E

Two studies were carried out to assess the applicability of echoplanar fMRI at 3.0 T to the analysis of somatosensory mechanisms in humans. Vibrotactile stimulation of the tips of digits two and five reliably generated significant clusters of activation in primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex, area 43, the pre-central gyrus, posterior insula, posterior parietal cortex and posterior cingulate. Separation of these responses by digit in SI was possible in all subjects and the activation sites reflected the known lateral position of the representation of digit 2 relative to that of digit 5. A second study employed microneurographic techniques in which individual median-nerve mechanoreceptive afferents were isolated, physiologically characterized, and microstimulated in conjunction with fMRI. Hemodynamic responses, observed in every case, were robust, focal, and physiologically orderly. These techniques will enable more detailed studies of the representation of the body surface in human somatosensory cortex, the relationship of that organization to short-term plasticity in responses to natural tactile stimuli, and effects of stimulus patterning and unimodal/cross-modal attentional manipulations. They also present unique opportunities to investigate the basic physiology of the BOLD effect, and to optimize the operating characteristics of two important human functional neuroimaging modalities */highfield fMRI and high-resolution EEG-in an unusually specific and well-characterized neurophysiological setting.

La inequidad y la pobreza son causas de enfermedades, y la compleja realidad actual exige desafíos no sólo al sistema de salud sino también a las universidades como instituciones formadoras de futuros profesionales que deberán responder a demandas concretas de intervención para tratar de disminuir al máximo esas inequidades. La formación de recursos humanos en salud con un perfil orientado hacia los problemas de las poblaciones al respecto y a la estrategia de la Atención Primaria de la Salud (APS) se torna, entonces, un desafío. La APS continúa siendo hoy la principal estrategia para lograr equidad y calidad en salud. Pensar nuevos escenarios de práctica, problematizar la realidad de la que formamos parte, son pasos ineludibles para lograr una formación profesional centrada en la comunidad.

Determining the epithelium's contribution to corneal biomechanics is important for the predictive numerical simulation of corneal biomechanical behaviour in which the cornea's five main layers are represented separately. Twenty-four corneal buttons were tested under posterior inflation conditions while monitoring their behaviour using non-contact methods. The corneas were divided into two groups of 12; one with and one without the epithelium. Control of specimen hydration, temperature and pressure application rate, and limiting the programme to specimens within a small age range resulted in a narrow scatter of test results. On average, intact specimens were able to carry slightly more pressure at the same deformation, and experienced less average stress for the same strain, compared with specimens without the epithelium. These results indicated that the stiffness of the epithelium was considerably lower than that of the stroma, and might therefore be ignored in numerical simulation studies.

We acknowledge financial support from the research programme ‘Environmental Policy, Economic Reform and Endogenous Technology’, funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). We gratefully acknowledge useful comments by Egbert Jongen, Richard Nahuis, Michiel de Nooij and Bob van der Zwaan on an earlier version of this paper. Of course, the usual disclaimer applies. Research Memorandum 0105

We may not be able to make you love reading, but the disappearance of the social in american social psychology will lead you to love reading starting from now. Book is the window to open the new world. The world that you want is in the better stage and level. World will always guide you to even the prestige stage of the life. You know, this is some of how reading will give you the kindness. In this case, more books you read more knowledge you know, but it can mean also the bore is full. Yeah, when trying to read a new book as this the disappearance of the social in american social psychology, you can start from certain time and place. Building interest in reading this book or every book is needed. The soft file of this book that is provided will be saved in such certain library. If you really have willing to read it, just follow the kindness of the life. It will improve your quality of the life however is the role. To see how you can get the book, this is much recommended to as soon as possible. You can take different time of the start to read. When starting to read the the disappearance of the social in american social psychology is in the proper time, it will allow you to ease pass the reading steps. It will be in undergoing the exact reading style. But many people may be confused and lazy of it. Even the book will show you the truth of life it doesn't mean that you can really pass the process as clear. It is to really offer the presented book that can be one of referred books to read. So, having the link of the book to visit for you is very joyful. You can quickly finish them to visit the page and then enjoy getting the book. Having the soft file of this book is also good enough. By this way, you may not need to bring the book everywhere. You can save in some compatible devices. When you have decided to start reading the disappearance of the social in american social psychology again, you can start it everywhere and every time as soon as well done.

Recent cross-country empirical evidence indicates that the money-prices relationship depends on the level of inflation. This relationship is close to proportional for high inflation economies, but weakens when mean inflation is lower. Based on these findings, we focus on the Argentine experience along the last 30 years. Using descriptive analysis as well as cointegration tests we find that proportionality holds for the high inflation period but weakens under the low inflation regime. Money velocity is quite volatile but keeps a positive correlation with inflation in the long run. Under low inflation, velocity correlates negatively with money growth, a result consistent with the empirical evidence in the literature. We use VAR analysis to study the short-run dynamics of money and prices under high and low inflation. Including relevant macroeconomic variables such as the nominal interest rate, the exchange rate depreciation and GDP growth we study the transmission of nominal shocks to...

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.

Promover la lactancia materna constituye una sencilla estrategia de prevención de la morbimortalidad infantil. Las decisiones y actitudes del equipo de salud condicionan los resultados de lactancia en una población. Por ello, capacitar a estudiantes de Medicina y motivarlos a participar en actividades diversas relacionadas con la lactancia constituye una estrategia de promoción a largoplazo. Se describen en este trabajo actividades encuadradas en la docencia, la extensión y la investigación que se realizan en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán tomando como eje a la lactancia. La docencia está representada por el Módulo Optativo Lactancia Materna, que se articula con el Voluntariado Universitario Apoyo a la Lactancia Materna y con el Proyecto de investigación sobre la misma temática. Se destaca la participación activa de los estudiantes y el valor de esta experiencia para su formación profesional y humana.

We report the display of human ciliary neurotrophic factor (hCNTF), a survival factor for neuronal cells belonging to the ~-helical cytokine superfamily, on the surface of the filamentous bacteriophage fd. The hCNTF cDNA was fused to a DNA sequence encoding the C-terminal domain of pIII, a minor coat protein exposed at one end of fd. Gene fusions were cloned into a plasmid containing the ColE1 plasmid and fd origins of replication, and were packaged into phagemid particles upon superinfection with M13KO7 helper phage. The resulting fusion phage bound specifically to anti-CNTF antibodies and to the recombinant soluble CNTF s-receptor. Moreover, phage-displayed hCNTF was found to possess biological activity at concentrations comparable to those of the soluble cytokine. These results demonstrate that CNTF can be displayed on phage in a correctly folded and functionally active form. Binding of fusion phage to immobilized CNTF ~-receptor and subsequent elution at low pH resulted in affinity purification of CNTF-displaying virions. Utilization of this technology should enable the selection of high-affinity variants from libraries of CNTF mutants displayed on phage.

Article history: Received: 13 Mar 2012 Accepted: 28 May 2012 Available online: 21 Jan 2013 ZJRMS 2014; 16 (1): 91-93 Background: Color vision deficiency (CVD) is an X chromosome-linked recessive autosomal dominant. Determine the prevalence of color blindness in Qazvin population. Materials and Methods: In a cross sectional study color vision deficiency examined in 1853 individuals with age 10-25 years old who participated in private clinics and eye clinic of Bu-Ali hospital in Qazvin in 2010. The screening of color vision deficiency was performed using Ishihara test. Data were analyzed by SPSS-16 with χPP test with p<0.05. Results: Mean age of participant was 17.86±4.48 years. 59.5% of them were female. 3.49% of the total population had color vision deficiency that 0.93% and 2.56% were female and male respectively. Conclusion: color vision deficiency must be noticed by decision makers in health field for screen planning.

Loyalty, its antecedents, and its consequences have been considered extensively. Store loyalty, in particular e-store loyalty, has not, however, received the same level of attention despite the increase in the number of organisations that sell directly over the Internet. This paper focuses on two antecedents of e-store loyalty, perceived switching barriers and satisfaction, and the way in which they interact. It found that customers do not consider themselves loyal to the e-store they frequent despite being largely satisfied, that the impact of switching barriers varies at different levels of customer satisfaction, and that what customers consider to be a switching barrier differs at different levels of customer satisfaction. D

Aim of the study: The aim of the present study is to determine in a procedurally uniform manner the mescaline concentrations in stem tissue of 14 taxa/cultivars of the subgenus Trichocereus of the genus Echinopsis (Cactaceae) and to evaluate the relationship (if any) between mescaline concentration and actual shamanic use of these plants. Materials and methods: Columnar cacti of the genus Echinopsis, some of which are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes by South American shamans in traditional medicine, were selected for analysis because they were vegetative clones of plants of documented geographic origin and/or because they were known to be used by practitioners of shamanism. Mescaline content of the cortical stem chlorenchyma of each cactus was determined by Soxhlet extraction with methanol, followed by acid-base extraction with water and dichloromethane, and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: By virtue of the consistent analytical procedures used, comparable alkaloid concentrations were obtained that facilitated the ranking of the various selected species and cultivars of Echinopsis, all of which exhibited positive mescaline contents. The range of mescaline concentrations across the 14 taxa/cultivars spanned two orders of magnitude, from 0.053% to 4.7% by dry weight. Conclusions: The mescaline concentrations reported here largely support the hypothesis that plants with the highest mescaline concentrations-particularly E. pachanoi from Peru-are most associated with documented shamanic use.

The ever growing importance of e-learning over the last decade has triggered an explosion of resources available on the Web. Although this multiplicity of available resources can foster the development of a critical spirit, discernment and the student's ability to weigh up the merits of different points of view, it can also induce disorientation in the search for the resources best suited to her/his needs and learning style. This issue has driven research into recommendation systems, already well known in fields such as e-commerce, applied to e-learning environments. However, in such environments the recommendations can only be efficacious if the system is able to deal with the many different factors involved in the learning process, such as the learning goal and the student's cognitive features. This work proposes a recommendation strategy that combines, by adopting a hybrid cascade approach, two knowledge-based techniques that can take these factors into account in the recommendation process.

Yadav, Gilles Zumbach, and participants at the SIRIF volatility workshop (Glasgow) and the AFA meetings (New Orleans) for helpful comments. We also thank three anonymous referees and the editor for many helpful comments and suggestions that resulted in a substantial improvement of this manuscript.

Severe violent behavior is almost always the product of predisposing individual differences and precipitating situational factors (Huesmann, 1998). One important environmental experience that contributes both to predisposing a person to behave more violently in the long run and to precipitating violent behavior in the short run is exposure to violence. Psychological theories that have emerged over the past few decades now explain the short-term precipitating effects mostly in terms of priming, simple imitation, and excitation transfer. However, the long-term predisposing effects involve more complex processes of observational learning of cognitions and of emotional desensitization. In this chapter these theories are elaborated, and the compelling empirical evidence in support of these theories from experiments and longitudinal field studies is reviewed. We explain why the processes operate equally well from exposure to reallife violence or exposure to dramatic violence in the mass media. We focus particularly on the role of low emotional arousal and diminished emotional reactions to violence as consequences of exposure to violence and precursors of violent behavior. We argue that anticipated emotional responses play an important role in the cognitive processing that controls violent behavior. Abnormal violent behavior is not viewed as a consequence of "deficient" processing, but rather as a consequence of "different" processing.

THIS CHAPTER DESCRIBES general trends in the growth and diffusion of telemedicine worldwide. It begins with a description of the diffusion in the United States, and is followed by examples from a range of other countries. A theoretical model is then presented that contains factors that affect the adoption of new technologies, particularly in a free market economy and with a high degree of professional autonomy. Attention is then focused on the analysis of important factors slowing the spread of telemedicine on several different levels.

J Bras Patol Med Lab • v. 42 • n. 5 • p. 345-350 • outubro 2006 key words y y ey o ds y y key words y y y y y y y y y y y unitermos unitermos unitermos u te os unitermos unitermos abstract Thiol groups have been described as the main responsible for antioxidative effects of plasmatic proteins. Also, thiol serum levels have shown a positive correlation with total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in many studies. Measurement of TAC by substract oxidation-based methods have been widely used as a reference to measure antioxidant status; however, in many cases these methods are inexact or imprecise, usually when performed by manual procedures. In this paper we describe a simple automated procedure for the determination of total thiols in serum, which was based on Ellman's method. It was correlated with several markers of oxidative/antioxidative status, such as TAC and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance test (TBARs). Serum thiol levels were correlated positively with TAC (r = 0.298, r p < 0.001) and negatively p with TBARs levels (r = -0.330, r p < 0.001). The novel automated procedure for thiol groups measurement p can be a great tool in estimation of antioxidant status together with TAC assay. This procedure makes the determination of total thiol groups in large scale possible in clinical chemistry or research laboratories where this approach is necessary. Thiol groups Total antioxidant capacity TBARs Oxidative stress Automation resumo Os tióis são descritos como os principais responsáveis pelos efeitos antioxidantes das proteínas plasmáticas. Além disso, diversos estudos mostram uma correlação positiva entre os níveis séricos de tióis e a capacidade antioxidante total (CAT). A medida da CAT por métodos baseados na oxidação de substratos tem sido amplamente usada como referência na estimativa da capacidade antioxidante em amostras biológicas; porém, em muitos casos esses métodos são inexatos e imprecisos, principalmente quando realizados por procedimentos não-automatizados. Neste artigo descrevemos um procedimento automatizado simples para a determinação de tióis totais no soro, com base no conhecido método de Ellman. A dosagem dos tióis foi correlacionada com diversos marcadores da capacidade oxidante/antioxidante, como a CAT, o teste das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARs) e os níveis de peróxidos totais. Os tióis correlacionaram-se positivamente com a CAT (r ( ( = 0,298; r p < 0,001) e negativamente com os níveis de TBARs (r ( ( = -0,330; r p < 0,001). O procedimento aqui descrito para a dosagem de tióis pode ser uma ferramenta importante na medida da capacidade antioxidante juntamente com a dosagem da CAT. A utilização desse novo procedimento possibilita a determinação dos tióis totais em larga escala por laboratórios clínicos e de pesquisa onde essa demanda é necessária. Tióis Capacidade antioxidante total TBARs Estresse oxidativo Automação

Effects of ovariectomy and estrogen replacement on attractivity and receptivity in the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) Abstract Activation of courtship behavior in male redsided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, is independent of the presence of sex steroids. The only consistent treatment that stimulates courtship behavior in males is prolonged exposure to low temperature followed by subsequent warming, mimicking the emergence from hibernation. We investigated whether attractivity and receptivity in female red-sided garter snakes is similarly steroid independent.

The point of departure for this study is the hypothesis that educational institutions and school systems can use the Internet to establish a new form of administrative and pedagogical contact within their school communities. The theoretical framework involves elements such as social, cultural, and technological change, situating in this context the educator and his/her appropriation of the technological culture. It then deals with the constitution of sociotechnical networks in the educational environment, having the Internet as a facilitator. In so doing, the text also touches on the issues of social networks and educational web portals. The fieldwork investigated the process of constitution of a sociotechnical network in a municipal school system. Observations, assessments, questionnaires, and interviews built a case study, in which it was possible to follow the creation, implementation, and use of an Internet portal as a new space for the communication, interaction, and exchange of information among the school community. The investigation centered on the figure of the educator and of his/her perception of this space. Based on the assumption that our relationship to technology entails a process of appropriation of the technological culture, which directly influences our actions in this networked society, we conclude that educational web portals can be used by schools in a productive way, in collaboration among the various agents of the educational community, once this process takes into account, amongst other factors, the technological culture of that particular community.

Heavy metals have a great ecological significance due to their toxicity and accumulative behavior. The geoaccumulation index (I geo ) in 10 stations in Al-Hawizeh Marsh, (i.e Al-Adaim (I & II), Um Al-Neaj , Um-Awarded, North Al-Soudah, South Al-Soudah, Al-Beda, Lissan Ejerdah and Majnoon) were calculated in this article. The sediment pollution was investigated by following the concentration of six heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu and Pb). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPMS) was used for analysis. According to the geoaccumulation index (I geo ) the results of all the 10 stations were analyzed and discussed in detailed.

Changes made as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing, formatting and page numbers may not be reflected in this version. For the definitive version of this publication, please refer to the published source. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite this paper.

Employee allocation is a part of the process of workforce formation (staffing) in organisations. Its aim within hiring new employees and internal mobility is to have an adequate, stable and satisfied employee in the shortest possible time, and its key objective within employment termination is to ensure a fair departure. Employee allocation results in the optimal usage of financial means of the organisation as well as in the development of abilities of employees and teams in accordance with the aims of the organisation. The aim of our research conducted in 2012 was to find out whether organisations operating in Slovakia realize the importance of employee allocation. Research results imply that only 14% of organisations deal with adaptation com prehensively, i.e. at all three levels. And only 8% of the interviewed organisations deal with outplacement.

OPEC producers, individually or collectively, often make statements regarding the "fair price" of crude oil. In some cases, the officials commenting are merely affirming the price prevailing in the crude oil market at the time. In many cases, however, we document that they explicitly disagree with the contemporaneous futures price. A natural question is whether these "fair price" pronouncements contain information not already reflected in market prices. To find the answer, we collect "fair price" statements made between 2000 and 2009 by officials from OPEC or OPEC member countries. Visually, the "fair price" series looks like a sampling discretely drawn (with a lag) from the daily futures market price series. Formally, we use several methodologies to establish that "fair price" pronouncements have little influence on the market price of crude oil and that they supply little or no new news to oil futures market participants.

O processo de globalização trouxe para as grandes organizações uma série de consequências, entre as quais a prática das aposentadorias incentivadas, em que diversos trabalhadores experientes foram dispensados, muitos sem qualquer preparação para uma vida que pode durar mais do que o tempo dedicado ao trabalho. Hoje muitas organizações já reconhecem o valor dos trabalhadores mais velhos, que, se atualizados, podem continuar tão motivados quanto já demonstraram em capacidade e experiência. Entretanto, alguns precisam ou desejam se aposentar, aproveitando o tempo livre para realizar atividades de desenvolvimento pessoal, de lazer, de cuidado com a saúde, desenvolvimento de projetos pessoais, relacionamentos sociais e familiares e mesmo para o engajamento em uma atividade profissional mais prazerosa. Este artigo pretende oferecer uma perspectiva do envelhecimento dos trabalhadores nas organizações e do desafio de lidar com a aposentadoria, analisando-se aspectos e variáveis que podem fa...

It is commonly asserted that inflation is a jump variable in the New Keynesian Phillips curve, and thus wage-price inertia does not imply inflation inertia. We show that this "inflation flexibility proposition" is highly misleading, relying on the assumption that real variables are exogenous. In a general equilibrium setting (in which real variables not only affect inflation, but are also influenced by it) the phenomenon of inflation inertia re-emerges. Under plausible parameter values, high degrees of inflation persistence (prolonged after-effects of inflation in response to temporary money growth shocks) and under-responsiveness (prolonged effects in response to permanent shocks) can arise in the context of standard wage-price staggering models.

In P G(2, q) a point set K is sharply transitive if the collineation group preserving K has a subgroup acting on K as a sharply transitive permutation group. By a result of Korchmáros, sharply transitive hyperovals only exist for a few values of q, namely q = 2, 4 and 16. In general, sharply transitive complete arcs of even size in P G(2, q) with q even seem to be sporadic. In this paper, we construct sharply transitive complete 6 ( √ q − 1)arcs for q = 4 2h+1, h ≤ 4. As far as we are concerned, these are the smallest known complete arcs in P G(2, 4 7) and in P G(2, 4 9); also, 42 seems to be a new value of the spectrum of the sizes of complete arcs in P G(2, 4 3). Our construction applies to any q which is an odd power of 4, but the problem of the completeness of the resulting sharply transitive arc remains open for q ≥ 4 11. In the second part of this paper, sharply transitive subsets arising as orbits under a Singer subgroup are considered and their characters, that is the possib...

This paper explores the effect of quantitative easing in the US. It discusses the financial crisis in the US economy and the policy response of the US government. It examines the effect of quantitative easing on various macroeconomic variables of the US economy. The paper researches the impact of quantitative easing on asset prices and inflation. It explores the effect of quantitative easing on employment in the US. Also, it investigates the impact of quantitative easing on GDP and economic growth in the US economy. It probes the effect of quantitative easing on income inequality in the US. Again, it scrutinizes the international spillovers of quantitative easing in the US. Finally, the paper inspects whether quantitative easing may lead to higher inflation in the future and, more importantly, may lead to another economic crisis in the future.

Despite powerful advances in yield curve modeling in the last twenty years, comparatively little attention has been paid to the key practical problem of forecasting the yield curve. In this paper we do so. We use neither the no-arbitrage approach, which focuses on accurately fitting the cross section of interest rates at any given time but neglects time-series dynamics, nor

1. Introduction, 2. Brothers and sisters â€&quot; adelphoi, 3. The believers, 4. The saints â€&quot; hoi hagioi, 5. The assembly â€&quot; hÄ&quot; ekklÄ&quot; sia, 6. Disciples â€&quot; mathÄ&quot; tai, 7. The way â€&quot; hÄ&quot; hodos, 8.&#x27;Christian&#x27;â€&quot; Christianos, 9. Conclusions.

The Pedagogy of Alternating consists in a methodology for the organization of schooling that conjugates different formative experiences distributed along distinct times and spaces aiming at a professional education. This method began to take shape in 1935 from the complaints that a small group of French farmers had about the educational system of their country, which in their view did not correspond to the specificities of education for the rural reality. The Brazilian experience with the Pedagogy of Alternating started in 1969 in the State of Espírito Santo, where the first three Escolas Famílias Agrícolas (Agricultural Family Schools) were built. Nevertheless, after 40 years of its implementation in this country, this pedagogical proposal is still little discussed within our academic milieu. In a research project that we have been developing we have conducted a survey of master and doctoral dissertations presented to Brazilian universities between 1969 and 2006. The objective of the present article is to discuss this production with a view to draw a first picture of the "state of the art" in this field of investigation. The survey includes 46 works, of which 7 are doctoral theses and 39 are master dissertations. In the text, we present the most recurrent themes of study, the regional distribution of this production, and what we regard as consensual aspects and limitations of these works.

Abstract. In this contribution we present experiments on color image enhancement for several dierent non-linear lters which originally were de ned for gray-level images. We disturb sample images by dierent types of noise and measure performance of the lters. We provide signal-to-noise measurements as well as perceived color dierence in E as dened by the CIE. All images and test programs are provided online on the internet so that experiments can be validated by arbitrary users on any image data.

A simple, sensitive, highly accurate UV spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of valacyclovir in bulk and tablet dosage form. Solution of valacyclovir in 0.1N HCl shows maximum absorbance at 255 nm. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 5-25 mcg mL -1 with 1.0910x10 4 mol -1 cm -1 , the slope, intercept, correlation coefficient, detection and quantitation limits were also calculated. The proposed method has been applied successfully for the analysis of the drug in pure and in its tablets dosage forms. Result of percentage recovery and placebo interference shows that the method was not affected by the presence of common excipients. The percentages assay of valacyclovir HCl in tablet was 99.82%. The method was validated by determining its sensitivity, accuracy and precision which proves suitability of the developed method for the routine estimation of valacyclovir in bulk and solid dosage form.

North begins his book by stating that "institutions are the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction."(3) That being said North then proposes to examine institutions, changes in them, and their impact on economic performance over time.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do ar em três categorias de ambientes hospitalares: unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) adulto, UTI neonatal (UTN) e centro cirúrgico de um hospital em Florianópolis, Brasil. Avaliaram-se a concentração de dióxido de carbono, a vazão e renovação de ar nas salas do centro cirúrgico. A concentração de bioaerossóis foi estimada em um dia de avaliação para cada ambiente. Não se observou relação entre a concentração de bioaerossóis e o tempo de uso das salas de cirurgia. A concentração média de bioaerossóis foi de 231 UFC.m -3 para fungos e de 187 UFC.m -3 para bactérias. Os ambientes avaliados atendiam aos valores recomendados pela legislação vigente. Os resultados permitiram avaliar criticamente essa legislação e apresentar sugestões para estabelecimento de uma resolução específica para ambientes hospitalares no Brasil.