Early Medieval Period

Kniha byla vydána roku 1989 v Praze  / The book was published in 1989 in Prague.

Drazí kolegové, tato kniha je umístěna kvůli jejímu  mimořádnému významu při porozumění archeologii Čech a její špatné dostupnosti zahraničním vědcům a studentům. Naléhavě Vás prosíme, abyste respektovali autorská práva autora a vydavatele. Děkujeme --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear colleagues, this book is placed because of its importance in understanding the archaeology of Bohemia and its poor availability to foreign scientists and students. We urge you to respect the copyrights of author and publishers. Thank you

This paper seeks to provide a new contribution to the debates on Viking Age women by focusing on a rather controversial notion of ‘female warriors’. The core of the article comprises a preliminary survey of archaeological evidence for female graves with weapons (axes, spears, swords and arrowheads) from Viking Age Scandinavia. Attention is focused not only on the types of weapons deposited with the deceased, but first and foremost on the meanings which similar practices may have had for the past societies. The author discusses why, where and how the weapons were placed in female graves and attempts to trace some patterns in this unusual funerary behaviour. In addition to exploring the funerary evidence, the iconographic representations of what could be regarded as ‘female warriors’ are also briefly considered. Lastly, a few remarks are also made on the notion of armed women in the textual sources.

Studie byla publikovaná v knize ,,Svatováclavský sborník" na památku 1000. výročí smrti knížete Václava Svatého. (Svazek 1:  Kníže Václav Svatý a jeho doba) vydané roku 1934 v Praze / Der Artikel wurde im Buch „Svatováclavský sborník“ publiziert, das im Jahre 1934 in Prag zum Gedächtnis des 1000. Jubiläums des Tods von Hl. Wenceslaus (Band 1: Fürst Hl. Wenceslaus und seine Zeit) herausgegeben wurde.

Spinning and weaving were, in Viking Age Scandinavian societies, exclusively the domain of women. Woven in weaving huts (dyngja), textile production was associated with female embodiment, with beliefs about sorcery, fate, death, fertility and reproduction, while male involvement often resulted in allegations of homosexuality or death. Based on current research looking at gender and cloth in Viking and medieval Iceland new ideas have come to light regarding these age-old associations of female embodiment and the eventual transformation of cloth into a form of legal currency in the 12th century.

Muzej je po karakteru i teritorijalnom određenju kompleksni Cetinske regionalni llluzej. Osnovtlll je 7. srpnja 1956. godine k . . s prvim naziVOlIl Gradski mllzej . Sillj. Iz tog nje-raJlne govog plrog llaziva proizlazilo mu je pravo cljelovanja, dakle samo Ila području grada Sinja. U praksi se, medutim, njegova djelatIlost odvijala na mllogo širem prostoru i pokrivala je podnlčje cijele tadašnje silljske opĆine. Samim tim javila se i potreba za promjenom njegova lUIziva što je illčinjeno 1963. godine, od kada IlOsi /laziv Mllzej Cetillske krajine· Sillj. Iz/ošci u MuzejU kronološkim slijedom predstavljaju ukupnu povijest Cetinske krao jine, a osobitu vlijednost ovog Muzeja čini značajna ko/ekcija od nekoliko stotina arheoloških predmeta pronacIenih 11 koritu rijeke Cetine. Druge muzejske zbirke jesu petrografska, etnografska i kul· !lImo-povijesna zbirka, te galerija umjetnina koja kolekcionira iskljUČiVO ostvarenja cetinskih Ilmjetnika. Zbog nedostatka izložbenog prostora II ncijnovijoj muzejskoj postavi predstavljene Sll tek dvije: arheološka zbirka i galerija umjetnina. Danas je Muzej Cetinske krajine županijska ustanova tl kultu li II saslavu kojega djeluje i galerija Adam (prostor za povremene izložbe) u Istarskoj ulici u Sinju, te lllanja specijalizirana biblioteka. Za posjetitelje Muzej je otvorelI svaki da/Z od 9-12 sati. Nedjeljom i praznikom je zatvoren. Tzv. Ašik soba, perzijski rad, 19, st.

Medieval Islamic was indicated generally as a period of darkness for the world of Islamic civilization. But in terms of literacy, this paper finds that this century still leaves some works of Islamic literature is quite diverse, although the works were dominated by works of literature that are comments or super comments.
There are several factors that led to the Islamic world's stagnating intellectualism. The Factors explained in this paper are only a true internal that comes from Muslims themselves. There is still external factors make Islamic intellectualism during the medieval times is experiencing a remarkable decline, for example, the slaughter and burning of libraries by the Mongols for the first time when they beat the Abbasid rule or a factor of European empire that continues to undermine the rule of Islam, mainly in the 14th and 15th centuries.

Potaknut istraživanjima u novijoj literaturi (M. Matijević Sokol, N. Budak), autor na primjeru sinodalnih spisa splitskih crkvenih sabora 10. stoljeća istražuje tekstualni odnos kronike Historia Salonitana autora Tome Arhiđakona (13. stoljeće) s kolektanejem Historia Salonitana Maior nepoznatog sastavljača (vjerojatno 16. stoljeće), kao i obilježja tog odnosa. Analizom sinodalnih akata u konfrontaciji s Arhiđakonovom kronikom, autor zaključuje da je splitski pisac raspolagao bogatim tekstualnim materijalom o splitskim sinodama, vjerojatno cjelokupnim skupom izvora o njima, kakav je tradiran u Historia Salonitana Maior.

What do a rnonastery and an airplane have in cornrnon? Both are closed cornmunities; rhere is no way out (at !east after the plane has started). Both are regulaced by rules different from those followed in the world outside. In both cases there is a clear sense of hierarchy and a common goal. Entering a monastery should bring us doser to paradise; a plane should bring us to sorne sort of holiday paradise (if not, we end up at a conference). There are, however, also sorne differences: a plane trip usually cakes a couple of hours, which makes bearable the rules imposed on us, the enforced asceticism, and the spatial limitations (which, of course, depend on the airline). Entering a monastery means committing oneself to living a restricted !ife in a closed communiry for the rest of one's earthly existence, and this individual commitment is only a short episode in the long !ife of an instirution thar is organized and endowed with the purpose of existing un til the end of time 1 • The sociologist Airlie Hochschild uses the example of flight attendanrs ro exemplify her mode! of whac she calls ,emotion work" and ,emotion management". Insread of assuming thar destructive emotions and their ourward expression simply have ro be suppressed, she investigates how in many work-spheres positive feelings are shaped by a conscious and strictly regulated ourward acting. For Hochschild, the relation berween feeling and acting is not a one-way road. Certain behavior-imposed and self-imposed-evokes feelings, nor only on chose within one's surrounding, but also within the one who aces. Flight attendants are trained to smile in orcier to shape ·a pleasanr atmosphere and to create happiness, which eventually affects themselves and brings them into a stace of happiness, which !ases as long as the specifie constellation, but inevitably creates painful tensions berween the artificial yet 1 This article is basd on a profound revision of an essay published several years ago: Albrecht DIEM, Van liefde, vrees en zwijgen. Emoties en ,emotioneel beleid' in vroegmiddeleeuwse kloosters. Groniek. Historisch Tijdschrift 173 (2006) 409-423; many ideas broughr forward in this ,,try our" needed to be modified and refined. -The following abbreviations will be used: RBen = Regula Benedicri, ed. Jean NEUPVILLE-Adalbert DE VoGÜÉ (SC 181-182, Paris 1971); RCaeV = Caesarius of Arles, Regula ad virgines, ed. Adalbert DE VoGÜÉ-Joël CouRREAu (SC 345, Paris 1988) 170-272; RMag = Regula Magistri, ed. Adalbert DE VoGüÉ (SC 105-106, Paris 1965}; Rcui =Regula cuiusdam ad virgines (also called Regula Waldeberci), ed. Jacques-Paul MIGNE (PL 88, Paris 1862) 1051-1070; quotations from tbe Rcui are based on a forthcoming new edition. 1 would like to thank Barbara Rosenwcin for her commems and suggestions and for allowing me to work with her forrhcoming article on ,Problems and Methods in the History of Emotions", and William Roberts for in: Christina Lutter (ed.), Funktionsräume, Wahrnehmungsräume, Gefühlsräume. Mittelalterliche Lebensformen zwischen Kloster und Hof, Vienna/Munich: Böhlau/ Oldenbourg 2011, pp. 17-39.

Analysis of the Columbanus' monastic rules and the four 'Columbanian' monastic rules written after his death: the Regula Donati, the Regula cuiusdam ad virgines, the Regula cuiusdam patris and the fragment De accedendo ad deum. All four texts express different, and to a certain extent contentious claims on Columbanus' heritage and develop their own distinct monastic program. The Regula cuiusdam patris should be read as a voice of dissent against the path Columbanian monasticism took and might be related to the circle around the monk Agrestius. The Regula cuiusdam ad virgines was most likely written by Jonas of Bobbio, the author of the Vita Columbani. The fragment De accedendo ad deum may have been a lost chapter of the Regula cuiusdam ad virgines. As a reflection on the connection between prayer and ascetic achievements De accedendo can be read as a key text on Columbanian monastic theology.

Kniha byla vydána roku 1977 v Praze /The book was published in 1977 in Prague.

Drazí kolegové, tato kniha je umístěna kvůli jejímu  mimořádnému významu při porozumění archeologii Čech a její špatné dostupnosti zahraničním vědcům a studentům. Naléhavě Vás prosíme, abyste respektovali autorská práva autora a vydavatele. Děkujeme --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear colleagues, this book is placed because of its importance in understanding the archaeology of Bohemia and its poor availability to foreign scientists and students. We urge you to respect the copyrights of author and publishers. Thank you

Medieval and modern ceramic in north-western Slovakia. This article summarizes the results of my thesis as well as reflects some new facts from my doctoral work. The main goal was to create the evolutional schemes of pottery from cities, castles, bulwarks, manors and similar fortified high-placed locations of north-western Slovakia. Tiles and pipes, as part of potter’s production, are included too. The whole described collection dates back to a relatively long time period, from the High Middle Ages to the end of the Early Modern Age (13th – 18th centuries). The secondary aims include the relations of pottery production to the neighbour-ing areas (south-western Slovakia, both Silesias, north-eastern Moravia, and Lesser Poland), the creation of ceramic-material classes of pottery and the percentage and typological comparison of ceramics from cities, castles and fortified high-placed locations
Key words: North-western Slovakia, Late Middle Ages to Early Modern  Age, ceramic, city, castle, bulwark

La obra Kitáb a!-'lbar del gran historiador árabe del siglo XIV, de origen andalusí, Ibn Jaldún; el cual describe al fundador del movimiento almohade como «un jurista versado en la ciencia, que daba consejos y practicaba la enseñanza». Mientras que, desde el punto de vista externo, ofrece este sobrio retrato del fundador almohade: «Llevaba un vestido de lana remendada, se dedicaba con frecuencia a ejercicios ascéticos y a prácticas piadosas».

For at least three hundred years the linear earthwork now known as the Bedwyn Dyke was held to be a part of the Wansdyke system. It was not until 1960 that the Wansdyke was finally established by Fox and Fox as terminating at New Buildings to the west of Savernake Forest. From this point forward the nature of the Bedwyn Dyke was divorced from studies relating the Wansdyke. Since this time the Bedwyn Dyke has been mentioned only in relation to the study of other features in the area and no critical reassessment has been carried out. This paper charts the historiography of the east end of Wansdyke to examine how the concept of an extended Wansdyke frontier became established and was perpetuated for so long.

Treasure spaces in Beowulf serve as structural and thematic touchstones for Beowulf's fights with the Grendelkin and the dragon, and the locations of these fights-the mere, the barrow, and Heorot-are linked within the poem by their shared tomb-like structure and precious internal content. These three central locations are framed by two other treasure spaces in the poem-Scyld's ship burial and Beowulf's burial-at the beginning and end respectively, which also mirror the fight locations in structure and contents. Examined together, the parallels between these five enclosures create striking connections between their occupants: the Grendelkin, the dragon, Hrothgar, Scyld, and ultimately Beowulf. These parallels also attest thematically to the poem's overarching discussion on the transitory nature of material wealth, creating a network of associations between the spaces and their inhabitants. This framework complicates the veneration of the human heroes and demonstrates that the accumulation of earthly goods is ultimately as useless to a hero as to a monster.

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This study provides the first evidence for the extraction of lead in the later early medieval period in Lancashire, in the North West of England. Archaeological evidence for human activity in the region during the later medieval period is modest, although the material culture that is known supports the historic accounts of settlement by people of Scandinavian origin, which is reinforced by studies of place names and local dialect. Investigation of two upland sites in the western Pennines, on Anglezarke and Rivington moors, indicates that lead was being extracted in the period c.680-1000 cal.AD, most likely from known veins at Lead Mines Clough. The emergence of extractive activity coincides with contact with the Norse who are known from both historic and archaeological evidence to have been present in Lancashire during the later early medieval period.

KEYWORDS
EARLY MEDIEVAL, LEAD, MINING, MINERAL EXTRACTION, MAGNETIC MEASUREMENT, SATURATION ISOTHERMAL REMANENT MAGNETISATION ASSAY, HEAVY METAL (LEAD) ASSAY, METALLURGY, UPLAND, PEAT, LANCASHIRE, ARCHAEOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGICAL METHOD, NORSE ARCHAEOLOGY

The medieval period is a long period and it is divided into three lesser periods which are the Anglo-Saxon period, the Anglo-Norman period, and the Middle English period. In the following, these periods will be commented on with a focus on historical, cultural, political, economic, and social changes. The literature of each period will be discussed and important authors, their works, dominant genres, and examples will be given.

Beginning of Late-Hillfort-Period Cemeteries in South Moravia. Article deals with the chronological analysis of the early medieval cemeteries in Dolní Věstonice, Holubice, Prušánky 2 and Diváky. Their Late-Hillfort phase (which brings the transformation of the burial rite nad material culture) beginns in the 1st quarter of the 11th century.

In his well-known monograph: Hrvati i Srbi – dva stara različita naroda, (The Croats and the Serbs – Two Old and Distinct Peoples) D. Mandić summarizes a comparative exposition of Croatian and Serbian history with the clear intent to demonstrate the distinct and separate development of these two peoples. In his work, among other argumentation, Mandić also touches upon the question of the Christianisation of the Croats, that is, their earliest attachment to the Roman Church. In his monograph, as well as in other studies, Mandić puts emphasis on Croatia’s orientation towards the “Western Cultural World,” adopting the traditional explanation of the circumstances of Croatia’s conversion to Christianity, and the formulation of  the Church structure, rejecting, at the same time, the so-called “Frankish thesis” as to how and when the Croats  adopted Christianity. The purpose of this paper is to examine Mandić’s vision of the problem of the Christianisation of the Croats, primarily in the light of his endeavour to confirm the historical and cultural differences as regards the development of the Croats and the Serbs as two distinct peoples. The problem with Mandić’s methodology in questioning the argumentation in favour of the so-called “Frankish thesis” is examined more closely, for example, in his critique of the hagiographic legend: Acta S. Ursii. Cautioning about the weaknesses in Mandić’s argumentation, the author of this paper suggests the importance of reading Mandić’s thesis primarily within the framework of the commonly accepted “social knowledge,” that is, within the concurrent “historiographical discourse” On the other hand, by situating Mandić’s incursion into the history within the ideological tensions and political circumstances in the decades following the Second World War, one recognises the necessity to pay attention to the impact of a series of interrelationships that shaped the accepted “master narrative” about Croatia’s early history. The attempt to place Mandić and his works within a historical context could be the key to the understanding not only of his writings, but also of the history of his reception among his readers in the second half of the 20th century.

IJzerkuilen waaruit klapperstenen werden gedolven en slakkenhopen waar het afval werd gedumpt: op de Veluwe liggen nog steeds de zichtbare resten die het verhaal vertellen van de grootschalige vroegmiddeleeuwse ijzerproductie. Een verhaal dat in de vorige eeuw uitgebreid is geschreven. En dat door nieuwe gegevens uit de afgelopen jaren aan herziening toe is. 2 Klapperstenen en ijzerkuilen Bij de grootschalige ijzerproductie op de Veluwe is gebruik gemaakt van klapperstenen als ijzererts. Deze stenen bestaan uit schalen van ijzerhydroxide rond een kern van leem of sideriet. Doordat de kern bij drogen soms krimpt en los komt te zitten, hoor je bij schudden een rammelend of klapperend geluid. Maar meestal zijn de roestige stenen gebroken en vind je stukken van de harde, massieve schaal. De vorming en ligging in de bodem van klapperstenen is nog niet helemaal begrepen, ook omdat er weinig onderzoek naar gedaan is. Over de vorming ervan zijn twee hoofdtheorieën. Volgens de ene theorie ontstaan klapperstenen door een chemische omzetting van siderietbollen; dat gebeurt van buiten naar binnen. 3 Volgens de andere ontstaan ze door afzetting van een ijzerrijke laag rond een kern van leem, van binnen naar buiten. 4 Het vinden van een eenduidige verklaring wordt bemoeilijkt door de verschillende verschijningsvormen van klapperstenen: als afgeronde stenen of als plaatvormige banen in leem of grind. 5

Enciclopedia de la Moneda Medieval Románica en los Reinos de León y Castilla (ss. VIII-XIV). Vol. I: Desde Pelayo (722) a Alfonso VII (1157); Vol. II: Desde Sancho III y Fernando II (1157) a Enrique I y Alfonso IX (1217-1230); y Vol. III: Desde Fernando III (1217-1230) a Alfonso XI (1350); Manuel Mozo Monroy editor, Madrid, octubre-diciembre, 2017.

'This is a superb ancient Viking braided silver bracelet / Oath-ring, dating to the 9th-10th century A.D. It is formed from rods of silver, twisted about each other in a ropework formation, the terminals welded, forming a double spiral decorative element. This type of double spiral can be found on other Viking silver bracelets from Gotland in Sweden see here. This example recovered during dredging work is intact, though parts of the original weld has failed due to the conditions of sediment and machinery, this has been repaired but sadly it is no longer suitable to be worn. This bracelet is a very rare museum grade example, classic Viking workmanship and presence. Such an item would have been a prize piece of jewellery, worn as an 'Oath-Ring', given by a Jarl to brave and worthy subject. The silver likely taken at some stage as booty in raids, used as form of currency in a barter system of exchange. The weight of this bracelet alone would have been the monetary equivalent of at least 42 silver pennies, when 1 penny would have bought you 15 chickens! A wonderful piece of iconic Viking jewellery for the serious collector.' So far for the salesman advertisement ! So.. it got in hands of the serious collector .. A bracelet / arm ring of this braided type I think was a one off chance to aquire for my collection.