Early Modern Balkan history

A genuine historical testimony of Macedonia before the big geopolitical reshuffle in 1878.

„Every nation that has glorious deeds is a glorious nation. However, beside all the glorious deeds, if those deeds remain unknown, the nation shall also remain unknown. Therefore it is necessary to collect and preserve all those glorious deeds in history, because history is the guardian of a nation’s life, and so future generations shall know, respect, accept and support it...“
                                                                                                                                Jovan Dragašević

The paper examines the akıncıs’ actions and hence the motivation for their raids as essential constituents within the process of Ottoman conquest of the Balkans in the late Middle Ages. Focusing on the raiders and their plundering activities, it asserts that the akıncıs played a crucial key role in the early Ottoman slave economy, as slave hunting was arguably the main economic driving force behind the Ottoman conquest. It hence argues that an analysis of the akıncıs allows for new insights into the nature of the early Ottoman Empire, but also advances the idea that their actions fall within a particular phase of the conquest period. To that end, the authors re-periodize the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans into the akıncı phase, which spanned eight to thirteen decades, depending on the region, and was characterized by continuous slave hunting and destruction of economic infrastructure, and the phase of administrative integration into the Ottoman Empire, which latter process was pursued by other actors, namely imperial elites from the center, and is usually characterized by at least partial repopulation of demographically weakened areas.

During the 17th century period, there was a gradual separation of Varaždin Generalate (Slavonnian Military Border) from the eastern part of medieval Križevci County (today: northwest Croatia). Varaždin military and Križevci County, with interlinked jurisdictions of both authorities were, however, a part of greater contact area on the border between the Habsburg and the Ottoman Empires. This is where many civil and military jurisdictions and relations were in conflicting complexity, as it was the case for many other borderline areas. In late 16th century this region, encompassing Varaždin Generalate was almost completely devastated with population cut down to insignificant numbers.

It badly needed a repopulation and establishing prerequisites for life in a functioning society of a military border. Organization of civil life was, at the same time a process of adapting natural environment to the new needs. So the stories of that period are ultimately of the environment, of the people and their settlements.

Initially, I wanted to determine what were the environmental consequences of this process. Then I tried to explain who the people, who had settled here, were. Finally, I showed what types of settlements were created in this colonization.

History of environmental issues in the studied area can be divided into two segments. The first is related to the impact of nature on humans in the studied area, and the second to human impact on nature.

The first segment highlights the issue the "Little Ice Age" and the influence of Drava River. Unlike today's times, when climate is significantly affected by human (wrong)doing, and climate changes have huge impact on people all over the world - the pre-industrial era had only impacts on the population. In order to better understand climate changes today, we should strive to better understanding of the climate before Industrial revolution and its changes without human interference.

This is why it’s important to research the climate of Early Modern times, or rather, the effects of so called Little Ice Age, as it affected Varaždin Generalate and Križevci County areas and its influence on the following in particular:

1) agriculture, farming food production and human sustenance
2) forestation and permanent clearance of beech forests from the lowlands
3) effects on human health
4) effects on society and its culture
5) wars and conflicts
6) migrations (and, possibly, link Vlach migrations to “global cooling”).

During the 17th century period, Varaždin Generalate and Križevci County borderline regions were rich in natural water resources, rivers and streams. People from the lowlands and river valleys were heavily endangered by frequent flooding on the research areas:

1) Drava River valleys
2) Sava River valleys
3) Lonja River and Česma River lowlands.

As for Drava River area, the hydro regulation of its stream had begun in the 17th century, in order to prevent flooding and save the settlements and population. In 17th century, the regulation effects were very limited, but also announced the future of increased human interventions into nature, unlike the medieval times. River regulations in this region would intensify in the late 18th century, and later, in the 19th century even to greater extent.

Wetlands and marshes were important as a natural regulator for flooding- these terrains absorbed excess of water in flooding. Such wetlands were usually along the big rivers, like Drava and Sava, but would be found near other, smaller rivers like Česma, Bednja and Lonja, the latter being best known for the marshes of Lonja River valley.

Forming of settlements, right in the middle of 17th century wetlands, is an evidence of successful colonization of the terrain. 17th century anthropization of terrains was followed by drainage of wetlands. The second half of 17th century saw some successful drainage in vicinity of Molve, Hlebine, Čigoč and some failed ones, like Mačkovec. Human settlement succeeded only on elevated terrain, like island of dry land surrounded by wetlands and marshes. Even today, such higher grounds are called ‘rooftop beams’.

Another nature’s influence on humans is clearly visible: enlarged thyroid gland, a goiter, often seen in people living by rivers, due to river water deficiency of iodine. The research of the Drava River area confirmed this, as a limiting factor to colonization processes. Suffering from enlarged thyroid gland caused serious health problems to population in close vicinity of rivers. 17th century records of goiter disease, the way it was detailed in 20th century records, could provide room for hypothesis that endemic cretinism, as a direct consequence of deficiency of thyroid hormones, might have been similar to those in the Early Modern Era times.

xyx 17 1 Dio teksta ove knjige koji se odnosi na razdoblje od poËetaka naseljavanja pa do srednjega vijeka trebao bi biti samo niz informacija o tome kako je danaπnje bjelovarsko podruËje bilo naseljeno i prije srednjovjekovlja. Spominju se tek neki od tih tekstova, a u njima se mogu naÊi smjernice za drugu literaturu i pojedina arheoloπka istraaeivanja te nalaze s opseaenim bibliografijama. Boaeidar GeriÊ, Povijesni razvoj bjelovarskog kraja od prethistorije do srednjeg vijeka, u

Hiperboreea focuses on the study of Southeastern Europe, broadly defined as the states situated in the Balkan region. Hiperboreea is the official journal of the Balkan History Association and is published biannually by the Penn State University Press.

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This article examines the Turkish threat to Byzantium in the mid-14th century, as seen through the eyes of a critical Byzantine intellectual and political figure of his time, Demetrios Cydones. Cydones was a consistent supporter of a resistance policy against the Ottoman Turks and strongly opposed any rapprochement. Having served three emperors from the 1340s to the 1380s, he sought a military alliance with western rulers through the Roman Catholic Church's mediation. Cydones' correspondence, which contains over 450 letters covering the years 1345-1391, is an essential source for the histories of Byzantium and the Ottoman Emirate in the second half of the 14th century. This article examines the Turkish threat to Byzantium through his letters. The letters contain accounts of Byzantine alliances with the Turks, the Ottoman conquest of Gallipoli, the first Turkish attacks on Constantinople and Thessaloniki, and the battle of Maritsa.

This note on the ktetorship and contribution of women from the Bran­ ković dynasty to cross-cultural connections in late medieval and early modern Balkans is only the initial step of a broader study intended to re­assess the visual culture of the Balkans in late medieval and early modern times, especially in view of the concept of pre­modern globalization characterized by and resulting from a transfer of knowledge, technological change and homogenization of spatial and technological particularities, by the concept of com­ mon culture and particular individual and collective identities. Whatsmore, a methodological approach in the study of the role of aristocratic women in cross­cultural interaction of late medieval and early modern period in the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean based on prosopography studies, gender studies, network and visual culture studies could contribute significantly not only to our increased knowledge of female founders in Byzantium and beyond but also to a new perspective on the general nature of visual culture of this period, what is known today in historiography as Post­Byzantine art. Instead of perceiving it as mostly self­referential traditionalism keeping the cinders of the past alive for their own sake, it appears that from the above mentioned perspective we could better perceive the power and creative life of imagery and visual culture in general in this period as an essential element of an awareness of living in the present and looking towards a (eschatological) future.

This document contains a list of travelers and the relevant accounts, painstakingly composed while researching Habsburg-Ottoman diplomatic relations. It is presented without any guarantee on completeness. On the other hand, it might contain some value, since it digs up some previously unknown or lesser known travel accounts.

The attempt to import cattle from the Principality of Moldavia to Florence was due to the initiative of the merchant Domenico Amoroso, brother of Costantino Amoroso, captain of a galley of the fleet of the Duke of Florence Cosimo I de’ Medici and his man of trust in the Sixties of the sixteenth century. Domenico Amoroso was one of the Italian merchants often present in Constantinople and in the Romanian principalities, as an agent of Levantine merchants subjected to Ottoman’s rule, and most likely of some of the Venetians engaged in mercantile trade in Central and Eastern Europe in the second half of the sixteenth century. Since 1560–1561, at the end of successive journeys in Wallachia and Moldavia, Domenico Amoroso had understood that the profitability of merchant traffic with raw materials and beef cattle, goods available in relevant quantities in the Romanian lands, could be exploited to start a self-employment activity and supply the Florentine market, where there was certainly a particularly important clientele, the most reliable and safe one. Thus, in the summer of 1564, relying on the influence of his brother Costantino Amoroso near the Duke of Florence, Domenico Amoroso asked Cosimo I de’ Medici for a ducal letter addressed to the prince of Moldavia to allow a quick start of the mercantile trades that were to supply the Tuscan city market with goods that usually arrived in Venice. But, on behalf of the authorities of the Serenissima, the Venetian merchants conducted close negotiations with the correspondent of Prince Alexander Lăpuşneanu, obtaining the opportunity to purchase the availability of goods from Moldavia, anticipating Domenico Amoroso and nullifying his plan to start a flow of imports in Florence of raw materials and cattle coming from the Romanian principality. Domenico Amoroso did not cease his trading at the service of the Levantine and Venetian merchants, and between sixteenth and seventeenth centuries one of his relatives, Battista Amoroso, lived in Moldova, as a respected and wealthy merchant involved in trades between Venice and Central and Eastern Europe.

Les Morlaques de Justine W ynne Rosenberg-O rsini.
Le prélude à la fascination rom antique par le m onde des Slaves du Sud
et l’influence de Jean-Jacques Rousseau
[résumé]
En analysant l’importance de l’héritage littéraire et philosophique de Rousseau, certains chercheurs soulignent que ce philosophe a directement participé à la discussion autour de la « cartographie culturelle » de l’Europe. Cette influence intermé­diaire de Rousseau sur l’image des certains peuples de l’Europe, souvent négligée,
est digne d’une analyse approfondie. La présentation proposée tente de soulever ce problème, en s’appuyant sur l’exemple d’un roman francophone intitulé Les Morlaques. Ce roman, écrit par une aristocrate vénitienne, Justine Wynne Rosenberg Orsini et publié en 1788, est considéré par les chercheurs comme un prélude de la
fascination par les Slaves du Sud, qui a gagné l’Europe à l’époque de Romantisme.
Mots clés : Les Morlaques, Rousseau, Balkans, Slaves du Sud
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Les Morlaques by Justine W ynne Rosenberg-Orsini.
The prelude to the romantic fascination with the world of the South Slavs
and the influence o f Jean-Jacques Rousseau
[summary]
The article attempts to raise the issue of the intermediate influence of Rousseau on the image of South Slavs on the example of a French speaking novel Les Morlaques, which was inspired by his work. This novel, written by a Venetian aristocrat, Justine Wynne Rosenberg-Orsini and published in 1788 in Venice and Modena, is considered
by researchers as a préludé to the fascination with the world of the South Slavs, which broke out in Europe in time of Romanticism. The article shows, that the novel Les Morlaques is certainly one of the works inspired by New Heloise (the descriptions of nature and life of the higlanders), and especially by Discourse on the Origin and Basis of lnequality Among Men, because of which the history of the
South Slavs described in Les Morlaques could be put out of the axis of the development of mankind and placed in an utopian perspective.
Key-words: Les Morlaques, Rousseau, Balkans, South Slavs

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Powieść Les Morlaques.... autorstwa Justine Wynne Rosenberg-Orsini.
Preludium romantycznej fascynacji światem Słowian Południowych
i wpływ Jana Jakuba Rousseau
[streszczenie]
Celem artykułu jest przebadanie problemu pośredniego wpływu twórczości Jana Jakuba Rousseau na obraz Słowian Południowych przedstawiony we francuskojęzycznej powieści Les Morlaques autorstwa weneckiej arystokratki, Justine Wynne Rosenberg-Orsini. Owo dzieło, opublikowane w 1788 r. w Wenecji i Modenie jest
uznawane przez badaczy za preludium fascynacji światem Słowian Południowych, która wybuchła w dobie Romantyzmu w Europe. Artykuł stara się wykazać, ze powieść Les Morlaques jest w dużym stopniu zainspirowana Nową Heloizą (szczególniew warstwie opisów natury i życia codziennego górali), a także Rozprawą o pochodzeniu
i podstawach nierówności między ludźmi, dzięki której historia Słowian
Południowych opisana w Les Morlaques mogła być wykluczona z perspektywy osi ludzkiego postępu i przedstawiona w perspektywie utopijnej.
Słowa kluczowe: Les Morlaques, Rousseau, Bałkany, Słowianie Południowi

Here is a preview. A hard or PDF copy of the book is available from the Aracne online store, at the price, respectively, of Euro 28.00 and 16.80. See:

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--- The book has as its objective the analysis of the multiple relations between the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Transylvanian Principality for more than a century and a half (1540-1699). Past the time when the city of Florence had tied close relations with the Kingdom of Hungary, during the sixteenth century some Italians reached the Principality of Transylvania, continuing to maintain relations with Tuscany. The golden era in the history of these relations arises at the end of the century, when the Genga brothers, in the early stages of the Long War (1593-1596), played a major role, ensuring diplomatic relations at least among three courts: Medicean, Transylvanian and Pontifical.

Öz: Osmanlı Rumeli coğrafyasının geniş bir izdüşümü niteliğinde olan vasal devletler, Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı kimi iktisadi ve askeri sorumluluklara sahiplerdi. Bu askeri yükümlülüklerden şüphesiz ki en önemlisini, Osmanlı seferlerine nefer ile katkı sağlamak teşkil ediyordu. İncelemeye tabi tuttuğumuz, Krakow Jagiellon Kütüphanesi’nde yer alan ve modern araştırmalarda büyük ölçüde ihmal edilmiş mevcut eser, bu olgunun 1663 yılında Köprülü Fazıl Ahmet Paşa’nın Avusturya Habsburgları’na karşı düzenlediği seferdeki yansımasını ele almaktadır. Habsburg hizmetine çalışan Andrea Höltzel isimli zatın Osmanlı ordusuna dair gözlemleri üzerine oluşturmuş olduğu bu el yazması, Eflak ve Boğdan Beylikleri ile Tatar Hanlığı’nın Uyvar’ı kuşatmakta olan Osmanlı ordusuna intikallerini ayrıntılı olarak işlemektedir. Transkripsiyonu ve tercümesi ile birlikte verilecek olan ilgili kısımlar, ayrıca Osmanlı ordusunun genel terkibine dair bilgi edinmemize de yardımcı olmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı Ordusu, Habsburglar, Uyvar, Askeri
Tarih, İstihbarat, Kırım Hanlığı, Tatarlar, Eflak-Boğdan.

PARTICIPATION OF OTTOMAN BALKAN VASSAL TROOPS TO THE SIEGE OF NEUHÄUSEL IN ANDREA HÖLTZEL’S RELATIONE (1664)
Abstract: The Ottoman vassal states, which can be regarded as a rather general projection of the Ottoman Rumeli, bore certain economic and military responsibilities vis-a-vis the administration in Istanbul. The most important of these military accountabilities
was doubtlessly the obligation to contribute to Ottoman campaigns with their troops. The manuscript hereby subjected to examination is a relatively neglected report, preserved in the Jagiellon Library in Cracow. It gives a snapshot of this phenomenon as it was
reflected in Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha’s campaign against the Austrian Habsburgs in 1663. The author of the work, a certain Andrea Höltzel - working in service of the Habsburgs - makes a detailed observation of the arrival of Wallachian, Moldavian and
Crimean Tatar troops at the Ottoman camp that was set up to besiege Neuhausel. The related excerpts from the manuscript, which are presented with their transcription and Turkish translation, also provide information related to the composition of the Ottoman army in general.

Keywords: Ottoman army, the Habsburgs, Neuhausel, Military
intelligence, Military history, Crimean Khanate, Tatars, Walachia, Moldavia

Key words: The Möbius loop, Hinterwelt, Genius loci Scholae Provincialis Portensis, Nietzsche, Glagolitic, Cyrillic, the Petrinian reform, Lenin´s cultural revolution, the collapse of metaphysics in Slavonic writing

Both August Möbius (1790–1868) and Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) attended Pforta Abbey´s Landesschule. Whereas Möbius as a mathematician discovered a non-orientable two-dimensional surface, the so-called Möbius strip or loop, i.e. a surface with only one side and one boundary, Nietzsche tried to overcome the so-called Hinterwelt, the metaphysical realm beyond the physical one or the other side of being. Just as the Eleatic sphere symbolised the idea of the unity and the unchangeability of all being, just as the invisible hand reflected Scottish deism, just as dodecaphony underscored musically the Vienna Circle´s logical positvism, so the Nietzschean overcoming of the beyond along with the eternal recurrence of the same can be depicted by the Möbius loop.

In this context we might also regard the Moebius loop as a figure eventuating from the collapse of ontological systems. If the functioning of ontological and vital systems is characterised by a tension between two poles (the earthly and the other world, the life of this world and of the world to come, the above and the below, the masculine and the feminine principle, the temporal and the spiritual power, physics and metaphysics), it follows that, as a consequence of the annihilation of this vital tension and of the abolition of the difference between two opposing principles –  as a result of a short-circuit as it were –,  life is vanishing and death is occurring. Just such a process may be observed in the development of Slavonic writing.

This article attempts to illustrate the cultural and historical significance of the graphematic changes of the more than thousand-year-old Slavonic writing. Emphasis lies on its development from the Petrinian reform up to the Leninist cultural revolution. With its revolutionary aspects, the transformation of the Slavonic script conveys a profound philosophical connotation. It reflects a process of secularisation depriving the script of its metaphysical symbolism.

Slavonic writing historically departs from the glagolitsa developed by St. Cyril of Thessaloniki (ca. 826/27-869) in the 9th c. Into this alphabet designed for missionary purposes among the Slavs he introduced letters fraught with Christian religious symbolism: the Slavonic az (i. e. Cyril´s substitute for alpha) was depicted by the sign of a cross, the letters i (the first letter in the name “Isous” for Jesus) and slovo (i.e. word – “In the beginning was the Word”, invented as a substitute for sigma) were depicted by a combination of a circle, the symbol of eternity, and a triangle, the symbol of the Trinity.

In a further step, the cyrilitsa ascribed to St. Clement of Ohrid (ca. 840 – 916) contained the extended diacritic titlo ( ҃ ) symbol to mark the nomina sacra, e.g. the titlo crowning the word angel (’άгг҃лъ) served to distinguish the angel of the heavenly realm from the fallen angel (’άгглъ). The Cyrillic alphabet, a.k.a. azbuka, was made up of letters conveying the connection of literacy and the Gospel.

As part of Peter the Great´s efforts to modernise Russia by Europeanising his realm in all aspects of life the Cyrillic script was to resemble Latin alphabets current in Western Europe in the early 18th c. The new script introduced by decree in 1708 became known as the civil or Amsterdam script (grazhdansky shrift or amsterdamskaya azbuka). Aiming at Latin simplicity, the Petrinian reform stripped the cyrilitsa of its medieval calligraphic ornaments and its religious connotations. The Slavonic ideographic names were replaced by phonetic initials, i.e. the azbuka was transformed into the abevega. The titla were eliminated.

Right after the Bolshevik Revolution, Dec. 23, 1917 (Jan. 5, 1918) Anatoly Lunacharsky, the first People´s Commissar of Enlightenment, proclaimed the “Decree on the Introduction of a New Orthography”. The reform intended to promote rapid alphabetisation on the one hand and to break with pre-revolutionary culture, in particular with religious traditions, on the other. The elemination of the “superfluous” letters prefigurated the liquidation of the “parasitic” classes. The Bolshevik reform deprived the Tsarist alphabet of the remaining Greek letters (such as theta (ѳ)). By removing the Slavonic letters yat (ѣ), the final yer (ъ) and the decimal i (і desyaterichnoe) as well as distinctive female personal pronouns and adjective endings the reform deprived the Russian language of precision in expression. Simplification brought about a reduction of semantic clarity.

The most striking example of this reduction is found in the merger of world and peace in mir. In traditional eschatology the identity of world and peace was to be expected only at the end of times. In an chiliastic effort  Bolshevism intended to realise the kingdom to come in the revolutionary present. Not by chance the Leninist language reform reflects this turn from traditional metaphysics to secular religion. The Möbius loop had locked.

reziume

sakvanZo sityvebi: mobiusis maryuJi, nicSe, leninis kulturuli revolucia,
metafizikis kolafsi slavur mwerlobaSi.

orive august mobiusi (1790-1868) da fridrix nicSe (1844-1900) daeswro
„Pforta Abbey’s Landesschule“-s. maSin roca mobiusma, rogorc maTematikosma
aRmoaCina araorientirebuli organzomilebiani zedapiri, e.w. mobiusis
zolebi, magaliTad, zedapiri mxolod erT mxariT da erTi sazRvriT,
nicSe cdilobda daZleva e.w. Hinterwelt – metafizikuri sfero yofnis
erTi an meore fizikuri mxariss miRma. iseve, rogorc eleatikur (Eleatic)
sfero yvela arsebis erTianobisa da ucvlelobis ideas simbolo iyo.
am konteqstSi, Cven SeiZleba aseve miviCnioT mobiusis maryuJi, rogorc
figura, romelic warmoiqmneba ontologiuri sistemebis kolafsis
Sedegad. Tu ontologiuri da sasicocxlo sistemebis funqcionirebas
axasiaTebs daZabuloba or poluss Soris (am samyaros cxovreba da im
samyarosi, zemoT da qvemoT, mamakacuri da qaluri principi, droebiTi
da sulieri Zala, fizika da metafizika), aqedan gamomdinare, am vitaluri
daZabulobis ganadgurebis Sedegad da or sapirispiro princips Soris
arsebuli gansxvavebis gauqmebis Semdeg, sicocxle qreba da sikvdili
ibadeba. zustad amgvari procesi SeiZleba iyos dafiqsirebuli slavur
mwerlobaSi.
statia cdilobs asaxos kulturuli da istoriuli mniSvnelobis
grafematuli cvlilebebi aTasze meti wlis slavuri mwerlobisa. aqcenti
keTdeba mis ganviTarebis petrinianuli reformidan leninur kulturul
revoluciamde. revoluciuri aspeqtebiT slavuri damwerlobis
transformacia gadmoscems Rrma filosofiur konotacias. igi asaxavs
sekularizaciis process, romelic xelnawers metafizikur simbolizms
arTmevs.

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The article deals with the uprisings in Herzegovina and Bosnia in 1875 and their appropriation by Serbian nationalists (which continues to this day). Since the uprisings opened an important chapter in Europe's past and had a significant impact on the course of history, the author believes it merits far more attention than has been accorded to this topic in recent decades. More or less the only exception are the works of Serbian scholars, who treat both uprisings-wrongly-as Serbian. Methodological Piedmontism is the naturalisation of the ideological assumption that nothing can come out or arise among the Serbian people unless it comes from their "Piedmont." The scholars who assume this conflate Serbian national interests with the purpose of writing history. Thus, in their works, methodological Piedmontism reflects and reinforces their identification with Serbian (religious) exclusivism.

""Ανάτυπο από τον δεύτερο τόμο της επιστημονικής επετηρίδας ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ του Κέντρου Ιστορίας Θεσσαλονίκης, Δήμος Θεσσαλονίκης, 1990.

PREMIERES INFORMATIONS HISTORIQUES CONCERNANT LA LIAISON FERROVIAIRE THESSALONIKI-MONASTIR A LA FIN DU XIXe SIECLE.

FIRST HISTORICAL INFORMATIONS ON THE RAILWAY CONNECTION SALONIKA (THESSALONIKI) - MONASTIR (BITOLA) AT THE END OF 19th CENTURY.""

One of the most sublimed regions with the warfare and relatively stronger and bigger battles
fought, the Balkan in itself has been the mighty place for the ones who wished to seal their fate
and rule the world with a glowing face with nowhere to outshine others. The battles and fights
for sustenance since Mesolithic and Neo-lithic age have been descriptive as well as inhabit the
powerful structure and the blood of the Balkans which has brought the leaders to who they are
today. The paper dates back in time about the history of the region and the development it has
been building with its connection to seas and land and the reason for the regular action for the
region. The paper talks about the various battles and wars fought on the land along with the
reasons for the same. The paper tries to find out the quintessential purpose for the rulers and
warriors all around the world to come up and fight for their place in the region. The paper
subtly questions the role of the modern-day leaders who have known the history yet have been
known for their inaction to save and secure peace in the region. The paper also finds out the
ways with which the region can reach to peace and truce for a longer time and how the time has
come to move ahead from the conventional truces to making the subjective and underlying
conditions which will prevail in ensuring peace around the land. The paper concludes with a
sign of optimism to change the course of action for the region as well as create an acceptability
amongst themselves for their own survival as well as unity to prevent the loss of their cultural
aura.

В Учредителното народно събрание вземат участие 230 български "нотабили", които по решенията на Берлинския договор трябва да изработят основния закон на страната. Историографския интерес към тази тема е дългосрочен, но обикновено се концентрира върху източниците на конституционния текст, дискусиите около националния въпрос, сблъсъка между либерали и консерватори, влиянието на Великите сили и др.

Starting from an investigation of the reinvention, the functions and the adaptations of the 'normative image' of the ancient putto in the Renaissance, this conference questions the multiform transmigration, variation, adaptation and use of images of children in early modern Europe. Whether as chubby cherubs, playful toddlers or suffering infants, children have in fact pervaded our visual cultures since antiquity. Instilled with intrinsic emotional connotations and a distinctive aesthetic ambiguity, images of children possess diachronic, transcultural and anthropological relevance. However, Christianity's attachment to a divine child has catalyzed the reception and visual dissemination of images of children in various forms: little angels, Infants Jesus and St. John the Baptist, the Holy Innocents, child saints, children in limbo, etc.

Annotated bibliography of studies on Croatian early modern history (16th-18th centuries). Article consists of following sections: Introduction ; Bibliographies ; Historiographies ; Historical Guides (General Syntheses, Regional Syntheses-Istria, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Croatia-Slavonia) ; Data Resources ; Journals ; Legal, Administrative, and Institutional history (Syntheses and Research Monographs, Auxiliary Works) ; War, State, and Society (Research Studies and Monographs, Synthetic Studies, Conference Papers) ; Society (Social Revolts, Social Banditry) ; Economy and Society (Syntheses, Thematic and Regional Studies) ; Religion and Society (Inter-action of Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant and Muslim Faiths, Religious Orders) ; Cultural History (Traditional and New Cultural History, Intellectual history, History of Ideas, Imagology, Iconography, History of Art) ; History of Early Modern (Comparative) Literature ; Nobility (Nobility in Croatia and Slavonia, Patricians of Istria, Dalmatia and Dubrovnik) ; Everyday Life ; Demography, migrations, family structures ; Cities (Urban History of Early Modern Croatia, Zagreb and Continental Cities, Coastal Cities-Communes) ; Cartography (Studies in Early Modern Cartography, Early Modern Maps and Cartographic Production) ; Environmental History and Human Geography ; Croatia in Wider Regional Context.