EXPRESSED EMOTION

Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is therapist-intensive and prolonged making it less accessible to patients, particularly in resource-constrained situations. We examined the efficacy of a brief psychotherapeutic intervention as an adjunct to serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) in OCD. We randomized 64 adult OCD patients stabilized on SRIs to either the 6-session brief family-based intervention (BFBI; n = 30) that included psychoeducation, exposure and response prevention and family intervention or to a control arm of relaxation exercises (RE). Assessments were conducted at baseline and at 1- and 3- months post-intervention. Primary outcome measure was response to treatment defined as ≥ 35% reduction in the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale total score relative to baseline score plus a Clinical Global Impression- Improvement rating of very much improved or much improved. Family accommodation and expressed emotions were also assessed. At 3...

We discuss a user-centered approach to incorporating affective expressions in interactive applications, and argue for a design that addresses both body and mind. In particular, we have studied the problem of finding a set of affective gestures. Based on previous work in movement analysis and emotion theory [Davies, Laban and Lawrence, Russell], and a study of an actor expressing emotional states in body movements, we have identified three underlying dimensions of movements and emotions: shape, effort and valence. From these dimensions we have created a new affective interaction model, which we name the affective gestural plane model. We applied this model to the design of gestural affective input to a mobile service for affective messages.

Among adults, trait anger, patterns of anger expression, and stress have been associated with blood pressure (BP). Less apparent is the effect of these variables on BP in overweight and obese children. To characterize the relationships between these psychological variables and BP, the authors conducted a secondary analysis of data from 73 overweight and obese 9-to 11-year-old children. Findings indicate a positive correlation between trait anger and systolic BP (SBP). Regression results indicate that the overall model significantly predicted SBP by explaining 15.4% of the variance and that trait anger was a significant predictor of SBP.

PROBLEM:  Little research has been done with children to determine effects of using various patterns of anger expression on trait anger. The purpose was to examine differences in trait anger of children who indicated high, moderate, or low use of three patterns of anger expression. METHODS:  A convenience sample of 1,060 third through sixth graders completed trait anger and patterns of expressing anger instruments. FINDINGS:  High users of anger‐out (anger expressed outwardly) had the highest trait anger for every grade while high users of anger‐reflection/control had the lowest. CONCLUSIONS:  Anger‐reflection/control may be more effective than anger‐out in reducing trait anger in school‐age children.

This paper explores the impact of vibrotactile haptic feedback on heart activity when the feedback is provided at four different body locations (chest, wrist, neck, and ankle) and with two feedback rates (50 bpm and 110 bpm). A user study found that the neck placement resulted in higher heart rates and lower heart rate variability , and higher frequencies correlated with increased heart rates and decreased heart rate variability. The chest was preferred in self-reported metrics, and neck placement was perceived as less satisfying, harmonious, and immersive. This research contributes to understanding the interplay between psychological experiences and physiological responses when using haptic biofeedback resembling real body signals.

It is well documented that the processing of social and emotional information is impaired in people with autism. Recent studies have shown that individuals, particularly those with high functioning autism, can learn to cope with common social situations if they are made to enact possible scenarios they may encounter in real life during therapy. The main aim of this work is to describe an interactive life-like facial display (FACE) and a supporting therapeutic protocol that will enable us to verify if the system can help children with autism to learn, identify, interpret, and use emotional information and extend these skills in a socially appropriate, flexible, and adaptive context. The therapeutic setup consists of a specially equipped room in which the subject, under the supervision of a therapist, can interact with FACE. The android display and associated control system has automatic facial tracking, expression recognition, and eye tracking. The treatment scheme is based on a series of therapist-guided sessions in which a patient communicates with FACE through an interactive console. Preliminary data regarding the exposure to FACE of two children are reported.

Children with hearing loss, with early and appropriate amplification and intervention, demonstrate gains in speech, language, and literacy skills. Despite these improvements many children continue to exhibit disturbances in cognitive, behavioral, and emotional control, self-regulation, and aspects of executive function. Given the complexity of developmental learning, educational settings should provide services that foster the growth of skills across multiple dimensions. Transdisciplinary intervention services that target the domains of language, communication, psychosocial functioning, motor, and cognitive development can promote academic and social success. Educational programs must provide children with access to the full range of basic skills necessary for academic and social achievement. In addition to an integrated curriculum that nurtures speech, language, and literacy development, innovations in the areas of auditory perception, social emotional learning, motor development, and vestibular function can enhance student outcomes. Through ongoing evaluation and modification, clearly articulated curricular approaches can serve as a model for early intervention and special education programs. The purpose of this article is to propose an intervention model that combines best practices from a variety of disciplines that affect developmental outcomes for young children with hearing loss, along with specific strategies and approaches that may help to promote optimal development across domains. Access to typically developing peers who model age-appropriate skills in language and behavior, small class sizes, a co-teaching model, and a social constructivist perspective of teaching and learning, are among the key elements of the model.

As the number of children who survive chronic illness increases, so does the number of medically ill children who develop significant psychological sequelae from their illness . Multiple hospitalizations, effects on attachment, and traumatic medical procedures have all been cited as risk factors for the development of psychological problems . Another salient variable in understanding the ill child's psychological outcome is the role of family processes in preventing or enhancing the likelihood of psychopathology in medically ill children (Wamboldt and Wamboldt, 2000b). How the family copes with a child's medical illness may be most salient for how well the child copes. If the family is able to metabolize the stress of the illness, they may be more able to offer emotional support to the child, thus alleviating some of the child's potential distress. Likewise, parents may be able to offer the disciplinary structure needed for the child to continue in a normal trajectory for psychological development without being derailed by over-solicitous parenting. A major challenge for families with a medically ill child is to be able to acknowledge and deal with the negative feelings and resentments about the illness without the negative affects causing overt conflict with, or distancing from, the patient. Of course, conflict, criticism, and withdrawal may exist between parent and child for many reasons other than suppressed emotions surrounding a medical illness. In the case of preexisting parent-child difficulties, the stress of chronic illness may exacerbate the underlying conflicts. There are several threads of empirical evidence that demonstrate the parent-child conflict as being associated with the outcome of medical illnesses in children. In an asthma study, found that conflict between the children and their parents, as rated through chart notes, was a significant risk factor for death. have shown that an adolescent's rating of family conflict at the time of diabetes diagnosis is positively correlated with noncompliance 1 and 4 years later. In

Grandparents play a crucial role in child upbringing, particularly in cultures where extended families are the norm. In Nigeria, grandparents often serve as caregivers, disciplinarians, and sources of cultural and moral guidance. Their involvement can be both a blessing and a burden. On the positive side, they provide wisdom, emotional stability, and financial support, helping to shape a child's identity and values. However, excessive involvement can create overdependence, intergenerational conflicts, and challenges in parental authority. This paper examines the dual nature of grandparents' roles in child-rearing, exploring the psychological, social, and cultural dimensions. Using Attachment Theory, Family Systems Theory, and Social Learning Theory, the study analyzes the impact of grandparental influence on children's emotional development, discipline, and family relationships. The paper concludes by highlighting strategies for balancing grandparental involvement to promote harmonious family dynamics.

The study is a part of a prospective schizophrenia research project run in Krak6w. The general objective of the project is a long-time observation of people with schizophrenia, starting from the first episode through the years of living with the illness, the assessment of treatment results and predictors. The goal of this study was to investigate whether the level of expressed emotions in family at the onset of schizophrenia may have a prognostic value in regard to the further course of the illness. Four indicators of treatment results were observed: the number of relapses, the overall time of inpatient hospitalisations, the number of inpatient hospitalisations and the severity of psychopathological symptoms, all in 3, 7 and 12 years since first hospitalisations. Expressed emotions (EE) were assessed with Camberwell Family Interview (CFI), the severity of symptoms was assessed with BPRS-SA, the UCLA version. (1) The increase of the number of relapses in subsequent follow-ups was mor...

A gravidez envolve mudanças físicas, psicológicas e sociais na vida da mulher, quando associada ao risco elevase a sensibilidade emocional. A forma como a gestante vivenciará estas transformações impactam na relação mãebebê. O apego materno-fetal reflete a qualidade dessa relação durante a gestação, considerado como preditor de práticas de autocuidado materno na gravidez e pós-parto. Este estudo objetivou analisar os sentimentos maternos em gestantes de alto risco, especificamente, descrever o apego materno fetal em termos de apego cognitivo, afetivo e altruístico. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório de caráter qualitativo, do qual participaram 33 gestantes com idades entre 18 e 44 anos, de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos e escolaridade variada, internadas na ala de obstetrícia do Hospital Universitário de uma cidade da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de grupo interdisciplinar, com frequência semanal, realizado de agosto a outubro de 2018. Os resultados indicaram que a gestação de alto risco aliada à necessidade de hospitalização intensificou a sensibilidade emocional materna. Os exames realizados no período prénatal e a vivência dos movimentos fetais contribuíram para aceitação da gravidez e construção do apego materno-fetal, no entanto também ocorreu dificuldade de vínculo por diferença do sexo esperado para o bebê e características individuais das gestantes. As intervenções realizadas pela equipe interdisciplinar contribuíram para a promoção da saúde materno-infantil, ativando capacidade reflexiva das gestantes quanto às práticas de autocuidado, envolvendo também os aspectos emocionais.

The article described and illustrated how a culturally adapted cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) can maintain fidelity to a treatment protocol while allowing for considerable flexibility to address a patient's values, preferences, and context. A manual‐based CBT was used with a gay Latino adolescent regarding his sexual identity, family values, and spiritual ideas. The adolescent suffered from a major depression disorder and identified himself as gay and Christian within a conservative and machista Puerto Rican family. CBT promoted personal acceptance and active questioning of homophobic thoughts in a climate of family respect. CBT enabled identity formation and integration, central to the development of a sexual identity for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth, with remission of the patient's depression and better family outcomes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 66:895–906, 2010.

This study investigates infants' processing of emotional expressions in combination with referential eye gaze cues. In experiment 1, 7-month-old infants' neural responses to fearful and neutral faces, which were looking at a novel object, were assessed. Infants' attention, as indexed by the negative central component of the event-related potential, was enhanced when the adult gazed at the object with a fearful expression compared with a neutral expression. In experiment 2, no e¡ect of emotion on amplitude of the negative central was found when the face directed eye gaze at the infant and away from the object. We conclude that by 7 months, infants use emotional expressions in triadic personobject-person contexts to detect threat in the environment.

We examined the relationship between a functional polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and individual differences in emotional reactivity in two laboratory studies. In Study 1, empathic responding and physiological reactivity to viewing films of others in distress were assessed in healthy adults in three age groups. In Study 2, emotional responding to watching oneself in an embarrassing situation was assessed in healthy adults and in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. In Study 1, participants with two short alleles of 5-HTTLPR reported more personal distress and showed higher levels of physiological responses in response to the films than participants with long alleles. In Study 2, participants with two short alleles reported more anger and amusement and displayed more emotional expressive behaviors in response to the embarrassing situation than participants with long alleles. These two findings from diverse samples of participants converge to indicate that individuals who are homozygous for the short allele variant of 5-HTTLPR have greater levels of emotional reactivity in two quite different socially embedded contexts.

The development of child aggressiveness is a function of the interaction between the child’s inborn expansive restlessness and the parents’ ability to restrain it by an affirmation of parental presence. Parental presence is manifested by acts that convey the message that the parents will not give up their parental role and will "stay there" in person and in duty whatever happens. Parental presence is affected by physical availability, systemic support and parental emotional/ideological readiness to engage in the restraining and containing role. The lack of parental presence, that manifests itself either by parental giving in or by alternations of parental hostile outbursts with giving in, leads to the aggravation and perpetuation of the child’s aggressiveness. Parental presence is an integrative concept linked to behavioral views on effective discipline, to the views of attachment theory on the need for a secure parental figure and to systemic ideas on parental systemic su...

My interest, needless to say, is in the emergence of a rational form of morality, which enables a person to adopt a stance that is critical of tradition but not subjective. But this cannot be characterized purely in terms of the ability to reason, in the sense of making inferences, as I have argued elsewhere. To start with, if this ability is to be effectively exercised, it must be supported by a group of rational passions connected with the demands for consistency, order, clarity and relevance.

Some authors consider contempt to be a basic emotion while others consider it a variant of disgust. The neural correlates of contempt have not so far been specifically contrasted with disgust. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated the neural networks involved in the processing of facial contempt and disgust in 24 healthy subjects. Facial recognition of contempt was lower than that of disgust and of neutral faces. The imaging data indicated significant activity in the amygdala and in globus pallidus and putamen during processing of contemptuous faces. Bilateral insula and caudate nuclei and left as well as right inferior frontal gyrus were engaged during processing of disgusted faces. Moreover, direct comparisons of contempt vs. disgust yielded significantly different activations in the amygdala. On the other hand, disgusted faces elicited greater activation than contemptuous faces in the right insula and caudate. Our findings suggest preferential involv...

Although no prospective epidemiological studies have evaluated the relationship between family interactions and the development of borderline personality disorder ~BPD!, there is considerable evidence for the central role of family interactions in the development of BPD. This paper describes the role of family interactions or processes, especially those that might be regarded as invalidating or conflictual, negative or critical, and the absence of more validating, positive, supportive, empathic interactions, in the development of BPD. Perhaps more importantly, the proposed model considers how these parental and family behaviors transact with the child's own behaviors and emotional vulnerabilities, resulting in a developmental model of BPD that is neither blaming of the family member with BPD nor of her or his parents and caregivers, and has important and specific implications for both prevention and intervention.

is a severe and generally chronic disorder that presents patients and their family members with multiple chahnges. Little is currently known about how much family members of patients with BPD knoe about this disorder Thirty-two family members of BPD patients were assessed for their leuel of knowledge about BPD. Knoioledge level was then correlated with family members' burden, depression, distress, and expressed emotion. Contrary to expectation, greater knowledge c1 bout BPD was associated with higher levels of family members' burden, distress, depression, hlnny thanks to NIXSH for the support Tor this study -Grant #KO8 hlH001602-04

Although no prospective epidemiological studies have evaluated the relationship between family interactions and the development of borderline personality disorder ~BPD!, there is considerable evidence for the central role of family interactions in the development of BPD. This paper describes the role of family interactions or processes, especially those that might be regarded as invalidating or conflictual, negative or critical, and the absence of more validating, positive, supportive, empathic interactions, in the development of BPD. Perhaps more importantly, the proposed model considers how these parental and family behaviors transact with the child's own behaviors and emotional vulnerabilities, resulting in a developmental model of BPD that is neither blaming of the family member with BPD nor of her or his parents and caregivers, and has important and specific implications for both prevention and intervention.

Impaired emotional functioning in schizophrenia is a prominent clinical feature that manifests primarily as flat affect. Studies have examined the perception, experience, and expression of emotions in schizophrenia and reported normal ratings of experience but impaired affect identification. However, the relation between flat affect and performance on facial affect identification and cognitive tasks has not been systematically examined in relation to premorbid adjustment and clinical outcome. We report a prospective study of 63 patients with at least moderate severity of flat affect and 99 patients without flat affect, who were compared on functional domains, emotion processing tasks, and neurocognitive measures. Flat affect was more common in men and was associated with poorer premorbid adjustment, worse current quality of life, and worse outcome at 1-year followup. Patients overall performed more poorly on emotion processing tasks, one that required identification of happy and sad emotions and one that required differentiating among intensities within these emotions. They responded inaccurately yet faster than controls for the intensity differentiation task, suggesting a decomposition of the normal relation between accuracy and speed. Flat affect ratings, compared with other negative symptoms, uniquely predicted performance on emotion processing tasks. Patients with flat affect showed greater impairment in both emotion processing tasks, with the most pronounced impairment for the intensity differentiation task. However, the 2 patient groups did not differ in the neurocognitive profile except for verbal memory. We conclude that flat affect is an important clinical feature of schizophrenia that exacerbates the course of illness.

There is substantial evidence of bias in the processing of emotion in people with complicated grief (CG). Previous studies have tended to assess the expression of emotion in CG, but other aspects of emotion (mainly emotion recognition, and the subjective aspects of emotion) have not been addressed, despite their importance for practicing clinicians. A quasi-experimental design with two matched groups (Complicated Grief, N = 24 and Non-Complicated Grief, N = 20) was carried out. The Facial Expression of Emotion Test (emotion recognition), a set of pictures from the International Affective Picture System (subjective experience of emotion) and the Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (psychopathology) were employed. The CG group showed lower scores on the dimension of valence for specific conditions on the IAPS, related to the subjective experience of emotion. In addition, they presented higher values of psychopathology. In contrast, statistically significant results were not found for the rec...

If maternal expressed emotion is an environmental risk factor for children's antisocial behavior problems, it should account for behavioral differences between siblings growing up in the same family even after genetic influences on children's behavior problems are taken into account. This hypothesis was tested in the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study with a nationally representative 1994 -1995 birth cohort of twins. The authors interviewed the mothers of 565 five-year-old monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs and established which twin in each family received more negative emotional expression and which twin received more warmth. Within MZ pairs, the twin receiving more maternal negativity and less warmth had more antisocial behavior problems. Qualitative interviews were used to generate hypotheses about why mothers treat their children differently. The results suggest that maternal emotional attitudes toward children may play a causal role in the development of antisocial behavior and illustrate how genetically informative research can inform tests of socialization hypotheses.

In the present study, expressed emotion (EE) was assessed among immediate family members of 94 recent‐onset schizophrenia patients at initial study entry point, and patients' electrodermal activity (EDA) was measured without the presence of family members at a baseline outpatient stabilization assessment. Psychiatric symptoms were also rated, both at the baseline outpatient test and at 1‐year follow‐up. Electrodermal Activity × Expressed Emotion interactions were observed at both test points. In each case, the highest levels of negative symptoms were observed among those who exhibited greater EDA and lived in a high‐EE environment. These results support the view that the combination of high family EE and sympathetic nervous system arousal confer especially high risk for poor negative symptom outcomes.

Background:   Schizophrenia  is considered  as severe mental disorder which  causes  big  burden  in one’s  life. After being hospitalized, schizophrenic patients will  live with  their  family while do  regular visitation  to  the hospital to get medical  treatment  under doctor’s  supervision. Schizophrenic  patient’s care  often  becomes  a burden  for the  family,  either  financially,  physically, and  emotionally. Studies  showed  that many  families  have high  expressed emotion due  to  high  relapse  rate on schizophrenic  patient. Sex difference also affects  course and schizophrenic prognosis. There are  still  limited  data about  these  issues  available  in  the  field  of mental  health. Objective: To  observe  correlation  between  families  expressed  emotion  and  relapse  rate  of  schizophrenia patients at Dr. Sardjito Hospital. We  observed drug  compliance and  activity daily  living of  schizophrenia patients as well. Method: This  study  used  cross  sectiona...

Objective: To examine the effects of coping and of infertility-specific and nonspecific stress on pregnancy outcomes after IVF treatment. Design: Cross-sectional design controlling for potential confounding variables. Psychosocial measures were assessed on the day of embryo transfer. Setting: Fertility clinic in Greece. Patient(s): Three hundred forty-two women. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): A clinically recognized pregnancy or a biochemical pregnancy. Result(s): Of 342 women participating in the study, 79 became pregnant, representing a success rate of 23.3%. There were no statistically significant differences between women who became pregnant and those who did not in terms of duration of infertility, causes of infertility, previous IVF cycles, and infertility-specific or nonspecific stress. The only factor that was significantly associated with pregnancy outcome was emotionally expressive coping (adjusted odds ratio, 1.272; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 -1.52). Women who coped by expressing their emotions were less likely to get pregnant than were women who did not. The link between psychological processes and reproductive outcomes of IVF treatment is less likely to be identified through the assessment of stress but rather is likely to be identified through the assessment of the strategies that people use to deal with stress. Emotionally expressive coping may be a risk factor for reduced pregnancy rates in women undergoing IVF.

Objective: To study the role of mothers’ expressed emotions in psychopathology and social-emotional competence in adolescents. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat Pakistan, from Jul 2020 to Aug 2021 Methodology: Five hundred mothers and their five hundred adolescents were approached to measure the role of mothers’expressed emotions in psychopathology and social-emotional competence in adolescents. For this purpose, parental Expressed Emotions Scale-1 was used, and to assess the psychopathology and social-emotional competence in adolescents, Social Anxiety Scale-2 and Social-Emotional Competence Scale-3 were used. Results: Artificial neural network (ANN) analysis was used to identify the mothers' expressed emotions as predictors of social anxiety and social-emotional competence in adolescents. Results showed incorrect predictions was for training data (60%) and for testing data (28%), which signi...

We begin with Potts' concluding remarks: ''. . . this paper is by no means the final word on the expressive dimension.'' Certainly more work on expressives is necessary if linguistic theory is to address the role of word emotionality in language. No theory will be complete until we do so, and Potts' e¤orts to move the field in this direction are commendable. A more comprehensive understanding of why and how people use emotional and o¤ensive language will make Potts' theory more complete. Scholars who study o¤ensive expressives need to be familiar with research about why people curse and why they choose the particular words they do. We first address how and why, then we review Potts' work in the context of psycholinguistic research on taboo words. Why do we curse? We curse to express our emotions and convey our emotions to other people. Taboo words communicate emotional information more e¤ectively than nontaboo words. Fuck you! tells you immediately that I am frustrated or angry and permits me to vent my anger at the same time. There is no other way to say fuck you and convey the same level of contempt in polite language. Taboo words occupy a pivotal space on a continuum of emotional communication that ranges from physical expressions of emotion such as screaming, biting, or hitting, to abstract, symbolic expressions like sarcastic irony (e.g., Mom, like I love you so much). Cursing is unique in this respect; it allows us to express a strong emotional state in symbolic form without getting physical. Our ability to curse is no accident. Humans have evolved to express emotions symbolically, thus providing an evolutionary advantage over nonhuman primates who must aggress by tooth and nail. Young children express their anger though physical means, but when they learn how to curse, they replace physical acts with symbolic ones, not learning art of sarcasm

In depressed women, common sexual difficulties include decreased sexual desire, sexual arousal and orgasmic difficulties, reduced sexual satisfaction, and reduced sexual pleasure. Experimental research on the influence of depressed mood on genital and subjective sexual arousal in women is scarce. Aim. To investigate the effects of sad mood on genital and subjective sexual arousal in sexually healthy women, using a mood induction procedure. Method. Thirty-two subjects received a sad mood and a happy mood induction, on two different days, using a within subjects design. The mood induction procedure was a combination of the Velten procedure and music. In the Velten procedure, the subject is asked to read sad or happy self-referent sentences and to experience the mood suggested by these sentences. Immediately following mood induction, the subjects were exposed to an erotic film clip. Main Outcome Measure. Genital arousal was assessed using vaginal photoplethysmography. Self-report ratings of sad and happy mood, subjective sexual arousal and affective reactions were collected before and after the erotic clip. Results. The sad and happy mood ratings indicated that the mood inductions affected mood as intended. No difference in genital sexual arousal was found between the sad and happy mood conditions. Subjects reported significantly less subjective sexual arousal and positive affect and marginally significant fewer genital sensations and more negative affect in the sad mood condition than in the happy mood condition. Conclusions. The results provide empirical support for the idea that mood can impact on subjective sexual arousal in women. ter Kuile MM, Both S, and van Uden J. The effects of experimentally-induced sad and happy mood on sexual arousal in sexually healthy women.

The present study is the first to examine emotional intelligence in persons with schizotypy. Over 2100 undergraduates were screened for schizotypy with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire -Brief Version. Forty participants identified as persons with high schizotypy and 56 participants identified as persons with low schizotypy completed assessments of emotional intelligence (Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test), social functioning (Social Adjustment Scale -Self Report), verbal episodic (secondary) memory (California Verbal Learning Test), and executive functioning (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test). Persons high in schizotypy were impaired in overall emotional intelligence and two aspects of emotional intelligence, the ability to perceive emotions and the ability to manage emotions. Persons high in schizotypy were also impaired in three aspects of social functioning: peer relationships, family relationships, and academic functioning. Group differences in verbal episodic (secondary) memory and executive functioning were not observed. For persons with high schizotypy, overall emotional intelligence and two aspects of emotional intelligence, the ability to perceive emotions and the ability to manage emotions, were associated with peer relationship functioning. Overall emotional intelligence was associated with verbal episodic (secondary) memory, but not executive functioning, in persons with high schizotypy. The current findings suggest that emotional intelligence is impaired in persons with schizotypy and that these impairments affect their social functioning.

The present study is the first to examine emotional intelligence in persons with schizotypy. Over 2100 undergraduates were screened for schizotypy with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire -Brief Version. Forty participants identified as persons with high schizotypy and 56 participants identified as persons with low schizotypy completed assessments of emotional intelligence (Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test), social functioning (Social Adjustment Scale -Self Report), verbal episodic (secondary) memory (California Verbal Learning Test), and executive functioning (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test). Persons high in schizotypy were impaired in overall emotional intelligence and two aspects of emotional intelligence, the ability to perceive emotions and the ability to manage emotions. Persons high in schizotypy were also impaired in three aspects of social functioning: peer relationships, family relationships, and academic functioning. Group differences in verbal episodic (secondary) memory and executive functioning were not observed. For persons with high schizotypy, overall emotional intelligence and two aspects of emotional intelligence, the ability to perceive emotions and the ability to manage emotions, were associated with peer relationship functioning. Overall emotional intelligence was associated with verbal episodic (secondary) memory, but not executive functioning, in persons with high schizotypy. The current findings suggest that emotional intelligence is impaired in persons with schizotypy and that these impairments affect their social functioning.

This study analyzed the individual differences in hemodynamic time patterns and reactivity to cognitive and emotional tasks, and explored the diversity of psycho-physiological profiles that could be used for the personalized prediction of different diseases. An analysis of heart rate (HR)—blood pressure (BP) relationship patterns across time using cross-correlations (CCs) during a logical-mathematical task and a task recalling negative emotions (rumination) was carried out in a laboratory setting on 45 participants. The results showed maximum HR–BP CCs during the mathematical task significantly more positive than the maximum HR–BP CCs during the rumination task. Furthermore, our results showed a large variety of hemodynamic reactivity profiles across the participants, even when carrying out the same tasks. The most frequent type showed positive HR–BP CCs under cognitive activity, and several positive–negative HR–BP CCs cycles under negative emotional activity. In general terms, our ...

Background: Recent emphasis on a symptom dimension and continuum approach in understanding psychosis has resulted in a need for more refined description of common psychotic symptoms. While Ideas/delusions of reference (I/DOR) were reported in twothirds of schizophrenic patients, not much is known beyond this earlier observation. This descriptive study provides more details. Methods: Structured interviews were conducted in a consecutive sample of 137 outpatients with early psychosis by trained raters using an I/DOR scale validated in Hong Kong Chinese. General symptoms were rated by patients' psychiatrists using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia and Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder. Results: During the study period, I/DOR was present in 43 cases and subsided in 47, giving a point prevalence of 31.4% and a prevalence of 65.7%. It is equally represented in both sexes, across diagnoses and sociodemographic factors. I/DOR is associated with auditory hallucination, persecutory delusions and circumstantiality in SAPS (r = 0.39, 0.28 and 0.34), impersistence at work/school and inability to feel intimacy and closeness in SANS (r = 0.26 and 0.25), and depression (r = 0.24; all p b 0.01). Insight was not affected. The most commonly reported themes were "being talked/laughed at" (73% of I/DOR cases), "being followed" (30%), "being gazed upon" (29%) and "being depicted in mass media" (28%). Of note, 17% (18/106) of remitted patients (defined using PANSS criteria) were currently experiencing IOR. Conclusions: Our study confirmed previous prevalence findings. I/ DOR is a common experience in early psychosis, unexplained by individual patient characteristics. It covariates with a number of positive and negative symptoms, but does not affect insight. Patterns of association between individual I/DOR themes and psychotic symptoms are explored. This study suggests possible directions for future pathogenesis studies. Implications of subthreshold I/DOR in remitted patients despite otherwise adequate disease control also call for attention.

We used multi-level modelling of sib-pair data to disentangle the influence of child-specific and shared family influences on maternal expressed emotion (MEE) towards children and adolescents with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: MEE was measured for 60 ADHD proband-unaffected sibling pairs aged 6-17 years using the Five Minute Speech Sample. Questionnaire measures of conduct and emotional problems were collected for children and measures of depression and ADHD were collected for mothers. Multilevel models partitioned the effects of 5 MEE components (Initial Statement -IS, Relationship -REL, Warmth -WAR, Critical Comments -CC and Positive Comments -PC) into (i) child-specific and (ii) shared family effects. Results: Significant child-specific influences were confirmed for all MEE components, with higher levels of MEE expressed toward probands than siblings. For REL, PC, and CC, this effect was explained by comorbid conduct problems rather than ADHD. Only low WAR was associated with ADHD itself. Furthermore, only low WAR showed shared familial influences which were in part accounted for by maternal depression. Conclusions: MEE towards ADHD children was influenced by child-specific factors. For most components these were driven by comorbid symptoms of conduct problems rather than ADHD itself. WAR was different -it was influenced by both child-specific and shared familial effects and the child effects showed no relation to conduct problems. Further studies utilising a longitudinal design are required to establish the direction of causation and extend our understanding of the relationship between EE components and ADHD.

Disclosure: Dr. Sonuga-Barke has received speaker fees from Janssen-Cilag, Medice, and QBTech and has received consultancy, grant funding, advisory board fees, and conference support from Shire. Dr. Daley has served as a speaker or advisor or has received funding or travel support from Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen-Cilag, USB, and Shire. Dr. Thompson has received education sponsorship from Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen-Cilag, and Shire; unrestricted research grants from Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen-Cilag, UCB, and Shire; student funding from Eli Lilly and Co. and Janssen-Cilag; has served on the boards of Eli Lilly and Co. and Shire; and has received lecture fees from Eli Lilly and Co. and Janssen-Cilag. Drs. Cartwright, Brown, Bitsakou, Gramzow, Psychogiou, and Simonoff report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.

We used multi-level modelling of sib-pair data to disentangle the influence of child-specific and shared family influences on maternal expressed emotion (MEE) towards children and adolescents with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: MEE was measured for 60 ADHD proband-unaffected sibling pairs aged 6-17 years using the Five Minute Speech Sample. Questionnaire measures of conduct and emotional problems were collected for children and measures of depression and ADHD were collected for mothers. Multilevel models partitioned the effects of 5 MEE components (Initial Statement -IS, Relationship -REL, Warmth -WAR, Critical Comments -CC and Positive Comments -PC) into (i) child-specific and (ii) shared family effects. Results: Significant child-specific influences were confirmed for all MEE components, with higher levels of MEE expressed toward probands than siblings. For REL, PC, and CC, this effect was explained by comorbid conduct problems rather than ADHD. Only low WAR was associated with ADHD itself. Furthermore, only low WAR showed shared familial influences which were in part accounted for by maternal depression. Conclusions: MEE towards ADHD children was influenced by child-specific factors. For most components these were driven by comorbid symptoms of conduct problems rather than ADHD itself. WAR was different -it was influenced by both child-specific and shared familial effects and the child effects showed no relation to conduct problems. Further studies utilising a longitudinal design are required to establish the direction of causation and extend our understanding of the relationship between EE components and ADHD.

Disclosure: Dr. Sonuga-Barke has received speaker fees from Janssen-Cilag, Medice, and QBTech and has received consultancy, grant funding, advisory board fees, and conference support from Shire. Dr. Daley has served as a speaker or advisor or has received funding or travel support from Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen-Cilag, USB, and Shire. Dr. Thompson has received education sponsorship from Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen-Cilag, and Shire; unrestricted research grants from Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen-Cilag, UCB, and Shire; student funding from Eli Lilly and Co. and Janssen-Cilag; has served on the boards of Eli Lilly and Co. and Shire; and has received lecture fees from Eli Lilly and Co. and Janssen-Cilag. Drs. Cartwright, Brown, Bitsakou, Gramzow, Psychogiou, and Simonoff report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.

Disclosure: Dr. Sonuga-Barke has received speaker fees from Janssen-Cilag, Medice, and QBTech and has received consultancy, grant funding, advisory board fees, and conference support from Shire. Dr. Daley has served as a speaker or advisor or has received funding or travel support from Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen-Cilag, USB, and Shire. Dr. Thompson has received education sponsorship from Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen-Cilag, and Shire; unrestricted research grants from Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen-Cilag, UCB, and Shire; student funding from Eli Lilly and Co. and Janssen-Cilag; has served on the boards of Eli Lilly and Co. and Shire; and has received lecture fees from Eli Lilly and Co. and Janssen-Cilag. Drs. Cartwright, Brown, Bitsakou, Gramzow, Psychogiou, and Simonoff report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.

Disclosure: Dr. Sonuga-Barke has received speaker fees from Janssen-Cilag, Medice, and QBTech and has received consultancy, grant funding, advisory board fees, and conference support from Shire. Dr. Daley has served as a speaker or advisor or has received funding or travel support from Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen-Cilag, USB, and Shire. Dr. Thompson has received education sponsorship from Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen-Cilag, and Shire; unrestricted research grants from Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen-Cilag, UCB, and Shire; student funding from Eli Lilly and Co. and Janssen-Cilag; has served on the boards of Eli Lilly and Co. and Shire; and has received lecture fees from Eli Lilly and Co. and Janssen-Cilag. Drs. Cartwright, Brown, Bitsakou, Gramzow, Psychogiou, and Simonoff report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.

We used multi-level modelling of sib-pair data to disentangle the influence of child-specific and shared family influences on maternal expressed emotion (MEE) towards children and adolescents with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: MEE was measured for 60 ADHD proband-unaffected sibling pairs aged 6-17 years using the Five Minute Speech Sample. Questionnaire measures of conduct and emotional problems were collected for children and measures of depression and ADHD were collected for mothers. Multilevel models partitioned the effects of 5 MEE components (Initial Statement -IS, Relationship -REL, Warmth -WAR, Critical Comments -CC and Positive Comments -PC) into (i) child-specific and (ii) shared family effects. Results: Significant child-specific influences were confirmed for all MEE components, with higher levels of MEE expressed toward probands than siblings. For REL, PC, and CC, this effect was explained by comorbid conduct problems rather than ADHD. Only low WAR was associated with ADHD itself. Furthermore, only low WAR showed shared familial influences which were in part accounted for by maternal depression. Conclusions: MEE towards ADHD children was influenced by child-specific factors. For most components these were driven by comorbid symptoms of conduct problems rather than ADHD itself. WAR was different -it was influenced by both child-specific and shared familial effects and the child effects showed no relation to conduct problems. Further studies utilising a longitudinal design are required to establish the direction of causation and extend our understanding of the relationship between EE components and ADHD.

We used multi-level modelling of sib-pair data to disentangle the influence of child-specific and shared family influences on maternal expressed emotion (MEE) towards children and adolescents with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: MEE was measured for 60 ADHD proband-unaffected sibling pairs aged 6-17 years using the Five Minute Speech Sample. Questionnaire measures of conduct and emotional problems were collected for children and measures of depression and ADHD were collected for mothers. Multilevel models partitioned the effects of 5 MEE components (Initial Statement -IS, Relationship -REL, Warmth -WAR, Critical Comments -CC and Positive Comments -PC) into (i) child-specific and (ii) shared family effects. Results: Significant child-specific influences were confirmed for all MEE components, with higher levels of MEE expressed toward probands than siblings. For REL, PC, and CC, this effect was explained by comorbid conduct problems rather than ADHD. Only low WAR was associated with ADHD itself. Furthermore, only low WAR showed shared familial influences which were in part accounted for by maternal depression. Conclusions: MEE towards ADHD children was influenced by child-specific factors. For most components these were driven by comorbid symptoms of conduct problems rather than ADHD itself. WAR was different -it was influenced by both child-specific and shared familial effects and the child effects showed no relation to conduct problems. Further studies utilising a longitudinal design are required to establish the direction of causation and extend our understanding of the relationship between EE components and ADHD.

The aim of this study is to examine the factors affecting the emotional
labor behavior of cabin crew in aviation and the results of emotional labor.
For this aim, qualitative research method was used to examine the research
topic in detail. The research was guided by using the phenomenology
design, which is one of the qualitative research designs. The research
sample was determined according to purposeful sampling and saturation
point methods. In this context, the sample of the research consists of 11
cabin attendants working in different airline companies in Turkey.
Interview method was used as a data collection tool. The data obtained
was subjected to content analysis with an inductive and descriptive
approach. As a result of the content analysis, the research findings were
grouped under two main themes as factors affecting emotional labor and
the results of emotional labor. Factors affecting emotional labor behavior
were examined under six sub-themes: organizational factors, individual
factors, demographic features, passenger type, physical work environment
and content of the flight task. The results of emotional labor were
examined under two sub-themes as organizational and individual results.
While organizational results are positive results that increase
organizational performance and create a positive organizational
impression, it has been observed that individual results seen on cabin crew
have positive and negative sides.

The authors examined the role of family factors and the course of schizophrenia by carrying out additional assessments and analyses in 2 previously published studies of Mexican American and Anglo American patients and families. The authors found partial support for an attributional model of relapse for families who are low in emotional overinvolvement. Attributions of control, criticism, and warmth together marginally predicted relapse. The data also indicated that for Mexican Americans, family warmth is a significant protective factor, whereas for Anglo Americans, family criticism is a significant risk factor. These findings suggest that the sociocultural context shapes the pathways by which family processes are related to the course of illness. Moreover, the warmth findings suggest that families may contribute to preventing relapse.

We begin with Potts' concluding remarks: ''. . . this paper is by no means the final word on the expressive dimension.'' Certainly more work on expressives is necessary if linguistic theory is to address the role of word emotionality in language. No theory will be complete until we do so, and Potts' e¤orts to move the field in this direction are commendable. A more comprehensive understanding of why and how people use emotional and o¤ensive language will make Potts' theory more complete. Scholars who study o¤ensive expressives need to be familiar with research about why people curse and why they choose the particular words they do. We first address how and why, then we review Potts' work in the context of psycholinguistic research on taboo words. Why do we curse? We curse to express our emotions and convey our emotions to other people. Taboo words communicate emotional information more e¤ectively than nontaboo words. Fuck you! tells you immediately that I am frustrated or angry and permits me to vent my anger at the same time. There is no other way to say fuck you and convey the same level of contempt in polite language. Taboo words occupy a pivotal space on a continuum of emotional communication that ranges from physical expressions of emotion such as screaming, biting, or hitting, to abstract, symbolic expressions like sarcastic irony (e.g., Mom, like I love you so much). Cursing is unique in this respect; it allows us to express a strong emotional state in symbolic form without getting physical. Our ability to curse is no accident. Humans have evolved to express emotions symbolically, thus providing an evolutionary advantage over nonhuman primates who must aggress by tooth and nail. Young children express their anger though physical means, but when they learn how to curse, they replace physical acts with symbolic ones, not learning art of sarcasm