Economic Social and Cultural Rights

This book aims to discuss and disseminate knowledge regarding the rightsbased public policies, programmes and regulatory frameworks that are being used to expand social protection coverage and benefits in Latin America. It provides an overview of recent reforms, innovations and instruments that are aimed at achieving universal coverage, appropriate quality, low segmentation and sustainable financing, together with a stylized, informed analysis of the social and economic context within which such policies are being developed. The concept of social protection as presented here takes a rights-based, systemic and comprehensive approach. Social protection instruments are intended to address structural problems such as poverty and inequality, as well as risks to which the whole population is exposed, including unemployment, disability and old age. All instruments must be integrated into social protection systems with effective coordination between programmes and institutions in order to be able to meet the demand from individuals, families and communities.

que abordam, em alguma medida, o conteúdo dos princípios constitucionais da universalidade, integralidade e equidade do acesso às ações e serviços de saúde, dispostos nos art. 196 e art. 198, II da Constituição da República Federal de 1988 de 1988, como proposta mitigadora da judicialização da saúde. Os problemas de fundo são a oferta e organização insufi cientes do acesso dos usuários à rede assistencial do Sistema Único de Saúde e o questionamento sobre a possibilidade do direito à saúde ser interpretado de forma irrestrita, com acesso ilimitado às ações e serviços ou se deve ser limitado, mitigando-se as externalidades negativas decorrentes da judicialização das políticas públicas de saúde.

1. Ejes conceptuales 2. Significado y dimensiones de la equidad de género en salud 2.1 Equidad de género y determinantes de la salud 2.2 Equidad de género en la situación de salud 2.3 Equidad de género en el acceso a atención de la salud 2.4 Equidad de género en el financiamiento de la atención

Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), y Francisco Garfias, economista del Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, en el marco de las actividades del programa CEPAL/Cooperación Técnica Alemana (GTZ) "Hacia una globalización sostenible y equitativa", componente 4: "Política social y acceso a servicios financieros para combatir la pobreza" (GER/09/001). Agradecemos las valiosas discusiones y aportaciones de Andras Uthoff, Isidro Soloaga (COLMEX), así como los comentarios y sugerencias de Simone Cecchini (CEPAL), Rubén Lo Vuolo (Centro Interdisciplinario para el Estudio de Políticas Públicas, CIEPP), y de los participantes en el Taller de expertos "Protección social, pobreza y enfoque de derechos: vínculos y tensiones" celebrado en la sede de la CEPAL en Santiago de Chile los días 5 y 6 de noviembre de 2009. Las opiniones expresadas en este documento, que no ha sido sometido a revisión editorial, son de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores y pueden no coincidir con las de la Organización.

This document was prepared by Enrique Valencia Lomelí, consultant with the Social Development Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), David Foust Rodríguez and Darcy Tetreault Weber, researchers with the University of Guadalajara, and is part of the series of studies on "Social Protection Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean", edited by Simone Cecchini, Social Affairs Officer, and Claudia Robles, consultant with the same Division. Luna Gámez and Daniela Huneeus, consultants, provided editorial assistance. Humberto Soto and Astrid Rojas provided valuable comments. The document was produced as part of the activities of the project "Strengthening social protection" (ROA/149-7) and "Strengthening regional knowledge networks to promote the effective implementation of the United Nations development agenda and to assess progress" (ROA 161-7), financed by the United Nations Development Account. Printing of this publication was made possible by the contribution of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and the Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany (BMZ), in the framework of the project "Social covenant for more inclusive social protection" of the ECLAC/BMZ-GIZ cooperation programme "Promoting low-carbon development and social cohesion in Latin America and the Caribbean" (GER/12/006). The opinions expressed in this document, which has been reproduced without formal editing, are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organization.

El documento contó también con el apoyo editorial de Luna Gámez y Daniela Huneeus, consultoras. Se agradecen los comentarios de Humberto Soto y Astrid Rojas. El documento se enmarca en las actividades de los proyectos "Strengthening social protection" (ROA/149-7) y "Strengthening regional knowledge networks to promote the effective implementation of the United Nations development agenda and to assess progress" (ROA 161-7), financiados por la

Academic freedom is generally considered a human right, both nationally and internationally. However, no legally binding international human rights instrument—neither at the global nor the regional level—provides express protection for this right; this includes the two most important global human rights treaties, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, both of 1966. This begs the question: Does the right to academic freedom not—even so—have a “home” in either or both of the U.N. Human Rights Covenants? Can and should academic freedom be protected as part of the right to freedom of expression in Article 19 of the former Covenant? Or does Article 15 on “cultural rights” of the latter Covenant constitute the proper provision? Or is it, in fact, Article 13 on the right to education, also of the latter Covenant, that encompasses academic freedom? Yet another option would be for different aspects of t...

Afortunadamente, en los últimos años se han logrado avances en la República Dominica en la producción de información respecto a los flujos migratorios, así como su vinculación con otras problemáticas sociales y demográficas, como es el caso de la relacionada con la salud ...

John Rawls is considered as the American moral and political philosopher who attempted to resolve the problem of distributive justice. His renowned book entitled 'A Theory of Justice' is first published in 1971 and revised in 1999. This work, as some have described it, is too long and among the most complex works. This article concentrates not on full content of this work, rather on the instance of property ownership rights in this work. In this work, he argues that, behind the veil of ignorance society chooses two principles of justice viz., the first principlethe principle of greatest equal liberty; and second principle, which has two parts, is the principle of fair equality of opportunity and the difference principle. On the other hand, in this century's political philosophy, it is argued that the law of property is considered as it establishes basic and prepolitical rights that must constrain the activities of the states. 2 Yet, it is thought that property plays little role in Rawlsian political philosophy. This because he professes that justice as fairness leaves open the question whether its principles are best realized by some form of property-owning democracy or by a liberal socialist regime. The salient distinction between a property-owning democracy and a liberal socialist regime is that the former allows private ownership of productive property and natural resources, while the latter does not. According to his philosophy, the choice of one of the two is settled based upon historical conditions, the traditions, institutions, and social forces of each jurisdiction. On the other hand, form of land ownership has been one of the contentious areas in Ethiopian political history and also in its current legal system. Taking this into consideration, the author's aim in this article is assessing the (in)congruity between Rawlsian theory of justice and land ownership in post 1975 Ethiopian legal system. The assessment reveals that there is incongruity between the current Ethiopian land law and Rawlsian theory of justice.

This article examines how various supra-national tribunals have approached adjudication of health-related rights, and makes proposals with respect to some special considerations posed by health-related cases that the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and other supra-national bodies will invariably face. After briefly setting out the contours of the right to health under international law, we stress the importance of an approach to adjudication that acknowledges underlying determinants, but also that defines the obligations of the health sector, explicitly acknowledging the interdependence and indivisibility of health with human rights. Second, reviewing some lessons from other supranational tribunals, we address the question of when a supra-national tribunal should order interim measures in a health-rights related case. Third, we explore the uniquely important role 

The right to peaceful assembly and association have been central to the notion of human rights since their very first iterations. A selection of key peaceful protest movements in the 21st century shows that the movements themselves are expressing demands that are in line with the human rights approach (Ortiz et al. 2022). Among the main findings is that over half of protest movements incorporate some economic or social justice demand (higher wages, jobs, housing, healthcare, pensions…). This article looks at protest movements that have demands that are linked to rights expressed by the UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (United Nations 1966). Though protesters do not express their demands in the language of human rights, their demands for social justice are mostly already enshrined in the declaration. The author compares demands of economic justice to their counterpart in terms of rights, stressing the need for countries to reexamine their own policies...

Hoy, un tema pendiente en la agenda de los gobiernos de los países del mundo, es la conservación, distribución y consumo del agua. Que deje de ser mercancía para poder determinar el desarrollo de la sociedad, reconocerla y defenderla como derecho humano. Esto, puede resultar el paso más importante hacia el desafío de suministrar a la gente del elemento más esencial de la vida, porque el agua es la base irremplazable de toda forma de vida. Los procesos de control del agua, como es la privatización, han contemplado los derechos de propiedad del agua, su producción, distribución, recolección y depuración. El desarrollo de las políticas privatizadoras del agua en América Latina apoyadas en medidas del mercado, descartan la calidad de vida, el bienestar y el enfoque de derechos humanos. Sin duda, la declaración que la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas emitió el 28 de julio de 2010, a través de la Resolución 64/292, en la que reconoce oficialmente el derecho humano al agua y al saneamiento, sirvió como precedente para que los Estado reconocieran y aceptaran tener la obligación de garantizar este derecho.

Chile ha logrado indicadores de crecimiento superiores a los de la region, sin embargo, sus beneficios no se han distribuido de manera equitativa en toda su poblacion y las personas en situacion de discapacidad forman parte del grupo menos favorecido. El Programa de Gobierno 2014-2018 de Michel Bachelet, consciente de esta situacion, propuso dentro de sus objetivos avanzar hacia la inclusion laboral de personas en situacion de discapacidad y, para lograrlo, ofrecio como estrategia la implementacion de un programa de capacitacion en oficios para 20.000 personas en situacion de discapacidad. La responsabilidad del diseno y ejecucion del programa recayo en el Servicio Nacional de Empleo (SENCE), y el presente informe corresponde una propuesta de largo plazo para su diseno. La propuesta incluye los bienes y servicios que deberian ser parte de la oferta del programa, asi como los procesos que deberian ser ejecutados por SENCE para ejecutarlo.

In recent years, several Asian countries have begun moving away from patchwork welfare programs toward providing more comprehensive social protection. This is a significant shift in a region where social welfare has not been politically popular, and the family has traditionally absorbed the burden of supporting the young, the old, and the ailing. Two of these states-India and Indonesia-have put new social protection initiatives into law rather than simply formulating executive policy. In this article, I examine recent social protection laws in both countries. I look in particular at India's National Food Security Law, passed in 2013, and Indonesia's laws on the National Social Security System, passed in 2004 and 2011. These laws deserve attention because they aim not just to extend benefits, but also to advance economic and social rights, which are recognized in both India and Indonesia at the constitutional level. Thus, these recent social protection laws potentially deepen what Brinks and Gauri describe as the "legalization" of welfare policy, whereby legal rights assume importance in policy, and legal professionals, judges in particular, become significant in implementing them. As such, these laws are likely to, and arguably should, impose quite hard-edged obligations on the government and enable individuals to hold the government to its obligations. At the same time, recent social protection laws have the potential to allay concerns that legal enforcement of economic social rights distorts policy and dilutes the separation of powers. Through my analysis, I show that social protection laws in both India and Indonesia have primarily expanded the policies

The paper draws on the Community Capitals Framework to frame and analyze the process of rural women's empowerment through agricultural interventions in two districts of Ethiopia. A blend of qualitative data collection methods comprising group discussions, life histories, and key informant interviews was used. Our study shows that investing in social, human, financial, cultural, natural, physical, and political capitals resulted in increased assets within those capitals and others amongst the beneficiaries. The interaction between capitals builds "power with", "power within", "power to" and "power over" in an upward spiral. Specifically, the interaction between social, human and financial capitals is a key entry point to rural women's empowerment. Cultural capital intermediates the interaction and flow of capital assets during the empowerment process. We argue that empowering women requires an approach that enhances their capability to identify and systematically manage interactions among capitals that foster their voice and agency.

A distincao entre o processo socioeconomico identificado como o de crescimento e aquele caracterizado como de desenvolvimento tem sido um dos enfoques principais na discussao em torno de politicas capazes de promover um deles (ou ambos) na sociedade. A distincao principal, sugerida na Abordagem das Capacitacoes, refere-se a identificacao de meios e fins. A partir dessa percepcao, a proposta deste trabalho e tratar essa distincao para perceber a condicao ambiental a que as pessoas estao submetidas. A partir da caracterizacao da distincao ente meios (seguranca ambiental) e fins (condicao ambiental), considerados aqui como intitulamentos ambientais, o trabalho apresenta situacoes identificadas nos estados brasileiros. Entre os resultados, pode-se destacar a preocupacao com alteracoes ambientais ocorridos nos recursos hidricos, importante fonte energetica brasileira, bem como a heterogeneidade das alteracoes ambientais percebidas no pais. Por fim, discute-se apossibilidade de alteracao ...

Protección social en América Latina: la desigualdad en el banquillo 9 VI.3 América Latina (14 países): gasto en cuidado como proporción del gasto total de los hogares y como monto medio en el mes de referencia de cada encuesta según presencia de adultos de 75 años o más, alrededor de 2005 .

Entre otros ejemplos que brinda, menciona el control del dinero y el crédito por medio de una institución central, la producción y publicación en gran escala de datos relativos a la situación económica, la coordinación entre el ahorro y la inversión, y la determinación del nivel de población.

A atual pandemia de covid-19 obriga muitos países como o Brasil a aplicar medidas restritivas que afetam liberdades individuais, como a liberdade de reunião e a autonomia privada, privilegiando a promoção do Direito à Saúde, também qualificado como direito fundamental. Essa política induz violação de normas internacionais de direitos humanos. No entanto, soluções compatíveis podem ser encontradas também nas próprias convenções internacionais de direitos humanos, pela utilização de cláusulas de exceção, pela demanda de deveres fundamentais, ou pela promoção de soluções jurídicas de proporcionalidade entre normas internacionais de mesmo valor.

Recently, Latin American countries have had to face the challenges of improving social inclusion and economic redistribution while consolidating democratic institutions after long periods of authoritarian regimes in many of them. Addressing pressure for social inclusion was all the more difficult, since these societies are characterized by some of the worst income disparities in the world and high degrees of labor market informality. After the 70’s, the massive explosion of social demands in the transition to democracy transformed the region into a social laboratory aiming to promote social inclusion. So, many different projects were designed and implemented in order to prevail over the main features of the stratified (Mesa-Lago, 1978) and segregated (Filgueira C.; Filgueira F., 2002) Latin-American pattern of social policies. This has been the recent challenge for these societies, requiring the development of new values, institutions and policy designs. However, the movement to uni...

Although democracy is no longer the exception in Latin America, in many cases the political feasibility of major social and fiscal covenants remains a standing challenge, which explains the interest that the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has in covering this issue, with the support of the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ), in the framework of the project “Social covenant for more inclusive social protection”. This paper opens a line of inquiry into analysis of the emergence of compacts and consensuses in the social policy sector, presenting a methodological proposal to conduct ex post case studies of compacts and consensuses that have emerged in this sector in democratic contexts, as well as ex ante assessments of the possibilities for a broad social accord or consensus in specific contexts. This methodological proposal is built on three case studies on major consensus-based social policy reforms in Chile, Mexico and Uruguay, which w...

Agradeço aos meus pais, Sônia e Aurélio, pelos primeiros passos; à minha filha, Bruna, pelo amor e pelo desvelo; ao meu esposo, Giuseppe, pela vigília e invariável compreensão; ao professor Thadeu Weber, pela orientação; ao professor Sérgio Gilberto Porto, pela abnegada e gentil co-orientação; aos amigos, pela colaboração; ao Tribunal de Justiça do Rio Grande do Sul, pela licença que me foi concedida.

a fortalecer la cohesión social", y fueron presentados en el seminario "Poblaciones afrodescendientes en América Latina", efectuado en la ciudad de Panamá los días 28 y 29 de marzo de 2008, y organizado por la SEGIB y la Comisión Europea, con la colaboración de la CEPAL. Las opiniones expresadas en este documento, que no ha sido sometido a revisión editorial, son de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores y pueden no coincidir con las

Thesis: Today, studies regarding social rights need to be reconsidered and extended in light of emerging themes and issues presented by new migration trends. The United States and Europe, the two destinations often chosen by migrants, have very different views and policies around social rights. One of the most pressing issues in immigration studies is which protections should be extended to irregular or undocumented immigrants. The United States, a destination for significant numbers of irregular migrants in the world, do not explicitly recognize many rights for undocumented immigrants, especially those social rights requiring public expenditures. On the contrary, in many European countries, undocumented immigrants are formally entitled to social rights merely because they have human rights. These two different views lead to opposite policies. In both contexts, social rights remain one of the most important ways to solve many problems of undocumented migrants. However, social rights need to be reconsidered as tools for development and participation of poor and marginalized people essential to the common good, not as mere entitlements or mere human rights. The ambition of this article is therefore to help understand this gap by comparing laws, integration politics, and policies from these two different macro areas of the world. Topic: recognize the need for a paradigm change and suggest a new way of thinking about social rights for immigrants.

The study is prepared to explore the status of rural women in access to farm land in the current land administration system in two rural Kebeles in Guji zone Wadera Woreda of Oromia region .The Oromia National Regional State Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation and its implementation procedure are examined from a gender perspective in terms of ensuring rural women's land holding rights. Historical overview on the land question in Ethiopia revealed that tenure systems evolved through historical periods. Land remained under men's control throughout history and men's control over land was strengthened by the rural land reform carried out by the Derg. This tenure reform applied rural land distribution using households as unit for rural land allocation and women were disadvantaged as most rural households were headed by men. The Oromia rural land proclamation is not discriminatory on basis of sex. However, policy gaps are evident in addressing women specific issues such as issues of divorced women FHHs and women under polygamous marriages. Gaps also exist between policy and implementation. Customary laws and practices have serious impacts on women's land rights at the level of implementation. The research applied both quantitative and qualitative methods in view of feminist research methodology to properly address issues from a gender perspective. Survey of 283 households was conducted administering questionnaires in the quantitative method. The qualitative method applied was interviews with relevant Woreda office and Kebele LACs, focus group discussions with rural women, case stories and observation for data analysis. Study findings reveal that women's access rights to land is less equal than legally provided. This study evidences gaps between policy and implementation. Customary laws and traditional practices generally have impacts on land access rights of single/unmarried, divorced, widowed women and on access rights of women in polygamous marriages. Women's access to land is not efficiently addressed by the regional rural land policy. This is a significant policy drawback as women's equal rights on land could not be achieved without gaining control over land. The land administration system in general and the land registration process in particular has not considered women's participation in community activities and decision-making. Women are not highly represented in LACs and SubCommittees in both Kebeles. The absence of land ownership certificate in the study area is another gaps that finding indicate. This study also revealed loose linkages between the rural land policy and other regional legislations like the regional family law which provides women's equal rights on land in marriage and on its abandonment. This study forwards recommendation to address gender gaps identified to ensure women's equal access to land in the study area. Land ownership certificate should be given for women in the study area. The Oromia rural land proclamation needs revision from a gender perspective to address women's specific issues and the land administration system should consider women's participation in the process, their contribution to the system as well as their equal benefits from policy outcomes.

informe fue finalizado en junio de 2020, por lo que los datos más recientes incluidos son de ese mes. Las opiniones expresadas en este documento, que no ha sido sometido a revisión editorial, son de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores y pueden no coincidir con las de la Organización.