Educational Buildings

Poor Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) adversely affects the performance and health of building users. Building users are an important source of information regarding IEQ and its influence on users' wellbeing and productivity. This paper discusses the analysis and evaluation of IEQ in lecture halls of two public Architectural Campus Buildings (ACB) in Karachi, Pakistan. The method of this research is divided into three parts: (i) An analysis of local climate conditions, (ii) An on-site survey of two existing ACBs to analyze indoor environmental conditions. and (iii) The analysis of users' satisfaction using a questionnaire survey. The research results showed that users are dissatisfied with existing hot and humid indoor environment conditions caused by interactions of local outdoor climate conditions, the building's architecture, and inadequate ventilation within the building. The findings revealed that Karachi has 41.3% comfort hours with the warm sub-humid season to be the most comfortable season having 80.56% comfort hours. IEQ analysis unveiled that airflow in ACB1 is low, whereas, high airflow is observed in ACB2. The findings of this research unveiled that cross-ventilation by the adapted placement of openings, improved external shading devices, and provision of increased vegetation are required in both ACBs to achieve a more comfortable IEQ.

Educational buildings are buildings with special social importance and their energy consumption requires particular attention. Since the majority of educational buildings in Serbia were built between 1950-1990, with concrete frame, brick walls and poor thermal insulation, it can be concluded that these buildings have relatively high potential for thermal energy savings. In this paper, specific heat consumption of educational buildings (42 different institutions classified throughout educational levels) in the city of Kragujevac (Serbia) was analysed in order to determine their specific heat consumption (per heated floor area and per user) and to list the priorities for refurbishment. According to educational level, they were classified in: preschool buildings, elementary and high schools and faculties (university buildings). Data about heat energy consumption were collected during several heating seasons in order to minimize the influence of seasonal climate variations. Values of specific heat energy consumption of the buildings were benchmarked with data on specific heat consumption of schools from different European countries. In order to accomplish the tasks, authors introduced the concept of weather normalised specific heat consumption. Results of the performed analysis pointed out preschool and elementary school buildings as refurbishment priorities since their average specific heat consumption is the biggest (186 kWh/m 2 /a and 176 kWh/ m 2 /a, respectively). Besides, normalised specific heat consumptions of the educational buildings in Kragujevac are higher than in comparing countries and the potential for their energy efficiency improvement is significant.

Building retrofitting is the most feasible and cost-effective method to improve building energy efficiency. The paper presents a comparative analysis of two different strategies to enhance the energy performance of an existing building, trying to enhance indoor comfort conditions too. On one hand, the strategy aimed at reducing the heat transfer by transmission, on the other one at decreasing the heat transfer by ventilation. The study has been applied to a school, located in the surroundings of Bologna, Italy. Potential energy savings were calculated by dynamic simulation using Trnsys © software.

Geçmişte yaşanan afetlerde, yaşanan tecrübelerden çıkarılan dersler, afet yönetiminin günümüze kadar geliştirilmesine katkı sağlamıştır. Yakın tarihte Türkiye'de yaşanan en büyük afetlerden biri olan 2011 Van depremlerinde, kentin tek üniversitesi olan Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi (Van YYÜ), depremden sonra kentte ilk toparlanan kurumlardan olmuş, şehir merkezinden 15km uzakta bulunan kampüsünden, kentin afet yönetimine öncülük etmiştir. Afet yönetim sürecinin başında, dışarıdan desteğin kısıtlı olduğu ilk 72 saatte, Van YYÜ büyük ölçüde kendi imkanları ile çalışmalar yapmıştır. Sonrasındaki iyileşme ve yapılanma döneminde, diğer üniversiteler de araştırmaları ve faaliyetleriyle, Van depremi sonrası, kente katkı koymak istemiş ve bu desteklerini Van YYÜ odağında gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Bu tecrübe, bütün bir kentin faaliyetlerini kesintiye uğratan 2011 Van depremleri gibi büyük afetlerde, kentlerin afet yönetiminde, kendi üniversitelerinin ve kampüslerinin önemli bir rol alabileceğini göstermiştir. Bu araştırmada, 2011 Van depremleri sonrasında Van YYÜ kampüsünde yaşanan örnekler üzerinden, afet yönetiminde, bir üniversitenin, kendisi ve kenti için nasıl bir yol izleyebileceği incelenecektir. Araştırma, literatür taraması, Van depremleri raporları, söyleşiler, fotoğraflar ve yerinde gözlemlere dayanmaktadır.
Abstract:
The experience of the past disasters contributes to the development of the disaster management. In the recent history, one of the biggest earthquakes of Turkey occurred in Van in 2011. Van Yüzüncü Yıl University (Van YYU), the only university of the Van city, was one of the first recovered institutes after the 2011 Van earthquakes.  Moreover, Van YYU pioneered the disaster management of the city in some aspects. As in the case of other disasters, the first 72 hours of the disaster was the beginning of the disaster management cycle, with  limited external support. In this phase, Van YYU responded to the disaster within its capability. In the following phases (the rehabilitation and reconstruction phases), other universities also wanted to contribute to Van and they focused on Van YYU campus. This experience indicated that universities and their campuses may take significant roles in the disaster management of their cities. This research examines the case of 2011 Van earthquakes in order to understand how a university and its campus can act in the disaster management of a city. The research based on literature survey, Van earthquake reports, interviews, photographs and site observations.

The present society utilizes the electrical energy for their comfort. This electrical energy is majorly obtained by burning the fossil fuels. These fuels are decreasing in a dramatic rate and it is also contributes to the pollution. Throughout the sun's daily and annual cycles, thereby the reducing the dependence of energy consuming mechanical and electrical systems of heating and cooling. Based on the analysis of data collection, Passive solar design for home helps to reduce the consumption of electrical energy by utilizing the solar energy. Passive solar design is a green concept which is aimed to utilize the maximum solar energy in the form of heat to maintain interior thermal comfort by designing windows, walls and floors of the homes to collect the solar heat from the sun in winter and reject it in the summer. This papers presents the critical literature review on benefits due to passive solar energy system in building

The service sector remains the only economic sector that has recorded an increase (3.8%) in energy consumption during the last decade, and it is projected to grow more than 50% in the following decades. Among the public buildings, educational are especially important since they have high abundance, great retrofit potential in terms of energy savings and impact in promoting a culture of energy efficiency. Since predictive models have shown high potential in optimizing usage of energy in buildings, this study aimed to assess their application for both finding the most influential factors on heat consumption in public kindergarten and heat consumption prediction. Two linear (Simple and Multiple Linear Regression) and two non-linear (Decision Tree and Artificial Neural Network) predictive models were utilized to estimate monthly heat consumption in 11 public kindergartens in the city of Kragujevac, Serbia. Top-performing and most complex to develop was the Artificial Neural Network predictive model. Contrary to that, Simple Linear Regression was the least precise but the most simple to develop. It was found that Multiple Linear Regression and Decision Tree were relatively simple to develop and interpret, where in particular the Multiple Linear Regression provided relatively satisfying results with a good balance of precision and usability. It was concluded that the selection of proper predictive methods depends on data availability, and technical abilities of those who utilize and create them, often offering the choice between simplicity and precision.

This research discussed the importance of daylight as one of the major factors in sustainable architectural design and highlights the significant role of daylight in energy consumption reduction and enhancement of human health and performance due to the unique characteristics of daylight such as; spectral composition, quality, and variability which has demonstrated to make it a preferred source of lighting. A physical 1/20 scale testing model is built in real sky design conditions to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing light pipes to enhance daylight in deep plan studio and to reduce the need for electric lighting. Using the model in outdoor day-lighting condition helped to evaluate the daylight performance of different mirrored light pipe prototypes. The study provides insight about light pipes parameters and evaluated them in order to understand the relationship between those parameters and the amount of illumination delivered. The parameters include cross-section shape, cross-section area, internal angle and collector's size and inclination angle. The research proved that the light pipe system is the simplest advanced system that allows daylight to transport into the interior spaces where windows are restricted. Five horizontal pipes are sufficient to illuminate the studio by 750 Lux which are recommended in design studios.

In this paper, the complex modernizations of existing educational buildings are examined from energetic aspect. A case study based research was conducted between 2010 and 2017 with the involvement of architect student groups. The selected buildings are architecturally valuable secondary schools in Győr (Hungary) built in 1950-70. Firstly, the present conditions of the buildings were recorded in plans and in experts' reports. Secondly, 18 complex modernization designs were developed on the 6 buildings in order to offer complex solutions to the existing problems. The analyzing and planning processes were done with a holistic approach. The main motive of building modernization is usually to improve energy efficiency, therefore energy performance of buildings were examined on scientific level according to the Hungarian regulations in the second part of the research. Detailed energy calculations were made in the present and modernized conditions of the school buildings based on design proposals. In this way, the effect and efficiency of each modernizing measure could be analyzed revealing the omitted possibilities of the plans. Main conclusion of the evaluation was that the existing buildings could not fulfil the new, stricter energetic requirements if they had been renovated with usual methods. Based on the lessons, a general action plan was formulated with 12 measures in logical order, which can be applicable on any buildings having similar characteristics to the examined ones. In this way, these can be renovated according to the expectations of cost-optimal or nearly-zero-energy buildings, as well. Suitability of the general action plan was tested with energetic calculations on the studied school buildings. The energetic analysis revealed that the suggested general action plan could be effectively applicable to the modernization of existing educational buildings.

In this study, a regional boarding school building in Elazig was examined in the scope of Bioharmological Conformity Assessment (BCA) according to 18 basic criteria of Projection Level of Spatial Features (PLSF). BCA Certificate Class of the examined building was determined as " Unsuitable (A-) " and deficiency-inadequacy level was determined as 61%. Harmony (91%), texture (90), format (75%), shape (73%), and Rhythm (71%) were determined as the highest and most significant deficiency-inadequacy criteria among the 18 criteria of the middle school in question. Therefore, it was concluded that the current physical characteristics of the school building in question is not appropriate for user identity and intended purpose, would have negative effect on education and training as well as negative effects on the biological, physiological and psychological development of the students.

Throughout the human experience, various memory systems code the environmental context with selective processes and transfer these coded information to the long term memory. Long term spatial memory relates merely to the spatial information; and is studied through such concepts as schema, schemata, mental map or cognitive map in various disciplines. Many theories indicate that cognitive maps are the representations of real space ensuring the individual a total understanding of his/her environment. They are not reciprocal to real space and they constantly develop a multidimensional structure over topological relations where every point is connected to the other points like a net. Moreover, autobiographical memory researches revealed that recalling performance of an individual is dependent on the factors of age, life period and the elapsed time after the recalled experience. On the basis of these facts, two basic questions are asked: (1) if age and/or time are significant factors over the ongoing restructuring of the cognitive maps, and (2) how can we investigate and reveal the effect of these factors analytically? In this paper, the time factor on the structuring of cognitive maps is investigated through the participant's age and the spatial configuration of the represented space. Inspired from Kim and Penn's (2004) study, a methodology is designed over the spatial syntax analysis of the cognitive maps. The research group is composed of 52 male graduated students of a prominent secondary school, whom belong to three age ranges (23-39, 40-65 and 65-75) that regard to the three adulthood life periods. In order to collect the cognitive data, every participant is asked to draw a sketch of the ground floor of his school building in two Proceedings of the 11 th Space Syntax Symposium Z Tarcin Turgay & A Unlu How do Cognitive Maps Change in Time? Searching the Effect of Time on Cognitive Maps through Spatial Configuration and Long Term Memory Theories 2 successive sessions. Each cognitive map is analysed through its convex map (1) to define the number of recalled spatial units in each session, and (2) to calculate the syntactic values of depth, mean depth and syntactic step. The correlations show strong negative relations between the age and syntactic values, and between the age and contents of spatial units. These results approve the memory theories and show that age and time are significant factors over the restructuring of cognitive maps. In addition to that, this study presents that space syntax analyses are adaptive tools for spatial memory and autobiographical memory researches, most particularly for the one's that focuses on the time factor.

This article tries to get to the bottom of the history of the building of Santa Cruz de Cañizares College, recently recovered for a Professional Music-School. This reconstruccion takes in from the acquisition of the site in the beginning of the Sixteenth Century until nowadays. We find out the artists who built the chapel and the façade, the two most important parts of the College, that still exist. The first one has been documented as a work of the master mason Juan de Álava and the second one is attributed to Domingo Díez and Francisco Estrada -who collaborated with the Churriguera brothers- in 1734.
Este artículo pretende desentrañar la historia del edificio del Colegio de Santa Cruz de Cañizares, recientemente recuperado para Conservatorio Profesional de Música. Esta reconstrucción abarca desde la adquisición de los solares a principios del siglo XVI hasta nuestros días, y en ella se da a conocer a los artistas que intervinieron en las dos partes más relevantes del colegio, que aún se conservan: la antigua capilla y la portada de la rectoral. La primera ha sido documentada como obra del maestro de cantería Juan de Álava, entre 1525 y 1527, y la segunda se atribuye a los colaboradores de los Churriguera, Domingo Díez y Francisco Estrada en 1734.