Economic and Social History

Los Encuentros Internacionales del Medievo de Nájera se vienen planteando como un congreso internacional en el ámbito de estudio y difusión de la Historia Medieval desde su creación en el año 2003. Debido a la pandemia del COVID’19 la edición de este año se desarrollará de forma virtual.

La ciudad atlántica, surgida en la Edad Media, se fundamentó sobre una serie de factores, tales como las condiciones geográficas, las infraestructuras y unas sociedades muy dinámicas, pero también a que, en los centros portuarios atlánticos, en su mayor parte periféricos por su ubicación, las políticas urbanas adoptaron unas características comunes y distintas de las ciudades del interior del continente, cuyas estrategias económicas nos proponemos analizar en este congreso.

Los XVII Encuentros Internacionales del Medievo de Nájera invitan a enviar propuestas (presentación oral o con póster) sobre los siguientes temas:
Eje 1: Intervención de las autoridades concejiles en la administración portuaria.
Eje 2: Navegación, construcción naval y potenciación de las flotas mercantes y de guerra.
Eje 3: Asociaciones profesionales portuarias.
Eje 4: Diplomacia económica: naciones y consulados.
Eje 5: Regulación de la actividad portuaria y marítima.
Eje 6: Políticas y estrategias financieras.
Eje 7: Las mujeres emprendedoras.
Eje 8: Los puertos en la política comercial y fiscal de la Corona.
Eje 9: El control de la jurisdicción marítima y costera. 
Eje 10: Políticas de fomento del transporte marítimo y las infraestructuras portuarias.

PROPUESTAS COMUNICACIONES
El plazo de entrega de las propuestas de comunicaciones libres finalizará el día 30 de septiembre de 2020.
Los participantes deberán enviar: resumen de la comunicación de máximo 500 caracteres, que deberá incluir objetivos, fuentes, metodología y aportación, así como un breve CV, Las comunicaciones, que sean aprobadas por los revisores, serán publicadas en 2021. Dirección de envío: [email protected]
Las lenguas científicas de los encuentros son el español, inglés, francés, portugués e italiano.
Los textos de los power points deberán estar en inglés.
Todas las presentaciones se realizarán por medio de plataforma virtual WEBINAR.
Cada comunicante dispondrá de 20 minutos para realizar su presentación.
La organización comunicará la aceptación de las comunicaciones, por correo electrónico, antes del 15 de octubre.

This paper examines evidence, both documentary and archaeological, for state interest in Indo-Mediterranean trade via the Red Sea, focusing on the creation of infrastructure to facilitate trade, measures taken to protect trade and traders, and the extent of the state’s interest in the trade principally as a result of customs dues, which it is argued formed a significant and hitherto under-appreciated source of income for the Roman state.

The development of Indo-Mediterranean trade in large volumes via the Red Sea route in the Augustan period was the result of a combination of at least three main factors: (1) the creation of overland routes between the Nile and Red Sea, obviating the need for ships to beat up to the Gulf of Suez against strong northerly winds; (2) the discovery of the use of the monsoon winds, enabling a more direct passage to and from India; and (3) the incorporation of Egypt into the Roman Empire after Actium. The flourishing of this trade for several centuries under the Roman Empire relied on effective protection of these routes.

The first piece of this jigsaw was put in place under Ptolemy II Philadelphus, with the creation of regular overland routes across the Eastern Desert between the Nile and the Red Sea. Crucial to these routes were the watering points or hydreumata created along them, which cannot have functioned without the use of the new saqiyya technology enabling the lifting of water from deep wells in quantities sufficient to feed desert caravans. The invention of the saqiyya machine has been placed by Lewis (1997) in the window 280-220 BC, and may probably be narrowed further to the earlier part of this period. Right-angled gearing was sufficiently well developed by c. 240 BC for Archimedes to use it in his hodometer cart - and probably also was used in automata vehicles in the Grand Procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus in 270 BC. In other words, the components of the technology were there during the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus and it is difficult to believe that it was not used on this desert route. Possibly an important motivation for the opening of the overland route between the Nile and the Red Sea was to enable the supply of war elephants from the Sudan, but the routes clearly facilitated commercial traffic with the Red Sea and the souther Arabian peninsula.

With the development of trade with India via the Red Sea, following the discovery of the monsoon winds and the incorporation of Egypt into the large market of the Empire, the Roman system would have intensified the infrastructure on the Ptolemaic route to support increased traffic, with construction of new hydreumata attested by inscriptions. Pliny mentions some road stations; others were added in 76/77by the prefect of Egypt Julius Ursus (O.Ber.II.120). The kykleutikon salary of several 1st- and 2nd-c AD ostraca was for operating this kind of saqqiya device. Forts were also constructed, and caravans were provided with armed escorts for protection against the desert nomads. Although the state’s interest was also motivated by the need to transport of granite and marble from the desert quarries, and of gold from the mines there, there was clearly a strong interest in sustaining these roads as trade routes.

This idea is supported by an examination of Trajanic policy in the region, which included the construction of the Via Nova from Aila to Bosra linking the northern Red Sea with southern Syria; the dredging and rehabilitation of the Clysma canal, and the stationing of a fleet in the Red Sea. Under Hadrian a road linking the ports of the western Red Sea coast facilitated regional communications and supplies between these increasingly important ports. In the mid second century a detatchment of troops (and ships) was stationed on the Farasan islands in the southern Red Sea, well to the south of any Roman land frontier. Their purpose must have been principally to protect trade shipping entering or leaving the Red Sea from piracy off the coast of the Arabian peninsula.

Why did the Roman state go to such lengths to invest in the physical infrastructure for the Red Sea routes, and protection services along them? The answer seems to lie principally in the customs revenue that the state derived from Indo-Mediterranean trade. Customs tariffs across the empire’s frontiers were, at least on the eastern frontiers where we have direct evidence, set at 25% until some time in the early third century, and this may have been the case universally. Strabo, writing about why Augustus did not bother to invade Britain, stresses the high revenue derived from customs dues on cross-Channel trade, which exceed the likely revenue from tribute exacted under direct rule, once the costs of enforcing that rule are deducted (Strabo, Geography, 2.5.8 and 4.5.3). The second-century Muziris papyrus values the (part-)cargo of the ship Hermapollon, in from Muziris, at nearly HS 7 million after deduction of tax, implying that the state received some HS 2.2 million from this one cargo alone. If there were only 100 such cargoes per year (a century earlier, Strabo speaks of 120 ships per year leaving Myos Hormos for India), the customs revenues from the imports alone would amount to one-third of Duncan-Jones’ estimate for the military budget of the Empire. To this must be added the export customs dues, and also the customs dues on onwards transport of much of these goods to other provinces (usually at 2.5%). It looks as if the total state revenue for the empire may have been significantly underestimated by not taking due account of the revenues from trade, especially Indo-Mediterranean trade. This in turn makes it much easier to understand the state’s ability to fund large-scale civic building projects to a level not matched again until the rise of nation states in 19th-century Europe (see debate between Scheidel and Wilson in JRA 2009).

But there were other reasons too for the state’s interest in supporting and sustaining this trade. In his rescript to the Senate in AD 22, Tiberius refused the Senate’s request to reiterate the sumptuary laws, citing as one of several reasons the fact that the real concern to the state was not controlling table luxuries, but supplying Rome with grain; much comes from Egypt, which is also the source of many luxury goods which provide profit for the grain traders (Tacitus, Annals 3.52-55). In other words, facilitating the eastern luxury trade was in indirect way of ensuring the grain supply to Rome by incentivising the participation of private shippers. The anecdote about Augustus and the Alexandrian shippers at Puteoli (Suetonius) may be seen in a similar light.

Moreover, Alan Bowman has recently argued that the imperial house was directly involved in the trade between Egypt and India (Bowman 2010). Eivind Seeland’s forthcoming analysis of donations to Churches in Rome of eastern spices and incense from estates in Egypt traces some of these back to imperial domains (Seeland forthcoming).

But some time between AD 174 and 227, the quarter-tax on external trade was reduced to a one-eighth tax (12.5%), the octava. If the eastern trade was so important to the Roman state, why halve the customs dues, especially at a time of intense fiscal pressure? The most reasonable explanation seems to be that the reduction was an acknowledgement by the state of its inability to maintain previous levels of protection for shipping and caravans, and this was a measure intended to compensate traders for increased transaction costs along these routes as a result. We hear of Blemmye raids on the Eastern Desert in the fourth and fifth centuries, and the shift in late antiquity towards more northerly ports in the Red Sea may also be connected with the increasing instability of the desert routes

This book presents the history of the Higher School Of Commerce – Varna in the context of the economic and cultural development of Bulgaria (Varna in particular) at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. In the present monograph there are traced the factors and the circumstances for the emergence of higher education in economics in Europe and in Bulgaria, the first attempts in this perspective in the town of Varna and the institutions and activists associated with that, the actions on the establishment of Varna Higher School Of Commerce, its development over the years, its status and structure, its funding, educational activity, students, lecturers, library stock and buildings. In the final part of the book there are put forward some generalizations with regard to the achievements and the problems of the Higher School of Commerce – Varna and its place in the educational and public area of Bulgaria in the period between the wars.

由私口到小口： 晚清臺灣地域性港口對外貿易的開放  林玉茹  一、前言 二、由島內沿岸貿易港至私口 三、清中葉以降臺灣沿海小口的出現 四、小口對外開放的原因 五、結論 ________________________________________________________________________ 一、前言 1978 年，Samuel P. S. Ho(何寶山)出版的 Economic Development of Taiwan, 1860-1970，至今仍是常被引用的專書。該書指出清代臺灣處於傳統農業經濟型 態，農產品商品化程度不高，直至十九世紀中葉臺灣被迫開放外國貿易，才有限 度地透過條約港(treaty port)與外界聯繫。他也認為直至十九世紀末，臺灣仍停 留在封閉而自給自足經濟體系中。 1 何寶山顯然是將傳統中國大陸型的農業經濟 體系，直接套用到臺灣海島型的農商連體經濟中， 2 立論有待商榷。事實上，清 代臺灣農產品商品化程度相當高、出口導向型的經濟型態，在近三十年來眾多的 研究成果中已可確證。至於臺灣是否直至十九世紀中葉開港之後，才僅透過條約  本文於 2010 年 9 月 23 日在中央研究院臺灣史研究所主辦的「黃富三教授榮退暨第二屆臺灣商業傳 統國際學術研討會」宣讀。評論人戴寶村教授、與會來賓，以及兩位匿名審查人均給予本文精闢而 中肯的修改意見，謹此致謝。  中央研究院臺灣史研究所副研究員

In early modern times, Ontagnano was a border village between the Venetian and Austrian territories of Friuli. Since the late 16 th century, it hosted a group of Jews. In the following centuries, the settlement grew up with families from both the Venetian lands and Habsburgian dominions. Their mainly activities were credit management, trade, livestock farming and tax collecting. The coexistence with local Christian society was peaceful and mutual until the Heads of Commune tried to expel them at the beginning of 18 th century. This was a temporary crisis since the Jews' residence in Ontagnano persisted until the end of the century. Considering the Economic Turn developments in Jewish History, this paper provides a panoramic reconstruction of this small community.

This paper presents the scienti c and cultural motivations behind the desire, in such a dif cult period for the Italian higher education system, to found a new journal on economic and social history. The scope of this editorial initiative is to cover a broad historical period ranging from medieval times to the contemporary era, with an international outlook and a particular sensitivity for the problems that are typical of modern society. Hopefully it will serve to stimulate a multidisciplinary debate, particularly with economists and historians. The overall aim is to pro- vide an instrument capable of contributing to the work and exchanges of ideas across the wider scienti c community.

Although largely absent from modern accounts of the Industrial Revolution, watches were the first mass produced consumer durable, and were Adam Smith’s pre-eminent example of technological progress. In fact, Smith makes the notable claim that watch prices may have fallen by up to 95 per cent over the preceding century; a claim that this paper attempts to evaluate. We look at changes in the reported value of over 3,200 stolen watches from records of criminal trials in the Old Bailey court in London from 1685 to 1810. Before allowing for quality improvements we find that the real price of watches in
nearly all categories falls steadily by 1.3 per cent per year, equivalent to a fall of 75 per cent over a century, a rate considerably above the growth rate of average labour productivity in British industry in the early nineteenth century.
(JEL N0, Keywords: Watch prices, Adam Smith, Industrial Revolution.)

The Boko Haram first siege in Kano in systematic, coordinated attacks on the security personnel and government institutions on January 20 2012, leftover 250 people dead and colossal amounts of property destroyed. Those affected cut across ethnic and religious divides, including an unspecified number of Igbos. Insurgent attacks in heavily Igbo populated area in Sabon-Gari (stranger's quarters) escalated significantly with more bomb detonations in Kano. This paper examines Igbos' lived experiences during the insurgency attacks in Kano by exploring the risks the Igbos were exposed to during the heightened attacks on churches and businesses. The orgy of killings traumatized the Igbo and other Kano residents, leading to a mass exodus of Igbos from Kano to their home states in Eastern Nigeria, as their safety and their businesses could no longer be guaranteed. The paper also examines the coping strategies they adopted to survive amidst waves of insurgence attacks in Kano. The paper contends that the Igbo being the largest migrant group in Kano, suffered greatly by the Boko Haram onslaught on Sabon Gari, where many of them resided. It argues that the Igbo coping strategies and resilience enabled them to stay and protect their investments. The paper used mixed data collection of oral interviews, researcher's eye-witness accounts, media reports and secondary data. The paper contributes to the growing scholarship on the impact of Boko Haram insurgency on Igbos and other non-indigenous groups in Northern Nigeria.

总体而言，经济史的热门议题，土地和农业生产的议题很多开始让位于海洋生产和海洋经济，货币问题渐由货币政策和铸造转向跨区域流通和多国多地比较，GDP核算、国民数据库等议题已渐次让位于平均工资核算（以及算法的优化）。在比较经济史领域，西欧、中东、东亚的比较经济史仍为热门，但重点已由二十年前的“大分流”转变为近八九年流行讨论的“小分流”，因而在中国史层面而言对16世纪以降尤其是1800年以后清代中国与西欧的“分流”更重视，兼以宗教与社会变迁、家庭生活和由粮食及工资估算的生活水平、政府法律和税收研究的推进，更细致更综合的比较经济史得以达到更高的研究水平。不过在中西比较史领域，以上这些研究推进的量变并没有引起质变，相关的政府税收、财政和国家能力的讨论也多少遇到了瓶颈。与之相比，带有发展经济学影响的亚洲国别经济史研究则有显著提升，带有海洋史背景的研究也从造船、风时、港口进一步拓展到货币流动和船员生活等议题，在清代中国方面而言则是更多的文化交流、人员流动、经济联系被揭示出来。

In this year of 2001, the University of Sydney continues to celebrate its sesquicentenary. Established by an act of Parliament in 1850, Sydney University was Australia’s first university. In 1852 it had three professors and 24 students; today the University has 5,580 staff and 39,950 students. A total of 218,347 students have graduated from the University since foundation.
Recognising the long-standing and cordial relations between the University of Sydney and the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, this year’s Eighth International Conference on the History and Archaeology of Jordan is being promoted as a major event in the Sesquicentenary program. The Conference is truly international in scope, with around 90 presentations and 125 participants from 15 countries. Papers will be presented over five days in two or three parallel sessions. The objective of this year’s meeting is to evaluate the contribution of historical and archaeological studies to our understanding of social, cultural and economic developments in Jordan and neighbouring countries from prehistoric times to the Ottoman period. A central theme is “pre-modern identities”, by which is meant the way community groups defined and projected themselves, intentionally or otherwise, and the way they interacted with others.

REGISTER DER HUFENABGABE DER WOJEWODSCHAFT BEŁZ AUS DEM JAHR 1472
Seit über einhundert Jahren werden in der polnischen Historiographie die Abgabenregister verwertet, also die Listen der erhobenen Sondersteuer, die vor allem in den angesiedelten Bauernhufen eingetrieben wurden (lat. contributio de laneis, poln. pobór łanowy). Die in einer großen Anzahl für alle Regionen Polens erhaltenen Massenquelle mit großen Erkenntnisvorzügen, zusammengebracht nach einem gemeinsamen Fragebogen; eignete sich gut für statistische, Querschnitts- und vergleichende Bearbeitungen und wurde in den sozial-ökonomischen Forschungen, in den Studien an dem Siedlungswesen und der Demographie der Adelsrepublik des 16.-17. Jahrhunderts benutzt.
Die Brauchbarkeit dieser Quellen, anfangs überschätzt, wurde einer noch nicht abgeschlossenen, vielseitigen Diskussion unterzogen. Trotzdem erhielten sie noch keine vollständige, quellenbezogene Monographie. Die in der Literatur breit verwerteten und teilweise in Druck erschienenen Register vom 16. - Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts sind bereits in ausgeformter Gestalt bekannt, als die Sondersteuern schon ein festes Element des fiskalischen Systems mit einer gefestigten Prozedur und einer genormten Evidenzierungsart bildeten. Unbekannt sind dagegen die Anfänge dieser Quellengattung, die sich allmählich im Laufe des 15. Jh. entwickelte, und besonders - wie man annehmen kann - im Laufe der Regierungszeit von Kazimierz IV. Jagiellonczyk (1447-1492).
In dieser Situation hat das veröffentlichte Register der Hufenabgabe der Belzer Wojewodschaft aus dem Jahr 1472 eine einmalige Bedeutung. Erhielten geblieben ist es in origineller Form im Archiv für Alte Akten in Warschau (ASK I 19, f. 1-14). Es bezieht sich auf ein Gebiet von Rotreußen, das vor kurzem der Polnischen Krone eingegliedert wurde. Eingeführt wurde es von dem Sejmbeschluß in Korczyn, der den König dazu berechtigte, die Steuern einzuziehen, und der die Grundlagen, die Einheiten und die Sätze der Steuern bestimmte. Durch die Steuer wurden die besiedelten Bauernhufen erfaßt, die Böden der Schultheiße, die Mühlen, Schenken, die von der walachischen Bevölkerung gezüchteten Schafe, wie auch die Geistlichkeit der russisch-orthodoxen Kirche und die Diener. Der Text wurde mit einem vollständigen kritischen Apparat versehen. Erklärt wurden die in der Quelle auftretenden Personen, Ortschaften, kommentiert wurden die Fragen des Grundeigentums.
Das veröffentlichte Material kann verschiedenen Studien dienen. Als fiskalische Quelle ist es von besonderer Bedeutung für Forschungen über die Finanzwirtschaft, insbesondere über die Gestaltung der Steuerevidenz im mittelalterlichen Polen, über die Arbeitstechnik des Steuereinziehers. Es ist nützlich schon als Quelle mit indirektem Charakter, in Forschungen über das Siedlungswesen, in sozial-ökonomischen und vielleicht auch demographischen Untersuchungen. Es wird der lokalen und regionalen Historiographie, wie auch den Onomastikern dienen. Es bringt u.a. die frühesten Quellennotierungen für viele Siedlungen. Es überliefert das Bild der territorialen Einteilungen und der Grenzen mit den benachbarten Gebieten sowie mit dem Fürstentum Litauen. Es gibt einen verhältnismäßig reichen, dabei den ältesten Abriß des russisch-kirchlichen Gemeindenetzes. Es liefert Informationen über die rechtliche, siedlungsbezogene und wirtschaftliche Situation von Rotreußen, das damals wichtige, es mit der Krone integrierende Änderungen erlebte. Das Material ermöglicht es, den Stand des Grundeigentums im Augenblick der Stabilisierung der Bewegung der polnischen adligen Kolonisierung im Osten zu erfassen.

ÖZET Osmanlı taşrası çoğunlukla merkez ile olan ilişkileri sıklığında görünür olmuştur. Taşrada idari ve hukuki anlamda tutulan kayıtlar dışında daha fazla bilgi edinebilmek güçtür. 1866 Yılında yayınlanmaya başlanan vilayet salnameleri Osmanlı İmparatorluğu taşrası hakkında iktisadi, idari ve istatistiki bilgiler içermektedir. Bunların dışında devlet salnameleri ve bakanlıkların çıkardıkları nezaret salnameleri bulunmaktadır. Vilayetler için yayınlanan salnamelerde vilayete bağlı kaza, sancak, nahiye ve köyler hakkında da detaylı bilgiler bulunmaktadır. Salname geçmiş tarihe ya da bir yıllık döneme ait iktisadi, ticari, sınai, fenni, biyografik, tarihi veya nüfusa dair bilgileri özet halinde içerip bunları derleyerek her yıl yayınlayan eserlere verilen isimdir. Salnamelerin en önemli özelliği bilgiye ihtiyaç duyulan Osmanlı taşrası hakkında son dönemde de olsa yıllık bilgiler içermesidir. Vilayet salnameleri 1921-22 yıllarına kadar yayınlanmaya devam etmiştir. Salnameler hazırlanırken merkezin gönderdiği örnek temel alınmıştır. Ancak vilayetin özel durumları ve hazırlayanların bilgi düzeylerindeki farklılık göz önünde bulundurulduğunda farklı vilayetlerdeki salnamelerin farklı özellikler gösterdiği görülmüştür. Taşköprü ilçesi bu dönemde Kastamonu vilayetinenin merkez sancağına bağlı bir kaza hükmündedir. Kastamonu Sancağı'na bağlı 4 adet sancak bulunmaktadır ve bunların adları Kastamonu, Bolu, Kangırı (Çankırı) ve Sinop Sancaklarıdır. Taşköprü kazasını da bulunduğu Kastamonu Sancağı'nda 6 kaza daha bulunmaktadır. Bunlar ise İnebolu, Safranbolu, Daday, Cide, Tosya ve Araç Kazalarıdır. Salnameler içinde zengin bilgiler içermesinden dolayı Kastamonu Vilayeti salnameleri özel bir öneme sahiptir. 1869-1903 yılları arasında Kastamonu Vilayeti için 21 adet salname yayınlanmıştır. Bunların 1899 yılına kadar olanları her yıl daha sonra olanları ise belli aralıklar ile yayınlanmıştır. Kastamonu Vilayet salnameleri içinde diğer kazalar ile birlikte Taşköprü kazası ile ilgili de nüfus, müesseseler ve iktisadi duruma dair bilgiler yer almaktadır. Ayrıca kazalarda bulunan resmi daireler ve bu dairelerde çalışan memurların listeleri bulunmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı bu salnamelerde Taşköprü için ayrılan kısımları 1869-1903 yılları arasında derleyerek istatistiki bilgiler oluşturmaktır. Bu sayede Taşköprü kazasının 19. yüzyılın son çeyreğindeki iktisadi ve toplumsal durumu ile ilgili bulgular elde edilecektir. Bunlara ilaveten Taşköprü Kazasının Kastamonu Vilayeti içindeki konumu belirlenecek ve diğer kazalar ile ilişkileri incelenecektir. ABSTRACT The Ottoman provinces mostly became visible in its relation to the center. It is hard to contain more information except administrative and legal records in the province. The province yearbooks, starting in 1868, contain economic, administrative and statistical information on the provinces of Ottoman Empire. There are state yearbooks and issued the ministries' yearbooks except those. Published yearbooks for provinces are also contain detailed information about districts (sancak), town (kaza) and counties (nahiye) and villages which were connected to the provinces. The yearbook is the name of the annual and summary information about economic, commercial, industrial, scientific, biographic, historical or population issues and that is published every year. The most important feature of the yearbooks is ensuring annual information about the Ottoman provincial which needed information albeit in the last period. Province yearbooks continued to be published up to 1921-22. The sample sent by the center was taken as the basis for preparing the yearbooks. However, it is normally that different characteristics of yearbooks observed in different provinces when considered the special situations for the provinces and the level of knowledge of the preparers In this period, Taşköprü was a town of Kastamonu Province's central district. There are four districts affiliated with the Kastamonu Province and these names were Kastamonu, Bolu Kangırı (Çankırı) and Sinop Districts. There are 6 town (kaza) in Kastamonu District where the Taşköprü town is also located and these were İnebolu, Safranbolu, Daday Cide, Tosya ve Araç Towns. Since it contains wealthy information, Kastamonu Province  Arş. Gör., Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, e-posta: [email protected].

The paper shows the impact of hyperinflation on the everyday lives of the inhabitants of Warsaw in 1923, focusing specifically on the situation of those population groups who earned their income. It analyses the problem of a drop in the value of real wages and the way households were managed at the time of rapid collapse of the value of money. The article shows the changing life conditions of the inhabitants of Warsaw in the face of economic crisis and attempts to answer the following questions: What were the costs of hyperinflation for the population of Warsaw? What strategies did Varsovians adopt to protect themselves against economic losses? What kind of an impact did financial hardship have on social relations in Warsaw in the early 20th century? Hence, the paper follows in the tradition of historical research into everyday life adding a bottom-up perspective to the portrayal of the Polish hyperinflation, a dimension which is rarely present in the relevant publications by economists and economic historians.

In diesem Artikel wird der Wanderhandel als Ausdruck gesellschaftlicher Konflikte des 19. Jahrhunderts am Beispiel des oberlausitzer Grenzraums beleuchtet. Die Modernisierungsprozesse des 19. Jahrhunderts hielten auch und gerade für die historisch gewachsenen Strukturen der Oberlausitz enorme Wandlungsprozesse mit großem Konfliktpotenzial bereit: Die Zentralisierung staatlicher Macht und der Aufbau eines bürokratischen Verwaltungsapparates, die Durchsetzung kapitalistischer Wirtschaftsweisen und die nationale Homogenisierung vermöge des Staatsbürgerschaftkonzeptes drangen bis in die letzten Refugien alter Ordnungen vor. Diese Transformationen spiegeln sich in vielerlei Hinsicht im Phänomen des Wanderhandels, „hinter dem sich ein Widerstreit politischer, konfessioneller und wirtschaftlicher Interessen birgt.“  In den folgenden Überlegungen wird dieser Tatsache Rechnung getragen, indem unterschiedliche Akteursgruppen, Problemwahrnehmungen und Lösungsstrategien beleuchtet werden. Im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung steht ein soziales Konfliktfeld, das sich zwischen dem staatlichen Wunsch nach Regulierung, dem wissenschaftlichen Versuch der Kategorisierung und dem Eigenwillen der ökonomischen und mobilen Akteure aufspannt.

We propose that the “historically relevant” comparison of the Danish and Russian Empires from the early eighteenth century until the First World War presents a useful starting point for a promising research agenda. We motivate the comparison, noting that the two empires enjoyed striking geographical, political and institutional similarities. Beyond this, we also demonstrate that the two empires were bound together by war, royal marriage, and migration. We suggest some examples of what might be investigated, with a particular focus on agriculture, due to its importance to both Danish and Russian economic history. Finally, we zoom in on the role Danish experts played for developing the Russian butter industry.

Since its creation in 1903, the Tour de France has remained the biggest of all professional cycling events. This chapter aims to present three aspects of the economic history of the Tour de France and what they tell us about the economic history of sport. First, the Tour has always been owned by private newspaper and media companies. This is why I analyze the level and composition of these companies’ turnover, their business strategies and the reasons for their overall success. Second, Tour riders have always been professionals. This is why I analyze riders’ incomes and prize money and their distribution, which shows clear “winner-takes-all” aspects. Third, the demand for sport shows by Tour spectators reveals broad trends in Europe’s economic history since the early 20th century: the diffusion of bicycles, newspapers and mass consumption, the increase in leisure time, and the advent of the mass media.

Maria Christina Chatziioannou, “Towards a History of the Collective Organisation of Athens Shop Assistants in the First Half of the Twentieth Century: Questions and Debate” The Association of Shop Assistants of Athens (1889-) aspired from its foundation to give a common professional identity to a diverse group of young people working in the increasingly extended and fragmented field of retail. As commerce was gradually diversified and internally segmented in the first decades of the twentieth century, commercial clerks emerged as a discrete group through the establishment of professional ancillary education, which created a separate low grade of young unskilled internal immigrants who sought to acquire skills and climb up the social ladder. The Association undertook to fill the lack of professional commercial training, but also to become a mediator between shop assistants on the one hand, and their employers and/or the state on the other.

Данный коллективный труд посвящен малоизученным вопросам экономики принудительного труда, использовавшегося в ГУЛАГе в 1930-х – 1950-х гг. Авторы (историки из России, Великобритании, Германии и США) основывают свои исследования на больших массивах документов из ранее секретных архивных фондов советских карательных ведомств – ОГПУ, НКВД, МВД СССР. В первой части рассмотрены общие вопросы принуждения к труду в СССР в 1930-х – 1950-х гг., масштабы и структура лагерной экономики, эволюция системы ее управления. Показаны специфические методы сочетания принуждения и стимулирования труда заключенных ГУЛАГа, рассмотрен феномен коррупции в системе лагерей.
Во второй части книги экономика ГУЛАГа исследуется в региональных и отраслевых измерениях. Здесь основное внимание уделяется специфике использования принудительного труда в тех районах страны, где рабочая сила ГУЛАГа играла наиболее важную роль (на Дальнем Востоке, в Заполярье, в Карелии, а также в Сибири и на Урале). Авторы исследуют вопросы организации принудительного труда, его производительности и степени эффективности на архивном материале крупнейших объектов ГУЛАГа, включая Беломорканал, Норильский никелевый комбинат, Дальстрой (золотые прииски Магадана), а также в сельском хозяйстве и на лесозаготовительных работах. Привлекаются также архивные данные о труде военнопленных и спецпереселенцев.
Книга рассчитана как на специалистов по экономической и социальной истории СССР, так и на широкую читательскую аудиторию, желающую разобраться – на основе обширного документального материала - в сложной и трагичной истории использования принудительного труда в нашей стране в 1930-х –1950-х гг.
    This book is the result of research in the archives of Soviet punitive organizations – the OGPU, NKVD, MVD, the Main Administration of Camps (GULag), and so on. The very possibility of work with such documents has substantially changed the historiographic landscape and opened new perspectives for researchers. However, it quickly became apparent that considerable time and effort would be required to realize these new opportunities.  In contrast to earlier views about the possibility of a quick historiographic “great leap forward”, the processing and assimilation of these archives has proven to be a long and difficult process.  The massive proportions of new documentary sources, the lack of experience in working with such documents, and the absence of elementary reference materials have caused researchers to progress more gradually and slowly than had been supposed  This collection is comprised of two parts. The first part contains articles that relate the general characteristics of the camp economy and its organizing principles. In the article by A.K. Sokolov, forced labor in Stalin’s camps is examined in the broad context of the system of force as applied to labor throughout the Soviet economy from the 1930s through the mid 1950s. O.V. Khlenyuk surveys the economy of the OGPU-NKVD-MVD, its size, structure and development tendencies over a quarter century. S. Ertz (Germany) actively employs declassified archival material to offer a detailed analysis of the administrative structure and principles of administration of the camp system.  In his article, L.I. Borodkin researches the regulation and stimulation of forced labor in the Gulag, which characterized the specific “camp” incentive system and the Soviet-specific method of motivating “shock” labor. J. Heinzen (USA) provides an unusual perspective in his research on corruption in the Gulag system, its magnitude and shape.
The second part of the collection also includes five works, in which the economy of the Gulag is analyzed in regional and branch dimensions. C. Joyce (UK) provides the characteristics of the economic activity of the Gulag in Karelia for the period 1929-1941, which covers topics such as the Solovetsky camps, the construction of the Belomor Canal and the formation of the White Sea-Baltic regional combinat. The role of the Gulag in the development of the economy of the Far East in the 1930s, associated in the main with the mining of gold and other precious metal by prisoners, is examined by D. Nordlander (USA). The creation and economic activity of another huge economic complex of the Gulag economy – Norilsk Nickel – is the object of research by L. I. Borodkin and S. Ertz. In the authors’ center of attention is the issue of the organization and motivation of prison labor under extreme polar conditions. A. B. Suslov carries out an analysis of the effectiveness and profitability of forced labor (as compared with “free” labor) in the Urals both in industry and in agriculture. Finally, S.A. Krasilnikov examines the mechanisms and results of the colonization of northern Western Siberia in the 1930s carried out on the basis of hundreds of thousands of special settlers, concentrated together in special cooperatives.

Among all rural infrastructures, roads are considered of prime importance to poverty reduction. This is due to the widely accepted consensus that the transport infrastructure has a significant position and substantial impact on economic growth and poverty as it enhances the connectivity of isolated and remote areas. Roads in Menchum Division before the Wum Area Development Authority (WADA) were mostly seasonal and passable only during the dry season, introducing serious socio-economic problems. The division was one of the poorest in terms of roads network in the North West Region of Cameroon. The supply of farm inputs, purchase and evacuation of agricultural produce from enclaved areas was made difficult. In this backdrop, WADA was created with an objective of enhancing roads construction and maintenance, to ease communication within and beyond Menchum Division. The ensuing effect of WADA was that many farm-to-market roads were opened with several remote areas linking towns before its liquidation in 1989. The paper argues that although WADA did contribute immensely to the development of roads in Menchum Division, its liquidation had devastating effects.

Key Words:Catalyst, roads, development, WADA, Menchum.

Русский перевод (на правах рукописи) книги Turchin P., Nefedov S. Secular cycles. Oxford and Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. 349p.
История Древнего Рима, Англии, Франции и России анализируется и объясняется в рамках демографически-структурной теории, которая постулирует циклическое развитие исторического процесса, который в конечном счете определяется демографической динамикой.

This article attempts to historicise the concept of "folk art" using the example of wooden toys from the Erzgebirge mountains to show that it was invented by cultural élites as a marketing concept at the beginning of the twentieth century in order to support a domestic industy caught in structural crisis.

This paper explores the construction of the Cross Bronx Expressway and describes the socioeconomic effects on Bronx residents as a result. The argument links the construction of the Cross Bronx and other highways built in the borough to its decline, while acknowledging redlining in the South Bronx.

This paper sets out to address the lack of research in this area by focusing primarily on the significance of the alcohol industry in Limerick and its hinterlands in the nineteenth century particularly the period 1801-1860, and secondarily by examining the wider political developments that affected the position of alcohol in Irish society. By providing an analysis of the economic role played by the alcohol industry in Limerick in the mid 1800s, when the industry provided a considerable amount of employment and income to the City, the relationships between the alcohol industry and social developments in Ireland during the period such as the internal competition between distilling and brewing, the effect of the Temperance movement and the role of the Westminister parliament that spent a considerable amount of time debating the issue of intoxication and the regulating of various aspects of the alcohol industry. By examining these areas in some detail it becomes clear that at it height the alcohol industry in Limerick was a major employer in the City with well over one hundred persons directly employed and sizeable figures gaining indirectly from the industry. The industry in Limerick was also responsible for a considerable amount of the national alcohol produced, accounting for at least seven percent of the total amount produced nationally and this in turn provided a large revenue for the city by retaining a large amount of money spent on alcohol by the people of Limerick, as well as being financially important to the central exchequer'. Overall, this study seeks to show that Limerick's alcohol industry is worthy of continued research because of the number of people and the amount of money that were involved in it and the effect it had and that was had on it by the social, political and cultural changes that occurred in the Limerick City in the nineteenth century.

With Taiwan incorporated under Qing rule in 1684, there was a massive influx of Han
immigrants from the China Proper. They invaded the living space of the aborigines,
resulting in constant disputes and conflicts. There were even major social unrest and
outbreak of anti-Qing rebellions involving the aboriginal regions. To exercise its ruling
authority and to maintain law as well as order, the Qing court delineated clear boundaries
between the Hans and the aborigines, thus separating their living areas and preventing
further Han encroachment of aboriginal territories.
During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, four cadastral surveys were conducted on the
lands outside the aboriginal frontier. Four maps were thus drawn up, each using lines of
different colors, namely red, blue, purple and green. Among these, the blue-line map was
the only aboriginal boundary map of Qing Taiwan preserved till today and served as the
basis for related studies and discourse. However, there are missing place names,
annotations and errors in the blue-line map. Hence, exploring other aboriginal boundary
maps will contribute to the reconstruction of the frontier scene of eighteenth-century Qing
Taiwan.
Housed in the Palace Museum of Beijing is a large-sized landscape painting map back
to 1784. It is titled “Illustration of Taiwan Paddy and Dry Land Reclamation and
Prohibitions of Land Use”. There are red, blue and purple lines marked on the map. The
map shows emphasis on demarcating the aboriginal boundaries along the mountain areas
and hence should be the “Purple-line Aboriginal Boundary Map of Qing Taiwan”, drawn
up toward the end of Qianlong’s reign. There was also a 14,000-word description above
the map, detailing the regulations and prohibitions for land reclamation in areas beyond
the aboriginal frontier.
With reference to this precious purple-line map, this paper describes the demarcation
of aboriginal frontier, which separated the living space of the aborigines from the newly
reclaimed regions, thus providing an overall image of the frontier scene of Qing Taiwan
in 1784 and the imperial territorial policy during the reign of Qianlong.

Raento, P.auliina(Guest Editor) (2011). The Value of Gambling and Its Research. Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Anthropological Society of Finland 36: 1, 76–91.

CONTRIBUTIONS

Pauliina Raento: The value of gambling and its research. An Introduction
Jukka Jouhki: Writing against culture with online poker
Perpetual Crentsil: Immigrant gambling in Finland
Jani Kinnunen: The social rewards of online gambling

In de heemkundige en lokaalhistorische literatuur is weinig te vinden over veldwachters. Nochtans kan het minutieus uitpluizen van deze instelling en een micro-onderzoek naar deze politiedienaars ons veel wijzer maken over het functioneren van de 19de-eeuwse dorpsgemeenschappen en de rurale maatschappij algemeen. Deze bijdrage focust op de sociaaleconomische afkomst en positie van veldwachters en vooral de kijk erop van de gevestigde macht. Deze bijdrage is een uitgewerkt voorbeeld. We moeten uiteraard over meerdere voorbeelden kunnen beschikken, om een echt statement te kunnen maken.
Deze bijdrage is gepubliceerd in: Appeltjes van het Meetjesland, jaarboek 67 (2016).

A research paper containing an analytical reconstruction of  the  accounts of the city of Maastricht (NL) 1680-1794. Maastricht was the main  stronghold of the Dutch Republic in the South and the presence of the troops dominated city life , its economy and its treasury. Describes sources of income, expenditures and financial transactions including the development of  debt. Main sources of income were the excises on bread , beer, wine and gin. Expenditures were: debt-service, wages, salaries and gratuities; the lodging of the garrison troups  and building and repairing of city property including part of the militairy fortifications.

Since the second half of the 13th century, Cilician Armenia had established
commercial and economical relations with the Kingdom of Aragon and with
the cities of Southern France. Merchants from Montpellier, Marseilles, Nîmes,
Narbonne and from other South-French cities arrived in Cilicia. Their names registered in the notary acts are made in the main port of Cilician Armenia in Laiazzo
(Ayas, Lajazzo, Layas, etc.). The Marseillais arrived in Cilicia in their own ships and
the Narbonnais merchants signed direct commercial contracts with the King of Cilician
Armenia. There is evidence about Narbonnais being inhabitants of Cilician Armenia.
Merchants from Montpellier, who were twice granted commercial privileges by the
Armenian Kings in 1314 and 1321, had a more secure position in Cilician Armenia

Со второй половины XIII века Киликийская Армения вступила в
экономические отношения с королевством Арагона, а также с городами южной
Франции. В Киликию прибывали купцы из Монпелье, Марселя, Нима,
Нарбонны и иных французских городов. Их имена сохранились в нотариальных актах, составленных в главном порту Киликийской Армении, в
Айасе (Lajazzo, Layas и т. д.). Марсельские купцы прибывали в Киликию на
собственных суднах, а купцы из Нарбонны подписывали прямые торговые
контракты с самим царем Киликийской Армении. Согласно некоторым
данным, купцы из Нарбонны надолго обосновались в Киликии. Купцам из
Монпелье были предоставлены армянскими царями две торговые привилегии
в 1314 и 1321 гг., и небезынтересно, что к северо-востоку от южного мыса
Киликии есть островок, который в средние века назывался "провансальским".

Supply and demand in the formal and informal economy from the 13 th to the 18 th century Selezione di ricerche Firenze University Press 2015 Il commercio al minuto. Domanda e offerta tra economia formale e informale. Secc. XIII-XVIII = Retail Trade. Supply and demand in the formal and informal economy from the 13th to the 18th century : selezione di ricerche. -Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2015. (Atti delle "Settimane di Studi" e altri Convegni ; 46) http://digital.casalini.it/9788866557517 ISBN 978-88-6655-750-0 (print) ISBN 978-88-6655-751-7 (online) La Settimana di Studi è stata realizzata con il contributo di: Ministero per i Beni, le Attività Culturali e il Turismo Certificazione scientifica delle Opere Tutti i volumi pubblicati sono soggetti ad un processo di referaggio esterno di cui sono responsabili il Consiglio editoriale della FUP e i Consigli scientifici delle singole collane. Le opere pubblicate nel catalogo della FUP sono valutate e approvate dal Consiglio editoriale della casa editrice. Per una descrizione più analitica del processo di referaggio si rimanda ai documenti ufficiali pubblicati sul catalogo on-line della casa editrice (www.fupress.com).

LACKO, Miroslav et al. Montánno-historický výskum na Slovensku a v strednej Európe [Mining-Historical Research in Slovakia and in Central Europe]. Montánna história/The Mining History 10. Bratislava : Slovenská spoločnosť pre sociálne a hospodárske dejiny, 2019, 429 p. ISBN 978-80-970973-7-0. ISSN 1338-5984.

Монография посвящена анализу исторического процесса в странах Востока в контексте совокупного действия трех факторов: демографического, технологического и географического. Действие демографического фактора рассматривается в контексте неомальтузианской теории, согласно которой рост населения приводит к периодическим экосоциальным кризисам. Роль технологического фактора анализируется, в основном, с точки зрения развития военных технологий: фундаментальные  военно-технические инновации приводили к волнам завоевания и формированию «мировых империй». Книга насыщена фактологическим материалом и может быть использована как учебное пособие в рамках общего курса истории Востока.

Surveying the Chetham Society aims, activities, and publications (since 1843):

◈ 𝐅𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬
Biographies, Autobiographies, and Genealogies; Family Deeds, Papers, and Letters; and Heralds, Visitations, and Wills.

◈ 𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐇𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲
Gentry, Jacobites, and Civil War; Charters, Rolls, and Cartularies; and Parishes, Churches, and Chapels.

◈ 𝐋𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭𝐲 𝐇𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲
Administration, Justice, and Taxation; Rolls, Rentals, and Surveys; and Towns, Districts, and Townships.

◈ 𝐒𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐇𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲
Economies, Industries, and Societies; Agriculture, Trade, and Transport; and Schools, Pupils, and Education.

La manifattura dei battiloro e la tessitura dei drappi auroserici, entrambe introdotte a Milano verso la metà del secolo XV, avevano riscosso uno straordinario interesse da parte del ceto nobiliare/mercantile milanese che si era immediatamente dedicato con entusiasmo alle nuove attività, facendovi convergere capitali da settori affini, come l'oreficeria, e, per la tessitura dei drappi auroserici, non disdegnando di mandare i propri figli a bottega, in modo che apprendessero tutti i segreti dell'arte che avrebbero poi diretto. Nasceva così, nell'ambito della manifattura dei tessuti auroserici, la figura dell'"apprendista imprenditore" di ceto mercantile che assumeva un maestro -in genere straniero e particolarmente esperto -per farsi istruire, fornendogli la seta, l'oro e l'argento, facendogli da fideiussore per le preziose materie prime ed intascandone i guadagni 1 . * Abbreviazioni: ASMi= Archivio di Stato di Milano; f. = figlio; q. = filius quondam; p.C. = porta Cumana; p.N. = porta Nuova; p.H. = porta Orientale; p.O. = porta Orientale; p.R. = porta Romana; p.T. = porta Ticinese; p.V. = porta Vercellina; p.S. = parrocchia San. Monete: fl. = fiorini; £ = lire imperiali; s. = soldi imperiali; d. = denari imperiali; 1 ducato = £ 4 = s. 80. 1 M.P. Zanoboni, Artigiani, imprenditori, mercanti. Organizzazione del lavoro e conflitti sociali nella Milano sforzesca (1450/1476), Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1996, pp. 53-72 per le origini della manifattura auroserica a Milano e pp. 130-145 per quella dei battiloro. Sull'apprendista imprenditore anche M.P. Zanoboni, Salariati nel Medioevo (secc. XIII-XV). «Guadagnando bene e lealmente il proprio compenso fino al calar del sole», introduzione di F. Franceschi, Ferrara, Nuovecarte, 2009, p. 29, e Ead., Artigiani, pp. 58-60. Per un quadro d'insieme sulla manifattura serica, P. Mainoni, La seta a Milano nel XV secolo: aspetti economici e istituzionali, «Studi Storici», 35 (1994), pp. 871-896. Sull'interesse dei mercanti alla conoscenza diretta degli aspetti tecnici dell'arte che finanziavano, stimolo spesso all'innovazione e alla diffusione dei saperi, L. Molà, Il mercante innovatore, in Il Rinascimento italiano e l'Europa, IV, Commercio e cultura mercantile, a cura di F. Franceschi, R.A. Goldthwaite maria paola zanoboni 148 e R.C. Mueller, Treviso-Vicenza, Angelo Colla Editore, 2007, pp. 614-653, in particolare pp. 624-628. 2 Sulla vicenda di Cristoforo Barberino cfr. Zanoboni, Artigiani, pp. 162-173; Ead., "Et che … el dicto Pigello sia più prompto ad servire": Pigello Portinari nella vita economica (e politica) milanese quattrocentesca, «Storia economica», 1-2 (2009), pp. 66-73. Sulla domanda di prodotti di lusso da parte della corte sforzesca, F. Leverotti, Organizzazione della corte sforzesca e produzione serica, in Seta Oro Cremisi. Segreti e tecnologia alla corte dei Visconti e degli Sforza, a cura di C. Buss, Catalogo della mostra, Cinisello Balsamo, Silvana editoriale, 2009, e, in una versione più estesa, dalla quale si citerà, all'indirizzo www.setainlombardia.org/files/Leverotti_Or-ganizzazione%20corte%20sforzesca.pdf. 3 Zanoboni, "Et che … el dicto Pigello sia più prompto ad servire", pp. 66-73. 4 R. De Roover, Il banco Medici dalle origini al declino (1397-1494), Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1970 [ed. orig. Cambridge, Mass. 1963. 5 Sull'argomento, L. Molà, Il potere e l'impresa: la creazione della manifattura laniera nella Ferrara del Cinquecento, lezione tenuta per la III Scuola di Studi Dottorali La documentazione per la storia dell'impresa (Europa occidentale secoli XIV-XVII), Arezzo, 5-9 luglio 2010, in cui si sottolinea come sia stata proprio la committenza di oggetti di lusso da parte degli Stati rinascimentali a favorire l'economia, al contrario di quanto sostenuto da storici insigni, tra cui C.M. Cipolla. A tale proposito anche Id., Stato e impresa: privilegi per l'introduzione di nuove arti e brevetti, in Il Rinascimento Italiano e l'Europa, III, Produzione e tecniche, a cura di P. Braunstein e L. Molà, Treviso-Vicenza 2007, pp. 533-572. 6 Due sembrerebbero fondamentalmente gli scopi della presenza del Banco Me-

LACKO, Miroslav. Baníctvo a hutníctvo na Spiši v rokoch 1526 – 1918 (Mining and Metallurgy in Scepusia in 1526 – 1918). In HOMZA, Martin – SROKA, Stanisław A. et al. Historia Scepusii. Vol. II. Bratislava; Kraków : Katedra slovenských dejín Filozofickej fakulty Univerzity Komenského – Instytut Historii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 2016, pp. 958–1005. ISBN 978-80-223-4210-0.

СЪДЪРжАНИЕ: УВОД / 15 ГЛАВА І. МЕТОДИ, ИзТОчНИцИ, АГРЕГАТИ / 18 Национален доход/БНП/БВП / 18 Хронологични граници / 20 Базови оценки/Дълги редове / 21 Предходни опити и ползвана методология / 22 "Верен сбор от неверни цифри"? Източници / 26 ГЛАВА ІІ. СЕКТОРНИ ОцЕНКИ Първичен сектор (Селско стопанство) / 28 Добивна промишленост / 55 Индустрия и занаяти / 57 Услуги / 62 Брутен вътрешен продукт 1887-1924 г. / 73 ГЛАВА ІІІ. БВП (1887-1945 г.) ПО КОНСТАНТНИ цЕНИ И ТЕРИТОРИЯ / 76 Индекси / 76 БВП (1887-1924 г.) по постоянни цени / 83 Корекция за териториални промени / 84 Международни сравнения / 85 ГЛАВА ІV. ИзчИСЛЯВАНЕ НА БВП зА 1870 И 1880 г. / 88 Територия / 88 Мерни единици / 90 Селско стопанство / 90 Индустрия и занаяти / 95 Услуги / 97 Ценови индекси / 98 Население / 99 ГЛАВА V. БРУТЕН ВЪТРЕШЕН ПРОДУКТ ИЛИ БРУТЕН НАцИОНАЛЕН ПРОДУКТ / 101 ГЛАВА VІ. ВЕРИфИКАцИЯ НА РЕзУЛТАТИТЕ / 103 зАКЛючЕНИЕ / 105 SuMMary: InTroDucTIon / 117 chaPTer I. MeThoDoloGy, SourceS, aGGreGaTeS naTIonal IncoMe/GnP/GDP / 119 Time-span / 121 Base estimates/Time series / 122 Previous Attempts and Methodology Used / 122 Sources: Correct results from incorrect inputs / 126 chaPTer II. SecTor aSSeSSMenTS / 128 Primary sector (Agriculture) / 128 Mining industry / 153 Industry and Crafts / 155 Services / 160 Gross Domestic Product 1887-1924 / 170 chaPTer ІІІ. GDP (1887-1945) BaSeD on conSTanT PrIceS anD TerrITory / 172 Indices / 172 GDP (1887-1924) at Constant prices / 178 Correction for Territorial Changes / 180 Correction for Territorial Changes / 180 International Comparisons / 181 chaPTer ІV. GDP In 1870 anD 1880 / 184 Territory / 184 Measuring units / 186 Agriculture / 186 Industry and handcrafts / 191 Services / 192 Price indexes / 193 Population / 194 chaPTer V. GDP or GnP / 196 chaPTer VІ. VerIfIcaTIon of The reSulTS / 198 concluSIon / 200 СПИСЪК НА ТАБЛИцИТЕ И ДИАГРАМИТЕ Таблица 1. Ползвани източници / 109 (текст) Таблица 2. Чисто производство на зърнени култури, хил. кг / 212 (приложение 1) Таблица 3. Цени на производител на зърнените храни, лв./кг / 216 (приложение 1) Таблица 4. Доход от производството на зърнени култури, хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 220 (приложение 1) Таблица 5. Чисто производство на индустриални култури, хил. кг / 224 (приложение 1) Таблица 6. Цени на производител на индустриалните растения, лв./кг / 228 (приложение 1) Таблица 7. Доход от производството на индустриални култури, хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 232 (приложение 1) Таблица 8. Производство и доход от лозя, хил. кг и хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 236 (приложение 1) Таблица 9. Производство и доход от плодове и ракия, хил. кг и хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 242 (приложение 1) Таблица 10. Производство и доход от зеленчуци и рози, хил. кг и хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 248 (приложение 1) Таблица 11. Производство и доход от варива и бостани, хил. кг и хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 254 (приложение 1) Таблица 12. Производство и доход от фуражи, хил. кг и хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 260 (приложение 1) Таблица 13. Производство и доход от мляко, хил. кг и хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 264 (приложение 1) Таблица 14. Средна млечност на домашните животни по видове, литра / 35 (текст) Таблица 15. Средна млечност и добив на месо, вълна и яйца от домашните животни в България, литра, кг / 36 (текст) Таблица 16. Среден добив на месо на животно, кг / 41 (текст) Таблица 17. Производство и доход от месо, хил. кг и хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 270 (приложение 1) Таблица 18. Производство и доход от яйца, хил. кг и хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 280 (приложение 1) Таблица 19. Производство и доход от вълна и козина, хил. кг и хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 284 (приложение 1) Таблица 20. Производство и доход от пчеларство, хил. кг и хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 290 (приложение 1) Таблица 21. Производство и доход от бубарство, хил. кг и хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 296 (приложение 1) Таблица 22. Производство и доход от гори, куб. м, кг, хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 300 (приложение 1) Таблица 23. Доход от домашен поминък, броя и хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 306 (приложение 1) Таблица 24. Доход от селски покрити имоти, броя и хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 312 (приложение 1) Таблица 25. Производство и доход от лов и риболов, хил. кг и хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 318 (приложение 1) Таблица 26. Доход от домашна прислуга, броя. и хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 324 (приложение 1) Таблица 27. Чист доход от селско стопанство, хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 330 (приложение 1) Таблица 28. Чист доход от добивна промишленост, хил. кг, хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 342 (приложение 2) Таблица 29. Чист доход от занаяти, броя, хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 348 (приложение 2) Таблица 30. Чист доход от дребна индустрия, броя, хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 354 (приложение 2) Таблица 31. Чист доход от едрата индустрия, кг, хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 360 (приложение 2) Таблица 32. Чист доход от строителство, броя, хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 368 (приложение 2) Таблица 33. Чист доход от индустрия и занаяти, хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 374 (приложение 2) Таблица 34. Чист доход от транспорт и съобщения, бр., хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 378 (приложение 3) Таблица 35. Чист доход от търговия, хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 396 (приложение 3) Таблица 36. Чист доход от финансови услуги, хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 410 (приложение 3) Таблица 37. Чист доход от свободни професии, ресторантьорство и хотелиерство, бр., хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 438 (приложение 3) Таблица 38. Чист доход от градски покрити имоти, бр., хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 444 (приложение 3) Таблица 39. Чист доход от държавни и общински услуги, хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 450 (приложение 3) Таблица 40. Чист доход от услуги, хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 454 (приложение 3) Таблица 41. Брутен вътрешен продукт, хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 458 (приложение 3) Таблица 42. Сравнение между различните оценки за БНП/БВП, хил. лв. (текущи цени) / 462 (приложение 3) / 504 (приложение 4) Таблица 49. Брутен вътрешен продукт по постоянни цени, хил. лв., (1911 = 100) / 512 (приложение 4) Таблица 50. Брутен вътрешен продукт по постоянни цени, хил. лв., (1939 = 100) / 518 (приложение 4) Таблица 51. Брутен вътрешен продукт по постоянни цени и територия, кв. км., хил. лв. / 532(приложение 4) Таблица 52. Брутен вътрешен продукт и БВП на глава от населението, Гиъри-Камис 1990 щ. д. / 532 (приложение 4) Таблица 53. Площ на отделните области на България, кв. км. / 89 (текст) Таблица 54. Производство на земеделски култури, ок. 1870 г. / 544 (приложение 5) Таблица 55. Производство на земеделски култури, ок. 1880 г. / 548 (приложение 5) Таблица 56. Производство на основните земеделски култури, кг (1870-1899 г.) / 550 (приложение 5)