E-Commerce Law

In securities law, investor protection means that an issuer of securities, here partnership interests for private equity, must register with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and be subject to disclosure, reporting, record-keeping compliance and examination programs. This Article argues that the Dodd-Frank Act has fulfilled part of its objective to protect private equity investors by forcing private equity managers to disclose information on their operations. Disclosure has provided greater transparency about how the business of private equity is conducted. The increased SEC scrutiny started in 2014 has uncovered unfair practices and violations of fiduciary duties that sophisticated investors could not detect on their own. Notwithstanding this improved transparency, the Dodd-Frank Act still falls short of imposing the main tool securities laws uses to protect investors: that is, full and fair disclosure. In other words, Dodd-Frank does not provide all the required protections that are important for investors to assess the quality of their investments and make informed decisions. This Article offers to * Doris Toyou is an attorney in New York and candidate for a doctoral degree (S.J.D.

• http://jlc.law.pitt.edu and its significance for the purpose of this research is that SMEs make up the majority of the businesses of any given country or trading block. 3 There is agreement among states, business councils, and international organizations that SMEs are vital for economic growth. As the OECD representatively emphasized: "Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are important for their contribution to employment, innovation, economic growth and diversity." 4 The growth of today's economies is highly dependent on international trade. 5 Expansion into international markets is critical for SMEs' continued growth, and for the economy's (and ultimately the consumers') wellbeing. 6 Despite the obvious case for expansion, for example, only 26% of New Zealand's SMEs with over six employees currently export their products and the majority are not interested in generating overseas income. 7 In the United Kingdom, it is estimated that only 10% of MSMEs export. 8 Interestingly and in contrast, the United States Department of Commerce found that 98% of U.S. companies exporting goods were MSMEs being responsible for 33% of goods exported. 9 Fifty-nine percent of U.S. SMEs export to only one fewer than 250 employees, in Japan as firms with fewer than 300 employees, and in the U.S. as firms with fewer than 500 employees).

This is a brief case note on the Munich County Court's Judgment of 1 March 2018 (Case 12 O 730) which held that the Amazon Dash Button device violates EU consumer law on several counts. The case note analyzes the Court's line of argument and argues that EU consumer law in its existing form is not sufficiently technically neutral and not ready for display-less devices such as the Amazon Dash Button and voice-activated digital assistants like Amazon Alexa or Google Home.

Aujourd’hui le défi est énorme à l’ère du numérique où les pouvoirs d’investigation du fisc doivent être déployés au cœur de cet univers qui recèle d’information sur des activités imposables. A cet effet les administrations fiscales africaines en général et celle béninoise en particulier, doivent oser s’approprier des outils innovants pour réussir à jouer efficacement leur rôle de pourvoyeur des caisses de l’Etat.Le contrôle fiscal peut aujourd’hui difficilement se passer de ces traces numériques au risque de paraître inadapté aux évolutions actuelles. Mais le problème c’est que les données en jeu sont immenses et leur exploitation éventuelle nécessite la mise en place d’outils particuliers. Mais pour l’administration fiscale, un problème spécifique se pose ? Quelles données analyser dans le cadre du contrôle dans un contexte évident de constat de maigreur de données disponibles à son niveau ?Comment, dans le cadre de l’imposition individuelle, exploiter les données du Big data notamment celles de la téléphonie mobile (où les données sont massives sur le continent), et en extirper en toute sécurité et de façon responsable des éléments susceptibles de faciliter la taxation ?

Nowadays, particularly after introducing the phenomenon of this era, namely electronic commerce, consumers are benefiting from the removal of a number of issues they may have faced in the past including not being pressurised by a salesperson to buy costly or unwanted products. Furthermore, they will be able to compare many stores at once instead of having to go from place to place to achieve the same, which will clearly save them considerable time and effort. Conversely, it is obvious that the difficulties facing consumers online are quite similar to transactions concluded using more traditional methods in terms of the ways in which the trader has communicated with the consumer. Overall, violations concerning consumer protection include false advertising, whether it was for pre-contractual information, hidden fees, or cancellation rights. On the other hand, as a matter of necessity online consumers have special requirements as they do not have the opportunity to examine either products or the trustworthiness of the trader they make the payment at the conclusion of a purchase is concluded, as in the offline market, in addition to concerns over privacy, which pose another type of risk in cyberspace. While conducting an electronic contract, consumers have no option rather than to proceed on faith, possibly without sufficient knowledge of the e-trader to whom they are entrusting a variety of sensitive information. Thus, rebalancing the relationship between contractual parties by giving consumers using electronic transactions more protection would develop e-commerce even further, and there would be no better way to protect consumers than imposing a comprehensive legal framework that might act as further inspiration for other countries to improve their regulation to similarly comply.

E-commerce has changed conventional sale of goods through global access in an online marketplace. The borderless online marketplace provides a worldwide platform for sale of goods to consumers. A new group of tech-savvy consumers, also known as e-consumers has emerged and grown rapidly in recent years because e-commerce goods are cheaper, more accessible and convenient and offer greater variety and quality. E-commerce transactions for sale of goods involve many parties, among others the platform provider, the seller (either manufacturer, intermediary, wholesaler or retailer), the internet provider, the financial service provider that provides the transfer of money using data, the website, the logistics provider, the shipping company, the delivering company and the consumer as buyer at the end of the transaction. In some circumstances, consumers can even be the seller in e-commerce. It is essential to determine the rights and liabilities of the contracting parties in an e-commerce contract which raises the issue of privacy of contract and other related contract law issues. The nature and the complexity of e-commerce consumer contracts for sale of goods trigger many legal issues; from forming of the contract to the conclusion of the contract. This paper focuses on the emerging issue of e-commerce contract contractual rights and obligations for sale of goods. As pure doctrinal legal research which employs the content analysis method, this paper aims to map out the connection among the parties both directly and indirectly involved in the contract. This paper also seeks to identify and analyse the relationship of various parties involved in e-commerce consumer contracts for sale of goods. The relationship between the parties in an e-commerce contract, with regard to their rights and liabilities in the sale of goods, was examined and reviewed with the aim to ascertain coherence with the privacy of contract doctrine.

View the publication online: https://developing-an-organic-web-channel.ghost.io/2017/06/18/how-to-do-keyword-research-and-develop-great-keyword-strategies/

Keyword research is the missing piece for many web content creators. While I agree that writing is an art form that requires an open and free mind, you can still create entertaining and engaging content that better captures your audience by starting with keyword analysis BEFORE you begin to compose your content.

Keywords and keyword phrases can serve as an outline of the page you are about to create. Creating content without keyword research is akin to getting in the car and driving down the road without a destination in mind. It is a waste of energy and will do little to get you where you need to be. Keywords and keyword phrases should be a road map to better SEO and driving more traffic to your website.

Electronic commerce is important, and perhaps, inevitable. Thus, to consider the legal implications of the growth and development of electronic commerce is essential. However, the lack of suitable dispute resolution mechanisms in cyberspace will constitute a serious obstacle to the further development of electronic commerce. Bearing this in mind, this thesis argues that when Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) moves to cyberspace, particularly arbitration and mediation as the main types of ADR, the form of Online Alternative Dispute Resolution (OADR) can maximize the growth of e-commerce. This paper argues that the advent of the internet has created challenges and opportunities for dispute resolution mechanisms and particularly ADR. These challenges and opportunities are interconnected inexorably with each other and with internet characteristics. This paper concludes that a number of technical issues need to be addressed if there is to be a swift and successful deployment of OADR mechanisms in a cross-border environment. Some uncertainties remain due to technological limitations. Indeed, the growth of OADR is tied to the development of technology.

Era globalisasi ditandai dengan berbagai kecanggihan teknologi yang berfungsi untuk mempermudah pekerjaan manusia, salah satunya adalah teknologi komputer yang berkembang sangat maju dan pesat dimana komunikasi dan informasi mudah di dapatkan dengan hadirnya interne. Kemajuan dan keunggulan teknologi komunikasi dan informasi ini melahirkan model transaksi bisnis yaitu e-commerce transaction. E-commerce merupakan model bisnis modern yang non face (tidak menghadirkan pelaku bisnis secara fisik) dan non-sign (tidak memakai tanda tangan asli)

The Nigerian E-commerce industry has grown consistently within the last five years, despite the growth, the industry remains unregulated and consumer confidence in the industry is still very low. The Uk has succeeded in strengthen their e-commerce industry through strong legal Frameworks which has enhanced consumer confidence as well as create a balance in the industry.
This Article showcases the current position of regulating the e-commerce sector in Nigeria and compares them with what is obtainable in th UK in order to give the Nigerian lawmakers a guide on the road to successfully regulating the industry.

The Internet has opened up a new horizon for trade and commerce, namely electronic Commerce (e-commerce). E-commerce entails the use of the Internet in the marketing, Identification, payment and delivery of goods and services. This paper highlights the status, Potential and constraints to e-commerce development in Bangladesh. Both the Statutory laws as well as the challenges in implementing them are discussed. Major legal, Regulatory and institutional constraints to e-commerce are identified. The paper also lists Specific policy changes aimed at bringing improvements to the legal and regulatory environment affecting e-commerce.

Recently, the development of business can make so many opportunities and innovations, such as online shopping. The online shopping system can make the interaction between seller and customer easier. But the problem still exists. The seller cannot deliver their respond immediately while the customer sending some questions. Therefore, a Chabot system can beat solution to the seller, where they able to deliver a response to a question quickly. In today’s scenario, the furniture retails shop processes the furniture retails shop’s raw material, sales, supplier, stock, receipt, and etc. is done manually through hands by ink and paper, which take large amount of time and causes strain and struggle for the furniture retails shop processing. It is important and needed to design a Retails Shop Evaluation for Chatbot, to pace up the work and make it an easy way to use system by shrinking those drawbacks we create a secure windows application for handling the furniture retails shop processing.

In India, the Information Technology Act, received the Presidential Assent in June 2000. The Act is based on the Model Law on E-Commerce adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). The essence of the Act is captured in the long title: ‘An act to provide for the legal recognition of transactions carried out by … alternatives to paper-based methods of communication and storage of information …’. In a previous article the authors reviewed the ‘heavy handed’ approach taken by the Indian government to the regulation of Certificating Authorities,1

this article continues this theme and evaluates the provisions of the Act in and around a range of jurisdiction, crime and privacy issues. Unlike similar legislation in Singapore, Malaysia, South Korea and Thailand, which primarily focuses on the regulation of e-commerce, the Information Technology Act 2000 introduces and enacts for the first time in India a range of e-commerce and Internet related criminal offences, these provisions provide a range of executive powers that the authors consider will significantly impair the rights of privacy and free speech of both citizens of India and of other countries.

This paper explores the global overhaul in financial regulation post the financial crisis, providing an analysis of the current micro and macro prudential reforms with a view to exploring whether the shortfalls have indeed been addressed or whether further areas require further attention.  With a focus on both international regulator agencies and domestic national reconstructions, the document keenly argues that the enforcement of accountability remains an issue still with capitalism still governing above ethics, admist a plethora of new legislation and regulation there is no one clear international regulator facilitating harmonious impartial regulation and supervision of all global stakeholders.  With the financial crisis of 2007 having far reaching effects such as financial hardship hitting a significant amount of nations, both developed and developing world, it is vital to ensure that the financial system is protected more efficiently in line with the fundamentally interconnected and fast developing species it is today in the modern world.  Despite some of the legislation and reform appearing to be a step in the right direction, there is merit in the argument that an overseeing regulator is required and that current governance standards in place are in danger of taking an approach that is akin to “box ticking” rather than embedding values of corporate social responsibility, socially responsible investments and above all, ethical banking.

This dissertation attempted to examine the adequacy of the Electronic Transactions Act 2011 in governing e-commerce in Uganda with a case study of the online motor vehicle trade. The research questions focused on finding the legal challenges faced in e-commerce transactions in Uganda; assessing whether the e-commerce platforms being used in Uganda comply with the law and to propose reforms in practice and the law where necessary.
Using a qualitative research methodology entailing interviews and desk reviews of documents, websites and online resources, the research found among others that the legal challenges of e-commerce span from cyber frauds to goods not fitting their description, delays in delivery, challenges in cancellation, return and refunds, dispute resolutions, conflict of laws among others.
The legal challenges are saddled by other systemic challenges of lack of key infrastructure like electricity, internet connectivity being costly among others.
The research finds that the most of the online motor vehicle websites do not largely comply with the law, with key policies as privacy and data protection; cancellation, return and refund; payments of damages; provisions for alternative dispute resolution; delivery periods and other security measures falling short.
The dissertation concludes that the Electronic Transactions Act is not adequate in governing e-commerce in Uganda most especially it does not provide extensively for privacy and data collection, usage, retention and protection mechanisms. It further finds that even at a regional level, the legal and policy framework does not adequately address privacy and data protection concerns, cyber security mechanisms that require harmonization of regional laws to improve e-commerce at the region and national levels.

Keberadaan perusahaan startup di Indonesia mencatat perkembangan positif. Perkembangan ini didukung dengan kualitas infrastruktur teknologi informasi dan tingkat penetrasi internet yang semakin tinggi. Bisnis startup di Indonesia dari data statistik kegiatan perdagangan secara elektronik (e-commerce) menunjukkan peningkatan tiap tahunnya. Hal ini seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi serta semakin baiknya jaringan infrastruktur komunikasi. Ekonomi berbasis elektronik mempunyai potensi yang tinggi bagi Indonesia, dan merupakan salah satu tulang punggung perekonomian nasional. Penelitian ini mencoba menganalisa permasalahan bagaimana tantangan hukum dalam bisnis start-up e-commerce dan bagaimana peran pemerintah dalam mendukung lahirnya pelaku-pelaku usaha bisnis start-up e-commerce.

Kata Kunci : Bisnis Start-up, e-Commerce, Hukum dan Regulasi

I]t's much easier to proclaim yet another digital revolution -and to coin a requisite buzzword -than to wait and see if the observed change, instead of being a complete overthrow of established practices and principles, is just a shift in order and magnitude. 2 ABSTRACT Existing e-commerce regulations constitute a premature and unnecessary interference in the natural evolution of commercial practices and technologies. I question not just their quality, mainly attributable to the technological ignorance of the regulator, but their very necessity.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is developing rapidly. Its unique ability to learn and solve unique problems without the help of humans put it into a new place. Therefore, AI is the only machine that can challenge the human civilization or can give humans their utopia, but before reaching there, humans must understand the working method of AI to foresee the challenges as well as to prepare the system to address those challenges.

The rapid growth of online intermediary platforms such as Airbnb, Uber or Amazon Marketplace has not only brought new challenges for existing business models. It has also triggered a debate on whether there is a need to adjust EU consumer and market practices law in order to take into account the changing market structure caused by the rise of the ‘platform economy’. The aim of this Discussion Draft, which has been elaborated by network of legal scholars from several European Member States, is to make a contribution to this debate.

Whether the current changes in the digital single market justify any regulatory action is an open question. The researchers involved in the elaboration of the Discussion Draft have different opinions with regard to this question and how to strike the right balance between consumer protection, market freedom and innovation. However, they share the view that the debate, which has so far been conducted on a rather abstract level, may benefit from a ‘visualisation’ that provides a clearer picture how a concrete regulatory instrument – if necessary – might look like. In this sense, the text presented here is not meant as a plea for regulation, but rather as an instrument that could give a new ‘focal point’ to the debate on the platform economy.

Most of the researchers involved in the network hold the view that if regulation is considered to be necessary, the appropriate level of regulation should be European rather than national in order to avoid obstacles to the digital single market that could arise from diverging national regulatory requirements for online platforms. Therefore the draft has been conceived as a ‘Directive on Online Intermediary Platforms’.

Electronic commerce—conducting business through network technology—will significantly impact the global economy and play a vital part in future economic development. Europe and the United States are currently seen as the main beneficiaries of such growth, but countries such as India and China with their huge pools of technologically skilled manpower
have exceptional opportunities. A number of developing countries have pursued policies to formulate a consistent legal and regulatory framework to support electronic transactions
across state, national and international borders. The development of the appropriate legal framework has required substantial re-thinking of traditional legal approaches. Many legal rules assume the existence of paper records, documents, signatures, physical cash, cheques, face to face meetings, and so on. As more transactions are carried out by electronic means, it becomes important that evidence of these activities be available to demonstrate the ensuing legal rights and obligations. India’s Information Technology Act 2000 provides a legal framework so that transactions are not denied legal effect, validity or enforceability solely because they are in electronic form. In this paper, we will outline the economic impact of e-commerce on the developing countries and review the main provisions of the Information and Technology Act 2000 in the context of contractual, jurisdictional, security, and regulatory issues. The Act will be contrasted with similar provisions in Europe, the United States and South East Asia.

One of the major roles in regulating e-commerce belongs to the international organizations. They face a number of important tasks, such as, for example: ensuring the protection of consumer rights, as well as protecting intellectual property; ensuring the protection of the interests of those who are parties to cross-border transactions; equalization of ordinary hard (paper) and electronic documents.
The largest contribution to the regulation of electronic commerce is made by the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), as well as the UN Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), the Commission of the European Com-munities (also known as the European Commission or EC), Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and others. It is important to note that all the mentioned organizations pursue common goals, which are to influence and expedite the growth of the global economy and ensure regulation in the field of e-commerce, thus ensuring the stability through the development of rules and recom-mendations for regulating e-commerce.

A thorough review of trust models is carried out in this paper to reveal the key capabilities of existing trust models and compare how they differ among disciplines. Trust decisions are risky due to uncertainties and the loss of control. On the other hand, not trusting might mean giving up some potential benefits. Advances in electronic transactions, mutliagent systems, and decision support systems create a necessity to develop trust and reputation models. The development of such models will allow for trust reasoning and decisions to be made in situations with high risk and uncertainty. In recent years, several attempts have been made to model reputation and trust. However, perceiving trust differently and the lack of having a unified trust definition are among the main causes of the proliferation of many trust models across different disciplines.

The rapid development in information and communications technologies and the global nature of the Internet have seen both small and large businesses strive to establish their presence online in order to remain viable and competitive. This development has led to a paradigm shift from the physically oriented commercial environment to the more technology and internet driven environment giving birth to e-commerce. According to definition by WTO e-commerce is understood to mean the production, distribution, marketing, sale or delivery of goods and services by electronic means. E-commerce has enabled companies to sell goods and services to customers located anywhere globally without having to establish their presence in those locations. This presents a problem in so far as jurisdictional laws and regulations are concerned because in traditional and conventional commerce, a company must have some physical ties to a country or a state for it to be subjected to that country's or state's laws. This theory does not hold with e-commerce particularly where a company sells its goods and services on the Internet to global customers who are outside the country or state where the company's web site and server is located. Given the nature of e-commerce as being global, borderless, virtual and anonymous, the issue of jurisdiction can be a sticky and murky business. This paper discusses jurisdictional challenges brought by the development of e-commerce especially where disputes arise between businesses and individuals in cross-border transactions.

Internet and E-commerce law, business, and policy: The conceptual framework Pendahuluan Perkembangan perdagangan online atau biasa dikenal dengan e-commerce dewasa ini begitu pesat, dengan ratusan ribu pedagang memanfaatkan platform yang ada untuk berjual beli melalui daring / online. Di Indonesia, kita kenal situs online mulai dari Tokopedia, OLX, Lazada, Elevenia, Kaskus, dan lain-lain. Semuanya mempunyai ratusan ribu user setia, dibuka oleh jutaan pengunjung unik setiap bulannya, dan mempunyai nilai transaksi hingga milyaran rupiah. Indonesia sebagai negara pengguna internet terbesar kelima di dunia, mempunyai potensi pasar online yang sangat besar untuk digarap. Maraknya perdagangan online, mau tak mau mempunyai implikasi dalam bidang hukum. Hukum e-commerce atau hukum perdagangan online, tumbuh sebagai konsekuensi atas tumbuhnya internet secara global, dan merupakan kesaksian atas betapa hidup kita saat ini makin tidak terpisahkan terhadap internet. Internet sudah menjadi kebutuhan pokok bagi hampir semua dari kita. Diagram di bawah ini menunjukkan tren e-commerce yang terjadi di seluruh dunia.

In a situation where a person's right to confidentiality in his correspondence is pitted against public interest, how does Philippine Law rule on the issue? This paper explores the legal implications of electronic mail use under Philippine Law, of whether an email is entitled to the same level of confidentiality as traditional mail and other confidential communications, and how the law balances such confidentiality with the need for disclosure to protect public safety and order.

Technology causes the emergence of new kinds of disputes and dispute resolution methods. Accordingly, the era of online platform economy has created its own types of disputes and needs its own unique methods to deal with those disputes. Today, the dependence of business users on online platforms implies that the platforms have a large scope to engage in harmful trading practices which may unfairly limit business users' online activities. The Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 requires online platforms to establish internal complaint-handling systems. Internal complainthandling systems have utmost importance regarding online platforms' decisions to restrict, suspend or terminate the business user's accounts. The Regulation provides the business users important procedural safeguards. Internal complaint-handling systems appear as an alternative dispute resolution method and supports the creation of accessible justice regimes. When evaluated in conjunction with the conventional alternative dispute resolution methods, it resembles the negotiation method. This article opines that even in jurisdictions where the Regulation is not applicable, the conventional commercial law principles may still require an internal complaint-handling system's implementation by the online platforms. The article sets forth how this may emerge by exemplifying the issue through the lens of trader's duty to act as a prudent businessman under Turkish law and the board of director's duty of care under US law. It is envisioned that internal complaint-handling systems will play a crucial role in the online platform economy, since the conventional principles of commercial law support and would inherently require its implementation.

The rapid growth of e-commerce in Uganda, especially the sale of goods and services over the Internet, has led to concerns as to whether Uganda’s taxation regime is equipped to deal with this new phenomenon. The shift from a physically oriented commercial environment to one that is electronic and information-based poses serious and substantial issues in relation to taxation and taxation regimes. Uganda Revenue Authority faces the daunting task of protecting her revenue base without hindering either the development and use of new technologies or the involvement of the business community in the emerging e-market place. This paper examines the nature of e-commerce and explains the taxation challenges it poses such as a shrinking tax base, the limitations of source and residence rules of taxation and the need for adaptability of tax systems such as VAT. It goes further to offer possible solutions arguing for a rethinking of the source and residence rules and a review of the VAT dichotomy between supply of goods and supply of services.

The rapid growth of e-commerce, especially the sale of goods and services over the internet, has fuelled a debate about the taxation regimes to be used. The shift from a physically oriented commercial environment to a knowledge-based electronic environment poses serious and substantial issues in relation to taxation and taxation regimes. Tax administrations throughout the world face the formidable task of protecting their revenue base without hindering either the development of new technologies or the involvement of the business community in the evolving and growing e-market place. Concerns of governments centre on the impact of e-commerce on the state and local revenue. Whereas states can impose a tax on residents’ purchases from out-of-state vendors, they cannot impose an obligation on those vendors to collect the tax unless the vendor has a substantial presence, or nexus, in the state. These problems will be greater for developing countries. The shrinking of the tax base will have a disproportionat e effect and further jeopardize the already fragile economy of the developing world.

Online businesses influence consumer behaviour by means of a wide range of technologies that determine what information is displayed as well as how and when it is displayed. This creates an unprecedented power imbalance between the transacting parties, raising questions not only about the permissible levels of procedural exploitation in contract law, together with the adequacy of existing consumer protections but also about the impact of technology on consumer autonomy. There is, however, no single technology that threatens the latter. It is the combined, mutually-enforcing effect of multiple technologies that influence consumer choices at different stages in the transacting process, creating an environment of ambient and pervasive manipulation. It starts the moment consumers enter a search term (autocomplete), proceeds through the display of search results (search engine bias), the speed with which a website appears on the screen (traffic management) and concludes with the layout of elements on a website (interface design), to name a few.

Consumption taxation of e-commerce should be consistent with the basic principles of international taxation. In order to aid the policy-based discussion in relation to consumption taxation, this paper provides an outline of the fundamental policy concerns that arise in any thoughtful consideration of changes in a system of taxation. The paper explains in broad terms the objectives and principles that should guide the consumption taxation of e-commerce and it critically evaluates the different options forwarded primarily by the OECD for collection of consumption taxes.

With regard to the collection of VAT on electronically supplied services, the EU VAT Directive provides for reverse charging (in B2B) and a single registration scheme (in B2C). This paper challenges the efficiency of these collection mechanisms in a digital context, and in particular their practicability for suppliers (acting as tax collectors). It also discusses whether they are in compliance with the 1998 OECD recommendations on e-commerce. After noting the current (non-)developments in the context of the European Commission’s ambition to reform the EU VAT system and achieve a Digital Single Market by 2020, it sketches three proposals for further discussion.

– Electronic commerce (e-commerce) has potential to become one of Indonesian economy drivers in the future. Nevertheless, the increasing penetration of global social networking sites as marketplace platform would likely to threat the emerging local digital economy industry. This article reviews existing Indonesian e-commerce regulations amid this expansion. The discussion of the paper consists of three sections: 1) the Indonesian internet governance; 2) The existing e-commerce regulations and its challenges; 3) The possible policy recommendations to address the issues. This paper recommends the government should accommodate the interest of local e-commerce so that could be able to compete, at least, at the same level of playing field with the global ones. In addition, the government has to be able to take consistent legal action including blocking the global commerce provider if proven to violate the local regulations.

ABSTRACT: The Antitrust is essential to
generate conditions of legal certainty that
promote efficient markets, and conditions
of social and economic development in a
country. Mexico has a legal system to
monitor the process of competition, which
so far only has been expanded its power to
traditional markets. This paper aims to
make known whether the current legal
system in Mexico to protect the
competitive process in the physical
markets, is applicable to protect the
competitive process that arise in the ecommerce
markets and limit the
anticompetitive actions of the economics
agents that in this markets converge.