Drugs Adiction

While attempts to tackle the issue of illegal drugs through decriminalisation in the US and Canada have been less than successful, former Police Scotland Superintendent Martin Gallagher argues that as traditional enforcement measures have failed, it's time for a bolder approach to drug use and consumption, with regulating, legitimising and taxing supply a crucial step towards true change and rehabilitation.

3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or "Ecstasy", which has been used for recreational purposes, is shown to cause learning and memory impairment. Statins, beyond their efficient cholesterol-lowering action through inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-COA) reductase, possess multiple neuroprotective impacts referred to as pleiotropic effects. In this regard, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. Adult male Wistar rats received atorvastatin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg; orally) and rosuvastatin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg; orally) for 21 consecutive days. Then, Morris water maze (MWM) was performed to examine learning and memory functions. Rats were injected with MDMA (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg; I.P) 30 min before training sessions in 4 training days of MWM task. Afterward, rats were sacrificed under general anesthesia and their hippocampuses were dissected to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, li...

Post traumatic stress disorder is a clinical disorder characterized by emotional and physical symptoms that may occur after exposure to a severely traumatic event. It occurs commonly as a co-morbid diagnosis with substance related disorders, as well as other psychiatric disorders.  We postulated that post traumatic stress disorder may be under- diagnosed in therapeutic wards where substance use disorders are treated. This study thus sought to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed post traumatic stress disorder   in a substance use disorder in-patient population. The posttraumatic stress disorder check list, Civilian version was administered to patients on admission at the Center for addiction treatment and research, Vom, Plateau state, Nigeria in June 2017. Socio-demographic data and information regarding substance use were also obtained from the patients. A total of 38 in-patients were analyzed and 8 (21%) met the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (fourth edit...

La presente investigación recolecta datos de una muestra n=10, consumidores de tabaco en la FESI-UNAM, los resultados arrojaron que gran parte del alumnado presenta problemas de tabaquismo, en específico en contexto relacionado con las reuniones sociales. Se realiza una propuesta de intervención, con la cual se podría disminuir el consumo de tabaco en esta población.

Highlights of this episode are:

1. Not only poverty in general, homelessness and social stigma exacerbate 'substance abuse;’ ‘substance abuse’ can also make people homeless. 

2. People with mental anxieties fall easy prey to drugs; drugs will yield to strong-minded people, not in mutuality; irrespective of the mentality of people, it is not desirable for anyone to lose the normal rhythm of life by 'substance abuse.’

3. People may 'yield to mental anxieties' because of social stigma; one who falls prey to social stigma, for whatever reason, may not have appropriate social balance; where the man needs help, he is subjected to social stigma, which is futile.

4. Someone can be the better speaker than a good speaker; that room of democratic excellence has to be maintained, which we often do not see in society.

5. The same thing can be perceived differently from different perspectives; whatever the point of view is, it must be founded on logic and appropriate data; if not, decision should not be taken from that perspective because, if the decision is wrong, everyone concerned will have to pay for it, no doubt.

6. 'Addiction does not discriminate'; the adage is also true in the affirmative; one person may 'welcome' drugs while the other may reject them; the difference is right there.

7. If a person grows up in an environment and/or circumstance in which drug dealing operates freely (i.e., not drug-free environment), that environment will ‘touch’ him for sure; a system must be devised so that such social environment is not or cannot be created. 

8. We cannot identify ‘substance abuse’ or drug overdose as a human right.

9. When a person comes out of prison after a long imprisonment, he is in dire need of some assistance or supportive situation; all concerned can agree upon the post-prison planning so that a citizen of the state can re-enter the society properly and engage in productive works.

10. Opioid is a class of drugs; Opioids have morphine-like effects on the brain and they can be used for medical purposes; abuse of this substance can lead to the death of the person consuming it.

11. The number of Opioid overdose deaths in the United States continues to rise, with 81,806 deaths in 2022; according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of prescribed Opioid users is also increasing day by day.

12. At the national level, we can strengthen more specific programs on 'substance abuse' or drug overdose than they are in operation now; treatment plans can be made at the individual level.

13. Once recovered, necessary measures should be taken to ensure that no one gets involved in drugs again; these persons should be engaged in the productive activities of the mainstream society.

Los participantes serán capaces de saber cuales son las drogas, que es la adicción, tipos de drogas, causas, síntomas, tratamiento, recuperación, prevención, lo que es una sobredosis, como identificar a un drogadicto y algunas sugerencias para padres de familia. Completar cuestionarios sobre drogadicción en forma personal para conocer si somos drogadictos o adictos.

La cerveza y cualquier tipo de estimulante realmente mata: cómo se deteriora el organismo desde el primer consumo" Bogotá, 13/06/2024 En la sociedad actual, el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, incluido el alcohol, el tabaco y otras drogas, así como conductas adictivas como el consumo excesivo de pornografía, han generado discusiones sobre su impacto en la salud mental y emocional. A menudo se subestima el efecto que estas sustancias y actividades pueden tener en el cuerpo y la mente desde el primer uso. Es fundamental comprender que incluso el consumo inicial puede provocar importantes consecuencias a largo plazo.

Alcohol consumption as you all know can be for the person who consumes it, it is easy to think of it lightly but it’s very hard to get out of it. The harmful use of alcohol is the cause for all deaths and the global burden of disease and injury. It changes the lifestyle of the person with all this consumption year later when males started drinking alcohol, it became a habit of their lifestyle, and after that for females too. Eventually, it happens after one sees them follow the same habit as each other. These changes can motivate further drinking and cause an individual to become stuck in an unhealthy cycle of alcohol use. It is linked to many health and social consequences & and affects personal relationships, heart and liver diseases, and cancers. Once the addiction starts it defects the personality, creates problems for oneself, and creates a lack of family involvement with each other. But this should soon get rigged out of it as it is too harmful and terrible for humans, they start these consequences when they have poor classroom performance. Putting one’s self in high-risk situations such as drinking and driving.

Keywords-  Human Behavior, Harmful, Consumption, Drugs, Alcohols

Introduction: This study has been done to compare resiliency and coping strategies in addicted individuals to drug and non-addicted people. Methodology: This study is descriptive and casual-comparative. Sampling population was all people who lived in Arak city in 1393. In this case, 94 participants who were addicted and refereed to addiction treatment centers were selected randomly. Ninty-four subjects who were their relatives were selected as a normal group. Samples were matched based on age, sex and income; Then resiliency scale and coping strategies endler, Parker completed. Data were analyzed by using MANOVA. Results: Results showed that there is a significant difference between addicted and non-addicted people in resiliency and coping strategies. But there isn't meaningful difference between two groups in appraisalfocused and emotion-focused. Conclusions: Regard to that increased resiliency and using problem focused strategies decrease temptation of using drug suggested that improve resiliency and train problem-focused strategy to addicted individuals.

In a 2016 paper, Nora Volkov said, sharp increases in the release of dopamine elicit a reward signal that triggers associative learning or conditioning. In this type of Pavlovian learning, repeated experiences of reward become associated with the environmental stimuli that precede them. With repeated exposure to the same reward, dopamine cells stop firing in response to the reward itself, and instead fire in an anticipatory response to the conditioned stimuli, referred to as cues, that in a sense predict the delivery of the reward.

El uso de los denominados enteógenos, en tanto herramientas de utilización milenaria por parte del ser humano, en conjunto con el desarrollo científico moderno en éstas áreas, pueden resultar una propuesta no sólo novedosa, sino también efectiva para tratar las toxicomanías. Existen una gran cantidad de estudios científicos que aportan valiosa información sobre los potenciales terapéuticos de los mismos, de acuerdo tanto a la acción de sus alcaloides a nivel cerebral, como a las posibilidades psicoterapéuticas en contextos definidos (fueran de medicina tradicional americana o de protocolos occidentales). El presente trabajo busca, además, realizar un análisis psicoanalítico respecto al carácter místico de los complejos fenómenos de la conciencia que se suceden en las experiencias con psicodélicos naturales en pos de orientar prácticas dentro del marco de la salud mental.

El propósito general de este trabajo se encuadra en la línea de investigaciones que pretenden elevar los niveles de calidad de las estrategias preventivas desarrolladas, analizando la eficacia diferencial de los programas escolares al variar el perfil de las personas encargadas de implementarlos. Para ello, compara los resultados de la aplicación de tres programas de prevención escolar sobre el consumo de cannabis y las actitudes hacia su consumo, en función del tipo de aplicador empleado. La muestra se compuso de 280 alumnos de 1º de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO), distribuidos en siete condiciones experimentales: seis de tratamiento (grupos experimentales) y otra en lista de espera (grupo control). Los grupos experimentales estuvieron determinados por la existencia de dos factores: Tipo de programa (programa Construyendo Salud, programa Saluda, programa Barbacana y Grupo Control) y tipo de Agente de aplicación (profesor habitual o psicólogo externo). Los profesores obtiene...

RESUMO - A proposta deste estudo é refletir acerca da relação terapêutica no contexto musicoterapêutico e compreender como musicoterapeutas e estudantes de musicoterapia alicerçam e constroem um repertório de ações, intervenções e interações em processos musicoterapêuticos que estão se iniciando. Metodologicamente a pesquisa se constituiu em uma revisão bibliográfica e uma pesquisa de campo, com a utilização de um questionário online. A Análise Temática de Braun e Clarke (2006) foi a fundamentação para a análise dos dados. Teoricamente o trabalho se sustentará com alguns aportes da abordagem humanista de Carl Roger e com autores da Musicoterapia, como Bruscia, Aigen, Brian Abrams e Barcellos. Os resultados indicam que a musicoterapia se constitui e se constrói dentro de uma relação terapêutica em cinco categorias que foram denominadas de CIPI: "C" , representa a temática Centrada no Sujeito; "I "representa a interatividade; "P" a proficiência e "I&...

Se investigo sobre el tipo de creencias relacionadas con el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA), y su relacion con la abstinencia voluntaria, en pacientes farmacodependientes con diagnostico dual (psicosis inducida por sustancias, trastorno afectivo bipolar y esquizofrenia). Participaron 90 pacientes del Programa de Rehabilitacion de Farmacodependencias del Hospital Universitario ESE CARI de Barranquilla, Colombia. El instrumento utilizado fue el Cuestionario de Creencias Acerca del Abuso de Sustancias (Beck y cols., 1999). Los resultados muestran que las creencias mas frecuentes son las de alivio, seguidas por las anticipadoras y las permisivas, con un ligero predominio de estas en el grupo de Esquizofrenia. Aunque se observaron algunas asociaciones entre el tipo y el contenido de las creencias y el tipo de diagnostico, sin embargo, no se encontro diferencia significativa al respecto del tipo de creencias entre los tres grupos diagnosticos. Tampoco se hallo relacion entre el t...

Los programas de Habilidades para la Vida suponen un espacio para el fomento del desarrollo humano y son un mecanismo preventivo para el combate de problemáticas como el consumo de drogas y la violencia, especialmente en la región Centroamericana donde este tipo de espacios son cada vez más necesarios, el problema es que los procesos para la evaluación de este tipo de intervenciones son diversos y difusos, por lo que una mejora en estas puede transformarse en una mejora considerable de los programas. Es por eso que desde el Instituto Centroamericano de Administración Pública se plantea una metodología para la evaluación de este tipo de intervenciones, concentrada en la medición de la eficacia, la eficiencia y el impacto.

Objetivo. Avanzar hacia una definición de la perspectiva llamada “De las Personas que Usan Drogas (PUD)”. Metodología. El método utilizado es la arqueología filosófica consistente en la descripción del sistema de formación de la reducción de daños como objeto de la perspectiva mencionada. Resultados y conclusiones. Las reglas de objetivación más características de la perspectiva “De las Personas que Usan Drogas” son que el activismo opera como superficie de emergencia, el testimonio opera como autoridad de delimitación y la agencia opera como rejilla de especificación. El texto introduce la problemática a tratar, luego presenta la metodología teniendo especial cuidado en los aspectos más prácticos del procedimiento. En seguida presenta los resultados del análisis arqueológico de dos documentos: un comentario sobre la reducción de daños y un reporte de política pública elaborado por redes globales de activistas. El artículo concluye aproximándose a una definición de la perspectiva “D...

3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or "Ecstasy", which has been used for recreational purposes, is shown to cause learning and memory impairment. Statins, beyond their efficient cholesterol-lowering action through inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-COA) reductase, possess multiple neuroprotective impacts referred to as pleiotropic effects. In this regard, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. Adult male Wistar rats received atorvastatin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg; orally) and rosuvastatin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg; orally) for 21 consecutive days. Then, Morris water maze (MWM) was performed to examine learning and memory functions. Rats were injected with MDMA (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg; I.P) 30 min before training sessions in 4 training days of MWM task. Afterward, rats were sacrificed under general anesthesia and their hippocampuses were dissected to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, li...

The increase in the percentage of drug addiction every year is of great concern to society and the country. However, there is no denying that various parties such as government agencies, non-governmental organizations, private agencies and even individuals, each have played various roles in helping the government deal with this drug addiction problem. Academics, psychologists, counsellors and Islamic psychospiritual therapists are among those who contributed to this issue from theoretical and contextual aspects, including in the development of scale-based assessment instruments to drug addicts. Past studies explained that there is a close link between spiritual aridity and drug addiction. Recognizing the spiritual need to address drug addiction, this article discusses the Islamic Psychospiritual Scale (ZATIP) instrument for drug addicts to help researchers measure the addicts’ spiritual level and condition. This instrument is developed through a phase of validity and reliability emp...

The research presented deals with the evaluation of the school program and family Prevention "Among All", belonging to the Association Man Project, in order to present to the scientific community's strengths and weaknesses to continue to improve in the line of work that raises the National Plan on Drugs (NPD) around national drugs Strategy 2009-2016. The evaluation program is intended for students, families from 1st to 4th of Secondary Education and indirectly to the teachers who implement the program in classrooms so. The study was conducted in the city of Cordoba (Spain). The working methodology consisted of a mixed methodology of quantitative and qualitative, developed in a longitudinal study of four years, beginning in the academic year 2006-2007 and ending in 2009-2010. The results obtained is that the very positive program raises issues relating to work and family, with the moonstruck and the teaching team, but at the same time to adapt to the changes of adolescence should be more visually appealing, incorporate more activities interactive and associated with Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and have a flexible to suit the needs of students, families and the school itself looks.

Acta Académica es un proyecto académico sin fines de lucro enmarcado en la iniciativa de acceso abierto. Acta Académica fue creado para facilitar a investigadores de todo el mundo el compartir su producción académica. Para crear un perfil gratuitamente o acceder a otros trabajos visite: https://www.aacademica.org. BIBLIOGRAFIA "Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1-discordant couples in Rakai,

271 Revista Española de Drogodependencias 33 (4) 2008 Correspondencia a: Dra. María J. Zarza a la siguiente dirección: maria. zarza@ fepad. es c/Guardia Civil 30, entlo. B. 46020 Valencia Originales Evaluación de la Exposición para Adolescentes “Visión Científica de ...

Este estudio se ha financiado con fondos Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (Exp. 2015I070) (Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad). RESUMEN Fundamentos: La prevención selectiva aborda los factores de vulnerabilidad asociados al consumo problemático y a la exclusión social. Existen pocos programas en nuestro entorno que sean efectivos. Los objetivos del estudio fueron primero identificar programas de prevención selectiva del consumo de alcohol/cannabis para jóvenes de 16 a 21 años y segundo, revisar la calidad de la intervención, la evaluación y los efectos generados. Métodos: Se revisaron las bases de datos MEDLINE, PubMed, Google académico, EDDRA, SAMHSA, PBE y las recomendaciones del Plan Nacional de Drogas. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: 1) programas en español/inglés, 2) publicaciones <10 años, 3) población diana 16-21 años 4) programas psicoeducativos o socioeducativos de alcohol/cánnabis, 5) de prevención selectiva o selectiva/indicada y 6) que estuvieran evaluados. La descripción de las intervenciones y su calidad, sus métodos de evaluación y la presentación de los resultados y su eficacia fueron valorados de acuerdo a 20 criterios surgidos de diferentes recomendaciones. Resultados: Catorce de los programas evaluados cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, 10 de ellos cumplieron los criterios de calidad mínimos respecto a la intervención y la evaluación, pero sólo 5 mostraron resultados. Los programas efectivos abordaron las emociones negativas asociadas al consumo, trabajando las habilidades para afrontarlo, y consiguieron reducir la frecuencia del consumo de alcohol, pero raramente de cánnabis. Conclusiones: Existen pocos programas de prevención selectiva y diversos trabajos muestran las debilidades en la calidad de la intervención o la evaluación, pero sobre todo respecto a los efectos que generan. Los más efectivos han resultado ser PreVenture, The Climate Schools: Alcohol and Cannabis Course, Programa TND, Keepin' it REAL y Saluda al fin de semana.

This qualitative research presents theoretical reflections about the effects of music on people. The study was developed at the Programa de Iniciação Científica at the Faculdade de Artes do Paraná between 2009 and 2010. The goal of this research was to investigate the influence of music conveyed on buses on the daily routine of users of public transportation in Curitiba. The literature review showed that this subject is still unexplored in the Music Therapy context. However, it was noticed that in the Nursing context there is already completed researches about the subject. A questionnaire was asked for people aged between 18 and 40 who travel at least 20 minutes on uses. The investigation has showed that background sound can collaborate to the health and the daily routine of the users of public transport in Curitiba. It also showed that there is a field for further researches on the subject of music as a health practice

The increase in the percentage of drug addiction every year is of great concern to society and the country. However, there is no denying that various parties such as government agencies, non-governmental organizations, private agencies and even individuals, each have played various roles in helping the government deal with this drug addiction problem. Academics, psychologists, counsellors and Islamic psychospiritual therapists are among those who contributed to this issue from theoretical and contextual aspects, including in the development of scale-based assessment instruments to drug addicts. Past studies explained that there is a close link between spiritual aridity and drug addiction. Recognizing the spiritual need to address drug addiction, this article discusses the Islamic Psychospiritual Scale (ZATIP) instrument for drug addicts to help researchers measure the addicts’ spiritual level and condition. This instrument is developed through a phase of validity and reliability emp...

The fentanyl epidemic represents a public health crisis that requires a deep understanding of its psychology. This extremely potent drug has become a deadly threat due to its high potency and widespread use. In this work, we explore the psychology of fentanyl addicts, examining how this drug affects the brain, its short-term effects, and the psychological, social, and environmental factors that contribute to addiction. Furthermore, the chemical structure of fentanyl is addressed, and a prevention plan is proposed, including education, access to naloxone, treatment and support, substance control, school prevention programs, community support, and awareness in the media and social networks. Understanding the psychology of fentanyl addicts is essential to comprehensively address this crisis.

transferencias de las competencias entre las categorías de actores locales de cultura diferente. El objetivo de este enfoque es asegurar, en sentido literal y figurado, en el nivel territorial las posibilidades para desarrollar lo que hemos denominado el capital formal territorial.

De origen socioeconómico diverso los estudiantes de Medicina tienen su propia comprensión cultural y sentimiento sobre la diversidad social, pero tienen que estar preparados para enfrentarse a la infinidad de comportamientos humanos sin prejuicios. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar la utilización, con fines educativos, de escenas de películas comerciales (Trainspotting, Requiem por un Sueño, Leaving Las Vegas, Kids y Rounders) en un curso extra-curricular de un día de duración sobre las "Adicciones", destinado a alumnos de 4º y 5º curso de la Facultad de Medicina de Lisboa. Después de discutidas las escenas, hubo una intensa participación de los participantes en las sesiones de enseñanza/aprendizaje, dando la oportunidad de aclarar nociones erróneas y conceptos preconcebidos, intentando "resolver" situaciones de ámbito médico. La utilización de estas escenas fue considerada como motivadora y útil para promover y explorar una visión más amplia de los problemas sociales y médicos de los adictos. Estas películas son igualmente útiles para desencadenar cambios individuales en la comprensión de lo que "todos los usuarios de drogas o del juego sienten en su interior".

The increase in the percentage of drug addiction every year is of great concern to society and the country. However, there is no denying that various parties such as government agencies, non-governmental organizations, private agencies and even individuals, each have played various roles in helping the government deal with this drug addiction problem. Academics, psychologists, counsellors and Islamic psychospiritual therapists are among those who contributed to this issue from theoretical and contextual aspects, including in the development of scale-based assessment instruments to drug addicts. Past studies explained that there is a close link between spiritual aridity and drug addiction. Recognizing the spiritual need to address drug addiction, this article discusses the Islamic Psychospiritual Scale (ZATIP) instrument for drug addicts to help researchers measure the addicts’ spiritual level and condition. This instrument is developed through a phase of validity and reliability emp...

El domingo 9 de noviembre , luego de una larga enfermedad, el Dr. Ronald Betancourt falleció. Ese día este número de Cuadernos de Neuropsicología estaba por publicarse. El presente In Memoriam pretende hacer un reconocimiento tanto público como íntimo de uno de los grandes psicólogos chilenos.

The increase in the percentage of drug addiction every year is of great concern to society and the country. However, there is no denying that various parties such as government agencies, non-governmental organizations, private agencies and even individuals, each have played various roles in helping the government deal with this drug addiction problem. Academics, psychologists, counsellors and Islamic psychospiritual therapists are among those who contributed to this issue from theoretical and contextual aspects, including in the development of scale-based assessment instruments to drug addicts. Past studies explained that there is a close link between spiritual aridity and drug addiction. Recognizing the spiritual need to address drug addiction, this article discusses the Islamic Psychospiritual Scale (ZATIP) instrument for drug addicts to help researchers measure the addicts’ spiritual level and condition. This instrument is developed through a phase of validity and reliability emp...

The integration of screening, brief interventions, and referral to treatment is a preventive and care strategy that has demonstrated effectiveness in improving the health of alcohol and other drug users. The implementation of this strategy in its digital form has facilitated its spread and acceptance among adolescents and young people. The objective of this study was to adapt this methodology in order to develop efficient actions to prevent and reduce the risk of problem internet use among the school population. The PiensaTIC Program is a web-based screening and brief intervention pilot application that has been administered to secondary school students in the city of Malaga (Spain). This article describes the features of this preventive program and its results regarding the different forms of internet usage by the adolescents studied. Differences were found between male and female students in relation to the most common types of online behavior, as well as differences in prevalence...

The increase in the percentage of drug addiction every year is of great concern to society and the country. However, there is no denying that various parties such as government agencies, non-governmental organizations, private agencies and even individuals, each have played various roles in helping the government deal with this drug addiction problem. Academics, psychologists, counsellors and Islamic psychospiritual therapists are among those who contributed to this issue from theoretical and contextual aspects, including in the development of scale-based assessment instruments to drug addicts. Past studies explained that there is a close link between spiritual aridity and drug addiction. Recognizing the spiritual need to address drug addiction, this article discusses the Islamic Psychospiritual Scale (ZATIP) instrument for drug addicts to help researchers measure the addicts’ spiritual level and condition. This instrument is developed through a phase of validity and reliability employing two methods, first, expert verification using interview method and thematic qualitative analysis; and method of questionnaire on Content Validity Index (CVI) and statistical analysis. The second method involved a pilot test of the instrument on 25 drug addicts and applying statistical analysis. The results of the study found that the Islamic Psychospiritual Scale (ZATIP) instrument has a high value of validity and reliability and is suitable for use in assessing the spiritual level of individuals, especially drug addicts.

La cocaína conlleva alteraciones de diversa gravedad en la densidad de neuronas dopaminérgicas, así como en la expresión de factores tróficos cerebrales y en la funcionalidad de la barrera hematoencefálica. La cocaína actúa como un simpaticomimético indirecto, inhibiendo los transportadores de noradrenalina y dopamina y aumentando, por tanto, la biodisponibilidad de dichos neurotransmisores en la hendidura sináptica. complicaciones de sobredosis de cocaína puede causar un ataque al corazón o un derrame cerebral y la persona puede morir. Objetivo: Identificar los daños que ocasiona el consumo de cocaína a nivel neurológicos en los adolescentes a través de la documentación bibliográficas para en beneficio de la población en estado de vulnerabilidad. material y método: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en artículos publicados empleando literatura nacional e internacional, en formato electrónico e impreso. Se emplearon un total de 10 referencias bibliográficas. Conclusión: Las droga...

The present work identifies the relations between the socioeconomic level of the Ecuadorian population and the excessive consumption of alcohol. The theory of rational addiction is used to determine addictive behavior, which holds that addictive behavior can be reinforced and promoted by the occurrence of stressful events, such as a loss of employment, illness or divorce. From a logistic probability model using the data from the Living Conditions Survey 2013-2014, it is determined that the individuals in a worse socioeconomic situation (low level of education, are below the poverty line, and do not have Employment) are more likely to be overconsumption of alcohol.

RESUMEN El Trastorno límite de la personalidad (TLP) es un síndrome heterogéneo, con limites aun poco definidos; con diversas formas de presentaciones clínicas, que varían de un individuo a otro, e incluso, dentro del mismo paciente, entre una etapa y otra en su evolución; es por ello que actualmente y pese a la existencia de criterios que lo definen adecuadamente; DSM-IV, el diagnóstico del TLP es considerado un reto. La presente investigación tuvo como propósito fundamental determinar cuál es la asociación entre la frecuencia de rasgos de trastorno limítrofe de la personalidad y la dependencia a sustancias psicoactivas en pacientes entre 18 y 35 años en el Centro de Salud Mental Moisés Heresi y pacientes atendidos en el Centro de Salud de Zamacola” en Arequipa, 2017. Como objetivo secundario, además, poder establecer cuál es el rasgo de personalidad limite que se halla con mayor frecuencia en la muestra de estudio. Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo (seg...

3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or &quot;Ecstasy&quot;, which has been used for recreational purposes, is shown to cause learning and memory impairment. Statins, beyond their efficient cholesterol-lowering action through inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-COA) reductase, possess multiple neuroprotective impacts referred to as pleiotropic effects. In this regard, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. Adult male Wistar rats received atorvastatin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg; orally) and rosuvastatin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg; orally) for 21 consecutive days. Then, Morris water maze (MWM) was performed to examine learning and memory functions. Rats were injected with MDMA (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg; I.P) 30 min before training sessions in 4 training days of MWM task. Afterward, rats were sacrificed under general anesthesia and their hippocampuses were dissected to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, li...

This study sought to examine the extent to which age at first substance use contributes to later addiction severity and how PTSD affects their relationships. The study enrolled 315 patients from tertiary addiction services in Rwanda. The participants' mean age at first substance use was 18.64 years (SD = 6.1) old. Age at first substance use had a significant effect (β = − 0.130, p = .013) on later addiction severity. PTSD showed significant association with later addiction severity (β = 0.363; p = < .001). The variance explained by age at first substance use and PTSD increased from R2 adjusted = .013 to 14.7; 14.7, and this was statistically significant with F(8637) = 28.054, p < .001. The study demonstrates that early age at first substance use coupled to PTSD significantly predict more later addiction severity. This suggests prevention and clinical practice that aimed at improving addiction care outcomes should consider addressing potential consequences of associations between PTSD and addiction issues among persons seeking addiction treatment services.

El abuso de sustancias psicoactivas está implicado en por lo menos tres tipos de delitos: los delitos por la posesión o venta de drogas, los directamente relacionados con el abuso de drogas (ej., robo de dinero para comprar la sustancia), y aquellos relacionados con un estilo de vida que predispone al abusador de drogas a realizar alguna actividad ilegal (ej., a través de la asociación con otros delincuentes o con mercados ilícitos). La psicopatía se caracteriza por la disfunción afectiva, interpersonal y conductual, con rasgos de dureza emocional que representan la dimensión afectiva (falta de remordimiento o culpa, insensibilidad y carencia de empatía). Los rasgos de dureza emocional se han propuesto para identificar a un grupo único de personas con problemas de conducta. Son un precursor juvenil conceptualmente similar a la psicopatía. De igual forma, se han propuesto dificultades cognitivas y de procesamiento subyacentes al funcionamiento social atípico en individuos con estos rasgos. Varios hallazgos apoyan la validez incremental de los rasgos de dureza emocional, ya que estos rasgos parecen identificar una forma particularmente severa y violenta de problemas de conducta. El papel de los rasgos de dureza emocional se ha enfatizado en la revisión de DSM 5 en los criterios de diagnóstico de los trastornos de conducta, para ayudar a identificar a los niños y adolescentes con mayor riesgo. También se ha argumentado que tales rasgos podrían predecir la violencia proactiva y la reincidencia criminal. Los niños con altos rasgos de dureza emocional pueden ser diagnosticados con trastorno de conducta desde el principio y luego diagnosticados con trastorno de personalidad antisocial más tarde en su adolescencia. Un subconjunto de individuos con altos niveles de rasgos de dureza emocional muestra contactos anteriores con el sistema de justicia juvenil y patrones más severos de comportamiento agresivo.
Sin embargo, se conoce poco acerca de los correlatos biológicos de estos rasgos. En la actualidad, la literatura científica sugiere que el comportamiento agresivo esta mediado por una compleja interacción mutua de diversos procesos cognitivos y neuronales y otras sustancias, con factores genéticos y, por su puesto, con el ambiente, que engloba factores fundamentales como el abuso de sustancias psicoactivas. Un consumo prolongado de sustancias psicoactivas a diferentes drogas se ha asociado consistentemente al deterioro en distintas funciones neuropsicológicas, entre las cuales destacan por su relevancia clínica, las funciones ejecutivas. Algunos estudios han señalado que los adolescentes con trastorno de conducta con emociones prosociales limitadas se asocian con un comportamiento de búsqueda de placer exacerbado que obedece una baja activación del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-gonadal (HHG), por lo que se considera uno de los grupos más vulnerables ante el consumo de alguna sustancia psicoactiva. Otros estudios han señalado bajo desempeño en diversas tareas ejecutivas, baja frecuencias cardiaca y niveles de cortisol ante estímulos estresantes en tareas experimentales, bajos niveles de dopamina y serotonina, y elevados niveles de testosterona.
Estos datos señalan la importancia de obtener una mayor comprensión de la gama de factores de riesgo asociados con la agresión juvenil y cómo estos factores interactúan para influir en el desarrollo de trastornos por consumo de sustancias y en la progresión de un trastorno de la personalidad antisocial. Los rasgos de dureza emocional pueden estar particularmente asociados con un comportamiento problemático persistente y extremo, presumiblemente debido a cómo estos rasgos afectan el funcionamiento interpersonal. La combinación de rasgos de dureza emocional y diferentes rasgos de personalidad, junto con el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas impacta en las herramientas diagnósticas y de tratamiento, debido a la complejidad del cuadro clínico. Por lo anterior el presente trabajo evaluó funciones ejecutivas, descuento temporal y probabilístico, monitoreo de frecuencia cardiaca en adolescentes con trastorno de conducta
y problemas por uso de sustancias en ambientes penitenciarios. Se trabajó con 60 adolescentes, 30 en ambientes penitenciarios y 30 adolescentes controles en ambientes escolarizados. Se encontraron mayores tasas de descuento temporal y probabilístico en adolescentes en ambientes penitenciarios con emociones prosociales limitadas, seguidos de adolescentes penitenciarios sin diagnostico con trastorno de conducta en ambientes penitenciarios, y a su vez estos dos grupos fueron superiores a los adolescentes controles, lo cual señala más impulsividad y propensión al riesgo. Se encontró un menor control inhibitorio, fallas en tareas de actualización y desplazamiento de conjuntos en la muestra forense en contraste con la muestra escolarizada. Los niveles de frecuencia cardíaca fueron similares entre los grupos. Se encontró que a mayor cantidad de sustancias consumidas empeoraba el desempeño en tareas ejecutivas. Estos hallazgos señalan la importancia de considerar evaluaciones diagnosticas con tareas cognitivas, además de mejorar los tratamientos brindados acorde a los resultados obtenidos en la presente investigación.

Background Empathy is defined as the ability to simulate the mental states of others. Recent studies have demonstrated empathy-like behaviors in other animals including rats and mice. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of acute administration of morphine and naloxone on cognition and nociception changes following observing conspecifics undergoing nociceptive stimulus. Methods Adult male Wistar rats were used (n = 8 for each group). One cagemate received formalin injection into the hindpaw five times within a nine-day period and the other cagemate observed the pain while being pretreated with saline, morphine, or naloxone [10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)]. Pain behaviors, anxiety-like behaviour, locomotion, balance and muscle strength were evaluated in the observer animals. Findings Observing a cagemate in pain increased anxiety-like behavior and reduced thermal pain threshold in the observer animals. Administration of morphine reversed these effects and n...

3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or &quot;Ecstasy&quot;, which has been used for recreational purposes, is shown to cause learning and memory impairment. Statins, beyond their efficient cholesterol-lowering action through inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-COA) reductase, possess multiple neuroprotective impacts referred to as pleiotropic effects. In this regard, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. Adult male Wistar rats received atorvastatin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg; orally) and rosuvastatin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg; orally) for 21 consecutive days. Then, Morris water maze (MWM) was performed to examine learning and memory functions. Rats were injected with MDMA (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg; I.P) 30 min before training sessions in 4 training days of MWM task. Afterward, rats were sacrificed under general anesthesia and their hippocampuses were dissected to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, li...