EDUCATION AND SOCIAL STUDIES

The unprotected sexual relationships, limited knowledge and incorrect usage of contraceptive methods increase the risk of teenage pregnancy, unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. This study measured the prevalence of knowledge on different contraceptive methods and preferred methods for friends among first year medical students at a private university. A cross-sectional study with universal sampling was conducted using self-administered questionnaire on six contraceptive methods in April 2017. The chi-square test was used to analyze the association between sociodemographic characteristics and knowledge of different methods. Out of 157 respondents, female (68.8%) and male (31.2%) were involved. Most students obtained their first source of information on contraceptive methods from secondary schools (74.5%) and from teachers (68.8%). The percentages of correct answers on knowledge about different contraceptive methods were: condom (92.4%), followed by abstinence (82...

Background The need to control childbirth and maintain a manageable family size is a fact of modern life. This is because of the social and economic realities of the modern world system. Because of this, the practice of contraception has remained in the spotlight. To increase birth control uptake, knowledge and awareness are frequently used. However, evidence on birth control knowledge among populations in low socioeconomic settings in Africa is limited. The goal of this research was to look into women's knowledge of birth control options in the Bwaise slum. Methodology  Using a cross-sectional study design, we interviewed 384 women aged 15–49 years, selected through systematic random sampling. Data on socioeconomic characteristics, knowledge of birth control options, and birth control use were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square set at 0.05 level of significance) analysis were done using IBM SPSS version 21. Results The...

Birth control pills are the most effective, common and reversible contraception method, and if taken consistently, reduce pregnancy rate down to 2-3%. This study was conducted with the aim to determine and compare dimensions of quality of life (physical, psychological, social, and sexual dimensions) in women using these pills and in their spouses. In this study, in which 60 couples referred to health centers for family planning services were randomly selected. The world health organization quality of life questionnaire was used as data collection tool. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire had been previously confirmed. Questionnaires were completed and data were collected with the help of interviews conducted by trained interviewers. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics and the t-test. Couples’ quality of life score in psychological,social, sexual and physical dimensions was 3.22, 3.31, 3.65 and 3.52, respectively. Total score of quality of life wa...

The importance of the soil being a source for human existence and sustaining life has caused to the wide meaning to the soil. The aim of this study is to analyze the metaphorical perceptions of middle school students about the concept of soil within the social studies program. The participants of the study are secondary school students selected through purposeful sampling. Phenomenology, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. In the study the perceptions of the participants about the concept of soil and the meaning they attributed to this concept were analysed to reveal. The data of the study were collected through the statements such as "Soil is like .... Because…". 89 secondary students have produced 36 metaphors about the concept of soil. Frequent metaphors produced by students include: human, life, being living, homeland, mother and heart. Metaphors are grouped by considering the subjectsource relationship, and as a result, two categories and two sub-categories emerge. Soil, a living being for students is perceived in terms of the source of life and productivity. Soil is associated with both social and science subjects at this point. Soil perceived as a value is considered both a national-spiritual value and an economic value.

Introduction: Family planning is very important and confers huge benefits to the woman, her family and country. It helps reduce maternal morbidity and mortality among other benefits. In spite of these obvious benefits of and the huge expenditure on it, uptake by women continues to be very low. We conducted this study to find out the reasons for this low uptake in our practice environment. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study where structured pre-tested questionnaires were administered to women in Abakaliki, the capital of Ebonyi State from February to April 2015. Results: Of the 354 questionnaires administered, 330 (93.2%) were complete and used for analysis. Majority of the respondents, 285 (86.4%) were in the 26 to 30 years age bracket. All of them were Ibos. Sixty two(18.8%) of the participants had one of their pregnancies unplanned and 19(5.7%) had at least one of their pregnancies unwanted. Though 300 (90.9%) had heard of family planning and was aware of it, only 180(54.5%) had used a family planning method before with majority, 105(58.2%) using natural family planning method. Only 22.7% of the participants was using a family planning method at the time of the study. In majority of the women,166(50.3%) ,their fears about family planning was the troublesome side effects followed by 110(33.3%) whose husbands objected to their using family planning. Twenty seven women (8.2%) respectively did not use family planning because it is against their culture and religion. Conclusion: Though some progress have been made in family planning, a lot more will be achieved if new programmes are designed to involve the men more actively and address other identified fears among women with regards to family planning.

Family planning which is defined as the practices that help individuals or couples to attain certain objectives, avoid unwanted pregnancies, regulate intervals between pregnancies, control the time at which birth occurs in relation to the ages of the parents and determine the number of children in the family has become a household topic considering the population of the world especially the developing world and the number of unwanted pregnancies among youths.  Lack of adequate information on family planning, religious beliefs and misconceptions about artificial family planning among social workers and their clients in Nigeria have continued to influence men’s involvement in family planning. Therefore, there is a need for adequate training of social workers in family planning and reorientation of social workers on the misconceptions of family planning in order to enable them to promote men’s involvement in family planning for a healthy society. Keywords : Men, Family Planning, Social...

Introduction: Family planning is very important and confers huge benefits to the woman, her family and country. It helps reduce maternal morbidity and mortality among other benefits. In spite of these obvious benefits of and the huge expenditure on it, uptake by women continues to be very low. We conducted this study to find out the reasons for this low uptake in our practice environment. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study where structured pre-tested questionnaires were administered to women in Abakaliki, the capital of Ebonyi State from February to April 2015. Results: Of the 354 questionnaires administered, 330 (93.2%) were complete and used for analysis. Majority of the respondents, 285 (86.4%) were in the 26 to 30 years age bracket. All of them were Ibos. Sixty two(18.8%) of the participants had one of their pregnancies unplanned and 19(5.7%) had at least one of their pregnancies unwanted. Though 300 (90.9%) had heard of family planning and was aware of it, only 180(54.5%) had used a family planning method before with majority, 105(58.2%) using natural family planning method. Only 22.7% of the participants was using a family planning method at the time of the study. In majority of the women,166(50.3%) ,their fears about family planning was the troublesome side effects followed by 110(33.3%) whose husbands objected to their using family planning. Twenty seven women (8.2%) respectively did not use family planning because it is against their culture and religion. Conclusion: Though some progress have been made in family planning, a lot more will be achieved if new programmes are designed to involve the men more actively and address other identified fears among women with regards to family planning.

The use of comprehensive sexual education in public schools is widely debated among people in academia, parents, and sexual health educators. For those in minority or low-income groups, the access to contraceptives can be limited. Also, it seems that some individuals that are presenting sexual education curriculum are not fully equipped with the answers to students' sexual health concerns. This empirical study aims to find out if a student's knowledge of sexual education determines their awareness of access to birth control. Based on past research, one can hypothesize that a student's knowledge of sexual education can predict their awareness of access to contraceptives. This study used a regression analysis to find out whether or not knowledge predicted awareness. There is a major limitation in this study, which would be the emergence of the coronavirus, or COVID-19. This disease resulted in the researcher not being able to analyze all of the data. The data that was analyzed suggests that knowledge of sexual education does not predict awareness of access to birth control. Future studies should collect and analyze data on the type of sexual education a student received and the individual that presented them with sexual education. These factors may resolve the limitations.

İlköğretim sosyal bilgiler programında yer alan bilim, teknoloji ve toplum öğrenme alanı ile öğrenenlerin; bilimsel ve teknolojik gelişmeleri, bu gelişmelerin yaşamlarındaki yeri ve önemini, bilimin insanlığa sunduğu bilgilerin teknolojiye dönüştürülerek toplumun yararına kullanılmasını öğrenmeleri hedeflenmiştir. Bu yüzden bireylerin bilimsel ve teknolojik gelişmelerden haberdar olmaları, bu bilgileri etkili bir şekilde kullanmaları hatta küçük birer bilim insanı gibi faaliyetler içinde olmaları beklenmektedir. Peki, ortaokul öğrencileri bu öğretilmek istenenlerin ne kadar farkındadır? Bu çalışmanın amacı Ortaokul öğrencilerinin bilim tarihi konularına ilişkin görüşlerinin neler olduğunu, bu görüşler arasında yaş gruplarından, cinsiyetten, sınıf düzeylerinden kaynaklanan farklılığın olup olmadığı belirlemektir. Araştırmada tarama modeli kullanılmış. Öğrencilerin Bilim Tarihi Konularının Tarihsel Önemine İlişkin Görüşlerini Belirleme anketi veri toplama aracı olarak kullanılmıştır. Küme örnekleme yoluyla belirlenen 860 ortaokul öğrencisi araştırmanının katılımcılarını oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmadan elde edilen veriler içerik analizi ve betimsel analiz yöntemleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda öğrencilerin en önemli gördükleri olayların, Yazının Keşfedilmesi, Ateş'in Keşfedilmesi, Televizyonun icadı, Tekerleğin icadı ve Bilgisayarın İcadı olduğu görülmüş ayrıca, cinsiyet, yaş ve sınıf düzeyi açısından farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir.

The study Investigates the Causes of Unwanted Pregnancy and Abortion Among Female Students and its Impact on their Academic Performance in Federal College of Education Pankshin, Plateau State, Nigeria. Survey research design was employed and the population comprises of 206 Degree students and 825 NCE students from Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, PHE, Computer Science and Integrated Science departments. Simple random technique was employed to select the sample size of 30 Degree students and 70 NCE students from Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, PHE, Computer Science and Integrated Science respectively giving a total of one hundred (100) respondents. Four research questions were raised to guide the investigation. Questionnaire was used as instruments for data collection. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 27 computer software. The findings in table 1 indicated that many causes of unwanted pregnancy and abortion among female students some of which are economic hardship, peer pressure, carelessness, social media, lack of family support and proscuriosity. The findings in table 2 shows that hemorrhage, uterine perforation, cervical injury, infections, low birthweight, midtrimester spontaneous abortion, premature delivery and increased risk of both morbidity and mortality are the health implications of unwanted pregnancies and abortion amongst female students in FCE Pankshin. The findings in table 3 revealed that provision of prevention education to teach students critical personal and social skills that promote health and well-being and help them avoid indulging in premarital sex that leads to unwanted pregnancy and abortion, creation of sexual abstinence awareness and creation of awareness of the community laws that prohibits alcohol and premarital sex are the possible means of curbing this menace among the female students. The researchers recommended that adolescents students should be educated about sexuality, dangers of safe and unprotected sex and its adverse health implications by parents, educational psychologists, counsellors, teachers, curriculum planners and even government to avoid cases of unwanted pregnancy and abortion in schools and society at large. In conclusion, the causes of unwanted pregnancy and abortion had a great impact on the academic performance of students in the study area.

Introduction: Global threat of increasing population has become a challenge to control. That's why Family planning is a strong matter of concern for most of the developing countries like Nepal. The first family planning service in Nepal was provided by Family Planning Association Nepal (FPAN) in 1959 to provide an Integrated Package of Essential Services (IPES) that includes comprehensive counseling; family planning and sexual health services; safe abortion services; HIV and AIDS and other sexually-transmitted infection (STI) services; gynecological, prenatal, and post-natal care; and GBV care. Several studies reflect that increment in population is directly related to the level of education, low family income, and lack of awareness, strong cultural beliefs and many more. Especially, village areas of Nepal are deprived of Family Planning services and measures due to lack of coverage and other facilities. Thus knowledge regarding Family planning and contraception needs to be acce...

In Uganda, unintended pregnancies are responsible for one in three births with detrimental consequences, a situation that worsened during COVID-19. Thus, the present examined unplanned pregnancy and its associated risks in Oyam district, northern Uganda during the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods and Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional study among adolescent girls aged 15-19 years who had a pregnancy during the second phase of COVID-19 in Oyam district, northern Uganda in November 2022. A consecutive method was employed to recruit the participants attending health facilities. A structured questionnaire was utilized to collect data. For data analysis, both bivariate and multivariable regression methods with adjusted odds ratio and 95% CI were used. A p-value of 0.05 was used to determine the significance level. Results: Of the total respondents, 292 (69.5%) were aged between 18 and 19 years of age, 295 (70.2%) lived in rural areas, and 222 (52.9%) had no formal education. The results also show that 293 (69.8%) of the respondents had unintended pregnancies during COVID-19. The results indicate that participants who lacked knowledge of the ovulation period (AOR: 0.242; 95% CI: 0156-0376; P<0.001), sex education during COVID-19 (AOR: 0.563; 95% CI:: 0.365-0.869; P=0.024) and lacked the freedom to discuss family planning-related issues with family members during COVID-19 (AOR: 0.228; 95% CI: 0.138-0.376; P<0.001) were more likely to have an unintended pregnancy compared to their counterparts. Conclusion: Our study shows that unwanted pregnancies among adolescent girls remain a public health issue in Oyam district with more than two-thirds of adolescents having unwanted pregnancies during the crisis of COVID-19. The major correlates of unwanted pregnancies among adolescent girls during COVID-19 pandemic were inadequate knowledge of the ovulation period, sex education, and lack of freedom to discuss family planning-related issues with family members. There is a need to prioritize interventions, especially in rural settings. Sex education to improve contraceptive use and delay sexual debut. In light of the possibility that social and cultural norms in the Oyam district prohibit parents and children from discussing sexual subjects, it is crucial to promote sexual health education through the mass media, including newspapers, television, radio, and social media.

BACKGROUNDGlobally, more than 16 million adolescent girls give birth every year with additional 5 million abortions. Adolescent pregnancy has been associated with high maternal mortality rates in Nigeria. Therefore, this study was designed to assess sexual behaviour and contraceptive uptake among secondary school adolescents in an urban area in Nigeria.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was a descriptive cross-sectional study of students from twelve senior secondary schools in 2018. Respondents were interviewed using self-administered structured questionnaires. The questionnaire was pretested and analysis was done using SPSS version 17.0; descriptive data were presented as simple frequencies and percentages. The chi-square test was used for associations and the level of significance was set at p≤5%.RESULTSThe majority of the respondents (70.3 %) were within the age bracket of 13 to 16 years with a mean age of 15.95±1.43. Generally, there was 100% awareness of the methods of contraceptiv...

Sex is one of the psychological needs of every human being, but sex without caution leads to plan less family, demographic problems and a lot of social phenomena. A family without planning breeds several social vices. Non-utilization of family planning is a global phenomenon caused by several factors. Hence, this survey research embarks on the examination of factors influencing non-utilization of modern methods of family planning among couples in Paikon-kore Community, Abuja. Literature pertinent to the study was reviewed. This explorative study employed both quantitative (survey) and qualitative (in-depth interview) methods to source for raw data from 1500 couples in the community. The findings of the study revealed that religious, education, cultural factors, level of exposure, employment status and so on influence the practice of family planning in Nigeria. The study concluded that family planning among couples in Nigeria is safe, if it is aware and well used. Several factors hin...

Westernization has deeply affected the Indian society by discarding morality, values and ethics. In a traditional Indian Society almost all human actions, behavior and even relationships were well defined and kept under limitations. Restricted and legalized way of sexual relation, that too after solemnization of legal marriage, was in practice. Since the relationship was legal, birth of children used to be a celebration and no place was for abortion or for termination of pregnancy. Modern India is totally different. Now sexual relations without marriage is a fashion and unwanted pregnancy is not a big issue. The credit goes to pharmacy sector which has invented and produced a series of contraceptives like caps, condoms, combined pills, implant, injections etc. These are the primary level of protections and if fails, secondary level is also there. Now a person without any prescription can purchase a pregnancy test kit from a medical store and test pregnancy easily. If the result is positive, pharmacy again assists by providing abortion pills etc. which works from the first day of pregnancy to 20 weeks. Though Indian laws allow termination of pregnancy only under legally defined circumstances yet unrestricted availability of such fetus killing medicines in open market is the contribution of pharmacy and thus becomes responsible for this fetus killing and also for fostering societal disorganization. This needs strict regulation, though progressive pharmacy was never meant for this.

This paper aims to determine the predictive relationships between achievement goals and learning approaches in the context of social studies teaching and to compare the goal orientation models (3x2, 2x2) in the context of their relationships with learning approaches. The study utilized the multi-factorial predictive correlational design. The study sample consists of 259 middle school students, who were selected by simple random sampling technique, studying in public schools in the central districts of Manisa, a province in the west of Turkey, in the 2018-2019. academic year. The data were collected by means of " Social Studies Oriented Achievement Goal Scale" and "Social Studies Learning Approaches Scale ". The study concludes that learning achievement goals positively predict deep learning approaches but negatively predict surface learning approaches. Also, performance-goal orientation negatively predicts deep learning approaches but positively predicts surface learning approaches. Compared to the 3x2 model, the 2x2 achievement goal model showed a better fit with the data in explaining the relationships between achievement goals and learning approaches. Findings revealed the complex structure of achievement goals specific to the subject area. The results of the research were discussed in the context of the effects of achievement goals on the learning process.

Background: University students in foreign countries are likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors due to a sense of freedom from restrictions and parental infl uence. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess attitudes toward condom use and sexual behaviors of Nigerian undergraduate students studying in Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study conducted in fi ve (5) colleges mainly populated by Nigerian students. The colleges were purposively selected because of their involvement in the recruitment of Nigerian students. A total population sampling technique was used to include all Nigerian students currently enrolled in each of the selected colleges. A total of 212 participants (124 males and 88 females) were included in the study. A pretested self-developed questionnaire was the tool used for data collection. Data collected were coded and analyzed using SPSS 17.0 to present results in tables of frequency count and percentage. Results: The majority of both males (55.6%) and females (50%) agreed that they can't really give themselves up to their partners when using condoms. The majority (38.7%) of males did not agree that proper use of condoms could enhance sexual pleasure, while the majority of females (47.7) were undecided. In general, the majority of both male and female students were in favor of condom use. While 47.6% of the males reported their intention to engage in unprotected sex if their partners wanted it, the majority of the females (40.9%) were not sure about this. In addition, although 68.5% of the males reported that they may have had sex with someone who was at risk of human immunodefi ciency virus/acquired immune defi ciency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), the majority of the females denied this. Knowledge of present HIV status was higher among females. Conclusion: While attention is paid to the need to prevent and control HIV/AIDS among youths in Nigeria, this effort should be extended to the citizens who are studying abroad through international collaboration and linkage between the home and foreign host countries.

Introduction: Global threat of increasing population has become a challenge to control. That&#39;s why Family planning is a strong matter of concern for most of the developing countries like Nepal. The first family planning service in Nepal was provided by Family Planning Association Nepal (FPAN) in 1959 to provide an Integrated Package of Essential Services (IPES) that includes comprehensive counseling; family planning and sexual health services; safe abortion services; HIV and AIDS and other sexually-transmitted infection (STI) services; gynecological, prenatal, and post-natal care; and GBV care. Several studies reflect that increment in population is directly related to the level of education, low family income, and lack of awareness, strong cultural beliefs and many more. Especially, village areas of Nepal are deprived of Family Planning services and measures due to lack of coverage and other facilities. Thus knowledge regarding Family planning and contraception needs to be acce...

This paper examines the various empirical researches on adolescent's reproductive health knowledge highlighting the potehtial dangers faced by aaolesc'ents. The paper recommends that sexuality education and adequate reproductive health services should be provided to adolescents in schools at all levels.

Equitable access to contraceptives is important for the betterment of reproductive health and family planning. Gender differences in contraceptive use especially among Japanese youths are still understudied. As one of the world’s most developed countries, Japan has a surprisingly low rate of contraceptive use, with 40.7% of men using condoms and solely 1% of women using oral contraceptives (UN, 2013). In fact, the condom was the primary contraceptive method used among the Japanese youths, and decision-making was left to the male partner (Yamauchi, Satomura & Iwata, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to focus on contraceptive use among Japanese youths. Specifically, cultural scenarios such as gender differences in perception about contraceptive use, and interpersonal and intrapsychic scripts such as the control and decision-making surrounding contraceptives among heterosexual relationships are explained

To assess the prevalence of sexual activity among undergraduate students at the University of Tirana, Albania, their age at first sexual intercourse, and the influence of socioeconomic factors on their sexual practices, including condom use. An anonymous questionnaire survey was carried out among 720 undergraduate students (77% women) at the University of Tirana in October and November 2002. The questionnaire inquired about their current or previous sexual activity, age at first sexual intercourse, and use of condoms. Socio-demographic data were also collected. Multiple regression analyses were used to assess the associations between socio-demographic factors and the investigated characteristics of sexual practices of Albanian undergraduates. The prevalence of current and/or previous sexual activity was higher among men than women (65% vs 34%, p&lt;0.001). Also, men engaged in sexual activity at earlier age than women (mean age, 17.9 years; 95% confidence interval [CI] 17.6-18.2 for...

The unprotected sexual relationships, limited knowledge and incorrect usage of contraceptive methods increase the risk of teenage pregnancy, unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. This study measured the prevalence of knowledge on different contraceptive methods and preferred methods for friends among first year medical students at a private university. A cross-sectional study with universal sampling was conducted using self-administered questionnaire on six contraceptive methods in April 2017. The chi-square test was used to analyze the association between sociodemographic characteristics and knowledge of different methods. Out of 157 respondents, female (68.8%) and male (31.2%) were involved. Most students obtained their first source of information on contraceptive methods from secondary schools (74.5%) and from teachers (68.8%). The percentages of correct answers on knowledge about different contraceptive methods were: condom (92.4%), followed by abstinence (82...

Sex is one of the psychological needs of every human being, but sex without caution leads to plan less family, demographic problems and a lot of social phenomena. A family without planning breeds several social vices. Non-utilization of family planning is a global phenomenon caused by several factors. Hence, this survey research embarks on the examination of factors influencing non-utilization of modern methods of family planning among couples in Paikon-kore Community, Abuja. Literature pertinent to the study was reviewed. This explorative study employed both quantitative (survey) and qualitative (in-depth interview) methods to source for raw data from 1500 couples in the community. The findings of the study revealed that religious, education, cultural factors, level of exposure, employment status and so on influence the practice of family planning in Nigeria. The study concluded that family planning among couples in Nigeria is safe, if it is aware and well used. Several factors hin...

This work examines the decision-making processes among couples, and explained the benefit, challenges and probable solutions to the use of contraception in Nigeria. This work is predicated on the premise that contraceptive decision-making is a complex process that involves an array of factors and structural forces that operate and intersect at different levels to influence decision-making on one hand and the dearth of legal framework to regulate the proper and correct use of contraceptives in Nigerian Reproductive Health Law on the other hand. The use of doctrinal research was employed by sourcing materials from internet, journals, and textbooks as well as statutory laws. This paper found that making informed choices on the methods of contraception posed a huge challenge which is a direct consequence of lack of quality contraceptive services or sufficient access to health facilities, misinformation and a dire absence of knowledge in some instances. This paper concluded that in order...

This work examines the decision-making processes among couples, and explained the benefit, challenges and probable solutions to the use of contraception in Nigeria. This work is predicated on the premise that contraceptive decision-making is a complex process that involves an array of factors and structural forces that operate and intersect at different levels to influence decision-making on one hand and the dearth of legal framework to regulate the proper and correct use of contraceptives in Nigerian Reproductive Health Law on the other hand. The use of doctrinal research was employed by sourcing materials from internet, journals, and textbooks as well as statutory laws. This paper found that making informed choices on the methods of contraception posed a huge challenge which is a direct consequence of lack of quality contraceptive services or sufficient access to health facilities, misinformation and a dire absence of knowledge in some instances. This paper concluded that in order...

The high maternal mortality and morbidity rate in Nigeria is a major concern for every stakeholder in the health sector and unsafe abortion is a major cause. As a remedy, it was suggested that active efforts to promote sexuality education and contraceptive use should be intensified among Nigerian adolescents. In this regard, we studied the level of contraceptive knowledge and use among adolescents in three secondary schools in Lagos between January to March 2010. Results showed that 5% of 1155 students with knowledge of contraception are users, 85% of sexually active respondents were non-users while condom is the most common contraceptive method used. Also, nearly 45% of respondents obtained knowledge about contraception from their parents. We believe that there is a need for aggressive advocacy on adolescent reproductive health (ARH) before initiation of sexual activity and dissemination of information on family planning methods among the teenage.

Objective: The study aimed at determining the perception of contributory factors to marital sexual satisfaction among married persons in Ebonyi State University, Nigeria as influenced by socio-demographic variables of gender, age and length of marriage. Method: The study was a cross sectional survey which involved a sample of 144 randomly selected married persons. The instrument for data collection was the Perception of Marital Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (PMSSQ), a 15 item, 4-level scaled self-constructed questionnaire. Mean was used to answer the research questions with the criterion mean set at 2.5 and the hypotheses were tested using t-test and ANOVA. Results: Result showed that intimacy, amount of physical affection, pre-coital caressing, and frequency of coitus, frequency of orgasm by spouse and attitude of spouse to sex were perceived to positively contribute to marital sexual satisfaction. The result also indicated that age, gender and length of marriage influenced the perception of respondent and were significant on some of the identified factors. Conclusion: These findings have implications for family health and overall marital satisfaction which may manifest in both physical and emotional health problems for the couples and had devastating effect on the psych of the children. Based on the findings and discussion recommendations were made which included among others, the inclusion of family education in school's curriculum in both the secondary and tertiary institutions and that natural family planning methods should be embraced to reduce the distance created by the use of contraceptives and improve marital sexual satisfaction.

Objective: The study aimed at determining the perception of contributory factors to marital sexual satisfaction among married persons in Ebonyi State University, Nigeria as influenced by socio-demographic variables of gender, age and length of marriage. Method: The study was a cross sectional survey which involved a sample of 144 randomly selected married persons. The instrument for data collection was the Perception of Marital Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (PMSSQ), a 15 item, 4-level scaled self-constructed questionnaire. Mean was used to answer the research questions with the criterion mean set at 2.5 and the hypotheses were tested using t-test and ANOVA. Results: Result showed that intimacy, amount of physical affection, pre-coital caressing, and frequency of coitus, frequency of orgasm by spouse and attitude of spouse to sex were perceived to positively contribute to marital sexual satisfaction. The result also indicated that age, gender and length of marriage influenced the perception of respondent and were significant on some of the identified factors. Conclusion: These findings have implications for family health and overall marital satisfaction which may manifest in both physical and emotional health problems for the couples and had devastating effect on the psych of the children. Based on the findings and discussion recommendations were made which included among others, the inclusion of family education in school's curriculum in both the secondary and tertiary institutions and that natural family planning methods should be embraced to reduce the distance created by the use of contraceptives and improve marital sexual satisfaction.

Reproductive health is projected to be the future of a country and its foundation is built on the family planning practices of the society. Birth spacing by using suitable contraceptives is the key component to control the ever increasing population and preserves human resources so that man does not become a burden on the rest of mankind. Objectives of the study: 1. To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of married women regarding the use of contraceptives. 2. To find the relationship between knowledge, attitude and practice 3. To find the association between knowledge, attitude and practice of contraceptives and selected baseline variables. Methodology: A descriptive survey was adopted. 200 married women were selected using purposive sampling. After obtaining a written informed consent, the women were administered a structured knowledge questionnaire, a attitude rating scale, and a practice rating scale. The data was tabulated and analysed using descriptive and inferential ...

In the world, more than 120 million couples unmeet the need for contraception in one year. About 80 million of these have had unwanted pregnancies. Some of the impacts caused include abortion, pregnancy complications, and infection. Indonesia is one of the countries with many Unwanted Pregnancy cases that are still stagnant at 15.7% in 2019 with the target of reducing unmet need that has not been achieved. The purpose of this study was to analyze what factors influenced the incidence of Unwanted Pregnancy in Indonesia in the 2019 period. The data used comes from the 2019 Population, Family Planning and Family Development Performance and Accountability Survey Program (SKAP) with 46.220 married women aged between 15-49 years who became the unit of analysis. The data were processed using SPSS 21 using multiple logistic regression test with a significance value

Pembelajaran bermakna menjadi masalah utama dalam praktik pengajaran di dalam kelas. Pembelajaran bermakna atau meaningfull learning merupakan suatu proses mengkaitkan informasi baru pada konsep-konsep relevan yang terdapat dalam struktur kognitif siswa. Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial atau IPS menjadi salah satu mata pelajaran yang dalam praktiknya belum menggunakan konsep pembelajaran bermakna. Salah satu yang dapat digunakan dalam rangka pembelajaran IPS yang bermakna adalah melalui pendekatan teori belajar kognitivisme. Yang terpenting di dalam teori kognitif adalah insight atau pemahaman terhadap situasi yang ada di lingkungan sehingga individu mampu memcahkan permasalahan yang dihadapinya dan juga bagaimana individu berpikir (thinking). Oleh karena itulah, pembelajaran IPS akan bermakna jika siswa belajar memahami dan menemukan berbagai alternatif solusi terkait fenomena sosial maupun masalah sosial.

Background: The fertility rate is high and the contraceptive prevalence rate is very low in Nigeria. Thus, women in Nigeria are exposed to the dangers of unwanted and unplanned pregnancies. Objective: The current study aimed to determine the levels of knowledge, attitudes, and contraceptive preferences among couples in selected health facilities in Ebonyi State so as to recommend a package of intervention to increase contraception uptake. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive quantitative study used questionnaires administered by the researchers themselves among 128 postpartum women who were current users of contraceptive methods in Izzi, Ezza South, and Ikwo local government areas of Ebonyi State, Nigeria from January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017. Informed consent was obtained from participants. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Simple percentages were used to report categorical variables. Results: The study results showed that most of the respondents (49%) had a secondary education, were aged above 20 years, and were mainly employed as civil servants with an average monthly income of $47.20. About 69% had less than 5 living children. Most respondents knew about contraception as a means of delaying pregnancy or limiting the number of children (37%) and recommended its use for family/society (46%). The most commonly used contraceptive methods were implants and injectable ones, while the IUD was the least preferred. Both implants and injectable contraceptives were recommended by friends and believed to be highly effective. Conclusion: The current study showed that knowledge and positive attitude of participants towards family planning was high, comparable to studies in other parts of the world. Further research on determinants of postpartum use of family planning methods among this population is recommended.

Background: Despite the benefits of family planning to individuals, families, communities and the society at large, family planning acceptance and utilization continue to be poor especially in most low-and middle-income countries across the globe due to quality issues, religious and cultural beliefs that negates its use and challenges in access to current family planning methods. This review identified measures that can/may improve the quality and acceptance of family planning in Bayelsa State Nigeria. Method: An in-depth review of literatures was conducted using key search terms in PubMed and Google scholar to obtain strategies needed to improve quality and acceptance of family planning. Results: The review showed that several interventions will be helpful in improving quality and acceptance of family planning methods. These include: (i) The use of the Johns Hopkins quality cycle (Plan-Do-Study-Act) in identification and definition of barriers, planning and implementation of strategies based on identified barriers and continuous monitoring and evaluation of progress for necessary actions. (ii) A social and behavioral change model that specifically addresses cultural and religious norms that limits the use of family planning methods. (iii) Development and implementation of a strategic plan such as provision of qualified midwife/nurse at primary health care centers. (iv) Task shifting (v) continuous capacity building of health workers (vi) Government support of family planning and (vii) collaboration with international organization to ensure steady availability of family planning services and products. These methods if implemented in Bayelsa State, will be effective in improving quality and acceptance of family planning services by women of reproductive age in the state. Conclusion and Recommendation: Improved quality and acceptance of family planning methods and services are central for optimum use of family planning methods which is key to promoting maternal and child health in Bayelsa State and thereby, focuses on health system strengthening interventions in the State.

Adolescents and youths are at high risk due to knowledge gap and behavior risks related to HIV. Despite the well-known need for protection from HIV infections and other reproductive health risks, being an adolescent coupled with social and economic status could limit access to information and services. This is a study to ascertain the HIV/AIDS Knowledge and behaviour-risk among in-school adolescents and youths in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. It is a descriptive cross-sectional study involving1831 in-school adolescents selected by multi-stage sampling technique. Females showed higher knowledge at 52.2±20.1 than males at 47.5±20.3 (p&lt;0.001). Also the urban youths had higher knowledge (47.1±20.8) than rural schools (41.3±20.3). Conversely, males displayed higher behaviour risk at 44.8±24.5 than the female at 39.9±24.6 (p&lt;0.001). Highest behaviour risk was observed in age group 16-20 years (51.2±25.8). Schools in urban setting had higher behaviour risk (56.1±25.5) than rural schools (41...

Adolescents and youths are at high risk due to knowledge gap and behavior risks related to HIV. Despite the well-known need for protection from HIV infections and other reproductive health risks, being an adolescent coupled with social and economic status could limit access to information and services. This is a study to ascertain the HIV/AIDS Knowledge and behaviour-risk among in-school adolescents and youths in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. It is a descriptive cross-sectional study involving1831 in-school adolescents selected by multi-stage sampling technique. Females showed higher knowledge at 52.2±20.1 than males at 47.5±20.3 (p&lt;0.001). Also the urban youths had higher knowledge (47.1±20.8) than rural schools (41.3±20.3). Conversely, males displayed higher behaviour risk at 44.8±24.5 than the female at 39.9±24.6 (p&lt;0.001). Highest behaviour risk was observed in age group 16-20 years (51.2±25.8). Schools in urban setting had higher behaviour risk (56.1±25.5) than rural schools (41...

The extent to which women of reproductive age (15-49 years) experience infertility have not been fully explored in developing countries including Nigeria. Assessing the factors associated with infertility among infertile women can inform interventions to support their needs. This study was conducted to investigate the risk-factors of infertility among women in Boripe local government area (BLGA) of Osun State. A matched case-control study was conducted among infertile women attending the infertility clinic and fertile women attending ante-natal clinic in three health facilities namely: Ada health facility, Isale Oyo health facility and MDGs Oloti health facility in Boripe local government area in Osun state, Nigeria. Cases (n=135) were gotten from the infertility clinic across the three study facilities and controls (n=135) were the pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic in the three health facilities. Mean age was 29 ± 6.7 years, ranging from 16 to 47 years. Higher proportio...

Background: Contraception is the intentional use of temporary, long-term or permanent methods to prevent pregnancy. The consistent and correct use of contraceptives ensures that unintended pregnancies and pregnancyrelated health risks are prevented. Objectives: To assess the prevalence, types and level of knowledge on the correct use of hormonal contraceptives among women of reproductive age at Kenyatta National Hospital. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out targeting 400 women in their reproductive age at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Data was collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 20 into descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The prevalence of contraceptive use was 42.8%. Contraceptive use was associated with number of children [OR 1.7 (1.3-2.1)] p<0.001. 56.1% of contraceptive users were on hormonal contraceptives. Injectable contraceptives were the most preferred followed by implants and pills. The choice of contraceptive methods was associated with age [OR 2.003 (1.330-3.017)] p=0.001 and level of education [OR 1.697 (1.135-2.539)] p=0.010. The level of knowledge on the correct use of hormonal contraceptive use was limited and was associated with the level of education [OR 1.389 (1.144-2.051)] p=0.000. Conclusion: Contraceptive use is low compared to knowledge of contraceptives. Injectable contraceptives are the most preferred hormonal contraceptives. The level of knowledge on the correct use of hormonal contraceptive is low.

The proliferation of cultural norms and standards in Nigeria, has led to drastic societal change and perceptions in the sphere of sexuality, these are most evident among adolescents and young adults who are at an exploratory stage in the continuum of physical and psychological changes associated with dynamic social interactions, relationships and risks. This study assessed the contemporary sexual behaviour, contraceptive accessibility and prevalence among undergraduate students in SouthWestern , Nigeria. A cross sectional descriptive study design was carried out among 600 Female undergraduate students from two tertiary institutions in the Southwest geo-political zone. Respondents were selected using multi-stage random sampling technique and information was collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. The mean age of the participants studied was 21.4 years, 505 (84.2%) of them had experienced sexual intercourse prior to the study, out of which 464 (91.1%) were currently sexually active, median debut age at first sexual intercourse was 16.4 years, awareness about contraceptives (100%) was found to be widespread although the utilisation rate of contraceptive (62.6%) was relatively lower. Furthermore, analysis of the current and projected interplay between Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR), Unwanted Pregnancy Rate (UPFR) and Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevalence Rate (STDPR) revealed poor health outcomes such as the incidence of a 63.9% abortion rate and a Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevalence Rate of 38.4%, these issues can be attributed to high prevalence of risky sexual activity, contraceptive demand and utilisation deficits and poor reproductive health care seeking behavior leading to poor health outcomes. The study recommends the need to strengthen University health care systems, a further subsidization of contraceptives and the formulation of a National population policy, since abstinence is increasingly becoming difficult among the study cohort.

Unintended or unplanned pregnancy poses a major economical, psychological, social, and/or religious challenge in women of reproductive age, especially in developing countries. Available data indicates that Nigeria currently has one of the highest rates of maternal mortality in the world. It is also in evidence that 40% of these maternal deaths are due to complications of unsafe abortions which often is a response to an unwanted pregnancy that could have been prevented by effective contraceptive programming. Yet Nigeria’s contraceptive prevalence rate is less than 13%. This was a descriptive cross sectional survey carried out amongst Women Attending Post-Natal Clinic in Ayeka Basic Health Centre in Okitipupa Local Government Area of Ondo State a simple questionnaire exploring Knowledge, Attitude and Acceptance of Modern Family Planning Method. Information obtained included bio data, knowledge and awareness information, practice. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentage counts statistics. A total 0f 200 women with 107 below 31, 78 were between age 31-40 and 15 were greater than 40). Majority 157 (78.5%) have heard about contraceptive while 55(27.5%) heard the information from government hospital/health care. Majority could identify contraceptive method. The major barrier to the usage of contraceptive was husband’s refusal. This study concluded that there is high level of awareness of contraceptive among women attending Post Natal Clinic in Ayeka Basic Health Centre in Okitipupa Local Government area. There is a low level of Spousal communications among the respondents as only 43.5% of respondents discuss contraceptive with spouses and partners.

Background: In Nigeria, 58% of the estimated number of people living with HIV were women in 2015. The National reproductive health policy approved in 2010 has the goal of ensuring availability and access of women to full sexual and reproductive health information and quality services. However, little research has been conducted in Nigeria on the utilization of reproductive health services of HIV infected women. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and the level of utilization of reproductive health services by HIV infected women in Minna metropolis. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was used. A questionnaire titled: Knowledge, attitude and utilization of reproductive health services among HIV infected women in Minna metropolis was administered to 355 randomly selected HIV infected women receiving treatment at the hospitals. The outcome variables were knowledge, attitude and utilization of reproductive health services. Data collected was analysed using SPSS version 22. Frequency, proportions and Chi Square were used to report the findings. Results: The level of awareness regarding various reproductive health matters ranges from 9.3% to 26.3% with family planning and contraception been the highest. The knowledge of respondents on reproductive health matters was 198(55.8%). Attitude of respondents revealed that 211 (59.4%) support the use of family planning, 249 (62.7%) approve the use of condom and 226 (63.7%) rated the need for sexuality education in secondary schools as very important. Findings also revealed that none of them have carried out cervical cancer screening. Most of the respondents have not used any form of contraceptive methods, only 3.4% have used condoms and antenatal care attendance was 80.3%. Conclusion/ Recommendation: The level of awareness and knowledge of HIV positive women about reproductive health was low. Though, the attitude of respondents was above average, but the utilization of various reproductive health services was very poor. There is need to introduce a health education and counselling platform for women on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) attending clinic to improve their level of awareness, knowledge, attitude and utilization of various reproductive health services.

This paper aims to determine the predictive relationships between achievement goals and learning approaches in the context of social studies teaching and to compare the goal orientation models (3x2, 2x2) in the context of their relationships with learning approaches. The study utilized the multi-factorial predictive correlational design. The study sample consists of 259 middle school students, who were selected by simple random sampling technique, studying in public schools in the central districts of Manisa, a province in the west of Turkey, in the 2018-2019. academic year. The data were collected by means of " Social Studies Oriented Achievement Goal Scale" and "Social Studies Learning Approaches Scale ". The study concludes that learning achievement goals positively predict deep learning approaches but negatively predict surface learning approaches. Also, performance-goal orientation negatively predicts deep learning approaches but positively predicts surface learning approaches. Compared to the 3x2 model, the 2x2 achievement goal model showed a better fit with the data in explaining the relationships between achievement goals and learning approaches. Findings revealed the complex structure of achievement goals specific to the subject area. The results of the research were discussed in the context of the effects of achievement goals on the learning process.

The effect of television viewing has been perceived differently in different quarters as having certain effects on pupils' academic attainment. The researchers in the present study sought to investigate Social Studies teachers' perception of the effects of television viewing on the academic attainment of lower basic pupils in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the aim of this study, two null hypotheses were formulated to serve as direction. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Simple random sampling technique was employed to select 100 respondents from a population of 326 teachers. The instrument for data collection was a four-point Likert scale type questionnaire titled "Teachers' Perception of the Effects of TV-viewing on Academic Attainment of Lower Basic Pupils Questionnaire (TPETAALBPQ). The instrument had two sections (A &B) to seek information on the demographic characteristics of the teachers and teachers' perception of the effects of TV viewing on academic attainment of their pupils, respectively. Data collected were analysed using frequency distribution and percentages as well Chi Square Analysis at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the analyses indicated that teachers don't have a negative perception of the effect of TV viewing on pupils' academic perception. It was also found that teachers' perception on this variable is not dependent on sex. In this regards, it was strongly recommended that teachers should be encouraged to use TV or videos as a Social Studies medium of instruction in the lower basic education level.

The study examined the attitude of Ebonyi State University undergraduates towards use of family planning devices with particular reference to undergraduate students of Social Studies. The research objectives were set to determine the attitude of the undergraduate students towards the use of condom as a device, to determine the attitude of the undergraduate students towards the use of withdrawal method as a device and to ascertain the attitude of the undergraduate students towards the use of oral contraceptive pills. Three research questions were formulated in line with the research objectives. The descriptive survey design was adopted. The population of study consisted of the 180 undergraduate students of Social Studies, Ebonyi State University. The sample size comprised 160 undergraduate students of Social Studies selected using simple random technique. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire. Mean and standard deviation was used for data analysis. The findings showed that undergraduates of Ebonyi State University shows negative attitude towards the use of condoms, the students showed a positive attitude towards the use of withdrawal method and the students showed positive attitude towards the use of oral contraceptive pills. From the findings, it was recommended that Undergraduates should endeavor to abstain from sexual activities, but if they cannot abstain from sex before marriage, they should use contraceptives. Lecturers should periodically give students advice on use of contraceptives and that Parents should give their children sex education.

The objective of the present study was to determine the perceptions of 7 th grade junior high school students about the concept of "citizen" through metaphors. The study is a descriptive study, since it aimed to present a situation as is. The mixed research method was used in the study. The study group included 150 students attending the 7th grade in 4 junior high schools in 3 districts in the Diyarbakir urban center during the 2016-2017 academic year fall semester. In the study, data were collected with forms that included fill-in-the-blanks such as "'Citizen' is like ............, because……." and a survey form that included open ended questions about student demographics. The qualitative dimension of the data obtained in the study was analyzed by content analysis method. The quantitative dimension of the personal data on the students was analyzed with SPSS 21 software (frequencies, percentages and arithmetic mean). Chi-square test was conducted to determine whether the metaphors developed by the students on the concept of citizen differed based on the "household income" variable. Study findings demonstrated that students produced 59 valid metaphors on the concept of "citizen". Most perceptions in the concept of "citizen" concentrated on the "fraternity" metaphor. These metaphors were then grouped under seven conceptual categories, which were examined based on their common characteristics. The categories were as follows: protection, meronymy, solidarity, diversity, representation, governance, and negative statements. It was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the identified metaphors based on the "household income" variable.

David Ausubel adalah seorang ahli psikologi pendidikan yang terkenal dengan teori belajar bermakna (meaningfull). Ausubel (Tim MKPBM, 2001 : 35) membedakan antara belajar menemukan dengan belajar menerima. Pada belajar menerima siswa hanya menerima, jadi tinggal menghafalkannya, tetapi pada belajar menemukan konsep ditemukan oleh siswa, jadi tidak menerima pelajaran begitu saja.

Longitudinal/ cohort interventional design was used in randomly selected population. The one group pre-test post-test used to appraisal of health education on status of knowledge among 1200 married women at Jabalpur city. Results -Majority 42.5% of sample were from the age group of 28-37 years, 64.7% were had age at marriage was18-25 most of them were having more than one child while 53.8% and more than half of them were housewife 52.9% and among them maximum had high school education 23.8% .

Abstrak: Pembelajaran bermakna merupakan suatu proses mengaitkan informasi baru pada konsep-konsep relevan yang terdapat dalam struktur kognitif seseorang Struktur kognitif meliputi fakta-fakta, konsep-konsep, dan generalisasi-generalisasi yang telah dipelajari dan diingat siswa. Faktor-faktor utama yang mempengaruhi belajar bermakna menurut Ausubel adalah struktur kognitif yang ada, stabilitas dan kejelasan pengetahuan dalam suatu bidang studi tertentu dan pada waktu tertentu. Pembelajaran bermakna terjadi apabila seseorang belajar dengan mengasosiasikan fenomena baru ke dalam struktur pengetahuan mereka. Dalam proses belajar seseorang mengkonstruksi apa yang telah ia pelajari dan mengasosiasikan pengalaman, fenomena, dan fakta-fakta baru ke dalam struktur pengetahuan mereka.

Nigeria with a population of 173.6million and a fertility rate of 6 (ADB, 2013), will continue to experience population growth in geometric proportions due to challenges in health care provision and affordability, contraceptive use and women empowerment. In a country where majority of the working the population are employed by the informal sector and live within the monthly income range of NGN10,000-50,000, it is difficult to have access to quality health care services from health professionals. According to USAID DHS 2013, 15.9% of married women use contraceptive methods during sexual intercourse. The most widely employed contraceptive tools between sexual partners are condom and withdrawal method; mainly it is the male partner that uses the condom and where the male decides not to use condoms, the withdrawal option is used. Withdrawal method is where the man removes his penis from the vagina before ejaculation to prevent sperm from fertilizing an egg; this is highly risky. There are also pre-ejaculation sperms which are capable of fertilizing an egg. The most reliable contraceptive methods; implants and intra-uterine device are expensive and the few that can afford them have little knowledge about where to get them.