irresponsible acceptance of Western theories will not help the progress of education in our country. This research and similar studies can create a platform for dialogue.

ABSTRACT
Participatory leadership behavior is essential for achieving goals, as it leverages the collective expertise and
commitment of all team members. However, the primary challenge is balancing diverse perspectives to
maintain cohesive and effective decision-making. Based on this, the study examined participatory leadership
behaviour and goal attainment in secondary schools in Abia State, Nigeria. Expost-facto research design was
adopted for the study. Two research questions guided the study. One research hypothesis was tested in the
study. The population of the study comprised all the principals from all 303 public secondary schools in the
three Education Zones in Abia State. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 160 principals
from the 3 Education Zones (Strata) in Abia State, as sample for the study. The instrument for data collection
was a self-structured questionnaire titled “Participatory Leadership Behaviour and Goal Attainment
Questionnaire (PLBGAQ)”. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions. Multiple
Regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis at .05 alpha level. Result obtained revealed that the extent
to which principals practice participatory leadership behaviour in public secondary schools in Abia State was
low. It was also revealed that the extent of goal attainment in the schools was also low. Participatory leadership
behaviour of the principals significantly predicted goal attainment in the schools. It was recommended that, the
Ministry of Education in Abia State should implement regular training programs for principals, focusing on
participatory leadership skills to enhance goal attainment in public secondary schools.

Keywords: Leadership Behaviour, Participatory Leadership, Decision-Making, Shared Governance,
Delegation of Responsibilities, System Thinking, Goal Attainment

The main thrust of this study was to assess the influence of school location and class size on academic performance of upper basic nine students in Cross River State, Nigeria. The design adopted for the study was ex-post facto research design. A sample of 1600 upper basic nine students was drawn from 81 out of 464 secondary schools in Cross River State using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. The data analysis techniques used included independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. The results revealed that, there was a significant influence of school location on upper basic nine students' academic performance: urban students performed significantly better than their rural counterparts in core subjects like Mathematics and Basic Science. Again, there was a significant influence of class size on the academic performance of upper basic nine students. Recommendations were made among others that, class sizes in schools should be relatively small to encourage effective learning, and that modern facilities and instructional materials should be provided for rural students who lack the opportunity of urban life and learning experiences. Furthermore, conducive learning environment such as spacious classrooms, well-equipped laboratories, accessible library facilities, recreational facilities, etc., should be made available to all upper basic nine students, irrespective of their locationurban or rural schools.

Inclusive education has a transformative agenda that challenges education systems to accommodate gender and social class as well as diverse needs that include disability. Despite being emphasised in schools, its application in teacher education has been limited. This gap indicates that while inclusive education is prioritised in schools, teachers may lack pedagogical competencies that have not been allowed for in their training. At the same time, Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) has been recognised for its potential to transform education systems given its orientation towards collaborative learning, whole institution approaches, and respect for diversity. In this study, drawing on experiences from UNESCO's Sustainability Starts with Teachers (SST) programme, I examined the role of ESD in strengthening inclusive education in teacher education. The SST programme encouraged teacher educators in southern Africa to champion ESD practices while focusing on their contextual issues such as inclusivity. Focusing on two Change Projects from Malawi and Eswatini I used Vygotsky's sociocultural learning theory to explore opportunities for inclusivity that emerged from the SST programme. This examination led to strategies for maximising these opportunities in educational institutions and broader national contexts. Methodologically, this study involved interviews and workshops in the two selected Change Projects. The findings suggest that enrolling future teachers with disabilities in teacher education is essential for exemplifying an inclusive educational trajectory in schools. The Change Projects enabled teacher educators to work with ESD practices in developing inclusivity proficiencies in future teachers and ongoing efforts are needed to strengthen inclusive education in teacher education through ESD.

گرچه علوم تربیتی یک علم مستقل است، اما این قلمرو علمی همواره از مفاهیم، روشها، یافته­‌ها و رویکردهای دیگر قلمروهای دانش مانند  فلسفه، روانشناسی، جامعه­‌شناسی و تاریخ بهره‌­مند شده است، دیسیپلینهایی که آنها را به عنوان مبانی تعلیم و تربیت می‌­شناسیم. مطالعه حاضر با هدف سنجش و مقایسه سطح دانش دانشجویان رشته علوم تربیتی درباره مبانی تعلیم و تربیت با استفاده از یک طرح زمینه‌­یابی عرضی-مقطعی و با مشارکت 281 دانشجوی شاغل به تحصیل در سالهای اول تا چهارم دوره کارشناسی رشته علوم تربیتی اجرا شده است. شرکت­‌کنندگان در پژوهش از طریق یک آزمون چهارگزینه­‌ای 96 سؤالی (12 پرسش برای هر یک از مبانی هشتگانه تربیت) با میانگین نمره روایی محتوایی 72/06  و پایایی 0/77 مورد سنجش قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که سطح عملکرد دانشجویان هم در کل آزمون و هم در هریک از مبانی هشتگانه تربیت از حد میانگین (نمره 10) پایین­‌تر است. بالاترین نمرات کسب شده به ترتیب به مبانی اقتصادی، روان­شناختی، جامعه­‌شناختی و تاریخی و پایین­‌ترین آنها به ترتیب به مبانی فناورانه، فلسفی، زیست‌­شناختی و هنری تعلق داشت. همچنین، نتایج نشان داد که به تناسب افزایش سنوات تحصیل، میانگین نمرات دانشجویان از مبانی تعلیم و تربیت به طور معناداری افزایش پیدا می­‌کند. در مجموع، بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش توصیه می­‌شود که گسترش درک دانشجویان رشته علوم تربیتی از مفهوم تربیت به عنوان یک رشته علمی و مبانی هشتگانه تعلیم و تربیت در کانون توجه برنامه‌­ریزان درسی رشته علوم تربیتی قرار گیرد.

The objectives of the study were to find out the influence of Value Preference on Academic Performance, difference in the influence of Value Preference on Academic Performance based on gender, difference in the influence of Value Preference on Academic Performance among Pre-Service Teachers in Kano state based on age, and difference in the influence of Value Preference on Academic Performance between Pre-Service Teachers of Universities and Colleges institutions in Kano state. Based on these objective, four correspondent hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The research employed correlational research design. The population of this study comprised (11,348) NCE II students' teachers and 300 level Education undergraduates in both federal and state own institutions.

The Kindergarten of Design is a method (approach, practice) originally
established by Fritz Janeba. He has established the kindergarten of design
as a basic course of architecture, which developed gradually during Janeba’s teaching in Melbourne, Ankara and Vienna. Janeba claimed that in
the foundation of design teaching lays the play activity.
Fritz Janeba’s education approach depended on:
o Basically capturing of sensations, moreover understanding,
assessing, recognizing vitality, order and structure of the design
problem at hand and presenting them.
o Conquering the design problem by pursuing intellectual, creative
and technical aspects of the discipline and developing principles of
merging of forms, for the creation of spaces.
o Eventually developing a construction project, fulfilling a design
task with all phases of surveying, discovering and creating. In
this process Joy and enthusiasm are coupled with the natural play
instinct - anything that can bring out the human nature.
The roots of the idea of the Kindergarten goes back to German educator
Frederick Froebel (1782-1852) The Austrian Fritz Janeba developed the
idea in Melbourne / Australia. Later he transferred the Kindergarten of
Design Studio to the Faculty of Architecture at the Middle East Technical
University, under basic design education. He compared the program of
the course to the concept of the early schooling a child receives in the
Kindergarten.

The main thrust of this study was to assess the influence of school location and class size on academic performance of upper basic nine students in Cross River State, Nigeria. The design adopted for the study was ex-post facto research design. A sample of 1600 upper basic nine students was drawn from 81 out of 464 secondary schools in Cross River State using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. The data analysis techniques used included independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. The results revealed that, there was a significant influence of school location on upper basic nine students' academic performance: urban students performed significantly better than their rural counterparts in core subjects like Mathematics and Basic Science. Again, there was a significant influence of class size on the academic performance of upper basic nine students. Recommendations were made among others that, class sizes in schools should be relatively small to encourage effective learning, and that modern facilities and instructional materials should be provided for rural students who lack the opportunity of urban life and learning experiences. Furthermore, conducive learning environment such as spacious classrooms, well-equipped laboratories, accessible library facilities, recreational facilities, etc., should be made available to all upper basic nine students, irrespective of their locationurban or rural schools.

Historical record reveals that out of three and a half thousand years only two hundred and fifty years were peaceful. In other words, the history of civilization is history of constant warfare, destruction and violence and not of prosperity, peace and development. In the last century the culture of war and intolerance, in all its manifestation, became one of the greatest evil of humankind. The post 9/11 Pakistan has witnessed alarming levels of violence. The conflict between the state and the non-state actors has resulted in a massive socioeconomic and political turmoil in the country. During last eleven years over three hundred and twenty suicide attacks killed nearly forty thousand innocent people. This violence and terrorism has emerged as the most devastating threat to already marginalized and poorly managed public sector education system. The paper highlights the significance of peace education for internally peace starved Pakistan in the light of efforts made by the government in this regard and stimulates further discussion for a clearer articulation of good practice and networking in Peace Education. Short term as well as long term remedies of the problem including development of Integrated, organized and uniform national education system to achieve better dividends of peace education efforts made by all stake holders has also been suggested.

This paper focused on liberal Education curriculum as a means of sustaining unity in a pluralistic society. The concept of liberal Education, pluralistic society and that of curriculum were discussed. The benefits of liberal Education were highlighted with emphasis on its contributions to sustain unity in a pluralistic society. Liberal Education as a global issue that had its way in the early 15th to 19th century were brought to limelight by the current advanced democracies of the Europe and the West. There is a call by this paper for the contemporary 21st century curriculum planners in the developing countries to adopt liberal education to be able to produce a complete functional free man in his effort to maintain unity within a framework of a pluralistic society. Suggestions were made on the relevant classroom delivery strategies with appropriate curriculum content for liberal education. This paper further recommended strongly the inclusion of liberal education in the 21st century school curriculum.

Traditional transportation systems in metropolitan areas suffer from inefficiencies due to uncoordinated actions like system capacity and demand change. With the development of Global Positioning System (GPS) the information regarding the demand and the availability of the cabs can be collected easily. This information provides an opportunity to perform various types of functions like coordinating and controlling the transportation system. This digital system provoked to do this study and analyze the system of operation in the transportation field. This study examines the preference and satisfaction of consumers on the usage of online cabs, and it also examines the price fixed by the online cab industry to attract the customers and the marketing strategy used by them to withstand in the market. This study has concluded that the preference of using cabs depend on the income of the respondents.

This study examined lecturers’ participation in decision-making process and use of management information system in Nigeria universities in South-East of Nigeria. Four research questions and five hypotheses guided the study. A survey design was adopted in the study. The population for the study comprised 4941 in four federal and five state universities administrators (Deans, Heads of Department and unit heads) and 4562 lecturers in five state universities. Totaling 9503 administrators and lecturers in South-East, Nigeria. A sample of 950 representing 10% of the population was selected through proportionate stratified random sampling. The respondents responded to a validated instrument tagged lecturers participation in decision-making using Management Information Questionnaire (LPDMISQ)’ with a reliability coefficient of 0.82. mean set were used in answering the research questions while z-test statistics was used in testing hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. The findings of the study revealed that lecturers participate in decision-making with respect to preparation of lecture time table, conduct of semester examination, matriculation and convocation in both federal and state universities. While significant differences were established on lecturers’ involvement in decision that affect their place of work. It was recommended among others that university authority in both federal and state universities should be allowed to participate in decision making that way effect their work place such promotion, research and in-service training to enhance job satisfaction and productivity.

Aims and objectives are the pivotal tenets of any educational system and without them the educational methods and principles would not get anywhere. The purpose of the current study is the investigation and determination of the scientific and intellectuals aims of Akhavan-Al-Safa. The research method used in this paper is descriptive and analytical. To find an answer to this aim, the relevant papers, treatise, and books were studied. The results show that they considered for themselves an educational duty and a role much like that of the prophets; they had set their intellectual and scientific aims within the center of their activities for removing the superstitions and ambiguities from the religion and for correcting the community. Aims such as the finding and reviving of the talents, seeking knowledge, eclecticism and best selection, enlightenment and awareness and also free-thinking have been but some of the mediating aims of the afore-mentioned area in achieving the ultimate end and integrity. One of the practical outcomes left behind by them can be seen within the 51 papers covering all the knowledge of the time. Their comprehensiveness has been influenced by their intellectual origins and sources in the areas of theology and philosophy and the scientific and cultural conditions of that era.

This study investigated the impact of task immersion on the teaching profession, effectiveness, professional development, and growth of NYSC teachers in Oyo State, with a specific focus on the Oyo Educational zone. The study also examined the benefits and challenges associated with task immersion, along with strategies to enhance it and maximize its positive impact on the teaching profession as a whole. Data was collected from a sample of 143 NYSC teachers across twenty public secondary schools. An ex-post facto descriptive research design was employed, using the Corps' Task Immersion Survey (CoTIS) as the primary data collection instrument. The study addressed four research questions. The findings revealed that task immersion significantly impacted on the teaching effectiveness of NYSC teachers. The perceived benefits of task immersion were positive for NYSC teachers, while challenges related to lesson note preparation and teaching aid selection were identified. The study also revealed the influence of task immersion on professional development and growth of serving corps. To maximize the positive effects of task immersion, the authors recommend that NYSC teachers immersion should continue, and be regularly assessed to prevent disconnection from the teaching norms. Additionally, strategies like conversational approach, interaction with real-world scenarios digitally and collaborative learning should be used during immersion.

The present study aimed to explore the extent of having interactive justice in Jordanian private universities in the fields of communication and leadership. The sample consists from 220 faculty members. Those faculty members were selected through using the stratified random sampling method. The descriptive survey-based approach was adopted. To meet the study's goals, a questionnaire was developed. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were measured. It was found that the extent of having interactive justice in Jordanian private universities is moderate. It was found that there are statistically significant differences-at the statistical significance level of (a≤0.05)-between the respondents' attitudes which can be attributed to gender. The latter differences are for the favor of females. It was found that there isn't any statistically significant difference-at the statistical significance level of (a≤0.05)-between the respondents' attitudes which can be attributed to faculty. It was found that there isn't any statistically significant difference-at the statistical significance level of (a≤0.05)-between the respondents' attitudes which can be attributed to academic rank. The researchers recommend providing much attention to interactive justice by the management of Jordanian private universities. They recommend conducting studies in a periodical manner about the work conditions of faculty members. They recommend conducting studies in a periodical manner about the social, psychological, and developmental problems faced by faculty members.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of five phases of constructivist instructional model (CIM) on Junior Secondary School two (JSS 2) students' cognitive achievement and interest in basic science and mathematics in Calabar municipality of Nigeria. The key objects here in this study includes the effect of instructional models on students' achievement and interest in mathematics and basic science. To achieve this, two research questions guided the study. Conceptual and theoretical studies were reviewed. A non-equivalent pre-test post-test quasi-experimental design was used. Two hundred and sixty-eight (268) participated in the study out of a total population of about 4,280 JSS 2 students in state government-owned schools using a simple random sampling technique. Three schools were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups respectively. The 130 experimental group students were exposed to the use of the five phases of the Constructivist Instructional Model (CIM) while conventional method was used for the 138 control group students. Two instruments: Cognitive Achievement Test (CAT) and Basic Science and Mathematics Interest Inventory (BSMII) were developed and administered to the students. Mean Scores and standard deviations were used to answer the research questions. The result revealed significant difference in mean achievement and interest scores of the students in the experimental group. Since the use of this CIM enhanced their academic achievement and interest, new basic science and mathematics curriculum that is constructivist oriented is recommended.

The present study aimed to explore the impact of family violence on education and the extent of students' enrollment in public schools in Amman in the light of some variables from the perspective of the special education teachers at these schools. The sample consists from 400 special education teachers. Those teachers were selected through the random cluster sampling method. A descriptive survey-based approach was adopted. To meet the study's goals, a questionnaire was developed. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were measured. It was found that the severity of the impact of family violence on education and the extent of students' enrollment in public schools in Amman is high. It was found that there are statistically significant differences-at the statistical significance level of (a ≤0.05)between the respondents' attitudes which can be attributed to gender. The latter differences are for the favor of females. It was found that there isn't any statistically significant difference-at the statistical significance level of (a ≤0.05)between the respondents' attitudes which can be attributed to experience or academic qualification. The researchers recommend activating the role of teachers in fighting against family violence and its impacts on students' enrollment in schools. They recommend activating the role of social studies teachers in communicating with parents. They recommend conducting studies about the factors affecting the student's family environment. They recommend holding several symposiums in cooperation with the civil society institutions in order to promote awareness about the implications of family violence. Through holding such symposiums, people must be encouraged to fight against family violence. In addition, they recommend encouraging students to talk about the family violence incidents that occurred with them. That is because the being afraid of talking about such incidents shall increase them.

Historical record reveals that out of three and a half thousand years only two hundred and fifty years were peaceful. In other words, the history of civilization is history of constant warfare, destruction and violence and not of prosperity, peace and development. In the last century the culture of war and intolerance, in all its manifestation, became one of the greatest evil of humankind. The post 9/11 Pakistan has witnessed alarming levels of violence. The conflict between the state and the non-state actors has resulted in a massive socioeconomic and political turmoil in the country. During last eleven years over three hundred and twenty suicide attacks killed nearly forty thousand innocent people. This violence and terrorism has emerged as the most devastating threat to already marginalized and poorly managed public sector education system. The paper highlights the significance of peace education for internally peace starved Pakistan in the light of efforts made by the government in this regard and stimulates further discussion for a clearer articulation of good practice and networking in Peace Education. Short term as well as long term remedies of the problem including development of Integrated, organized and uniform national education system to achieve better dividends of peace education efforts made by all stake holders has also been suggested.

This study aims at identifying the degree of organizational intelligence of academic leaders at Taif (KSA) and the Middle East (Jordan) Universities from faculty members’ perspectives. Also, to reveal the differences level of faculty members perspectives according to differences among variables (University, faculty, academic rank and years of experience).In order to achieve the study’s objectives, a questionnaire has been developed. It consists of 49 items to be distributed over the study’s sample of 449 participants. Questionnaire validity and consistency have been verified.The study results revealed that total degree of organizational intelligence practice by academic leaders at the Taif and Middle East Universities was- medium- with means of 2.94. There are no statistically significant differences at a 0.05 due to study’s variable.Based upon results, the study recommends that, clarifying both universities strategic vision, conduct environmental survey so as to determine the key t...

The COVID-19 pandemic has created the largest economic disruption worldwide, most especially education systems in history, affecting nearly 1.6 billion learners in more than 190 countries and all continents. up to 99 per cent in low and lower-middle income countries. The crisis is exacerbating pre-existing education disparities by reducing the opportunities for many of the most vulnerable children, youth, and adults, those living in poor or rural areas, girls, refugees, persons with disabilities and forcibly displaced persons to continue their learning. Some 23.8 million additional children and youth (from pre-primary to tertiary) have education disruption has had, and will continue to have, substantial effects beyond education. Closures of educational institutions hamper the provision of essential services to children and communities, including access to nutritious food, affect the ability of many parents to work, and increase risks of violence against women and girls. The past few weeks have ushered in a range of government sanctioned and structureshifting risk-control directives across Nigeria and the Globe, in an attempt to curtail the spread of the novel coronavirus disease-COVID-19. From international airport closures, to a nationwide closure of all schools, and about seven months lockdown of major states starting with the the ramifications from the slowdown/shutdown of economic activity are poised to be severe for Nigeria. It is especially critical, because in the backdrop of COVID-19, the global economic crisis and the recent slump in oil prices are further expected to intensify the impending economic crises, and create sharp shocks that reshaped the economy. In this piece, we would examine some of the immediate and long-term impacts of the closures, and proffering suggestions as to how the government can mitigate these consequences. Additionally, we are looking towards the future, and making prescriptions for how they might turn this disruptive crisis into an opportunity to address several of its pre-pandemic supply side education problems.

One of the supreme experiments in American education, Black Mountain College (1933-1956), has become legendary for the creative minds in science and literature that taught and studied there; but there has never been, until now, a major exhibition celebrating the artistic contributions of the school. Katz's book documents that exhibition as well as significantly furthers the assessment of what took place at BMC. This book, published in conjunction with an exhibition at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia in Madrid, includes essays on the arts at Black Mountain and contains 470 color and black and white illustrations. The historic importation of Josef and Anni Albers and other Bauhaus figures who came to Black Mountain to escape Nazi Germany, absolutely transformed American art, and for a time American education. Towards the end of the school's history, Charles Olson replaced Albers as the creative force at BMC resulting in one of the most influential literary currents in twentieth-century literature. Mr. Katz's essay recounts the school's philosophical origins and general history; discusses the Bauhaus principles imported by Josef Albers and others that drove the development of BMC arts, particularly visual, at the school; and the artistic collaborations that took place later in the school's history. Martin Brody gives the most complete history yet of the school's very interesting and influential musical history. Kevin Power's discerning essay discusses Robert Creeley and the contributions of the short-lived but momentous Black Mountain Review; while Creeley, himself, writes about the important role of poet Charles Olson in the literary events at the school. Mary Emma Harris's earlier work, The Arts at Black Mountain, still very important in its own right, was not as sumptuously illustrated. Combined they make lasting assessments of the burst of originality and creativity that Black Mountain nourished. BMC began under the direction of educator John Rice, and others, who had become disenchanted with the traditional education methods they had experienced at Rollins College (Rice was fired for his unconventional methods). It's really too bad that the philosophy they brought to Black Mountain didn't last. Two central premises were the importance of learning by doing immersed with the Imagination, and the communal exchange between faculty and students. The environment created advanced the work of its teachers including the Albers,

This paper elucidates the ideology of tolerance underlying speeches delivered by HM King Abdullah II. Three speeches were analysed according to Fairclough’s framework (1989). The analysis has revealed the underlying ideological outlook emphasised and constructed in King Abdullah’s speeches to consolidate the value of tolerance, such as eliminating all types of ethnic, religious, and social intolerance; spreading mutual respect, compassion, and peace; and supporting equality and anti-terrorism. Semantic features encompassing presupposition, metaphor, modality, lexical choices, and repetition have been employed to clarify His Majesty’s ideology of tolerance and rebut the claims of extremism, advocating a peaceful and prosperous world for humanity and creating a positive mental image of Islam. The findings show that tolerance discourse is a discourse of power that plays as a persuasive communication of ideological propositions. The findings could benefit researchers, linguists, and stu...

Objectives: The study aims to investigate levels of critical and creative thinking among university students in the West Bank, Palestine. It also aims to test for any possible correlation between critical and creative thinking. Methods: A descriptive correlational research design was used and a sample of 414 students was selected. The California critical thinking skills and the cognitive processes associated with creativity test were utilized. Results: The results show that the level of critical thinking among students was low, while the level of creative thinking was moderate. The correlation coefficient was statistically significant in the positive direction (r = 0.687). The results show that students of humanities are more creative than students of scientific disciplines. Students with high GPAs and those with advanced academic years are more critical thinkers compared to the others. Male students were better than female students in critical thinking. Conclusions: The study recom...

The present study aimed at assessing the need for partnership between private secondary schools in Jordan and the local community, according to the goals-based strategic planning model, from the point of view of its local educational leaders. The study community consisted of (189) educational leaders in Jordan; of which 128 were females and 61 were males. The questionnaire consisted of (7) dimensions and (36) statements. It was found that the reality of the partnership between private secondary schools in Jordan and the local community was moderate, whereas the importance was high. It was also found that there was a need for partnership between private secondary schools in Jordan and the community, according to the goals-based strategic planning model. No significant differences in the means that can be attributed to gender, experience and academic qualifications were found. Based on the results, several recommendations were suggested, such as formulating leadership measures to activate the partnership between private secondary schools in Jordan and the local community, according to the goals-based strategic planning model.

Since the beginning of the XIXth century the design of toys is a serious cultural and economic issue. In this critical framework, the architectural toys represented a particularly part of a materialistic culture that contains educational, artistic and ideological values. To track this narrative means to track a complex net of relationship that show which part of each culture wants to be preserved and transmitted to the following generation through these educational devices.

The study aimed to identify the prevailing values system among the students of the faculties of educational sciences in the Jordanian universities. A questionnaire was designed, and distributed to a random sample of 759 students. The results showed a high degree of values system, the ranking of students' values, respectively; knowledge, religious and moral, beauty, economic, political, and social values. There are statistically significant attributed to gender variable in all dimensions and in values as a whole and in favor of females. Also, according to the university variable and for the benefit of the students of Mu'tah University. And to the variable level of study, and the differences for the benefit of students of the first year.

II 2015 yılında yayın hayatına başlamış Osmanlı Tarihi ve Osmanlı Medeniyeti alanında özgün araştırmalara yer veren hakemli bir dergidir. OSMED, Ocak ve Temmuz aylarında olmak üzere yılda iki defa yayınlanmaktadır. Dergimizde Türkçe ve İngilizce bilimsel makalelere yer verilir. Yıl içerisinde gerekli görüldüğü takdirde özel sayı(lar) da yayımlanmaktadır.

The current study aimed to reveal the passion for scientific research among graduate students in the universities of the northern region in Jordan. the study sample consisted of 410 faculty members. Method: to achieve Objectives of the study, a descriptive analytical approach was applied. A questionnaire consisting of (41) items distributed to four areas: curiosity, surprise and personal pleasure, students' future aspirations, and students' academic motives. Results: the results of the current study showed that the passion for scientific research among graduate students came With a medium degree closer to low. the results also showed that there are no statistically significant differences attributed to the variable of sex, academic rank and university type. Conclusions: The study recommended conducting studies dealing with the relationship of the passion for scientific research with other variables, Such as: cognitive competence, emotional intelligence, and professional acumen.

This study centered on the evaluation of upper basic social studies students' performance trend in public examination between 2010-2014 in Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of this study, one research question was posed to guide the study. The study employed Stufflebeams Product Evaluation. The descriptive (survey) design was adopted for the study. All the 117,174 JSS3 students in Cross River State who registered and sat for Social Studies Junior Secondary Certificate Examination between 2010 to 2014 formed the population of the study. Researcher made inventory was used for data collection from State Ministry of Education. Data generated were summarized and interpreted in table and chart. The results obtained revealed among others that the trend of Social Studies students' performance in public examinations between the periods of 2010-2013 was not encouraging but has improved drastically in 2014. Considering the finding of the study, it was recommended among others that since the success of policy implementation depends on the ability to provide and utilize available policy materials, proactive and urgent steps should be taken towards sustainable procurements and distribution of policy resources in the research area to sustained and continue to improve on the performance trend as witnessed in 2014.

The study was designed to assess the influence of some selected school variables on students' mathematics performance among Junior Secondary School three (JSS3) students in Cross River State, Nigeria. The school variables considered were school proprietorship, school model (boarding/day), and school sex-type. Students' performance in mathematics was measured using the outcomes of a state-wide final examination in mathematics for junior secondary schools conducted by the State Ministry of Education in 2009/10 session. A total of 1600 students from 81 public, private and mission schools were used for the study. Data collected were subjected to t-test and ANOVA at. 05 level. The results showed that school proprietorship (F= 26.13, p <. 05), school model (t= 4.15, p<. 05) and school sex-type (F= 3.822, p<. 05) significantly influenced Junior Secondary School students' performance in mathematics in Cross River State, Nigeria

The study is aimed at examining the effect of diagnostic and feedback assessment approaches in enhancing achievement in Mathematics among secondary school students in Calabar Municipality in Cross River State. Two Research questions were raised and two hypothesis stated. The design adopted was a pre-test and post-test quasi experimental research design. 3 secondary schools out of 17 public secondary schools in Calabar Municipality were used for the study. In the school selected, two classes was used as experimental group and one class as control group that is, two experimental group and one control group were used. Two intact senior secondary classes were randomly selected for each of the two groups. A total number of 119 students were used as participants for the study. The instrument that was used was a Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT) designed by the researcher with the help of two classroom teachers in Mathematics. Items used were adopted from past question papers in WAEC and NECO according to the syllables in SS2. The instrument containing 30 items were faced and content validated and was pilot tested using Cronbach alpha to determine its reliability co-efficient which was found to be 0.84. The research was conducted by giving treatment to the experimental groups while the control groups were not given any treatment. The data were collected and analyzed using anlysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) with the presest as a covariate controlling for pre-existing difference among them. The result shows that diagnostic and feedback assessment approach enhances academic performance in Mathematics, Recommendations were proffered.

Measurement in the behavioural sciences is not devoid of errors. Unlike in the physical sciences where they are already existing standardized calibrated instruments and the measurement in direct; it is quite different in behavioural and psychological measurement where education is a subset. .The variables measured in education are hypothetical and indirect. It requires the effort of the classroom teacher to develop a test, and he/she may not have the right skills and techniques to construct a valid and reliable test. These skills inadequacy, lack of expertise and a host of other factors bring error in measurement. The question that arises then is this, why do we take decisions with scores that are affected by measurement error? This was the thrust of this research work. The authors explored measurement errors, causes of measurement errors, steps in reducing errors in measurement as well as the implications of the effect of measurement errors in learners' assessment in the classroom setting. It was recommended that if examinations and tests are to be utilized for decision-making on the fututre of the learner, then, there is need to ensure that all testers, testing situations and variables are well planned to ensure that errors are reduced if not eradicated.

Educational research remains an important tool for development. This is why nations of the world that are on the fast developmental lane invest heavily on it obtain findings that will drive their nations speedily. This paper is an attempt to explore the opinions of students on the role of educational research in enhancing the attainment of sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Nigeria.  A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. Stratified and purposive sampling technique were utilized to collect a sample of 500 from two universitites in Cross River State. An opinionnaire was used to collect responses from the respondents. The instrument was validated by three experts in measurement and evalustion and a reliability of 0.87 was obtained using Cronbach alpha reliability method. Data were collected by the researchers from the two universities and anlysed using descriptive (means and standard devations) and inferential (ANOVA) statistics. The results obtained showed that educational research can help in facilitating the attainment of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and there was a significant difference among students'responses to the influence of educational research on the attainment of these goals. It was recommended that government should find educational research activities that are geared towards helping the actualization of these goals.

The study was aimed at investigating teachers' variables and application of test blue print in learners assessment in secondary schools in Cross River State. The study was a survey research design. Three null hypotheses guided the study. A sample size of 400 teachers was selected through multiple sampling techniques. Stratified random sampling was adopted in selecting the schools. The data were collected through a validated questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.89 that was carried out using the Cronbach alpha. Data were statistically analysed using Independent T-test and One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) set at 0.05 level of significance. The result showed that there was no significant influence of gender on application of test blue print among secondary school teachers at t-0.64, P>0.05 respectively. There was also no significant influence of the years of experience on teachers' application of test blue print as F=1.885, P>0.05. The extent of application of test blue print were found statistically significant with; t=147.72 and p<0.05 respectively. It was recommended that teachers should be trained on the use of test blue print through regular workshops and placement of emphasis during their professional training in colleges and Universities ensure that their instrument are valid measures of the learners ability.

The study developed, validated, and standardised a statistical literacy test for university undergraduates in Cross River State, Nigeria. Five research questions were raised to guide this study. The study adopted an instrumentation design. A stratified sampling technique was used to select a total of 753 respondents from a population of 4705 students. Three instruments were used to collect data: the Statistical Literacy Test (SLT), the Statistical Reasoning Test (SRT), and the Statistical Anxiety Test (SAT). Descriptive statistics (means and simple percentages), correlational analysis, and the factor analytical technique were used to analyse the data collected. The result showed that only 25 items survived the last item assessment. The instrument was found to have strong construct validity as the items in the correlation matrix were all positively correlated. The statistical literacy scale showed convergence with statistical reasoning but diverged with statistical anxiety. The reliability of the instrument was found to be high as the coefficients of the scale were 0.81, 0.77, and 0.78 respectively, and it was adjudged reliable. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that the instrument was valid and reliable. Thus, it was recommended that students' skills in statistics should not just be on the computational aspect but on the utilisation of statistical knowledge. Statistics lecturers should emphasise statistical literacy to help students reason and think statistically, and the instrument should be widely distributed for use by researchers and psychometricians.

This study sought to find out how Teacher evaluation could lead to educational development of Government schools in Akwa Ibom State. Teacher evaluation is the standardized process of rating and assessing the teaching effectiveness of educators. This is because processes involved in teaching perfomance evaluations aim to help promote a better learning experience for students and also foster professional growth for educators. The study appraised the need for teacher evaluation, approaches adopted inm evaluating teachers and the place of teacher evaluation in fostering educational development. The study further examined how teacher evaluation contributes to educational growth within the state and the overall nation building. In the process, the study highlighted the constraints facing the funding of teachers evaluation practices. The paper concluded that a well implemented teacher evaluation could strengthen the teacher workforce, improve academic outcomes, increase professionalism in the teaching practice and these in turn contributes significantly to a sustainable educational growth and development of Akwa Ibom State.

Completing a doctorate degree on time is a multifaceted progression, influenced by many interplaying variables. This paper sought to establish how institutional doctorate supervision practices influence completion rates of doctorate programmes from selected public universities in Kenyan. The student-supervisor collaboration is a critical ingredient in doctorate programme studies. This is because when something goes wrong with either in course of their interaction, the ramification is experienced in the period studies take. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of student-supervisor interaction in doctorate degree programme from selected public universities in Kenya. The Involvement Theory and the Social Support theory were to reveal the reasons for low enrolment and completion rates of doctorates in selected Kenyan public universities. The mixed methods research design were utilised in the current study. Information was obtained from four purposively sampled universiti...

This article is concerned with developing a philosophical approach to a number of significant changes to academic publishing, and specifically the global journal knowledge system wrought by a range of new digital technologies that herald the third age of the journal as an electronic, interactive and mixed-media form of scientific communication. The paper emerges from an Editors' Collective, a small New Zealand-based organisation comprised of editors and reviewers of academic journals mostly in the fields of education and philosophy. The paper is the result of a collective writing process.

Completing a doctorate degree on time is a multifaceted progression, influenced by many interplaying variables. This paper sought to establish how institutional doctorate supervision practices influence completion rates of doctorate programmes from selected public universities in Kenyan. The student-supervisor collaboration is a critical ingredient in doctorate programme studies. This is because when something goes wrong with either in course of their interaction, the ramification is experienced in the period studies take. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of student-supervisor interaction in doctorate degree programme from selected public universities in Kenya. The Involvement Theory and the Social Support theory were to reveal the reasons for low enrolment and completion rates of doctorates in selected Kenyan public universities. The mixed methods research design were utilised in the current study. Information was obtained from four purposively sampled universities using questionnaires, documentary analysis and interview schedules. Qualitative data was coded and then thematically analysed guided by the study objectives while quantitative data was analysed using percentages and graphs. The findings of the study would be useful for the university managements in understanding the student-supervisor relationship in doctorate programme studies. Furthermore, would also provide information to interested researchers in related topics in graduate studies. The findings of this research will be resourceful to university policy makers, administrators and lecturers to improve on institutional policy framework which could be used to enhance doctorate degree enrolment and completion in Kenyan public universities.

The study aimed to uncover faculty members" attitudes towards alternative assessment (AA) and substantiate the differences in their attitudes, if any, based on five variables: university, gender, specialization, experience, and academic rank. It also elucidates the extent this cohort of informants adopts AA in their teaching and ascertains the differences in their uses according to the same variables. The study involved collecting data, through a questionnaire, from a sample of (66) lecturers and professors of different ranks who teach EFL at the collegiate level in Yemen. The study took place in two public universities along with a private one. The results of descriptive statistics and inferential tests (t-test, Pearson correlation, ANOVA) revealed that the respondents were positive towards AA but this was hardly reflected in their teaching. Significant differences in their attitudes towards AA were attributable to gender but not to university, specialization, magnitude of experience, or academic rank. In terms of usage, significant differences pertained to the variable of university and not to gender, specialization, experience, or academic rank. The findings rationalized incorporating AAs in EFL programs to enhance seeding new models of assessment that results in efficient learning and teaching.

The article discusses the issues of financial management in the general education schools. The major focus is on the convenient expenditures of allocated funds, the implementation of state educational standards through the proper distribution of educational costs, the competitive progress of school graduates in the local and international education sphere and labor markets, as well as the formation of students as individuals. The issues related to the establishment of competitive environment in education system, stimulating development processes and innovations in schools, strengthening financial independence as one of the essential directions in the organization and planning of education and the widespread execution of per capita funding (the voucher system) in schools tested in international practice are investigated. A series of parameters taken into the consideration in the process of productive management of financial resources in the general education schools and planning of per capita financing system are indicated, afterwards the principles of reported process are listed and simultaneously the results to be achieved are expressed.

This article is concerned with developing a philosophical approach to a number of significant changes to academic publishing, and specifically the global journal knowledge system wrought by a range of new digital technologies that herald the third age of the journal as an electronic, interactive and mixed-media form of scientific communication. The paper emerges from an Editors' Collective, a small New Zealand-based organisation comprised of editors and reviewers of academic journals mostly in the fields of education and philosophy. The paper is the result of a collective writing process.